Green-building Construction-Stone: A Case Study

IJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research & Development| Vol. 4, Issue 04, 2016 | ISSN (online): 2321-0613

Green-Building Construction-Stone: A Case Study Dr Govind Singh Bhardwaj Department of Mining Engineering College of Technology and Engineering, Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology Udaipur-313001 Abstract— Concept of green buildings/ eco-friendly buildings insists upon to estimate the stone quality for its suitability and categorized as green building construction stone. Present paper deals with the stone resource occurring 15 km east of Udaipur City of Rajasthan in India as green building construction stone. This unique stone resource comprises of two varieties of stones, which are available at the base of Aravalli. The stone is locally known as “Bheda Ka Patthar� and geological nomenclature as Basal Aravalli quartzite and Meta arkoses stones. An effort has been made to diagnose the stone as green building construction stone, using standard methodology. Mainly the ability of these stones are determined to ensure and maintain its essential and distinctive characteristics i.e. resistance to decay, strength and appearance. Another factor of stones durability is its aesthetic, dimensional stability and cosmetic changes may occur in due course of time i.e. color stability. The study establishes the stone resource as a green constructionstone, which in turn helps in conservation & sustainable development of the resource.

Key words: Basal Aravalli quartzite (BAQ), Meta Arkoses (MA), Residential building construction (RBC), qualitative evaluation (QE) I. INTRODUCTION The green building stone is known for its quality properties, which improves the strength of the building, durability and life span. The interior room temperature of the buildings remains pleasant in both summer and winter seasons. These stones also categorized better and effective earthquake resistant especially the foundations constructed in buildings.

The green building construction stones characterized by the number of engineering properties like strength, durability, cost, appearance, hardness, toughness, specific gravity, weight, toughness, porosity, water absorption, texture etc. There is multitude construction materials used for construction of wall, interior and exterior of buildings. Experiences helps complexity and importance of the construction stone selection process i.e. their properties & qualitative estimates (Crisman P., 2010).

Various methods and techniques are standardize for finding stones suitability, defined as construction material testing i.e. destructive and non destructive tests. Variety of construction material is being used for residential buildings since historic time. Like stones available locally and bricks are manufactured by available soil also used to construct residential houses. The Udaipur city, recently categorized among smart cities of India, is gifted with a unique building construction material, defined by the geological nomenclature assigned as the Basal Aravalli Quartzite (B.A.Q.). This rock formation is geologically occurring/ found at the base of Aravalli meta-sediments, located nearly 10 km east of the Udaipur city (Figure 1).

The structural planes and its orientation in three dimensions make the easy splitting and green mining of the

stone. The buildings construction by using this stone consumes approximate 1.2 to 1.7 million tons annually.

Nearly 100 quarry licenses have been granted by the state department and a number workers getting employment out of it.

Fig.1: Showing Green-building construction-stone resource In the city general opinion about strength of the building, interior temperature in summers and in winters are optimal by using the stone. All good construction quality the stone is having, including its earthquake resistant foundations in buildings.

Concept of green buildings/ eco-friendly buildings insists upon to estimate the stone quality for its suitability for the green building construction. The engineering properties i.e. strength, durability, cost, appearance, hardness, toughness, specific gravity and weight, toughness, porosity and absorption texture etc. determined in addition to other variables identified for the green buildings (Fig. 2).

Fig. 2: Showing the concept of green building

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Green-Building Construction-Stone: A Case Study (IJSRD/Vol. 4/Issue 04/2016/313)

II. DESCRIPTION OF THE STONE RESOURCE

III. TECHNICAL AND ENGINEERING PROPERTIES

The green building construction stone resource, its areal extent and spread is given in the figure 1 and which shows that the length and width is 10-15 km and 500 meters to 1 km respectively. It is outcropping rocky formation.

Individual types and their particulars are following:

Determinations have been made for the density, compressive strength, porosity and durability. Samples are prepared for measuring various engineering properties.

Standard methods are used for the preparation and testing of samples. Following properties measured for qualitative assessment of the stone:

A. Basal Aravalli Stone The basal Aravalli quartzite formation is approximately 40 km strike length and average width 1 Km. The stone outcrops are exposed well and north-south running chain of small hills and mounds are special beauty of the area. East of the stone resources occurrences flat terrain of banded gneissic rocks are producing typical physiographic beauty to the landscape. Basal Aravalli quartzite (BAQ) shows clearcut faulting at several places, across and oblique to the strike direction. Displacement is, along and oblique to the dip direction and adjacent blocks are displaced 50-250 m apart.

Photograph of quarry is given in Figure 2.

A. Strength Measurement I.E. Compressive and Tensile Both Core drilling machine was used for obtaining the core samples. Coring was done, right angles to the planar surface and at department of Mining Engineering laboratory the Drill Machine Model was used (Fig.4).

B. Meta Arkose Stone The Meta arkoses (MA) litho-unit is well exposed and occurring throughout the area trending along north-south direction, the width varies from 200-1000 m. The stone resources are visible as outcropping rock-mass above the ground level as shown in figure 3a, 3b.

Fig. 3: Stone quarry view South of Vill Sakroda

Fig. 4: Showing well defined planes in the Outcrops

Fig. 5: photograph showing respective cores of 54 mm diameter The compressive and tensile strength properties determined are given below mentioned table.

1) Engineering properties determined for basal Aravalli quartzite stone (BAQ) The quartzite formation is fine to medium grained, micaceous in nature, well jointed and sheared. The shearing is prominent in Phuti-Sarai, Sakroda and north of Gowla area.

Specimen Specimen Property 1a 2a Core Dia (D) cm 5.4 5.4 Length Of specimen (L) cm 13.5 13.5 Area (A) 22.89 22.89 In cm2 Load of failure 014313 014212 Fc (kgf) Compressive strength ď łc  Fc A 625.29 620.88 (Kg/cm2) Table 1: Compressive Strength Measured For B.A.Q. Stone of The Area Specimen Specimen Property 1a 2a Core Dia (D) 5.4 5.4 cm Length Of specimen (L) cm 3.5 3.5

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Green-Building Construction-Stone: A Case Study (IJSRD/Vol. 4/Issue 04/2016/313)

Load of failure 01703 01680 Fc (kgf) Tensile strength  t  2 Fc DL 57.34 55.65 (Kg/cm2) Table 2: Tensile Strength Measured For B.A.Q. Stones Of The Area 2) Engineering properties determined for Meta Arkose Stone (M.A.) Meta-arkose (M.A.) of the area is medium to coarse grained in nature. It comprises of quartz, feldspar, mica, amphibole, and fragments of other rocks with minor amount of fine matrix as cementing material. It is quarried at number of places and used as building construction stones in Udaipur city and the nearby areas. The compressive and tensile strength, measured by Universal Testing Machine, are given in the below mentioned Table, which explain/ reveals its suitability in building construction. (Vaya, 1991, Agarwal, 1991, Chauhan, 1991).

Specimen Specimen Property 1a 2a Core Dia (D) cm 5.4 5.4 Length Of specimen (L) cm 13.5 13.5 Area (A) 22.89 22.89 In cm2 Load of failure 014232 014171 Fc (kgf) Compressive strength c  Fc A 621.75 619.09 (Kg/cm2) Table 3: Compressive Strength Measured For Meta-Arkoses (M.A) Of The Study Area Specimen Specimen Property 3a 3b Core Dia (D) cm 5.4 5.4 Length Of specimen (L) cm 3.5 3.5 Load of failure kgf 01676 01401 Tensile strength  t  2 Fc DL 63.77 55.68 (Kg/cm2) Table 4: Tensile Strength Measured For Meta-Arkoses (Ma) B. Petrographic Analysis Thin sections are prepared using standard practice and petrographic analysis done as per EN 12407:2007(E). The NIKON Eclipse E200 Model was used for the work. The representative sections microphotograph is given in figure 3.

Fig. 6: Microphotograph of the stones (Q = Quartz, F=Feldspar, B=Biotite, M=Muscovite, I=Iron oxide) C. Schmidt Rebound Hardness The test surfaces under the plunger tip are cleaned, made dust free and air dried before measurement. Hammer direction kept roughly parallel to the impact surface. More than 20 rebound values obtained from each impact point and SH repeatability ranges considered is +- 2.

Rebound hardness determined for in situ, for big size lump, after fixing in the wall and wall strength as well.

The Schmidt hammer used for above measurements. In situ Schmidt rebound numbers of both stones obtained are given in table 5.

Schmidt Rebound Hardness (Schmidt Number) Samples of both stones collected and rebound hardness measured Basal from representative samples.

Aravalli Arkose quartzite 38-40 41-44 Table 5: In-Situ Schmidt Rebound Number of Both Stone D. Slake Durability of Basal Aravalli Quartzite and MetaArkoses Slake durability indices provide a measure of the strength and durability of rock fragments and are related to the alteration intensity and frictional resistance of the materials.

It is described as their resistance to break down under weathering conditions over time. The slake durability index provides a measure of durability. It gives quantitative information on the mechanical behavior of rocks according to the amount of clay and other secondary minerals produced in them due to exposure to weathering. Slaking occurs from the swelling of clay minerals in rocks when in contact with water (Fookes et al., 1972) and according to Shakoor (1995) the slaking of stones is an important consideration in evaluating the engineering behavior and stone in geotechnical practices (Ayakwah et al. 2009). The slake durability test was developed by Franklin and Chandra (1972), and it is recommended by the International Society for Rock Mechanics (ISRM, 1979), and standardized by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM, 2001).

The purpose of this test is to evaluate the influence of

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Green-Building Construction-Stone: A Case Study (IJSRD/Vol. 4/Issue 04/2016/313)

alteration (both hydrothermal and weathering) on rocks by measuring their resistance to deterioration and breakdown as simulated by being exposed to wetting and drying cycles.

The slake durability index is a measure of durability and provides quantitative information on the mechanical behavior of rocks according to the amount of clay and other secondary minerals produced in them due to exposure to climatic conditions (Fookes et al., 1971).

Slake durability index classification (Franklin and Chandra, 1972) Durability classification in percentage (%) 0 – 25 Very low 25 – 50 Low 50 – 75 Medium 75 – 90 High 90 – 95 Very high 95 – 100 Extremely high The test were carried out with the help of wire gauge drum type slake durability measurement apparatus.

The weight retention of lumps of both stones i.e. basal Aravalli quartzite stone (B.A.S.) and Meta arkoses stone (M.A.), shows slake durability ranging between medium to high (Table 6 and figure 4) Stone→ Cycle Number Basal Aravalli Meta Arkose ↓ (Duration 10 quartzite (BAQ) (M.A) lumps min., lumps Retention of rpm 25, 5 Retention of weight weight in % lumps of 50 gm in % weight each) First slaking 80 78 cycle Second slaking 78 75 cycle Third slaking 74 74 cycle Fourth slaking 70 71 cycle Fifth slaking 70 70 cycle Table 6: Slaking Cycle-Wise Average Percentage Weight Loss Retention

performance i.e., safety and serviceability, throughout the structure’s useful life. The anticipated loads are influenced by a building’s intended use i.e. occupancy and function, configuration i.e. size and shape, and location i.e. climate and site conditions. Ultimately, the type and magnitude of design loads affect critical decisions such as material selection, construction details, and architectural configuration. Thus, to optimize the value i.e., performance versus economy of the finished product, it is essential to apply design loads realistically.

The load combinations like dead loads, live loads, soil lateral loads, wind loads i.e. Site design wind speed (SDWP) and basic velocity pressure (BVP). Further the SDWP & BVP can be achieved once the nominal design wind speed in terms of peak gust is determined. The designer can select the BVP in accordance and including open exposure. The typical residential exposures to the wind are very unique phenomenon. Residential exposure to the wind can be assessed by considering the aspects that the building is located in open, flat terrain with few obstructions to the wind in most directions or is exposed to a large body of water/ lake etc. Wind directionality also important. Wind creates peak loads on all building surfaces. Topographic effects, topographic wind speed-up effects are likely because a structure is located near the crest of a protruding hill or cliff, the designer is advised to consider the topographic factor.

Determination of lateral wind pressure coefficients by considering lateral wind load must be determined for the two orthogonal directions on the building i.e. parallel to the ridge and perpendicular to the ridge, using the vertical projected area of the building for each direction. Building durability is also important aspect. Buildings earthquake loads defined as seismic spectral response i.e. acceleration exceedance, earthquake loads on houses, seismic shear force distribution, special seismic design considerations and other load conditions. Other forces of nature may create loads on buildings like temperature effects etc.

The buildings constructed by these stones are time tested and experienced by generations residing in such houses and palaces/ old buildings constructed in and around city of Udaipur. The inventory of questions replied and conditions of buildings, identifies the stone as green building construction stone, which is further validated by the properties determined. The single, double and three story residential buildings constructed by the Basal Aravalli Quartzite and Meta Arkose reduces greenhouse gas emissions, which strongly depends on the correct design and sizing of the building components.

V. CONCLUSIONS

Fig. 7: Comparison of slaking cycle vs. slake durability IV. GREEN BUILDING ASPECT AND THE STONE RESOURCE The width, length, height, roof slope and building loads are primary considerations in any building design because they define the nature and magnitude of hazards or external forces that a building must resist to provide reasonable

Properties like compressive strength, tensile strength, petrography, Schmidt rebound hardness and slake durability values of the Basal Aravalli quartzite and Meta arkose shows its suitability from green construction stone point of view. Characteristic properties of cementing material absorption during construction of the building walls, which in turn give raise the multiple strength to the constructed structure. The buildings constructed in the area by using these stones are time tested since historic time and diagnose & identifies the stone resource as a green building construction stone resource.

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