International Journal of Research and Innovation (IJRI)
International Journal of Research and Innovation (IJRI) 1401-1402
MODEL ON CARPOOLING TECHNIQUE TO REDUCE CONGESTION
Gaddam Ushadri 1, Rohith SR Mane 2, K. Mythili3 1 Research Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, Aurora Scientific Technological and Research Academy, Hyderabad India. 2 Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Aurora Scientific Technological and Research Academy, Hyderabad India. 3 Associate professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Aurora Scientific Technological and Research Academy, Hyderabad India.
Abstract As is the trend worldwide, India is undergoing rapid urbanization. This means not only that more people than ever before will be living and working in cities, but also that more people and more goods will be making more and longer trips in urban areas. The costs of increasing dependence on cars is resulting in expensive road building and maintenance, clogged and congested roads, high levels of energy consumption along with its economic and environmental costs, worsening air and noise pollution, traffic accidents and social inequities that arise when the poor find transportation services increasingly unaffordable. The most widely used mode of conveyance of public transport in Hyderabad is “buses�. Thus buses form a backbone of the transportation system in Hyderabad and serve about half of the travel demand while it constitutes less than 1 % of the total vehicle fleet of Hyderabad. In spite of this, it does not receive any preferential treatment in terms of traffic management, dedicated lanes, and better upkeep/ maintenance of vehicles resulting in that common man who can afford even slightly is shifting from buses to their own vehicles. It may be two-wheelers or four wheelers or even bicycles because of which the number of vehicles on the roads are increasing which is leading to further lowering of speed, congestion, increase in pollution level etc. Strategies to combat these problems would include reducing the emissions per vehicle kilometer traveled and the total number of kilometers traveled. Road congestion may be reduced by the use of good public transport management, traffic management and car pools etc. In this paper, we have conducted a survey based on a structured questionnaire for carpooling. By the analysis of the data collected, we found that if there is no carpooling, the amount required for 968316 Kilolitre petrol for 1289231 cars is Rs.4213.14crores per annum while by carpooling, this amount reduces to Rs. 4213.141310.98 =2902.16 crores. Thus, a revenue of Rs. 1310.98 crores can be saved by saving 301307 Kilolitre petrol by carpooling in Hyderabad. By the analysis of the data collected, we found that if there is no carpooling, the amount required for 968316 Kilolitre petrol for 1289231 cars is Rs.4213.14crores per annum while by carpooling, this amount reduces to Rs. 4213.141310.98 =2902.16 crores. Thus, a revenue of Rs. 1310.98 crores can be saved by saving 301307 Kilolitre petrol by carpooling in Hyderabad. *Corresponding Author: Gaddam Ushadri, Research Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, Aurora Scientific Technological and Research Academy, Hyderabad India.
Published: July 11, 2015 Review Type: peer reviewed Volume: II, Issue : II
Citation: Gaddam Ushadri,Research Scholar (2015) "MODEL ON CARPOOLING TECHNIQUE TO REDUCE CONGESTION"
INTRODUCTION Transportation contributes to the economic, industrial, social and cultural development of any country. It has a vital role for economic development of any region, nation, since, development follows the lines of transportation since the basic media surround human being viz, land, water and air the modes of transport are connected with these three media for movements.
The four major systems of transportation are, Road ways Railways Waterways Airways Road ways are basically of two types .i.e. (a) Urban Road ways and (b) Rural road ways Among the above major modes of transportation, road is die only mode which could give maximum service to one and all. This mode has the maximum flexibility for travel with reference to route, direction, time and speed of travel etc., It is possible to provide door to door service only by road transport. The nature of transport system depends upon the economic status, social development, geographic and topographical conditions and the choice of modes of individuals. Fast, cheap and comfortable modes of transport are used frequently. No one mode of transport combines all these qualities. The majority of population who are economically backward will give prime importance to the least expensive transport system. Nature of Indian traffic Road traffic has been growing at a very rapid rate in India. 131
International Journal of Research and Innovation (IJRI)
The number of motor Vehicles is also growing at a rapid rate. The investments on roads have not kept pace with the growth of traffic, leading to many problems like severe congestion, low speeds, high operation costs etc., One of the major problems associated with Indian traffic is its heterogeneous nature In general, traffic streams are not uniform, but vary over both space and time The traffic on Indian roads, termed as mixed traffic consists of variety of modes, starting from human powered, bicycle to motorized multi- axle heavy commercial vehicles. These modes exhibit different physical and operational characteristics and the variety of situations that can result because of the interaction of these modes under the traffic stream analysis more complex. At this juncture it would be appropriate to understand the effect of individual mode on traffic speeds because speed is the crucial factor in urban traffic. In this study motorized two wheelers is taken as the mode whose effect is evaluated on traffic speeds.
Methodology The intent of this chapter is to explain the procedure which is adopted in this present study. A flow chart involving proposed methodology is shown in fig 3.1 and explains each step briefly
Hyderabad traffic scenario In Hyderabad, public transport such as buses, auto rickshaws and multi modal railways are the most frequently used transport by the residents. The composition of vehicles m Hyderabad are , 75% two-wheelers, 14% cars, 1% taxis, 4% goods vehicles, 2% buses (including 3,800 RTC buses) and 4% other vehicles (including 71,000 auto rickshaws). In some parts of the city cycle rickshaws are used as a means of public transport for smaller distances. Hyderabad is sixth largest metropolitan city in India covering an area approximately 1554 sqkm. The city not only became an industrial centre but also a major centre for trade, commerce and culture. Growth of Vehicles in Telengana has been recording a sustained growth in the number of vehicles over the years. The development of good infrastructure, besides the state emerging as a major IT hub has enabled the accelerated growth of vehicles
Methodology adopted for the study Study includes review of literature on traffic volume, speed and density with and with out car pooling and bike pooling by green shield analysis. Preliminary surveys were performed for identification of suitable study stretches DATA COLLECTION General
Sl. No
CLASS OF VEHICLE
Nos.
Data collection forms the very basis of any research activity and type of data to be collected is largely dependent on the objectives of the study.The items of interest in traffic theory have been the following
1.
Auto Rickshaws
576453
•Rates of flow (vehicles per unit time)
2
Contract Carriages
6530
3
Educational institution Buses
29804
4.
Goods Carriages
550699
5
Maxi Cabs
32178
6
Mopeds and Motor Cycles
8608056
7.
Motor Cars
1083942
8
Motor Cabs
98939
9
Private Service Vehicles
5497
10
Stage Carnages
31608
11.
Tractor and Trailers
660763
12.
Others
72279
Total
11756748
•Speeds (distance per unit time) •Travel time over a known length of road
Hyderabad is a historical city as 400 years of history. It is gone through complex evolutionary process of social, economical, political change over these years. It was and it will be center of migration with in state and country since it is having large number of employment opportunities.
•Occupancy (percent of time a point on the road is occupied by vehicles); •Density (vehicles per unit distance) •Time headway between vehicles (time per vehicle) •Spacing, or space headway between vehicles (distance per vehicle) and concentration (measured by density or occupancy) Measurement capabilities for obtaining traffic data have changed over the nearly 60- year span of interest in traffic flow, and more so in the past 40 years during which there have been a large number of freeways Indeed, measurement capabilities are still changing. In this dissertation the survey for the data collection was designed so as to fit in the framework of the objective In the traffic studies, apart from the traffic parameters such as density, flow and speed, the geometries of the locations have enormous influence on the traffic behavior Hence 132
International Journal of Research and Innovation (IJRI)
the selection of location for the collection of data assumes much significance in the traffic stream studies Five mid blocks were selected for traffic volume and spot speed studies. The details of locations selected for the present study and the methodology adopted and the data collected are presented in the following articles.
Traffic flow at Nagole – LB Nagar Midblock with Pooling system Hour of count
Buses
Trucks
Cars
Two Wheelers
Three Wheelers
Bicycles
8-9am
32
8
62
235
12
1
9-10am
49
9
81
350
17
1
507
ANALYSIS OF DATA
1011am
52
06
123
848
18
3
1050
General
11-12 am
53
11
116
566
16
4
766
12-1pm
55
10
110
420
22
1
618
1-2pm
46
12
89
225
16
2
390
2-3 pm
33
10
60
205
8
1
317
3-4 pm
42
11
1163
215
14
3
348
4-5 pm
47
13
60
232
9
1
362
5-6 pm
42
10
86
283
24
2
447
6-7 pm
74
13
108
526
34
1
756
7-8 pm
62
08
136
551
20
2
779
8-9 pm
52
11
152
573
15
1
807
To design new traffic facilities and new control plans for the existing facilities, it is necessary to predict the performance of traffic to the traffic engineer with regard to variety of characteristics to improve the existing and design the new one. It should be feasible for traffic engineer to make this prediction with limited amount of data available. In traffic engineering, statistical methods are a powerful tool to analyze and interpret the data among such statistical methods. Greenshield analysis is very extensively used and powerful method depending upon the type of situation of being studied, analysis can range from the simple and straight forward to the complex. Pooling Technique By standardising the number of cars i.e to ride comfortably in a car normally four passengers can be seated. So dividing the total number of cars by four, for the same number of passengers optimum number of cars on road can be obtained. By standardising the number of bikes i.e to ride comfortably on bike normally two passengers can be seated. So dividing the total number of bikes by two, for the same number of passengers optimum number of motorised two wheelers on road can be obtained. Traffic flow at ameerpet – S.R Nagar Midblock with pooling system Hour of count
Buses
8-9 am
49
Trucks
10 11
Cars
33
255
26
1
375
53
11-12 am
55
14
167
53
31
3
323
12-1pm
47
11
62
47
27
5
623
1-2 pm
32
12
32
201
18
3
298
2-3 pm
42
13
88
180
18
4
345
3-4 pm
46
17
69
181
12
4
329
4-5 pm
52
10
94
283
20
3
462
5-6 pm
67
8
122
400
44
4
646
6-7 pm
77
16
119
598
24
4
838
7-8 pm
64
11
135
562
20
3
795
8-9 pm
56
9
142
501
19
2
729
26
4
Total Vol/ Hr
10-11 am
493
28
Bicycles
52
115
330
Three Wheelers
9-10 am
13
60
Two Wheelers
3
485 703
After applying the pooling technique as mentioned in 5.3.1 the maximum number of vehicles changed from 1794 to 838 vehicles per hour.
Total Vol/ Hr 773
After applying the pooling technique as mentioned in 5.3 the maximum number of vehicles changed from 1836 to 1050 vehicles per hour. Traffic flow at Ramanthapur – Amberpet Midblock with pooling system Hour of count
Buses
Trucks
Cars
8-9 am
31
6
24
9-10 am
36
10
165
1011am
44
11
11-12 am
51
12-1pm
Three Wheelers
Bicycles
Total Vol/ Hr
17
1
374
291
17
1
520
99
300
37
3
494
6
88
310
18
1
474
37
12
79
251
28
2
409
1-2pm
28
11
80
252
18
1
390
2-3 pm
22
8
81
168
20
2
301
3-4 pm
35
9
183
20
2
322
4-5 pm
31
10
44
137
42
1
265
5-6 pm
36
9
64
178
24
1
312
6-7 pm
39
6
36
175
23
1
330
7-8 pm
35
7
120
220
37
2
421
8-9 pm
33
9
101
343
31
1
518
73
Two Wheelers 295
After applying the pooling technique as mentioned in 5.3 the maximum number of vehicles changed from 1305 to 518 vehicles per hour. Traffic flow at Dilsuknagar– Chaitanyapuri Midblock with pooling system
Hour of count
Buses
Trucks
Cars
8-9am
34
3
85
9-10am
41
5
1011am
47
11-12 am 12-1pm
Two Wheelers
Three Wheelers
Bicycles
235
19
1
86
245
21
1
7
125
360
20
2
52
11
118
638
20
4
54
9
113
706
24
1
Total Vol/ Hr 377 399 561 843 907
133
International Journal of Research and Innovation (IJRI) 1-2pm
45
11
2-3 pm
32
21
3-4 pm
42
11
4-5 pm
47
16
89 63 88 60
425
20
1
225
12
0
210
20
0
220
15
0
5-6 pm
42
26
86
237
24
2
6-7 pm
70
17
106
293
32
0
7-8 pm
60
09
144
401
21
0
8-9 pm
61
14
149
18
0
506
23
31
36
29
353
52
27
371
81
22
80
22
61
23
588
351
591
358 417 518 635 748
After applying the pooling technique as mentioned in 5.3 the maximum number of vehicles changed from 1954 to 907 vehicles per hour. Traffic flow at JNTU– Miyapur Midblock with pooling system Hour of count
Buses
8-9am
33
Trucks
2
Cars
21
9-10am
64
5
81
1011am
87
7
120
11-12a m
86
12
12-1pm
64
1-2pm
Two Wheelers 235
Bicycles
12
0
16
0
558
18
1
113
616
16
2
9
431
475
21
0
49
13
89
435
17
0
2-3 pm
37
21
60
255
8
0
3-4 pm
44
17
270
14
1
4-5 pm
41
18
59
237
9
0
5-6 pm
36
26
88
393
23
2
6-7 pm
39
18
108
736
34
0
7-8 pm
61
08
136
856
20
2
8-9 pm
69
22
152
587
17
1
63
405
Three Wheelers
Total Vol/ Hr 303 571 791
667
25
37
27
67
23
29
30
51
25
17
35
25
32
25
18
27
30
23
11
30
25
25
8
35
11
32
11
31
16
29
24
27
38
22
36
22
37
23
588
351
Ameerpet – Sr Nagar Mid Block Without Pooling
381
Maximum Density = 430 Veh/Km
409
Maximum Flow = 3246 Veh/Hr
364 566 935 1081
With Pooling Maximum Density = 260 Veh/Km Maximum Density = 2018 Veh/Km
847
Ammerpet- Sr Nagar With Out Pooling technique
29
Speed
15
603
The above data is analysed by using greenshield model as mentioned in 3.6.1 and 3.7.1 of calibration of greenshield model.
Speed (y)
Density
845
After applying the pooling technique as mentioned in 5.3 the maximum number of vehicles changed from 2350 to 1081 vehicles per hour.
Density (x)
Amerpet- Sr Nagar mid block With Pooling technique
Nagole - LB Nagar With Out Pooling technique Density
Speed
15
25
18
27
30
23
11
30
25
25
8
35
11
32
11
31
16
29
24
27
38
22
36
22
37
23
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International Journal of Research and Innovation (IJRI)
By Analyzing this as the above, using green shield equation Jam Density = 306Veh/Km Maximum Flow = 2341Veh/hr Nagole - LB Nagar With Pooling technique
16
29
24
27
38
22
36
22
37
23
Density
Speed
15
25
18
27
30
23
11
30
25
25
8
35
11
32
11
31
16
29
Density
Speed
24
27
15
25
38
22
18
27
36
22
30
23
37
23
11
30
25
25
8
35
11
32
11
31
16
29
24
27
38
22
36
22
37
23
By Analyzing this as the above, using green shield equation Jam Density = 222Veh/Km Maximum Flow = 1738Veh/hr Ramnthapur- Amberpet With out Pooling technique
By Analyzing this as the above, using green shield equation Jam Density = 307Veh/Km Maximum Flow = 2370Veh/hr DilsukhNagar - Chaitanyapuri With out Pooling technique
Density
Speed
15
25
18
27
30
23
11
30
25
25
8
35
11
32
11
31
16
29
24
27
38
22
36
22
Density
Speed
37
23
15
25
18
27
30
23
11
30
25
25
8
35
11
32
11
31 29
By Analyzing this as the above, using green shield equation Jam Density = 379Veh/Km Maximum Flow = 2871Veh/hr Ramnthapur- Amberpet with pooling technique
By Analyzing this as the above, using green shield equation Jam Density = 387Veh/Km Maximum Flow = 3377Veh/hr DilsukhNagar -Chaitanyapuri With Pooling technique
Density
Speed
16
15
25
24
27
18
27
38
22
30
23
36
22
11
30
37
23
25
25
8
35
11
32
11
31
By Analyzing this as the above, using green shield equation Jam Density = 300Veh/Km Maximum Flow = 1938Veh/hr
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International Journal of Research and Innovation (IJRI)
JNTU - Miyapur With out Pooling technique Density
Speed
15
25
18
27
30
23
11
30
25
25
8
35
11
32
11
31
16
29
24
27
38
22
36
22
37
23
By Analyzing this as the above, using green shield equation Jam Density = 440Veh/Km Maximum Flow = 3383Veh/hr JNTU - Miyapur With Pooling technique Density
Speed
15
25
18
27
30
23
11
30
25
25
8
35
11
32
11
31
16
29
24
27
38
22
36
22
37
23
By Analyzing this as the above, using green shield equation Jam Density = 218Veh/Km Maximum Flow = 1669 Veh/hr
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Summary The present study is mainly intended for effect of pooling system on traffic volume and traffic density on five mid blocks. As the number of motorized two wheelers and cars causing problems related to traffic in Hyderabad. There is a need to assess their effect on traffic . In this study five mid blocks are selected in which arc having more than 50% of two wheelers and 25% of cars. The selected mid blocks were Ameerpet - S R.Nagar Ramanthapur – Amberpet Nagole - L.B. Nagar DilsukhNagar-Chaitanyapur Jntu-Miyapur These mid blocks have different speeds and volumes. It
is observed that after applying pooling technique there is a reduction in maximum flow and jam density.Graphs are drawn between traffic density and traffic speed. From these graphs, by using greenshield analysis it is observed that there is a reduction in density and flow values. Conclusions The following conclusions can be drawn based on the present data • From the study it is revealed that there is definite influence of pooling technique on traffic flow and density. • In ammerpet- sr nagar midblock before and after pooling the maximum flow varies from 3246 veh/hr to 2018 veh/hr and jam density varies from 430 veh/km to 260 veh/km. • In Ramanthpur-amberpet midblock before and after pooling the maximum flow varies from 2871 veh/hr to 2370 veh/hr and jam density varies from 379 veh/km to 307 veh/km • In Nagole-Lb nagar midblock before and after pooling the maximum flow varies from 2341 Veh/hr to 1738 veh/ hr and jam density varies from 306 veh/km to 222veh/ km. • In Dilsukhnagar-chaitanyapuri midblock before and after pooling the maximum flow varies from 3377 veh/hr to 1938 veh/hr and jam density varies from 387 veh/km to 300 veh/km. • In Jntu-Miyapur midblock before and after pooling the maximum flow varies from 3383 veh/hr to 1669 veh/hr and jamm density varies from 440 veh/km to 218 veh/ km. Limitations Assessment of influence of individual mode on mixed traffic is a complex phenomenon. Instead the mode itself is influenced by the behavior of other modes i.e. violating the traffic rules etc. So if an authoritative and meaningful relationship is to be developed. A thorough investigation into all the factors and modes that are influencing the motorized two wheelers behavior is too carried out. This is possible only when a comprehensive study is made resulting in extensive data base. The selected study area is independent of pavement conditions, climatic conditions, number of lanes, type of shoulders etc. The present study is a time bound project and and as traffic is homogeneous, lack of adequate database in mixed traffic conditions has been a major constraint during the assessment of effect of pooling on traffic flow and traffic density. However considering this as a beginning step in a new direction, this study has been carried out. REFERENCES 1. Kadiyali, L R.(!981), Free Speeds of vehicles on Indian roads. Paper No 343 journal of Indian Road Congress, vol. 42-3. New Delhi Kadiyali, Speed-Flow characteristics on Indian Highways, vol 52-2, Indian Road Congress. New Delhi. 2. Adams, W.P., Road traffic considered as a random series, journal of the institution of civil engineers, London. 3. Lowell wing, R., (1996) Statistics for scientists and engineers, Prentice Hall of India Private limited., New Delhi. 4 . Chatteijee S. and B Price. (1977) Regression Analysis by example. John Wiley and sons New York. 5 . Roads Wing, Ministry of shipping and transport, Government of India, Report of the Technical Group set up by the Government of India. 6. United nations Manual on Traffic Surveys, New Delhi. 7. Indian Road congress, Traffic Census on Urban Roads IRC.1972, New Delhi.
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Author
Gaddam Ushadri Research Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, Aurora Scientific Technological and Research Academy, Hyderabad India.
Rohith SR Mane Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Aurora Scientific Technological and Research Academy, Hyderabad India.
K. Mythili Associate professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Aurora Scientific Technological and Research Academy, Hyderabad India.
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