Factors Involved in the Design of Dye Sensitized Solar Cell

IJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research & Development| Vol. 3, Issue 11, 2016 | ISSN (online): 2321-0613

Factors Involved in the Design of Dye Sensitized Solar Cell D. Mohammed Al Riyaz1 Dr. P.K. Palani2 1 P.G. Scholar 2Associate Professor 1,2 Department of Mechanical Engineering 1,2 Government College of Technology, Coimbatore-13 Abstract— Dye Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs) are the thin film low cost solar cells. It is based on the semiconductor formed between photo sensitized anode and electrolyte. It is a photo electrochemical system. DSSC are simple to make, flexible and transparent. The price to performance ratio is good. DSSC Consist of Transparent Conductive oxide (TCO) glass, Dye sensitized Nanoparticle, electrolyte and counter-electrode. Conversion efficiency depends on type of electrolyte used, materials which curbs recombination, type of dye and Nanoparticles. This study brings various possible arrangements of TCO and organic and natural dye sensitization of Nanoparticles and various electrolyte used in DSSC. By modifying a various component the conversion efficiency of the DSSC are increased. This study focuses on various strategies followed to increase conversion efficiency.

Key words: DSSC, Natural dye, Electrolyte, Transparent Conductive Glass, Nanoparticle I. INTRODUCTION Rapid increase in population leads to energy crisis and as per Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) stated that use of fossil fuels results in increased global warming [1] therefore the need of the hour is the new economical renewable energy source to satisfy the energy demand and to reduce global warming. Solar energy is widely available for energy production [2-4]. Below 0.4% of the entire region with 15% conversion efficiency can meet the world’s energy needs [5].

The silicon solar cells having higher efficiency and production is affected by high cost of purification of Si and environmental hazard by enormous amount of harmful byproduct in the purification of Si [6]. Thin film solar cells which are second generation solar cells have proven to be less material solar cells [7-9]. Dye Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC) is one of the third generation photovoltaic based on photo electrochemical system which can be easily fabricated [10].

The price to performance ratio is good. The DSSC are of interest because of their easy conversion of solar energy to power. The DSSC consist of transparent conductive glass, dye Sensitized Nanoparticles, Electrolyte and counter electrode [11-12]. Ruthenium polyridyl complexes were used as a dye sensitizer which is expensive and yields environmental problems. Natural dye being nontoxic, bio-degradable and cost efficient are used in DSSC based on pH, pigment concentration and oxygen radical absorbing capacity (ORAC).

Liquid electrolyte are used in DSSC which has conversion efficiency up to 13% but has several difficulties such as leakage of liquid electrolyte during continual operation, poor penetration into sensitized particle.so liquid electrolyte has been substituted by quasi-solid electrolyte whereas solid electrolyte produces poor conversion efficiency.

Various nanoparticles such as Tio2, Sio2, Al2o3 CuAlo2, and Multi walled Carbon Nano Tube (MWCNT) and Single layered Carbon Nano Tube (SLCNT) are introduced in the quasi solid electrolyte are used in DSSC. Several strategies were followed to reduce the recombination and increase in cell efficiency was done.

II. COMPONENTS OF DSSC A. Transparent Conductive Layer (TCL) Transparent conductive layer are usually made up conductive transparent glass. The parameters such as transparency, conductivity, absorptivity, heat stability during annealing process, sheet resistance, corrosion, and wavelength and recombination nature [13] are considered while choosing transparent conductive layer. Normally used transparent conducting substrate is FTO (fluorine tin doped glass), ITO (Indium tin doped glass). FTO shows no change in sheet resistance with temperature [14] so FTO is recommended for use in DSSC. Various arrangements were done to increase the conversion efficiency of solar cells.

Won Jae Lee et al implemented silver grids to reduce the high resistive losses and to avoid corrosion for continual long stability operation by usage of glass frit which shows 4.68% efficiency [15].usage of flexible conductive meshes were developed by Xing Fan et al which replaced TCL shows an efficiency of 1.49% [16].

Approaches to laminated flexible DSSC with ITO/PET were developed by Aurelien Du Pasquier which shows an efficiency of 3.55% [17].

On contrast with single layer TCL researcher developed multilayered TCL. Susumu Yoshikawa et al made double layered conducting glass by introduction of metal oxide such as antimony doped tin oxide or aluminum doped tin oxide or tin oxide (SnO2) with TCL. ITO/ SnO2 showed highest efficiency among others [18]. Triple layered TCL were also developed using tin oxide/antimony doped tin oxide/titanium oxides have been developed by Beomjin et al which shows efficiency of 6.29% [19].

Bhagwat N. Pawar et al prepared conducting boron doped ZnO electrode and varied the doping level of Boron.

The conversion efficiency found to be 1.53% [20].Jun Usagawa et al fabricated tandem DSSC on a glass rod without a TCL [21]. Ke Fan et al fabricated flexible Ti substrate. This substrate shows reduced sheet resistance and recombination and has the conversion efficiency of 5.45% [22].low cost highly bendable DSSC without TCL layer were developed using Ni coated paper substrate which shows conversion efficiency of 2.90% by Ke Fan et al [23].

Hui Song et al fabricated glass free photo electrodes using ZnO. The conversion efficiency is 4.8% [24]. Fig 1 shows various possible arrangement of TCL with their corresponding conversion efficiency. Triple layered TCL shows the highest conversion. So development of high

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temperature withstanding without any change in sheet resistance material will have highest conversion efficiency.

B. Nanoparticle Semiconductor The Nanoparticle provides area for the dye to sensitize and accepts electron from the dye which is excited and the electric current is conducted [25].The electrical conductivity mainly depends upon the crystal structure, shape, size of the Nanoparticles. Increase in size of the Nanoparticle less surface for dye to sensitize and vice versa. Increase in size there is fewer defects in Nanoparticle [26]. Several Nanoparticles such as TiO2ÂŹ, ZnO, and SnO2 have been fabricated [27-30]. The crystalline forms of TiO2 are anatase and rutile. The anatase is preferred because of high conduction band, chemically more stable because of high band gap energy and electron transport rate is good [31-32].

Fig. 1: Various TCL Arrangement vs. Conversion Efficiency.

The main disadvantage is the dark current produced by the recombination of electrons. Several attempts were made to composite Nanoparticle Semiconductor. Chohui Kim et al studied the effects of TiO2-coating layer on the performance in Nano porous ZnO based DSSC. Photo dispersed TiO2 in the layer of ZnO. The conversion efficiency is enhanced by the factor of three [33].

Mohammad Hossein Habibi et al fabricated and characterized two Nanoparticles CuO-ZnO working electrode for DSSC. The influence of Nanostructured Zinc Titanate/Zinc Oxide/Titanium Dioxide thin film coated TCL as working electrode for DSSC were also studied. The results indicate that the conversion efficiency is in the order of ZO>ZT>ZD [34, 35].

Influence of metallic doping on anatase crystalline Titanium Dioxide were studied by Thuy Trang Nguyen as an effort to reduce recombination of electrons. Ca, Al, W dopants strongly distort the lattice and narrowed the band gap [36]. R.S. Pessoa Nano structured DSSC with TiO2 and Silicon Carbide (SiC) to achieve better conversion efficiency [37]. Composite Nanoparticles ZnO-TiO2 shows improved conversion efficiency [38-42].Matthew carnie et al studied the UV filtering of DSSC-The effects of varying the UV cut-off upon cell performance and incident photon to electron conversion efficiency [43].

Design of Nanoparticle semiconductor mainly depends upon the reduced recombination, crystal structures, size, shape and defects in semiconductor. DSSC are designed with highly reduced recombination rate are very efficient. Various substances were added in the bonding layer between TCL and Nanoparticle [44, 45].

C. Sensitizer The ultimate aim of the Sensitizer is to capture the photon incident on it and to transfer the electron to the conduction band of the Nanoparticle semiconductor. An efficient Sensitizer must have the following qualities 1) Stable in its form 2) Sensitizer should withstand high temperature 3) Absorb light very efficiently Molecular structure of Sensitizer is the factor to be considered for performance on Dye Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSSC). Photo sensitizer are classified into three categories Metal complex Dyes, Metal free dyes and a Natural dyes. In this study metal complex Dyes and Metal free dyes are not reviewed because they are expensive, toxic, Non bio-degradable and pose environmental problems [46]. Plant pigments are classified as Carotenoids, Flavonoids. Flavonoids are further classified as Anthocyanin, Proanthocyanidins and Flavonols. Sensitizer produced from various plant pigments shows various conversion efficiency. The chain length, pH and pigment concentration of the plant pigments influences the conversion efficiency [47].

Oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) has anti-oxidant capability gives information on properties on plant pigments in Natural Sensitizer [48].

Pigment Dye solution Efficiency% Reference used Begonia Anthocyanin 0.24 49 Rosella Anthocyanin 0.37 50 Red Betacyanin 0.45 51 Bougainvillea Raspberries Betacyanin 1.50 52 cherries Betacyanin 0.18 53 Wild Sicilian Betalin 1.19 54 Prickly Pear Ivy goud fruits B-carotene 0.09 55 Spinach Chlorophyll 0.13 56 Walnut Carotenoid 0.0104 57 Botrye Flavonoid 0.12 58 Table 1: Various plant pigments with their conversion efficiency.

The factors involved in the design of natural dye are plant pigments, their chain length, and pH and pigment concentration, Oxygen radical absorbing capacity. Pigments must be as stable as possible. The study shows that anthocyanin plant pigments results in higher conversion efficiency.

D. Electrolyte The main aim of the electrolyte is to regenerate the electron in the conduction band of Nanoparticles in which releases electron.

Electrolyte is the electron transport medium of DSSC. The stability of the electrolyte depends upon the properties of electrolyte. Electrolyte are divided into three classes they are Liquid, Solid, Quasi-Solid electrolyte.

Liquid electrolyte is classified into organic electrolyte and ionic liquid electrolyte. Most common electrolyte consist of Redox couple I-/I3- and more redox couple were tested.Br- /Br2, SCN-/ (SCN) 2 were also tested as a redox couple in DSSC [59, 60]. In Liquid electrolyte

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Factors Involved in the Design of Dye Sensitized Solar Cell (IJSRD/Vol. 3/Issue 11/2016/022)

organic solvents such as acrylonitrile, ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate which has higher donor number are responsible for the Iodide/ Tri Iodide ions [61-63] Solid state electrolyte is lower than liquid and quasi solid electrolyte due to low penetration into mesoporous TiO2, lower ionic conductivity, the low electron transfer from the sensitizer molecules and the faster recombination.

In this study solid state electrolyte is not considered. Liquid electrolyte has limitation due to problems such as leakage, volatilization of solvents, degradation of dye, corrosion of counter electrode and ineffective sealing of the cells [64, 65].

To solve the above mentioned problems usage of Quasi solid state electrolyte are used though the efficiency of quasi solid state electrolyte is lower than liquid electrolyte but has improved stability in using quasi solid state electrolyte. Quasi are classified into four types they are composite polymer electrolyte, ionic liquid electrolyte, thermoplastic polymer electrolyte and thermosetting polymer electrolyte.

Pavithra et al prepared composite gel polymer electrolyte by adding different weight percentage of acetamide to polyethylene oxide in the presence of acetonitrile, propylene carbonate, LiI and I2. Among the electrolyte, PEO with 5% acetamide shows the highest efficiency of 9.01% .

Shi et al prepared solvent free eutectic melt based electrolyteDMII/EMImI/EMImb/(CN) 4/I2/NBB/GNCS with varying mol ratio with synthetic dye shows a efficiency of 8.5% . Shi et al used a high molecular weight PEO as a polymer host to gelate liquid electrolyte and form a polymer gel electrolyte which showed a conversion efficiency of 10.11% . Park et al synthesized Nano porous network polymer via the surface induced cross linked polymer of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and 1, 6-hexanediol diacrylate (HDDA) on the surfaces of Nano crystalline TiO2 shows conversion of 10.6% .

Although for DSSC highest efficiency of 13% has attained using liquid electrolytes because of instability of liquid electrolyte quasi solid electrolyte has shown 10% with a reduced stability problems.

The factor involved in the electrolyte selection is the stability of the electrolyte, electron regeneration capacity, and fast electron deposition of electron in the conduction band of Nano particle. The study indicates that no hybrid electrolyte was fabricated and analyzed for the conversion efficiency.

Type Electrolyte Efficiency Composite Acetamide/PEO/LiI/I2 9.01% polymer Ionic DMII/EMImI/EMImb/(CN) 8.50% liquid 4/I2/NBB/GNCS Thermo plastic IL/PEO 10.11% polymer Thermo setting MMA/HDDA 10.6% polymer Table 2: Quasi Solid state electrolyte.

E. Counter Electrode (CE) The cathode is used to regenerate the electrolyte. The triIodide ion after contact with the counter electrode able to excite the dye sensitized Nano particles. A catalyst is required to speed up the regeneration rate of Tri-Iodide.

Platinum is used because of high current density exchange, good catalytic activity and transparency of counter electrode. The performance of the counter electrode depends upon the method of platinum deposition on the TCL substrate by thermal decomposition, electrodeposition, sputtering, vapor deposition, and screen printing .

It has been found that the working of the Pt catalyst reduces with time in the presence of iodide/tri-iodide redox couple. Studies show that two factors are responsible for the deactivation of the Pt counter electrode: alteration of its electro catalytic properties and the removal of Pt from the substrate. Although the Pt catalyst possesses high catalytic activity, Pt is expensive which a disadvantage is. Therefore, grapheme and conductive polymers have also been used as other materials for counter electrode .But their electrical efficiencies were very low when compared to Pt catalyst.

III. WORKING OF DSSC A DSSC is a relatively new kind of low cost solar cell that shows great promise because its low cost materials and simplicity. Interactions between the cell’s anode and cathode, and the nanoparticles which are coated with light sensitive dye and surrounded by an electrolyte produce electricity.

Fig. 2: Components of DSSC. Photo anode is transparent conducting glass so that sunlight can absorb by the inner parts of the solar cell.

Between the anode and the cathode is a mesh of nanoparticles that acts like a roadway for the electrons moving through the cell. The Nanoparticles are coated with a light absorbing dye that converts photons (light) into electrons (electricity). Usually electrolyte fills the space between the nanoparticles and helps transfer electrons from the cathode to dye molecules (after the dye releases an electron, it needs another to replace the one it lost). On the other end of the cell is the cathode, typically a film of graphite or platinum. The anode sends electron from solar cell through a wire to whatever the cell is powering, and then the electrons loop back to the cathode. For anything to generate electricity it needs to generate an electric current.

In DSSC this means that electron needs to be flowing from one end of the cell to other end (cathode to anode). The electrons travel through the electrolyte and nanoparticles to create an electric current. Again this electric current is what powers any appliance needing electricity outside the cell. In DSSC nanoparticles are normally used as conductors because of their unique ability to be welded together and form one huge network for the electrons to

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travel through and also they are transparent. The electrons originate from the dye molecules coating the nanoparticle when they are hit by light (photons). Different color dyes can absorb different wavelength of light which in turn carry different amount of energy.

Fig. 3: Electron transfer in DSSC. The spaces in between the nanoparticle are filled with an electrolyte which transfers electrons from the cathode to the dye (after a dye molecule releases an electron it needs another one to replace it). It may appear that the electrons would have no trouble travelling from one end of the DSSC to the other, but let’s take a closer look at how electrons travel from one nanoparticle to other. As you can see it can take quite a lot of work for an electron to get from the cathode of the DSSC to anode. The electrons travel randomly from one nanoparticle to other until they reach the anode.

In reality the size and the density of nanoparticles can affect the journey of an electron. The smaller the nanoparticle in size, the more defects in the nanoparticle which results in electron loss to the electrolyte solution.

unless it receives another electron to replace the one it lost.

In this state, the dye molecule cannot emit any more electrons. This is the reason that the nanoparticles are immersed in an electrolyte. The electrolyte is able to replace the electrons lost by the dye molecules.

Fig. 5: Working of DSSC. The electrolyte can give up an electron to a dye molecule that it needs when this occurs the electrolyte are oxidized into tri iodide which will float around until it comes in contact with cathode. The tri iodide recovers its missing electron from the cathode which reduces tri iodide back to three iodide molecules. When all these processes work together an electric current is generated. The electrons emitted from the dye flow from the anode to whatever is powered by the DSSC and then flow into the cell through the cathode.

REFERENCES

Fig. 4: Nanoparticle size in DSSC. However the smaller the nanoparticle for a fixed volume the more surface area you can coat dye. A lower density of nanoparticle will have the same result, but that also means electrons have fewer paths to take to the anode.

Finding the optimal size and density of nanoparticle is one of the challenging in building a DSSC, creating the maximum amount of surface area while also creating the maximum number of safe pathways of the electrons. This is extremely magnified and simplified representation of how a DSSC turns light (photons) into electricity (electrons).

When a photon strikes a dye molecule, the energy from the photon is absorbed into the dye molecule. The dye molecule enters an excited state and emits electron. The emitted electron travels through the nanoparticles until it reaches the anode (or it is lost to the electrolyte because of defects in the nanoparticles). Because the dye molecule just emitted one of its own electrons it will start to decompose,

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