International Journal of Innovative Technology and Creative Engineering (ISSN:2045-8711) by Editor IJITCE

ISSN (ONLINE) : 2045 -8711 ISSN (PRINT) : 2045 -869X

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY & CREATIVE ENGINEERING

OCTOBER 2018 VOL- 8 NO - 10

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND CREATIVE ENGINEERING (ISSN:2045-8711) VOL.8 NO.10 OCTOBER 2018

UK: Managing Editor International Journal of Innovative Technology and Creative Engineering 1a park lane, Cranford London TW59WA UK E-Mail: editor@ijitce.co.uk Phone: +44-773-043-0249 USA: Editor International Journal of Innovative Technology and Creative Engineering Dr. Arumugam Department of Chemistry University of Georgia GA-30602, USA. Phone: 001-706-206-0812 Fax:001-706-542-2626 India: Editor International Journal of Innovative Technology & Creative Engineering Dr. Arthanariee. A. M Finance Tracking Center India 66/2 East mada st, Thiruvanmiyur, Chennai -600041 Mobile: 91-7598208700

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International Journal of Innovative Technology & Creative Engineering Vol.8 No.10 October 2018

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND CREATIVE ENGINEERING (ISSN:2045-8711) VOL.8 NO.10 OCTOBER 2018

From Editor's Desk Dear Researcher, Greetings! Research article in this issue discusses about motivational factor analysis. Let us review research around the world this month. Scientific disciplines emerge as a powerful way to speed learning as scientific knowledge accumulated rapidly. Today's scientists, including this yearâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s SN 10 researchers, are stepping over these boundaries to borrow tools and inspiration from other fields to solve knotty questions facing science and society. Members of the SN 10 class of 2018 are skilled at moving between scientific worlds. One uses physics to learn how cell movement in the lungs encourages asthma. Another sees architecture in how volcanoes build planets. Several venture into other fields to help answer difficult questions in their own fields: Maybe the proteins of biology can teach a materials scientist how to make selfrepairing batteries. This is the fourth year that Science News is spotlighting a group of early- and mid-career scientists who are breaking ground. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s a confident, tough group. Try to set limits or box these people in and they bristle. Some had childhood experiences that opened their minds to the possibilities of scientific research. Others dug in their heels to do something that an adult said would be too difficult. It has been an absolute pleasure to present you articles that you wish to read. We look forward to many more new technologies related research articles from you and your friends. We are anxiously awaiting the rich and thorough research papers that have been prepared by our authors for the next issue.

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND CREATIVE ENGINEERING (ISSN:2045-8711) VOL.8 NO.10 OCTOBER 2018

Editorial Members Dr. Chee Kyun Ng Ph.D Department of Computer and Communication Systems, Faculty of Engineering,Universiti Putra Malaysia,UPMSerdang, 43400 Selangor,Malaysia. Dr. Simon SEE Ph.D Chief Technologist and Technical Director at Oracle Corporation, Associate Professor (Adjunct) at Nanyang Technological University Professor (Adjunct) at ShangaiJiaotong University, 27 West Coast Rise #08-12,Singapore 127470 Dr. sc.agr. Horst Juergen SCHWARTZ Ph.D, Humboldt-University of Berlin,Faculty of Agriculture and Horticulture,Asternplatz 2a, D-12203 Berlin,Germany Dr. Marco L. BianchiniPh.D Italian National Research Council; IBAF-CNR,Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015 MonterotondoScalo (RM),Italy Dr. NijadKabbaraPh.D Marine Research Centre / Remote Sensing Centre/ National Council for Scientific Research, P. O. Box: 189 Jounieh,Lebanon Dr. Aaron Solomon Ph.D Department of Computer Science, National Chi Nan University,No. 303, University Road,Puli Town, Nantou County 54561,Taiwan Dr. Arthanariee. A. M M.Sc.,M.Phil.,M.S.,Ph.D Director - Bharathidasan School of Computer Applications, Ellispettai, Erode, Tamil Nadu,India Dr. Takaharu KAMEOKA, Ph.D Professor, Laboratory of Food, Environmental & Cultural Informatics Division of Sustainable Resource Sciences, Graduate School of Bioresources,Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya-cho, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan Dr. M. Sivakumar M.C.A.,ITIL.,PRINCE2.,ISTQB.,OCP.,ICP. Ph.D. Project Manager - Software,Applied Materials,1a park lane,cranford,UK Dr. Bulent AcmaPh.D Anadolu University, Department of Economics,Unit of Southeastern Anatolia Project(GAP),26470 Eskisehir,TURKEY Dr. SelvanathanArumugamPh.D Research Scientist, Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, GA-30602,USA.

Review Board Members Dr. Paul Koltun Senior Research ScientistLCA and Industrial Ecology Group,Metallic& Ceramic Materials,CSIRO Process Science & Engineering Private Bag 33, Clayton South MDC 3169,Gate 5 Normanby Rd., Clayton Vic. 3168, Australia Dr. Zhiming Yang MD., Ph. D. Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Science,1550 Orleans Street Rm 441, Baltimore MD, 21231,USA Dr. Jifeng Wang Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana, Illinois, 61801, USA Dr. Giuseppe Baldacchini ENEA - Frascati Research Center, Via Enrico Fermi 45 - P.O. Box 65,00044 Frascati, Roma, ITALY. Dr. MutamedTurkiNayefKhatib Assistant Professor of Telecommunication Engineering,Head of Telecommunication Engineering Department,Palestine Technical University (Kadoorie), TulKarm, PALESTINE.

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND CREATIVE ENGINEERING (ISSN:2045-8711) VOL.8 NO.10 OCTOBER 2018 Dr. AmalaVijayaSelvi Rajan, B.sc,Ph.d, Faculty – Information Technology Dubai Women’s College – Higher Colleges of Technology,P.O. Box – 16062, Dubai, UAE Naik Nitin AshokraoB.sc,M.Sc Lecturer in YeshwantMahavidyalayaNanded University Dr.A.Kathirvell, B.E, M.E, Ph.D,MISTE, MIACSIT, MENGG Professor - Department of Computer Science and Engineering,Tagore Engineering College, Chennai Dr. H. S. Fadewar B.sc,M.sc,M.Phil.,ph.d,PGDBM,B.Ed. Associate Professor - Sinhgad Institute of Management & Computer Application, Mumbai-BangloreWesternly Express Way Narhe, Pune - 41 Dr. David Batten Leader, Algal Pre-Feasibility Study,Transport Technologies and Sustainable Fuels,CSIRO Energy Transformed Flagship Private Bag 1,Aspendale, Vic. 3195,AUSTRALIA Dr R C Panda (MTech& PhD(IITM);Ex-Faculty (Curtin Univ Tech, Perth, Australia))Scientist CLRI (CSIR), Adyar, Chennai - 600 020,India Miss Jing He PH.D. Candidate of Georgia State University,1450 Willow Lake Dr. NE,Atlanta, GA, 30329 Jeremiah Neubert Assistant Professor,MechanicalEngineering,University of North Dakota Hui Shen Mechanical Engineering Dept,Ohio Northern Univ. Dr. Xiangfa Wu, Ph.D. Assistant Professor / Mechanical Engineering,NORTH DAKOTA STATE UNIVERSITY SeraphinChallyAbou Professor,Mechanical& Industrial Engineering Depart,MEHS Program, 235 Voss-Kovach Hall,1305 OrdeanCourt,Duluth, Minnesota 55812-3042 Dr. Qiang Cheng, Ph.D. Assistant Professor,Computer Science Department Southern Illinois University CarbondaleFaner Hall, Room 2140-Mail Code 45111000 Faner Drive, Carbondale, IL 62901 Dr. Carlos Barrios, PhD Assistant Professor of Architecture,School of Architecture and Planning,The Catholic University of America Y. BenalYurtlu Assist. Prof. OndokuzMayis University Dr. Lucy M. Brown, Ph.D. Texas State University,601 University Drive,School of Journalism and Mass Communication,OM330B,San Marcos, TX 78666 Dr. Paul Koltun Senior Research ScientistLCA and Industrial Ecology Group,Metallic& Ceramic Materials CSIRO Process Science & Engineering Dr.Sumeer Gul Assistant Professor,Department of Library and Information Science,University of Kashmir,India Dr. ChutimaBoonthum-Denecke, Ph.D Department of Computer Science,Science& Technology Bldg., Rm 120,Hampton University,Hampton, VA 23688

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND CREATIVE ENGINEERING (ISSN:2045-8711) VOL.8 NO.10 OCTOBER 2018 Dr. Renato J. Orsato Professor at FGV-EAESP,Getulio Vargas Foundation,São Paulo Business School,RuaItapeva, 474 (8° andar)01332-000, São Paulo (SP), Brazil Dr. Wael M. G. Ibrahim Department Head-Electronics Engineering Technology Dept.School of Engineering Technology ECPI College of Technology 5501 Greenwich Road Suite 100,Virginia Beach, VA 23462 Dr. Messaoud Jake Bahoura Associate Professor-Engineering Department and Center for Materials Research Norfolk State University,700 Park avenue,Norfolk, VA 23504 Dr. V. P. Eswaramurthy M.C.A., M.Phil., Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Computer Science, Government Arts College(Autonomous), Salem-636 007, India. Dr. P. Kamakkannan,M.C.A., Ph.D ., Assistant Professor of Computer Science, Government Arts College(Autonomous), Salem-636 007, India. Dr. V. Karthikeyani Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Computer Science, Government Arts College(Autonomous), Salem-636 008, India. Dr. K. Thangadurai Ph.D., Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science, Government Arts College ( Autonomous ), Karur - 639 005,India. Dr. N. Maheswari Ph.D., Assistant Professor, Department of MCA, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM University, Kattangulathur, Kanchipiram Dt - 603 203, India. Mr. Md. Musfique Anwar B.Sc(Engg.) Lecturer, Computer Science & Engineering Department, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Mrs. Smitha Ramachandran M.Sc(CS)., SAP Analyst, Akzonobel, Slough, United Kingdom. Dr. V. Vallimayil Ph.D., Director, Department of MCA, Vivekanandha Business School For Women, Elayampalayam, Tiruchengode - 637 205, India. Mr. M. Moorthi M.C.A., M.Phil., Assistant Professor, Department of computer Applications, Kongu Arts and Science College, India PremaSelvarajBsc,M.C.A,M.Phil Assistant Professor,Department of Computer Science,KSR College of Arts and Science, Tiruchengode Mr. G. Rajendran M.C.A., M.Phil., N.E.T., PGDBM., PGDBF., Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science, Government Arts College, Salem, India. Dr. Pradeep H Pendse B.E.,M.M.S.,Ph.d Dean - IT,Welingkar Institute of Management Development and Research, Mumbai, India Muhammad Javed Centre for Next Generation Localisation, School of Computing, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland Dr. G. GOBI Assistant Professor-Department of Physics,Government Arts College,Salem - 636 007 Dr.S.Senthilkumar Post Doctoral Research Fellow, (Mathematics and Computer Science & Applications),UniversitiSainsMalaysia,School of Mathematical Sciences, Pulau Pinang-11800,[PENANG],MALAYSIA. Manoj Sharma Associate Professor Deptt. of ECE, PrannathParnami Institute of Management & Technology, Hissar, Haryana, India RAMKUMAR JAGANATHAN Asst-Professor,Dept of Computer Science, V.L.B Janakiammal college of Arts & Science, Coimbatore,Tamilnadu, India

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND CREATIVE ENGINEERING (ISSN:2045-8711) VOL.8 NO.10 OCTOBER 2018

Contents Wireless Sensors in Industrial Automation Varshitha Prakash, Dr.M.Ramesh Patnaik

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A Self-Cascode Based Subthreshold Positive Feedback Adiabatic Logic for Ultra Low Power Applications Vivek Jain, Sanjiv Tokekar, Vaibhav Neema

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND CREATIVE ENGINEERING (ISSN:2045-8711) VOL.8 NO.10 OCTOBER 2018

WIRELESS SENSORS IN INDUSTRIAL AUTOMATION Varshitha Prakash Research Scholar, Instrument Technology, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India E-mail ID: varshitha13j@gmail.com Dr.M.Ramesh Patnaik Assistant Professor, Instrument Technology, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India E-mail ID:ramesh_patnaik@yahoo.com

Abstract- The advancement in technology led to the development of wireless sensors which are available now in smaller size, smarter, cheaper and lighter. Industrialists identified that wireless sensors exhibit different advantages like low cost, convenience, safer and more importantly they see it as an enabler of completely new improvement in communication purpose as reliable transmission can take place which increases their present production and manufacturing process. However, in industrial environment, while transmitting the data many challenges occur because of numerous noise sources so, the channel conditions may vary. In this paper an overview of wireless sensors and the problem faced with respect to channel is presented. Keywords - Wireless Sensors, Wireless Communication, Industrial Automation, Wireless Channel, Coding Technique.

1. INTRODUCTION This document is a template. Instruments [1] in industries play significant role in controlling and measuring the parameters and the medium of communication between them is wired either with optical fibers [2] or co-axial cables [3]. However, due to this wired communication many drawbacks have emerged such as high maintenance, high cost of cables, mobility etc. Hence, to overcome these limitations the evolution of wireless sensors [4] took place. Wireless sensors are standard tools used for measurement purposes as it consists of both transmitter and receiver implanted in it and it can convert control signal into radio transmission signal or vice-versa. In any type of environment, various parameters like strain, pressure and temperature etc. can be measured and transmitted to operator who constantly monitor and supervise the process by using wireless sensors as they have many advantages like safety, energy efficiency, convenience etc. In industries, wireless sensors are used in many areas like control and production, material handling, transportation, warehouses, maintenance and security system operation etc. Wireless communication in a device is a conglomeration of different new technologies infused into instruments thereby resulting in the development of modern instruments or sensors. Modern sensors [12] are made wireless by following methods:

By implanting wireless communication system into the sensor. b. Different wireless modems such as wireless RS-422 [5], RS-232 [5] and wireless USB etc. are connected to the sensor. c. By connecting wireless modules to the sensor. d. By joining data loggers, repeaters and bridges etc. to the sensor. In this paper different types of wireless sensors are explored along with its applications and advantages. The problem faced with respect to channel in transmission process is also discussed. 2. TYPES OF WIRELESS SENSORS The different modern sensors are categorized based on their respective field of application such as: web sensors, integrated circuit sensors, intelligent sensors, MEMS, wireless sensors etc. Web sensor [4] is used in remote places and it is very popular since it can provide web connection without any other assistance. The other type of sensor is integrated circuit sensor in which a signal processor, sensor, logic circuit is incorporated into a single chip and to support wireless operation a radio transceiver is implanted in it. Wireless sensors are made up of silicon since it has excellent physical properties and this material is mostly used in MEMS [6] because of its crystalline structure, tensile strength and flexibility; as these properties aid in fabrication of products like sensors with very small foot-print area. These sensors are used in different applications as it has many benefits like low cost, small in size and high efficiency because of its precise fabrication. The most widely used sensor in industry is intelligent wireless sensor [7] as it is manufactured with smart methods like neural networks and fuzzy logic. The block diagram of intelligent wireless sensor is shown in the Fig. 1. It mainly consists of a sensor, control unit, RF transmitter and an antenna and it can be used in any type of hazardous environment as they can easily sense the data and transmit through RF transmitter via antenna.

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND CREATIVE ENGINEERING (ISSN:2045-8711) VOL.8 NO.10 OCTOBER 2018

Fig.1.1 Intelligent Wireless Sensor

3. BENEFITS OF WIRELESS SENSORS In industries, the necessity of wireless sensors has increased tremendously due to its benefits such as: a. Reliability: The wireless sensors provide high speed reliable data transmission to any place. b. Low cost: The wireless sensors can eliminate the usage of wires so due to this reason the cost is reduced. c. Safety The wireless sensors can be used in extreme environments like high temperature or pressure etc. as they can easily sense the data. Thus the operators from a safe distance can control the process. d. Convenience In an industry different processes can be easily monitored from centralized control by using wireless sensors. 4. USES OF WIRELESS SENSORS Wireless sensors offer wide range of applications in various fields as these help to eliminate installation and maintenance of the cumbersome cables and also they overcome other limitations. The usage of wireless sensors can be applied to:a. Space Probe: In space technology, wireless sensors are used to sense various parameters like vibration, temperature, strain, pressure etc. of any rocket [9] or satellite and this data can be effortlessly directed to controller through wireless linkage. The wireless sensors help in reduction of cost so that it can improve the number of probable benefits in design of spacecraft. b. Industrial Supervisory Control: In industries [15] wireless sensors will enable the personnel to collect the data from a remote location in any environment and can easily transmit to a control unit. These sensors are also used to monitor and control any complex processes. Hence, the wireless sensors can be applied to like chemical, oil and gas, power generation industries etc. c. Environmental Sensing Systems: The changes in an environment [14] can be easily detected by using wireless sensors as these help in sensing the quality of air, flood, landslide etc. and also play key role in measuring concentration of gases in mining. d. Wireless Health Monitoring System:

The wireless sensors can be inserted into the body to sense the changes in the health through continuous monitoring by transmitting the measured data to the external devices. The different functions of wireless sensors are telemetric nurse to observe vital signs of a patient, mobile health monitoring [10] to observe the health of a patient in emergency situations, wireless home care systems for old aged people etc. e. Structural Health Monitoring: The Wireless sensors can be easily attached or built inside the structures [8] of buildings or bridges as they can easily monitor damages like deformations, delaminationâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s and cracks etc. and this crucial data is transmitted to external devices which determine the health of the structure. The wireless sensors can be used in large structures like ships, aircrafts, spacecraft etc. as they offer many advantages like better accuracy, low maintenance and deployment cost, distributed monitoring and high resolution. 5. PROBLEM FACED WITH RESPECT TO CHANNEL Wireless communication [11] is the process of transmitting the information from one point to another through wireless channel. However in the recent times, controlling and monitoring the process using this technology has attracted a lot of interest. Hence, wireless sensors are used in industrial automation as they assist to communicate with other external devices. Presently, for long distance data transmission, RF communication is suitable as it can be done by using different technologies like Wi-Fi [17], Ethernet and Bluetooth [16]. Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) is one of the most popular networking technology because it can simply transmit the data to any place. However, to communicate with the other device wirelessly, a channel is required as a transmission pathway. When a signal is transmitted from source to destination many disturbances affect the wireless channel like interference, noise [13], fading etc. which is indicated in Fig. 2. Hence, due to this reason the corruption of data takes place and there will be possibility of system malfunction, safety problems and economic loss in industries.

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[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9] Fig.1.2 Wireless Channel

[10]

Consequently, the introduced disturbances can be mitigated by utilizing channel coding techniques. Therefore, when a signal is transmitted from source redundant bits are added and while decoding that received signal, these bits help to detect the errors. Hence, coding technique is used for error detection and correction in a noisy channel to attain reliable communication. 6. CONCLUSION In this paper the complete overview of wireless sensors has been presented. The wireless sensors are obtained through modular or embedded designs and these are futuristic as they can be used conveniently in any application. In industrial environment, wireless sensors are used to provide flexibility, safety, monitoring, control etc. and they offer many benefits like low cost, easy maintenance, easy installation and convenience. Thus, in industries when the data is transmitted by wireless sensors through wireless channel, noises gets added to the data due to multipath phenomenon and therefore in order to reduce these errors coding techniques are used. The most popular amongst all techniques is the convolution coding.

[1] [2]

[3]

[4]

REFERENCES R.H Muller. “American Apparatus, Instruments, and Instrumentation-Analytical Edition”, October 1940. Tingye Li, “Advances in optical fiber communication: An Historical Prespective” IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, Vol: 1, Issue: 3, April 1983, PP: 356-372. Edwin Wright, Deon Reynders and Steve Mackay, “Practical Telecommunications and Wireless Communications” 2004. Halit Eren, “Wireless sensors and instruments: Network, Design and Applications” 2006.

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Byung-kil Moon, “Survey on serial Buses” Proceedings on the 15th CISL Winter Workshop, Kushu, Japan. February 2002. Jacopo Iannaci “Introduction to MEMS and RFMEMS: From the Early Days of Microsystems to Modern RF-MEMS passives” November 2017. Hiro Yamasaki “What are Intelligent Sensors” Handbook of Sensors and Actuators, Vol: 3, 1996, PP: 1-17. Larry D Thompson, Bruce D Westermo, “A New Strain Measurement Technology for Material Damage Assessment” Proc.SPIE Volume 2191, Smart Structures and Material 1994: Smart Sensing, Processing and Instrumentation; May 1994. Paschalidis N.P, “A Smart Sensors Integrated Circuit for NASA’S New Millennium Space Craft”, Proc.ICECS, 1999, PP: 1787-1790. Peredina D.A and Allen A, “Telemedicine Technology and Clinical applications”, Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol: 273, No: 6, PP: 483-488, 1995. Andreas Willig, Kirsten Matheus and Adam Wolosz, “Wireless Technology in Industrial Networks”, Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol: 93, No: 6, PP: 11301151, June 2005. Jacob Fraden, “Handbook of Modern Sensors: Physics, designs and applications” 3rd Edition. Claude E. Shannon “Communications in the presence of noise”, Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol: 86, Issue: 2, February 1998, PP: 447-457 Namjun cho, Seong- Jun Song, Sunoung Kim,Shino Kim and Hoi-Jun Yoo, “ A 5.1μW UHF RFID Tag chip Integrated with Sensors for Wireless Environment Monitoring”, Solid-State Circuits Conference, September 2005, ESSCIRC 2005. Proceedings of 31st European. PP: 279-282 A.Flammini, P.Ferrari, D.Marioli, E.Sisinni and A.Taroni, “Sensor Networks for Industrial Applications”, 2nd International Workshop on Advances in Sensors and Interface (IWASI), June 2007. Madhvi Verma, Satbir Singh and Baljit Kaur, “An overview of Bluetooth Technology and its Communication Applications”, International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology, Vol.5, No: 3, June 2015. Promila, Dr. R.S. Chhillar, “Review of WI-FI Security Techniques”, International Journal of Modern Engineering Research, Vol.2, Issue: 2, SepOct 2012.

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A SELF-CASCODE BASED SUBTHRESHOLD POSITIVE FEEDBACK ADIABATIC LOGIC FOR ULTRA LOW POWER APPLICATIONS Vivek Jain Research Scholar, E&TC Department, IET-DAVV, Indore (M. P.), India E-mail ID: vivekjain21979@gmail.com Sanjiv Tokekar Professor, E&TC Department, IET-DAVV, Indore (M. P.), India E-mail ID: sanjivtokekar@yahoo.com Vaibhav Neema Asst. Professor, E&TC Department, IET-DAVV, Indore (M. P.), India E-mail ID: vaibhav.neema@gmail.com Abstract- The self cascode positive feedback adiabatic logic (SC-PFAL) is reported as a promising candidate for low power applications. In this paper concept of self cascoding of transistor is applied to adiabatic logic working in sub-threshold region to enhance the energy efficiency of the gates. A library of gates based on proposed logic is designed and simulated using 70nm technology model file available from predictive technologies. Application of self cascode to adiabatic logic gates is explored for the first time in the literature. The spice simulation results illustrate these logic cells have significant improvement in terms of power consumption over their original PFAL and other adiabatic logic counterpart when operated at low frequency.

immunity and driving ability [3]. These two techniques can work in conjunction to attain ultra low power VLSI systems. The reduction in power is attained at the cost of maximum operation frequency of the logic. These systems typically work at a clock frequency ranging from a few hundreds of hertz to a few megahertz. The power consumption can be in range of few pico-watts. These systems are suitable for standalone operation where low power consumption is more important than the processing speed [4], biomedical application is one of such area which typically works at clock frequency below one MHz [5].

Keywords - Adiabatic logic, Self-cascode, PFAL, Ultra-low power.

1. INTRODUCTION Low power consumption is a mandatory prerequisite for many modern day applications like body implanted biomedical systems, battery driven devices, devices powered by harvesting energy from environment etc. New technologies like IOT demands for ultra low energy consumption. The scaling of devices has nevertheless helped to attain low power consumption, but still architectural improvements and power reduction techniques can further enhance the energy efficiency. The adiabatic logic is a proven technique to reduce dynamic power loss in digital systems. The energy loss is reduced as a large part of the charge supplied by the power supply is returned back to the supply instead of letting it flow to ground terminal [1]. The flow of energy in conventional CMOS logic is from supply to ground terminal through parasitic capacitances, where as in adiabatic logic, a major portion of the energy supplied by battery is returned back to the supply [2] as shown in Fig.1. Another well established way of reducing power consumption is to make the system work in sub-threshold region by reducing the supply voltage below threshold level (VT) of a transistor. The sub-threshold system can attain reduction of power without sacrificing noise

Fig.1 The energy flow in a) conventional CMOS logic and b) Adiabatic logic

The adiabatic circuits have many flavors like 2N2N2P [6], ECRL [7], PFAL [8] and SAL [3], they have shown promising results for better energy efficiency. These adiabatic circuits have latch based structure. The positive feedback in the latch ensures that system will attain either of the two stable states and avoid logic level degradation at the output nodes [9]. The loop gain of the latch also has impact on the energy losses; the energy losses are large when the latch is in intermediate stage. The positive feedback also enhances properties like noise immunity and operating speed. The performance of the latch is dictated by its loop gain which is of the order of (gmr0)2. The reduction in output impedance due to channel length modulation effect is a big concern for highly scaled devices [10]. This effect directly reduces the loop gain of the latch. The loop gain can be enhanced using cascoding of MOSFETs.

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The cascoding of MOSFETs also reduces the leakage current and further improves the efficiency [11]. Use of regular cascode may not be suitable in highly scaled devices, as the supply voltage available may be of order of twice VTH. In paper [12] it is shown that self cascode technique can be used to obtain cascoding of transistors without reducing the swing. In self cascode technique two transistors are connected in series but one of them is m times wider than the other one, as shown in Fig.2. In self cascode mode the wider transistor works in triode region and overall output resistance is increased by a factor of m. In this paper, we study the effect of using self cascode transistor in a latching component of a basic adiabatic circuit. We found the technique of using self cascode best suits the PFAL architecture and thus we call the combined structure as self-cascode positive feedback adiabatic logic (SC-PFAL) logic.

And if m is large β is almost equal to β1 where as the small signal output resistance of the new cascode transistor is given by equation 4. The equation suggests the resistance is increased by a factor of intrinsic gain of transistor M2; this can be seen in IDVD curves as shown in Fig. 3. The figure shows IDVD curve for both self cascode transistor and a normal NMOS transistor. It can be seen that the slope of self cascode structure is smaller that indicates increase in output resistance. (5)

2. THEORY OF OPERATION The idea is to build a library of logic gates with low power consumption. To achieve this, amalgamation of various low power strategies, which can gel together, were tested. In literature it is shown that the adiabatic logic circuit when used in sub-threshold region can reduce power consumption [3]. We in this paper are exploring effect of using the self cascoding structure in the sub-threshold adiabatic logic.

The overall gain of a self cascode inverter is given by equation 6 [17]. (6)

D M2

mW/L

G M1 W/L

Fig. 3 IDVD graph to demonstrate increase in output impedance of a self cascode transistor in subthreshold region. The curves are plotted for gate potential of 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 volts

The small signal output resistance is multiplied by intrinsic gain of the wider transistor. Thus, the self cascode transistor is able to provide higher output resistance without sacrificing much performance. The increase in r0 of transistor will improve the performance of the latch as mentioned earlier. The loop gain of a latch is product of gain of individual inverter of the latch as shown in Fig. 4.

W/L

m+1 S

S Fig.2 Self Cascode Transistor

The cascode logic as shown in Fig.2, we have two series transistors with different width, which acts as equivalent to a single transistor [13]. The MOSFETs are in series and thus the currents in both of the transistors will be same. The two MOSFETs have same length but different widths thus the larger of the transistor will be in triode region and will have small drop across it, eventually in deep triode region the transistor M2 will act like a small source degeneration resistor for M1 [14]. This makes the self-cascode arrangement suitable for low voltage applications. The effective β of new transistor is not changed much as new β is given by equation 1 [15]. (1) (2) (3)

Loop cut Fig.4 Illustration of loop gain for a latch

The loop gain is given by equation 7 (7) Improvement in R0 will improve the loop gain in square proportion. One drawback of self-cascode transistor is it has a pole at lower frequency than the simple transistor and this makes the transition from high to low slower as time constant is increased as shown by equation 8 [15]. (8)

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The time constant degradation is not a concern, as in adiabatic circuits the power supply varies from low to high and no decision is made in adiabatic circuit while supply is high, also the operating frequency is low. Another advantage of cascoding is reduction in leakage power. This is significant as circuits operating in sub-threshold region operate at low frequencies and power consumed due to leakage current is a concern. The effective length of the cascode circuit increases with cascode parameter m and thus the leakage current is reduced. The advantage of using self cascode is reduction in area [15]. The total area occupied is less than the area of effective transistor.

F Tree

F Tree Fig. 7 SC-PFAL inverter

Fig. 5 Typical PFAL circuit

Some standard adiabatic logic topologies like 2N2N2P, ECRL and PFAL [16] were simulated by replacing simple MOS transistors with self-cascode transistors in the latch. The PFAL topology was observed to provide better results. The PFAL adiabatic logic architecture contains a latch and two pull up network that realize a Boolean logic equation to be implemented as shown in Fig.5.

3. PROPOSED SC-PFAL LOGIC FAMILY A basic inverter in PFAL logic is chosen as a beginning point. A PFAL inverter with fanout of four is designed and simulated using 70nm model file provided by Predictive Technologies Model (PTM) [17]. The circuit is as shown in Fig. 6. The power supply is a triangular wave as shown in Fig.14.

Fig. 8 ECRL inverter

A A Q Q

Fig. 6 PFAL inverter Fig.9 SC-ECRL inverter

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B Q

Fig.13 SC-PFAL multiplexer

Fig.10 SC-PFAL two input NAND gate

B Q

Fig.11 SC-PFAL XOR gate

The latch transistors of the PFAL circuit are then replaced with self cascode transistor as show in Fig. 7 to obtain SCPFAL inverter. To calculate the power consumption of the logic family a test bench is developed with a triangular wave voltage source as supply voltage and a load of four unit load (inverter) is placed at output of design under test. Similarly, other gates were designed and tested to develop a library. The library includes a two inputs NAND gate (Fig.10), three inputs NAND gate (Fig.12), a two input XOR gate (Fig.11) and a two to one multiplexer (Fig.13), using SC-PFAL logic. 4. SIMULATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The circuit is designed using 70nm PTM model file with threshold voltages VthP = -326mV and VthN = 310mV and are simulated using T-Spice simulator. A 300mV triangular supply is used to power up the logic gates. The peak potential of 300mV of the supply ensures that the system remains in sub-threshold region during entire operation. To evaluate the performance of proposed architecture, basic logic gates were designed and simulated. The results are tabulated in table 1. The plots are shown for simulations performed at a frequency of 250 kHz triangular wave at supply node. TABLE I POWER CONSUMPTION OF VARIOUS GATES OF DIFFERENT FAMILIES (NW) WITH A SUPPLY VOLTAGE OF 0.3V TRIANGULAR WAVE AT 250KHZ.

A B C Q

A Q

Fig.12 SC-PFAL three input NAND gate

Gate Inverter NAND2 NAND3 MUX(2:1) XOR2

PFAL 0.27 0.49 0.57 0.93 0.98

PFAL+SC* 0.18 0.43 0.56 0.71 0.89

ECRL 0.52 0.57 0.61 0.82 1.19

ECRL+SC* 0.42 0.52 0.61 0.72 1.05

Simulation waveforms of a basic inverter is shown in Fig.14, and that of two input NAND gate and XOR gate is shown in Fig.15. The Fig.16 shows simulation waveform for a three input NAND gate and a 2:1 multiplexer. The concept of self cascoding is also applied to ECRL logic as shown in Fig. 8 to evaluate the power consumption performance. The modified ECRL logic is shown in Fig.9. The table 1 shows that the adiabatic PFAL logic family responds better to self cascoding than adiabatic ECRL logic family. This can be justified as in PFAL logic

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family we have both PMOS and NMOS transistors in the latch network, whereas in ECRL logic family the positive feedback (latch) is comprised only of PMOS transistors. It can be seen that the performance enhancement is better for gates like XOR and multiplexer where there exist multiple path from load capacitor to VDD. The enhancement in power efficiency diminishes as path from load capacitor to VDD has more transistors as in NAND gates. This leads to increase in resistance at charge recovery path and thus loss of energy. The best enhancement in power reduction is observed to be obtained for inverter. Statistics shows that inverters are most used logic gates in a typical logic circuit.

The enhancement in power efficiency of SC-PFAL inverter, two input XOR gate and a 2:1 multiplexer is compared with their PFAL counterparts in plots a), b) and c) of Fig. 17 respectively. It is revealed that the SC-PFAL logic gives better results at lower frequencies. Plot d) in Fig. 17 shows the power efficiency enhancement ratio (the ratio of power consumption of SC-PFAL gates to that of PFAL gates). Power efficiency enhancement ratio reaches approximately 75% asymptotically at very low clock frequencies for an inverter. The SC-PFAL logic has shown better energy efficiency than PFAL adiabatic logic up to 4MHz. The plot of power dissipation verses operating frequency shows that power efficiency performance of proposed circuit is better at lower operating frequency.

Fig.14 Input output waveform for an inverter of SC-PFAL family

(a)

Fig.15 Input output waveform for a two input NAND gate and a two input XOR gate of SC-PFAL family (b)

(c)

Fig.16 Input output waveform for a three input NAND gate and a Multiplexer of SC-PFAL family

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The area of a PFAL inverter is 38.0 µm2 where as the area of proposed SC-PFAL inverter is 49.4 µm2. The area overhead is thus 30% of the PFAL inverter area.

(d) Fig. 17 Comparison of power dissipation of basic logic gates a) SC-PFAL inverter verses PFAL inverter, b) SC-PFAL two input XOR gate verses PFAL two input XOR gate, c) SC-PFAL 2:1 multiplexer verses PFAL 2:1 multiplexer, d) plots of ratio of power consumption for SC-PFAL to that of PFAL gates

Addition of extra transistors increases the footprint area of the logic gate. To access the impact of increase in area of the gate a layout of the proposed inverter and a basic PFAL inverter is created. The MOSFETs used are predictive technology models and thus tool kit is not available so the layout is designed using a standard tool kit available with Tanner EDA. The layout of PFAL inverter and a proposed inverter is shown in Fig. 18 a) and b) respectively.

5. CONCLUSION A modified PFAL logic self cascode PFAL logic is proposed that is having better efficiency at lower operating frequencies in sub-threshold region. To reduce the power consumption the concept of self cascoding is applied to the latch present in adiabatic PFAL logic and ECRL logic. The effect of self cascoding on various logic gates were explored for both PFAL and ECRL logic. The simulations results show that PFAL logic is better suited for applying self cascode transistors. The power consumption of proposed SC-PFAL inverter is 25% less than its counterpart PFAL logic at near DC frequencies of power clock of adiabatic circuit. The power efficiency is improved at the cost of area which is increased by 30%. The summary is the SC-PFAL logic can prove a good building block for systems operating at very low power regime.

[1]

Vdd [2] A

[3]

Gnd [4]

(a)

Vdd A

[5]

Q [6]

Gnd (b) Fig. 18 Layout of (a) SC-PFAL inverter and (b) PFAL inverter

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REFERENCES W. C. Athas, L. J. Svensson, J. G. Koller, N. Tzartzanis and E. Ying-Chin Chou, "Low-power digital systems based on adiabatic-switching principles," in IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems, vol. 2, no. 4, S. Houri, G. Billiot, M. Belleville, A. Valentian and H. Fanet, "Limits of CMOS Technology and Interest of NEMS Relays for Adiabatic Logic Applications," in IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers, vol. 62, no. 6, pp. 1546-1554, June 2015. M. Chanda, S. Jain, S. De and C. K. Sarkar, "Implementation of Subthreshold Adiabatic Logic for Ultralow-Power Application," in IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems, vol. 23, no. 12, pp. 2782-2790, Dec. 2015. M. Chanda, J. Basak, D. Sinha, T. Ganguli and C. K. Sarkar, "Comparative analysis of adiabatic logics in sub-threshold regime for ultra-low power application," 2016 Conference on Emerging Devices and Smart Systems (ICEDSS), Namakkal, 2016, pp. 37-41. A. P. Chandrakasan, N. Verma, and D. C. Daly, “Ultralow-power electronics for biomedical applications,” in Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng., Apr. 2008, pp. 247–274. A. Kramer, J.S. Denker, B. Flower, J. Moroney, "2nd order adiabatic computation with 2N-2P and 2N2N2P logic circuits", Proceedings of the International Symposium on Low power design (ISLPED), pp. 191-196, April 1995.

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