Water quality assessment around Rajkot city, Gujarat, India

IJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research & Development| Vol. 3, Issue 09, 2015 | ISSN (online): 2321-0613

Water Quality Assessment around Rajkot City, Gujarat, India 1

Chirag Narigara1 Ekhalak Ansari2 Department of Micro-biology 2Department of Aquatic Biology 1 Christ College, Rajkot, Gujarat 2V.N.S.G. University, Surat

Abstract—The ground water, sewage water and sea water from Rajkot and Saurashtra region has been studied. The various constituents monitored include the physico-chemical characters like color, odor, turbidity, pH, calcium, magnesium, bio-chemical oxygen demand and microbial parameters like MPN were analyzed. Introduction of sewage into the ground water was the main reason for the microbial contamination. The boiling of water is therefore advisable before consumption. The physico-chemical and microbial characters of the sewage water were unworthy. The sewage water recycling is necessary to minimize the water born diseases.

Key words: Physico-Chemical Characters, Bio-Chemical Oxygen Demand, MPN and Sewage Water I. INTRODUCTION Water is one of the most important fluids which form the world's streams, lakes, oceans, rain and the major constituent of living things. Water remains liquid at standard ambient temperature and pressure, but it often co-exists on earth with its solid state, ice, gaseous state and steam (watervapour). It also exists as snow, fog, dew and cloud. Water covers 71% of the Earth's surface [1]. On earth, 96.5% of the planet's water is found in seas and oceans, 1.7% in groundwater, 1.7% in glaciers and the ice caps of Antarctica and Greenland, a small fraction in other large water bodies and 0.001% in the air as vapour, clouds (formed of solid and liquid water particles suspended in air) and precipitation[2].

Only 2.5% of the earth's total water reservoir is fresh water and 98.8% of that water is in ice and groundwater. Less than 0.3% of all freshwater is in rivers, lakes, atmosphere and an even smaller amount of the earth's freshwater (0.003%) is contained within biological bodies and manufactured products [3]. More or less degree of these waters are susceptible to contamination with microorganism from atmosphere (viz., micro flora, spores, dust particle).Water pollution is the major issue for the human life. Although statistics, the WHO reports that approximately 36% of urban and 65% of rural Indian were without access to safe drinking water [4]. Groundwater is found on the earth's surface in soil pore spaces and in the fractures of rock formations. A unit of rock or an unconsolidated deposit is called an aquifer when it can yield a usable quantity of water. Sewage water/waste water is essentially the water supply of the community after it has been fouled by a variety of uses [7]. From the standpoint of sources of generation, wastewater may be defined as a combination of the liquid (or water) carrying wastes removed from residences, institutions, commercial and industrial establishments, together with groundwater, surface water and storm water as may be present [8]. Generally, the wastewater discharged from domestic premises like residences, institutions and commercial establishments is termed as “Sewage/Community wastewater”. It comprises of 99.9% water and 0.1% solids and is organic because it consists of carbon compounds like human waste, paper, vegetable matter etc. Seawater or salt water is water from a

sea or ocean. Present study was accomplished to known the quality of groundwater, sewage water and seawater around Rajkot city.

II. MATERIALS & METHODS Water sample were collected early morning form ground water and sewage water from Munjaka village Rajkot whereas seawater from Pipavav port. Color and turbidity was done by visual observation method and other important physico-chemical parameters of water viz., pH, calcium, magnesium, bio-chemical oxygen demand and microbial parameters like MPN were analyzed following the standard methods of [9 and 10].

III. RESULTS & DISCUSSION Results of physico-chemical parameters of water are depicted in table 1 whereas biological parameters in table 2.

Indian Groun Paramete Sewage Sea standard d rs water water (IS10500:19 water 91) Colorle Yellowi Yellowi Color ss sh sh Smell of Odorles Aromati Unobjectiona ammoni Odor s c smell ble a Not Turbid Turbid 5 Turbidity turbid 8.0 8.0 8.5 6.5 to 8.5 pH Calcium 81.76 73.74 20.04 75 (mg/l) Magnesiu 28.26 31.18 99.89 30 m (mg/l) BOD 4.0 14.0 4.0 (mg/l) Chloride 146.10 97.40 649.79 250 (mg/l) Table 1. Physico-chemical parameters of water MacConkey MacConkey MacConkey Broth 2X Broth 1X Broth 1X Water 10 ml 1.0 ml 0.1 ml Sample 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Ac - +v +v +v +v +v +v +v Grou id ve ve e e e e e e e nd water Ga +v +v +v +v +v +v +v +v +v s e e e e e e e e e Ac +v +v +v +v +v +v +v +v +v Sewa id e e e e e e e e e ge Ga +v +v +v +v +v +v +v +v +v water s e e e e e e e e e Ac +v +v +v +v +v +v +v +v +v id e e e e e e e e e Sea water Ga +v +v +v +v +v +v +v +v +v s e e e e e e e e e

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Water Quality Assessment around Rajkot City, Gujarat, India (IJSRD/Vol. 3/Issue 09/2015/121)

Table 2. Biological parameter of water The portability of any sample of water is determined by comparing it with different physico-chemical analysis and biological analysis standards of potable water.

The standard value for any potable water has been laid by IS (Indian standards). Different physico-chemical and biological analyses of all samples with comparison to IS indicate that among all the samples only ground water was useable.

The physico-chemical analysis of ground water sample indicates that pH, color, turbidity, odor, calcium, magnesium, chloride and BOD followed within the standards of potable water. Most probable number count is done for microbial portability check of water samples, the results of biological analysis concludes that among all three samples only ground water comes under standards of usable water. The conversion of this ground water under portability standards will be possible by different filtration methods.

The analysis of the sewage water is done for various physico-chemical and biological analysis and biological parameters which indicates water is not potable as the organic impurities was very high. The conversion of sewage water to useable water can be done but would be economically very expensive. So, few processes can convert the water for agricultural and non-human purposes.

The different analysis of the sea water indicates a very high quantity of presences of salts in the water sample, so any use of this water could only be possible if the salts are removed by few physical and chemical methods. By performing all the physico-chemical and biological analysis of these three water samples, it can be concluded that the ground water can be considered as the usable water as compared to sea and sewage water samples by under taking IS (Indian standard) for comparison.

[10] APHA, Standard method for examination of water and waste water, 19th ed. American public health association, New York, 1995.

REFERENCE [1] "CIA - The world fact book". Central Intelligence Agency.

[2] Gleick, P.H. Water in Crisis: A Guide to the World's Freshwater Resources. Oxford University Press. (1993) p. 13, Table 2.1 "Water reserves on the earth".

[3] Water Vapour in the Climate System, Special Report, [AGU], December 1995. Vital Water UNEP. [4] Sexenal, N., Mishra S.N., J.Chem.Pharma.Res., 3(2), 162-167, 2011.

[5] A. Agarwal, C. Sharma, State India Freshwater, A Citizen Report centre for science and Environment, New Delhi, 1982.

[6] Greenburg, R). The Ocean Moon: Search for an Alien Biosphere. Springer Praxis Books. (2005) [7] H. Zhou and D. W. Smith, Advanced Technologies in Water and Wastewater Treatment, J. Environ. Engg.

Sci., (2002) 1, 247-264.

[8] N. P. Cheremisinff, Hank Book of Water and Wastewater Treatment Technologies, An Overview of Water and Water Treatments, Butterworth-Heinemann Publication,. 1-60. N. S. 24 (2002) pp [9] Trivedy PK and Goel RK, Chemical and Biological methods water pollution studies 1986, Environmental publication Karad, India.

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