November2016 by Editor IJITCE

ISSN (ONLINE) : 2045 -8711 ISSN (PRINT) : 2045 -869X

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY & CREATIVE ENGINEERING

NOVEMBER 2016 VOL- 6 NO - 11

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UK: Managing Editor International Journal of Innovative Technology and Creative Engineering 1a park lane, Cranford London TW59WA UK E-Mail: editor@ijitce.co.uk Phone: +44-773-043-0249 USA: Editor International Journal of Innovative Technology and Creative Engineering Dr. Arumugam Department of Chemistry University of Georgia GA-30602, USA. Phone: 001-706-206-0812 Fax:001-706-542-2626 India: Editor International Journal of Innovative Technology & Creative Engineering Dr. Arthanariee. A. M Finance Tracking Center India 66/2 East mada st, Thiruvanmiyur, Chennai -600041 Mobile: 91-7598208700

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International Journal of Innovative Technology & Creative Engineering Vol.6 No.11 November 2016

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From Editor's Desk Dear Researcher, Greetings! Research article in this issue discusses about motivational factor analysis. Let us review research around the world this month. DNA in cancerous tissues of tobacco smokers shows mutation patterns that differ from those in cancerous tissues of non smokers, a new analysis finds. We are doing a sort of molecular archaeology, says cancer geneticist Ludmil Alexandrov of Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico, who led the analysis. While smoking’s link to cancer has been known for decades, it’s always been a bit of a mystery why smoking increases the risk of cancers like bladder or kidney tissues that aren’t exposed to smoke. Mutations in DNA arise naturally in a person’s lifetime, but some genetic changes such as those spurred by smoking increase the risk of certain cancers. Scientists have identified several patterns of DNA mutations that consistently show up in tissues of some cancers. These patterns, which may appear over and over again in a stretch of tumor DNA, can serve as a signature of the underlying mechanism that led to the mutations, offering clues to how different cancers strike. Tobacco smoking leaves permanent mutations it erodes the genetic material of most cells in your body, says Alexandrov. Even if you are a just a social smoker who occasionally has one or two or five cigarettes, there is still a cumulative effect. Alexandrov and colleagues compiled data on DNA extracted from more than 5,000 human samples representing 17 cancers for which smoking is a known risk factor. About half of the samples were from smokers. The team then searched the DNA for various patterns of damage or mutational signatures. It has been an absolute pleasure to present you articles that you wish to read. We look forward to many more new technologies related research articles from you and your friends. We are anxiously awaiting the rich and thorough research papers that have been prepared by our authors for the next issue.

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Editorial Members Dr. Chee Kyun Ng Ph.D Department of Computer and Communication Systems, Faculty of Engineering,Universiti Putra Malaysia,UPMSerdang, 43400 Selangor,Malaysia. Dr. Simon SEE Ph.D Chief Technologist and Technical Director at Oracle Corporation, Associate Professor (Adjunct) at Nanyang Technological University Professor (Adjunct) at ShangaiJiaotong University, 27 West Coast Rise #08-12,Singapore 127470 Dr. sc.agr. Horst Juergen SCHWARTZ Ph.D, Humboldt-University of Berlin,Faculty of Agriculture and Horticulture,Asternplatz 2a, D-12203 Berlin,Germany Dr. Marco L. BianchiniPh.D Italian National Research Council; IBAF-CNR,Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015 MonterotondoScalo (RM),Italy Dr. NijadKabbaraPh.D Marine Research Centre / Remote Sensing Centre/ National Council for Scientific Research, P. O. Box: 189 Jounieh,Lebanon Dr. Aaron Solomon Ph.D Department of Computer Science, National Chi Nan University,No. 303, University Road,Puli Town, Nantou County 54561,Taiwan Dr. Arthanariee. A. M M.Sc.,M.Phil.,M.S.,Ph.D Director - Bharathidasan School of Computer Applications, Ellispettai, Erode, Tamil Nadu,India Dr. Takaharu KAMEOKA, Ph.D Professor, Laboratory of Food, Environmental & Cultural Informatics Division of Sustainable Resource Sciences, Graduate School of Bioresources,Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya-cho, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan Dr. M. Sivakumar M.C.A.,ITIL.,PRINCE2.,ISTQB.,OCP.,ICP. Ph.D. Project Manager - Software,Applied Materials,1a park lane,cranford,UK Dr. Bulent AcmaPh.D Anadolu University, Department of Economics,Unit of Southeastern Anatolia Project(GAP),26470 Eskisehir,TURKEY Dr. SelvanathanArumugamPh.D Research Scientist, Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, GA-30602,USA.

Review Board Members Dr. Paul Koltun Senior Research ScientistLCA and Industrial Ecology Group,Metallic& Ceramic Materials,CSIRO Process Science & Engineering Private Bag 33, Clayton South MDC 3169,Gate 5 Normanby Rd., Clayton Vic. 3168, Australia Dr. Zhiming Yang MD., Ph. D. Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Science,1550 Orleans Street Rm 441, Baltimore MD, 21231,USA Dr. Jifeng Wang Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana, Illinois, 61801, USA Dr. Giuseppe Baldacchini ENEA - Frascati Research Center, Via Enrico Fermi 45 - P.O. Box 65,00044 Frascati, Roma, ITALY.

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Dr. MutamedTurkiNayefKhatib Assistant Professor of Telecommunication Engineering,Head of Telecommunication Engineering Department,Palestine Technical University (Kadoorie), TulKarm, PALESTINE. Dr.P.UmaMaheswari Prof &Head,Depaartment of CSE/IT, INFO Institute of Engineering,Coimbatore. Dr. T. Christopher, Ph.D., Assistant Professor &Head,Department of Computer Science,Government Arts College(Autonomous),Udumalpet, India. Dr. T. DEVI Ph.D. Engg. (Warwick, UK), Head,Department of Computer Applications,Bharathiar University,Coimbatore-641 046, India. Dr. Renato J. orsato Professor at FGV-EAESP,Getulio Vargas Foundation,São Paulo Business School,RuaItapeva, 474 (8° andar),01332-000, São Paulo (SP), Brazil Visiting Scholar at INSEAD,INSEAD Social Innovation Centre,Boulevard de Constance,77305 Fontainebleau - France Y. BenalYurtlu Assist. Prof. OndokuzMayis University Dr.Sumeer Gul Assistant Professor,Department of Library and Information Science,University of Kashmir,India Dr. ChutimaBoonthum-Denecke, Ph.D Department of Computer Science,Science& Technology Bldg., Rm 120,Hampton University,Hampton, VA 23688 Dr. Renato J. Orsato Professor at FGV-EAESP,Getulio Vargas Foundation,São Paulo Business SchoolRuaItapeva, 474 (8° andar),01332-000, São Paulo (SP), Brazil Dr. Lucy M. Brown, Ph.D. Texas State University,601 University Drive,School of Journalism and Mass Communication,OM330B,San Marcos, TX 78666 JavadRobati Crop Production Departement,University of Maragheh,Golshahr,Maragheh,Iran VineshSukumar (PhD, MBA) Product Engineering Segment Manager, Imaging Products, Aptina Imaging Inc. Dr. Binod Kumar PhD(CS), M.Phil.(CS), MIAENG,MIEEE HOD & Associate Professor, IT Dept, Medi-Caps Inst. of Science & Tech.(MIST),Indore, India Dr. S. B. Warkad Associate Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, Priyadarshini College of Engineering, Nagpur, India Dr. doc. Ing. RostislavChoteborský, Ph.D. Katedramateriálu a strojírenskétechnologieTechnickáfakulta,Ceskázemedelskáuniverzita v Praze,Kamýcká 129, Praha 6, 165 21 Dr. Paul Koltun Senior Research ScientistLCA and Industrial Ecology Group,Metallic& Ceramic Materials,CSIRO Process Science & Engineering Private Bag 33, Clayton South MDC 3169,Gate 5 Normanby Rd., Clayton Vic. 3168 DR.ChutimaBoonthum-Denecke, Ph.D Department of Computer Science,Science& Technology Bldg.,HamptonUniversity,Hampton, VA 23688 Mr. Abhishek Taneja B.sc(Electronics),M.B.E,M.C.A.,M.Phil., Assistant Professor in the Department of Computer Science & Applications, at Dronacharya Institute of Management and Technology, Kurukshetra. (India).

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Dr. AmalaVijayaSelvi Rajan, B.sc,Ph.d, Faculty – Information Technology Dubai Women’s College – Higher Colleges of Technology,P.O. Box – 16062, Dubai, UAE Naik Nitin AshokraoB.sc,M.Sc Lecturer in YeshwantMahavidyalayaNanded University Dr.A.Kathirvell, B.E, M.E, Ph.D,MISTE, MIACSIT, MENGG Professor - Department of Computer Science and Engineering,Tagore Engineering College, Chennai Dr. H. S. Fadewar B.sc,M.sc,M.Phil.,ph.d,PGDBM,B.Ed. Associate Professor - Sinhgad Institute of Management & Computer Application, Mumbai-BangloreWesternly Express Way Narhe, Pune - 41 Dr. David Batten Leader, Algal Pre-Feasibility Study,Transport Technologies and Sustainable Fuels,CSIRO Energy Transformed Flagship Private Bag 1,Aspendale, Vic. 3195,AUSTRALIA Dr R C Panda (MTech& PhD(IITM);Ex-Faculty (Curtin Univ Tech, Perth, Australia))Scientist CLRI (CSIR), Adyar, Chennai - 600 020,India Miss Jing He PH.D. Candidate of Georgia State University,1450 Willow Lake Dr. NE,Atlanta, GA, 30329 Jeremiah Neubert Assistant Professor,MechanicalEngineering,University of North Dakota Hui Shen Mechanical Engineering Dept,Ohio Northern Univ. Dr. Xiangfa Wu, Ph.D. Assistant Professor / Mechanical Engineering,NORTH DAKOTA STATE UNIVERSITY SeraphinChallyAbou Professor,Mechanical& Industrial Engineering Depart,MEHS Program, 235 Voss-Kovach Hall,1305 OrdeanCourt,Duluth, Minnesota 55812-3042 Dr. Qiang Cheng, Ph.D. Assistant Professor,Computer Science Department Southern Illinois University CarbondaleFaner Hall, Room 2140-Mail Code 45111000 Faner Drive, Carbondale, IL 62901 Dr. Carlos Barrios, PhD Assistant Professor of Architecture,School of Architecture and Planning,The Catholic University of America Y. BenalYurtlu Assist. Prof. OndokuzMayis University Dr. Lucy M. Brown, Ph.D. Texas State University,601 University Drive,School of Journalism and Mass Communication,OM330B,San Marcos, TX 78666 Dr. Paul Koltun Senior Research ScientistLCA and Industrial Ecology Group,Metallic& Ceramic Materials CSIRO Process Science & Engineering Dr.Sumeer Gul Assistant Professor,Department of Library and Information Science,University of Kashmir,India

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Dr. Renato J. Orsato Professor at FGV-EAESP,Getulio Vargas Foundation,São Paulo Business School,RuaItapeva, 474 (8° andar)01332-000, São Paulo (SP), Brazil Dr. Wael M. G. Ibrahim Department Head-Electronics Engineering Technology Dept.School of Engineering Technology ECPI College of Technology 5501 Greenwich Road Suite 100,Virginia Beach, VA 23462 Dr. Messaoud Jake Bahoura Associate Professor-Engineering Department and Center for Materials Research Norfolk State University,700 Park avenue,Norfolk, VA 23504 Dr. V. P. Eswaramurthy M.C.A., M.Phil., Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Computer Science, Government Arts College(Autonomous), Salem-636 007, India. Dr. P. Kamakkannan,M.C.A., Ph.D ., Assistant Professor of Computer Science, Government Arts College(Autonomous), Salem-636 007, India. Dr. V. Karthikeyani Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Computer Science, Government Arts College(Autonomous), Salem-636 008, India. Dr. K. Thangadurai Ph.D., Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science, Government Arts College ( Autonomous ), Karur - 639 005,India. Dr. N. Maheswari Ph.D., Assistant Professor, Department of MCA, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM University, Kattangulathur, Kanchipiram Dt - 603 203, India. Mr. Md. Musfique Anwar B.Sc(Engg.) Lecturer, Computer Science & Engineering Department, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Mrs. Smitha Ramachandran M.Sc(CS)., SAP Analyst, Akzonobel, Slough, United Kingdom. Dr. V. Vallimayil Ph.D., Director, Department of MCA, Vivekanandha Business School For Women, Elayampalayam, Tiruchengode - 637 205, India. Mr. M. Moorthi M.C.A., M.Phil., Assistant Professor, Department of computer Applications, Kongu Arts and Science College, India PremaSelvarajBsc,M.C.A,M.Phil Assistant Professor,Department of Computer Science,KSR College of Arts and Science, Tiruchengode Mr. G. Rajendran M.C.A., M.Phil., N.E.T., PGDBM., PGDBF., Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science, Government Arts College, Salem, India. Dr. Pradeep H Pendse B.E.,M.M.S.,Ph.d Dean - IT,Welingkar Institute of Management Development and Research, Mumbai, India Muhammad Javed Centre for Next Generation Localisation, School of Computing, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland Dr. G. GOBI Assistant Professor-Department of Physics,Government Arts College,Salem - 636 007 Dr.S.Senthilkumar Post Doctoral Research Fellow, (Mathematics and Computer Science & Applications),UniversitiSainsMalaysia,School of Mathematical Sciences, Pulau Pinang-11800,[PENANG],MALAYSIA. Manoj Sharma Associate Professor Deptt. of ECE, PrannathParnami Institute of Management & Technology, Hissar, Haryana, India

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RAMKUMAR JAGANATHAN Asst-Professor,Dept of Computer Science, V.L.B Janakiammal college of Arts & Science, Coimbatore,Tamilnadu, India Dr. S. B. Warkad Assoc. Professor, Priyadarshini College of Engineering, Nagpur, Maharashtra State, India Dr. Saurabh Pal Associate Professor, UNS Institute of Engg. & Tech., VBS Purvanchal University, Jaunpur, India Manimala Assistant Professor, Department of Applied Electronics and Instrumentation, St Joseph’s College of Engineering & Technology, Choondacherry Post, Kottayam Dt. Kerala -686579 Dr. Qazi S. M. Zia-ul-Haque Control Engineer Synchrotron-light for Experimental Sciences and Applications in the Middle East (SESAME),P. O. Box 7, Allan 19252, Jordan Dr. A. Subramani, M.C.A.,M.Phil.,Ph.D. Professor,Department of Computer Applications, K.S.R. College of Engineering, Tiruchengode - 637215 Dr. SeraphinChallyAbou Professor, Mechanical & Industrial Engineering Depart. MEHS Program, 235 Voss-Kovach Hall, 1305 Ordean Court Duluth, Minnesota 55812-3042 Dr. K. Kousalya Professor, Department of CSE,Kongu Engineering College,Perundurai-638 052 Dr. (Mrs.) R. Uma Rani Asso.Prof., Department of Computer Science, Sri Sarada College For Women, Salem-16, Tamil Nadu, India. MOHAMMAD YAZDANI-ASRAMI Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Babol"Noshirvani" University of Technology, Iran. Dr. Kulasekharan, N, Ph.D Technical Lead - CFD,GE Appliances and Lighting, GE India,John F Welch Technology Center,Plot # 122, EPIP, Phase 2,Whitefield Road,Bangalore – 560066, India. Dr. Manjeet Bansal Dean (Post Graduate),Department of Civil Engineering,Punjab Technical University,GianiZail Singh Campus,Bathinda -151001 (Punjab),INDIA Dr. Oliver Jukić Vice Dean for education,Virovitica College,MatijeGupca 78,33000 Virovitica, Croatia Dr. Lori A. Wolff, Ph.D., J.D. Professor of Leadership and Counselor Education,The University of Mississippi,Department of Leadership and Counselor Education, 139 Guyton University, MS 38677

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Contents An Enhanced Mobile Security Technique using Elliptic Curve Cryptography K.S.Mohanasathiya ……….…………………………………….[389]

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An Enhanced Mobile Security Technique using Elliptic Curve Cryptography K.S.Mohanasathiya Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science, Navarasam Arts & Science College for Women, Erode Sathya_vinu87@yahoo.com Abstractâ&#x20AC;&#x201D; Mobile phones are most common way of communication and accessing internet based services. The Public key cryptography is effective security solution to provide secure the mobile communications. In this research work describe an ECC module to secure data encryption and decryption using public key cryptography. The implementation of ECC module can provide various security services in the form of key exchange, communication privacy through encryption, authentication of sender and digital signature to ensure message integrity. Elliptic curve cryptography is an asymmetric key cryptography. It includes (i) public key generation on the elliptic curve and its declaration for data encryption and (ii) private key generation and its use in data decryption depended on the points on two dimensional elliptical curve. The implementation of ECC on two finite fields, prime field and binary field and overview of ECC implementation on two dimensional representations of plaintext coordinate systems and data encryption through Elgamal Encryption Technique are discussed. Much attention has been given here on the mathematics of elliptic curves starting with their derivations and the proof of how points upon them form an additive abelian group for cryptographic purposes, specifically results for the group formed by an elliptic curve over a finite field, E (Fp), E (F2m) and showing how this can form public key cryptographic systems for use in both encryption and key exchange. Finally, to encrypt the data with the alphabetical table. Keywordsâ&#x20AC;&#x201D; ECC,Mobile,Encryption,Decryption.

1. INTRODUCTION Cryptography is commonly employed security concepts and terminology. The concern for security in practice is addressed by choosing a security protocol, which achieves all the required security objectives. Security protocols realize the security objectives through the use of appropriate cryptographic algorithms. Symmetric Algorithms These algorithms use the same key for encryption and decryption. They rely on the concepts of "confusion and diffusion" to realize their cryptographic properties and are used mainly for confidentiality purposes. Also known as secret key cryptosystems. Asymmetric Algorithms These algorithms use different keys known as the public key and the private key for encryption and decryption. They are constructed from the mathematical abstractions which are based on computationally intractable number-

theoretic problems like integer factorization, discrete logarithm, etc.. They are primarily used for authentication and non-repudiation. They called as public key Cryptosystems (PKC). Elliptic Curves in Cryptography Mobile phones are most common way of communication and accessing Internet based services. Currently, mobile phones are not only used for formal communication but also, sending and receiving sensitive data. The security of mobile communication has topped the list of concerns for mobile phone users. So public key cryptography is effective security solution to provide secure the mobile communications. A ECC module to secure data encryption and decryption using public key cryptography. The implementation of ECC module can provide various security services in the form of key exchange, communication privacy through encryption, authentication of sender and digital signature to ensure message integrity. The basic idea of Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) and its implementation through co-ordinate geometry for data encryption. Elliptic curve cryptography is an asymmetric key cryptography. It includes (i) public key generation on the elliptic curve and its declaration for data encryption and (ii) private key generation and its use in data decryption depended on the points on two dimensional elliptical curve. The implementation of ECC on two finite fields, prime field and binary field. An overview of ECC implementation on two dimensional representations of plaintext coordinate systems and data encryption through Elgamal Encryption Technique. Much attention given to the mathematics of elliptic curves starting with their derivations and the proof of how points upon them form an additive abelian group for cryptographic purposes, specifically results for the group formed by an elliptic curve over a finite field, E (Fp), E (F2m) and showing how this can form public key cryptographic systems for use in both encryption and key exchange. Finally, we describe how to encrypt the data with the alphabetical table. A new digital signature based on elliptic curves is presented. Here established its efficiency and security. The method, derived from a variant of ElGamal signature scheme can be seen as a secure alternative protocol if known systems are completely broken. A developed efficiency and security new digital signature based on elliptic curves. The method, derived from a variant of ElGamal signature scheme can be seen as a secure alternative protocol if known systems are completely broken.

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND CREATIVE ENGINEERING (ISSN:2045-8711) VOL.6 NO.11 NOVEMBER 2016 2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE Asha et al. [1] proposed methodology is different issues of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) and the relevance of the Elliptic curve y cryptography. Security in WSN is a greater challenge in WSN due to the processing limitations of sensor nodes and nature of wireless links. Extensive use of WSNs is giving rise to different types of threats. Aarti Singh et al [2] provide the agent community works on the core idea of cooperation and delegation of tasks, which in turn should be prevented from any malicious usage. In order to avoid this malicious usage, an instrument for ensuring proficient and secure communication among these collaborating agents is trust. Amounas et al [3] a novel mapping of text message into multiple points on Elliptic Curve by using addition table. Then, we describe a new method for encryption and decryption based on matrices. Further, this paper also attemps to utilize the properties of invertible matrices in encryption and decryption process with more flexible and efficient. The proposed method enhances the security of ECC with multi fold encryption. Gandhewar et al. [4] IEEE 802.16 provides several security mechanisms, which provides more security by protecting the network against unauthorized access. Many works provides the security improvement mechanism for WiMax. Many sophisticated authentication and encryption techniques have been embedded into WiMAX but it still exposes to various attacks. This provides a mechanism for increasing the efficiency and hence improves the existing model. Haodong et al. [5] developed an control in sensor networks is used to authorise and grant users the right to access the network and data collected by sensors. Different users have different access right due to the access restriction implicated by the data security and confidentiality. Even though symmetric-key scheme, which has been investigated extensively for sensor networks, can fulfill the requirement, public-key cryptography is more flexible and simple rendering a clean interface for the security component. Jaspreet Singh et al [6] weaknesses and possible attacks on the RC4 stream cipher in WEP have analyzed and we proposes more secure WEP Protocol that offers secure encrypted communication by using Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) Technique. Point Multiplication is the core operation performed in ECC. NAF (Non Adjacent Form) is the efficient method used for Point Multiplication. They implemented both Standard and Block method for computing NAF of ECC and done the comparative study of these methods by taking several parameters in WEP. The proposed ECC Technique will ensure secure encryption in WEP and will enhance its security. Kishore Rajendiran et al, [7] security in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is an upcoming research field which is quite different from traditional network security mechanisms. Many applications are dependent on the secure operation of a WSN and have serious effects if the network is disrupted. Therefore, it is necessary to protect communication between sensor nodes. Key management plays an essential role in achieving security in WSNs. To achieve security,

various key predistribution schemes have been proposed in the literature. Mohammed et al, [8] avoid inversion complexity, the elliptic computations arithmetic utilizes projective coordinates instead of the normal affine coordinates. We adjusted the elliptic curve crypto addition operation with efficient scheduling for this pipelining. To proposed hardware is compared to the previous parallel (non-pipelined models that were similarly designed. All considered architectures have been synthesized for 160-bits operations showing interesting features. Sumedha Kaushik et al. [9] network Security is the most vital component in information security because it is responsible for securing all information passed through networked computers. Network Security refers to all hardware and software functions, characteristics, features, operational procedures, accountability, measures, access control and administrative and management policy required to provide an acceptable level of protection for Hardware and Software , and information in a network. Santoshi et al [10] proposed a implementation of Elliptic Curve Cryptography Algorithm. The implementation includes Diffie Hellman Key Exchange and the Digital Signature Algorithm gives an overview of Elliptic Curve Cryptography algorithm. Cryptography (or cryptology) from Greek word kryptos, "hidden, secret" and graph, "writing" is the practice and study of hiding information. 3. METHODOLOGY The background necessary to understand the cryptographic importance of Binary Edwards curves. The begin with a brief discussion of elliptic curves in general. Since the mostly interested in the application of elliptic curves and pairing computations. To recommend these two books, to readers interested in a more in-depth background. 3.1 ELLIPTIC CURVES Elliptic curves were proposed for use as the basis for discrete logarithm-based cryptosystems almost 20 years ago, independently by Victor Miller of IBM and Neal Koblitz of the University of Washington. At that time, elliptic curves were already being used in various cryptographic contexts, such as integer factorization and primarily proving. 3.2 Weierstrass Curves Broadly speaking, elliptic curves are curves of genus one having a specified base point". After appropriate scaling, such curves are usually written in generalized coordinates in the homogeneous form Y 2Z + a1XY Z + a3Y Z2 = X3 + a2X2Z + a4XZ2 + a6Z3 Where X; Y and Z are taken to be projective coordinates from P2 over some base field K and a1,â&#x20AC;Ś,a6 are scalars from the algebraic closure K (though often they're just taken to be elements of K itself). The ease of notation, often work in non-homogeneous are coordinates instead, taking x = X=Z and y = Y=Z â&#x20AC;Ś.. 3.1 y2 + a1xy + a3y2 = x3 + a2x2 + a4x + a6 Two forms are interchangeably called the Weierstrass form of the curve. If char(K) =2 f2; 3g, then usually simplify further to

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND CREATIVE ENGINEERING (ISSN:2045-8711) VOL.6 NO.11 NOVEMBER 2016 y2 = x3 + Ax + B ….3.2 After a further change of coordinates (though of course we won't be able to do this when working with binary curves, i.e. curves over finite fields of characteristic two). It specify a special point, denoted by 1 or O, with the projective coordinates (0 : 1 : 0).1 For fields K with char (K) = 2, Weierstrass curves are usually written in the form y2 + xy = x3 + a2x + a6 ……3.3 The typically only work with non-singular curves. This allow the curve to have multiple roots; we choose our constants such that 4A3 + 27B2 6= 0 …….3.4 3.3 ECC IMPLEMENTATION To implement ECC cryptosystem on Telos-B mote powered by MSP430 micro controller. The MSP430 incorporates an 8 MHz, 16-bit RISC CPU, 48 K bytes flash memory (ROM) and 10 K bytes RAM. This architecture provides 27 instructions and 7 addressing modes. The CPU also provides sixteen 16-bit registers. The first four are dedicated for special-purpose, such as programmed counter, stack pointer and status register. The rest of the twelve are available for general use. Besides, the MSP430 also provides a peripheral hardware multiplier, which is capable of conducting up to 16 × 16 bits multiplication. Given the limited processor resources, concentrate most of efforts on computation optimization. The fundamental ECC operation is large integer arithmetic over either prime number finite field GF (p) or binary polynomial field GF (2m) (where m is a prime). Because the two heavily used operations: multiplication and modular reduction, can be more effectively optimized if pseudo-mersenne primes are picked up for elliptic curves compared with those of binary field, limit the discussion in prime number finite field GF(p). 3.4 LARGE INTEGER OPERATIONS To implement a suite of large integer arithmetic operations, including addition, subtraction, shift, multiplication, division and modular reduction. Due to the space limit, only present three of the most important functions: multiplication, division and modular reduction. 3.4.1 Multiplication The efficiency of large integer multiplication dominates the overall performance of ECC operation. It shows that as much as 85% of execution time is spent on multiplication for a typical point multiplication in ECC. That means the optimization on multiplication is critical for overall performance of our implementation. To ease the explanation, we use three large integers as the examples for our following discussion: A(an−1, an−2, . . . , a1, a0), B(bn−1, bn−2, . . . , b1, b0), and C(n2n−1, c2n−2, . . . , c1, c0), where C = AB. A and B both have length of n words, each word has k-bit size. The product C has 2n words. Hybrid multiplication is the combination of Rowwise multiplication and column-wise multiplication. The rowwise method fixes the multiplier bi (0 ≤ i ≤ n) and multiplies it with everyword of multiplicand A. Partial results are stored in n + 1 accumulator registers. Every time one row is finished, the last accumulator register can be stored in memory as part

of the final results. On average, one memory load is required for each k × k multiplication. When integer size n is increased (integer size is 10 for curve secp160r1), the required number registers increase linearly in Row-wise method. The columnwise method, on the other side, computes the partial results of aibj (where i + j = l) for column l. After one column finishes, the last word of accumulator registers is stored as the part of final result. The column-wise method only requires three accumulator registers and two more for operands. However, two memory load operations are required for each k × k multiplication. Considering a large number of data in ECC operations, unnecessary memory operations would lower the performance. The Hybrid method takes advantage of row-wise and column-wise strategies. To optimize the memory operation, the hybrid method merges a number (d) of columns together and then conducts row-wise multiplication in each merged column. When d equals to 1, the hybrid method becomes the Columnwise multiplication. When d equals to n, then it equals to Row-wise method. Therefore, a single memory load operation can be used for several multiplications. A larger d leads to fewer memory operations, but requires more registers. Since the MSP430 microcontroller only has 12 general registers, only implement the hybrid method with column size d = 2, which requires 5 accumulator registers, 3 operand register and other 4 registers for pointer, temporary storage and loop control. To achieve better performance and enable flexible control over registers, we implement the hybrid multiplication in assembly language. The experiments show that the performance of point multiplication improves about 5% with the hybrid multiplication compared with the column-wise method and improves another 5% with assembly language compared with original implementation with C. 3.4.2 Division Modular division is another expensive operation in ECC. In affine coordinate, each ECC operation of PADD and PDBL requires a modular inversion. The integer inversion is also required for ECC digital signature generation and verification. Given a denominator x and numerator y, to compute the modular division y/x over GF (p). This is equivalent to find r, so that r ≡ y/x (mod q) (10) To find r efficiently, maintain following two invariant relationships Ay ≡ Ux and By ≡ Vx (11) Where A,B,U and V are four auxiliary registers and assigned with initial values x, q, y and 0, respectively. The second invariant relationship is true even for v = 0 because algebraically the value of modulus is equivalent to zero in finite field. The division procedure repeatedly reduces the values of A and B in the following way. In each iteration, if either A or B is even, divide by 2 both sides of the equation. If U or V is not even at that time, can make it even by adding modulus q. If both A and B are odd, add two equations together and then divide by 2 at both sides. A or B reduces one bit in one iteration. The procedure stops when A = B = 1 the first equation becomes

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND CREATIVE ENGINEERING (ISSN:2045-8711) VOL.6 NO.11 NOVEMBER 2016 y ≡ Ux (12) The value of U is our final result. If we initialise U with 1, this routine can be used to calculate an inversion of x. This algorithm works when x and q are relatively prime. Otherwise, the routine would return the greatest common divisor of A and B. The great divide finishes division or inversion operation in 2(log(x) − 1). 3.4.3 Reduction The modular reduction operation is as important as modular multiplication. Each multiplication must be followed by a reduction operation. Great Divide algorithm does not work for modular reduction. Since we choose to use pseudomersenne primes as specified in NIST/SECG curves, the modular reduction can be optimised by conducting a fixed number of integer additions. Because the optimization is curve specific, in more detail in the section of ECC operation. The modular reductions in digital signature generation and verification. In most cases the order of an elliptic curve is not a pseudo-mersenne prime, the optimization cannot be applied for those reduction calculation. To choose the classic long division method to implement this operation. It may not be the most efficient algorithm, but it does not affect the overall performance much because very limited number of modular reductions is required in digital signature algorithm. The long division method as follows. Given an integer x, to calculate r ≡ x mod p (13). Where p is a prime. 3.5 Plaintext encryption From the above basic theory on elliptic curve cryptography, in this section to describe the concept of plaintext encryption by defining a two-dimensional alphabetic table. It is worth noting that in the case of elliptic curve cryptography there is no specified rule and or algorithm to specify the letters of the English alphabet as well as special symbols. For a 6x5 table( Table 3.1) formed here for both the upper case and lower case letters of the English alphabet along with some of the other symbols like , , . , ? and space for illustration purpose only. Other symbols of punctuation marks and special characters can also be considered in a similar way. The tables play some important role in ECC as twodimensional plaintext co-ordinate representation requires adding with any point on the elliptic curve. Now, for any plaintext to be encrypted add or multiply coordinates of a given character with selected points on the elliptic curve. 0

A a

B b

C c

D d

F f

G g

H h

I i

J j

K k

L l

P p

Q q

R r

S s

T t

U u

V v

X x

Z z

For this purpose we consider the respective coordinates of the respective character. All the coordinate points should be on the surface of the elliptic curve. The process with these alphabetic tables. 3.5.1 Algorithm: Alphabetic table_Value_Assign Step 0 : Generate appropriate alphabetic table. Step 1: Use an appropriate data structure to store the text to be encrypted. Step 2: Read the table in row-major from and find the Character stored in that position. Step 3: Note the row and column values. 3.7.24: Encryption/Decryption Step Assign these values to the same character in Positions it appears. ENCRYPTION Step 1: User A selects P, a point on the curve, as a plaintext Step 2: Then calculates a pair of points on the text as Cipher texts: C1=r x e1 and C2=P + r x e2. DECRYPTION Step 1: User B, after receiving C1 and C2, calculates P,the plaintext using the following formula, P=C2-(d x C1). The Minus sign here means adding the inverse. Step 2 : Prove that the P calculated by Bob is the same as that sent by Alice. P, C1, C2, e1, e2 are all points on the curve. Note the Result of adding two inverse points on the curve is the zero point.

Fig 3.5 Overall System The security levels which are given by RSA can be provided by smaller keys of elliptic curve Cryptosystem as compared to RSA, which offers 1024 bit security strength, ECC offers the same in 160 bit key length. Efficiency of ECC is depends upon factors such as computational outlay, key size, band width, ECC provides higher-strength per- bit which include higher speeds, smaller power consumption, bandwidth reserves, storage efficiencies, and smaller certificates. For providing security mechanism will require fundamental basic security services such as authentication, confidentiality, nonrepudiation and message integrity. The implementation ECC shows that it offers complete security solution. 4. EXPERIMENTAL AND RESULTS 4.1 Key generation First, select the point value E(a,b)with an elliptic curve over GF(p) or GF(2n). Then choose the point on the alphabetic table corresponding to the letter as plain text and select the private key value as d. To calculate the point as

Table 3.1 Alphabetic table 392

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND CREATIVE ENGINEERING (ISSN:2045-8711) VOL.6 NO.11 NOVEMBER 2016 e2=(x2, y2) using the formula d*e1. Finally, announce e1, e2 as public key and keep “d” as a private key. 4.2 Encryption User A select the point value p as plaintext and private key r for sender. Then calculate a pair of points on the text as cipher text. The cipher texts are as c1 and c2. Hence, c1=r * e1 and c2=p + r * e2 4.3 Decryption User B after receiving c1 and c2, calculates p, the plaintext using the formula as p=c2-(d*c1). Here minus sign means adding the inverse. To prove the point p calculated by receiver is the same as that by sender. The proposed results were built on a java platform and implemented public key cryptography are connected in a ring network. The following algorithm takes file size of v kb as an input and it will calculate the execution time as the output. Here input message will be construct into the encrypt and decrypt. If it’s not accepted its output it’s failed. After this calculate the execution time if the text file is less than or equal to 99 kb. While it’s calculate the execution time for a file if the file size is greater than or equal to 100 kb. The algorithms its depend on the process or speed. The execution time for different algorithms is as follows. 5. PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS The proposed results were built on a java platform and implemented public key cryptography are connected in a ring network. The following algorithm takes file size of v kb as an input and it will calculate the execution time as the output. Here input message will be construct into the encrypt and decrypt. If it’s not accepted its output it’s failed. After this calculate the execution time if the text file is less than or equal to 99 kb. While it’s calculate the execution time for a file if the file size is greater than or equal to 100 kb. In a table 2.1 the algorithms its depend on the process or speed. The execution time for different algorithms is as follows.

Figure 5.2 that for the same key size, ECC generates keys much slower than RSA.

Fig 5.2 Key Generation Times by Key Size The comparative strength of the keys is taken into consideration, as shown in Figure 5.3, ECC is not only faster than RSA in all cases but also shows a much shallower rate of increase in key generation times as opposed to RSA and the logarithmic scale for generation times. The definite shows that ECC is much faster than RSA in real world scenarios where key strength is more important than the key size itself.

Fig 5.3 Key Generation by Key Strength

Fig 5.1 Performances Improvements of Various Algorithms In the fig 5.1 results shows that the proposed system for implementation of various cryptography algorithms using java application programming interface has been reduced the execution time for algorithm from 40-60% for different algorithms. From the implementation results above three algorithms. It is taking very less time for execution time process compared to other algorithms. First, it is evident from

6. CONCLUSION Elliptic curve cryptosystem becomes to be the cryptosystem for the future. One way to improve the performance of such cryptosystem is to use an efficient method for point multiplication which is the most time consuming operation. A study of the scalar multiplication methods to be used in elliptic curve cryptography. The addition-subtraction method decreases number of point additions that speed up the computation. Therefore in the future some efficient methods for point multiplication can be used to speed up the computation. To implement ECC with projective co-ordinate rather than affine co-ordinate system, this system may be fast. Encryption in mobile communication is very crucial to protect information of the subscribers and

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND CREATIVE ENGINEERING (ISSN:2045-8711) VOL.6 NO.11 NOVEMBER 2016 avoid fraud. The security by means of elliptic curve cryptographic technique. Actual implementation of encryption and decryption using elliptic curve cryptography on GF (P) shows that a security that security of the proposed system is very hard. It has been mentioned in many literatures that a considerably smaller key size can be used for ECC compared to RSA. Also mathematical calculations required by elliptic curve cryptosystem are easier, hence, require a low calculation power. Therefore ECC is a more appropriate cryptosystem to be used on small devices like mobile phones. [1]

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7. REFERENCES Asha Rani Mishra “Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) for Security in wireless Sensor Network”, International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) Vol. 1 Issue 3, May – 2012. Aarti Singh “Elliptical Curve Cryptography Based Security Engine for Multiagent Systems Operating in Semantic Cyberspace” International Journal of Research and Reviews in Computer Science (IJRRCS) Vol. 2, No. 2, April 2011. F. Amounas “An Efficient Elliptic Curve Cryptography protocol Based on Matrices” International Journal of Engineering Inventions ISSN: 2278-7461, Volume 1, Issue 9 (November2012) PP: 49-54. Pranita K. Gandhewar, Kapil N. Hande “Performance Improvement of IEEE 802.16 / Wimax Using Elliptic Curve Cryptography” (IJCSIT) International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technologies, Vol. 2 (3) , 2011, 1309-1311. Haodong Wang, Bo Sheng and Qun Li “Elliptic curve cryptography-based access control in sensor networks” Int. J. Security and Networks, Vol. 1, Nos. 3/4, 2006. Jaspreet Singh, Er. Sandeep Singh Kang “Security Enhancement in WEP by Implementing Elliptic Curve Cryptography Technique” International Journal of Soft Computing and Engineering (IJSCE) ISSN: 22312307, Volume-2, Issue-5, November 2012. Kishore Rajendiran, Radha Sankararajan, and Ramasamy Palaniappan, “A Secure Key Predistribution Scheme for WSN Using Elliptic Curve Cryptography”, ETRI Journal, Volume 33, Number 5, October 2011. Mohammed Aabed “Implementation of a pipelined modular multiplier architecture for GF(p) elliptic curve cryptography computation” Kuwait J. Sci. Eng. 38(2B) pp 125-153, 2011. Sumedha Kaushik, “Network Security Using Cryptographic Techniques” Volume 2, Issue 12, December 2012 ISSN: 2277 128X. Santoshi Ketan pote “Elliptic Curve Cryptographic Algorithm” Proc. of the Intl. Conf. on Advances in Computer Science and Electronics Engineering.

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