Performance, Emission and Combustion Test on CI Engine by using Biodiesel as a Waste Cooking Oil

IJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research & Development| Vol. 4, Issue 05, 2016 | ISSN (online): 2321-0613

Performance, Emission and Combustion Test on Ci Engine by using Biodiesel as a Waste Cooking Oil Siddesh.N.Bevinahalli1 Prabhu Kumbar2 Lohit.A.Bajantri3 K.Chetan Kumar4 1,2 Assistant Professor 3,4Student 1,2,3,4 Department of Mechanical Engineering 1,2,3,4 Rural Engineering College Hulkoti Abstract— Biodiesel has a vital role in recent years as an alternative fuel for diesel engines due to the depletion of petroleum resources in the near future. It is an environmentally friendly renewable resource of energy and can be produced from waste cooking oil (WCO) by transesterification process.

The properties of biodiesel have comparable performance, emission and combustion characteristics to diesel fuel. In this a comparative study had been done between blends of biodiesel derived from WCO and diesel fuels. Diesel- WCO biodiesel blends of 10, 20, and 30, 100% was prepared.

Experimental investigations were tested in a four strokes, single cylinder, diesel engine at a constant speed of 1500 rpm and variable loads. Diesel- biodiesel blends showed an increase in fuel consumption and specific fuel consumption in comparison with diesel fuel. Biodiesel blends showed a decrease in engine thermal efficiency about diesel fuel. At full load, CO2 emissions for biodiesel blends achieved an increase about diesel fuel. There were reductions in HC and CO emission for biodiesel blends compared to diesel fuel. It is recommended to use used cooking oil biodiesel up to 20% with diesel fuel without any engine modifications.

Key words: Diesel, Biodiesel, Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel (WCOME), Transesterification, Performance, Emission, Combustion, Characteristics

II. MATERIAL AND METHODOLOGY A. Common Process of Biodiesel Production Biodiesel derived from biological resources is a renewable fuel, which has drawn more and more attention recently. A fatty acid methyl ester is the chemical composition of biodiesel. Transesterification is widely used for the transformation of triglyceride into fatty acid methyl ester. The manufacturing process is based on the transesterification of triglycerides by alcohols to fatty acid methyl esters, with glycerol as a byproduct. The base catalyzed production of biodiesel generally has the following processes.

Transesterification: This is most commonly used process in production of biodiesel. It is most commonly used and important method to reduce the viscosity of waste cooking oil. In this process triglyceride reacts with three molecules of alcohol in the presence of a catalyst producing a mixture of fatty acids, alkyl ester and glycerol. The process of removal of all the glycerol and the fatty acids from the vegetable oil in the presence of a catalyst is called esterification.

I. INTRODUCTION The energy demand is majorly fulfilled from the conventional energy resources like coal, petroleum and natural gas.

Petroleum based fuel are very limited reserves and only concentrated in certain regions of the world. To meet the global rising of energy demands, more reliable energy sources that are not dependent on fossil fuel are needed. In this perspective, considerable attention has been given towards the production of biodiesel as a diesel substitute as it is derived from renewable biomass sources. Biodiesel is an oxygenated, sculpture-free, biodegradable, non-toxic and eco-friendly alternative to diesel oil. It is composed of monoalkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from renewable sources like animal fat and used cooking oil and is designated as B100. For these to be considered as viable transportation fuels, they must meet stringent quality standards. One popular process for producing biodiesel is transesterification.

Biodiesel can also be produced from virgin vegetable oils, rape seed, canola, etc. But the process is not feasible because of high cost of virgin oils. So, biodiesel produced from waste cooking oil is not only economically favorable but also environmentally beneficial as it provides a cleaner way of disposing these products. Biodiesel contains no petroleum but it can be blended with petroleum diesel in any percentage.

Biodiesel blends from 2- 20% can be used in most diesel equipment with minor or no modification[2,3]

Fig. 1: Transesterification Process WCO Diesel B10 B20 B30 B100 Flash 57 57 59 61 62 point(OC) Fire 63 62 64 66 69 point(0C) Density 830 834.1 838.2 842 871 (Kg/m3) Viscosity (40oc)(centi 2.9 3.07 3.24 3.41 4.6 stokes) CV(Kj/kgk) 42500 42000 41500 41000 37500 Table 1: Properties of waste cooking oil of biodiesel blends compare with diesel.

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Performance, Emission and Combustion Test on Ci Engine by using Biodiesel as a Waste Cooking Oil (IJSRD/Vol. 4/Issue 05/2016/260)

III. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

C. Volumetric Efficiency

Fig. 6: Volumetric Efficiency Fig. 2: VCR Engine Setup VCR Engine test setup 1 cylinder, 4 Product stroke, Diesel (Comp.)

Make Kirloskar, Type 1 cyl. 4 stroke Diesel, water cooled, power 3.5kW at 1500rpm, stroke 110mm, and bore Engine 87.5mm. 661cc, CR17.5, Modified to VCR engine CR 12 to 18. with electric start arrangement, battery and charger Dynamometer Type eddy current, water cooled, Load cell, type strain gauge, range 0�50 Load sensor Kg Compression 17.5:1 ratio Table 2: Engine Specification IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

D. Load Vs EGT

Fig. 5: Emission of Egt E. Emission of UHC

A. Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE)

Fig. 7: Emission Of Uhc F. Emission of Co Fig. 3: Load Vs Break Thermal Efficiency B. Specific Fuel Consumption (SFC)

Fig. 4: Load Vs Specific Fuel Consumption

Fig. 8: Emission of Co

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Performance, Emission and Combustion Test on Ci Engine by using Biodiesel as a Waste Cooking Oil (IJSRD/Vol. 4/Issue 05/2016/260)

G. Emission of Nox

Fig. 9: Emission of Nox H. Emission of Co2

Fig. 13: crank angle vs. cylinder pressure VI. CONCLUSION

Fig. 10: Emission of Co2 I. Emission of O2

Fig. 11: Emission Of O2 V. COMBUSTION ANALYSIS

1) Performance, combustion and emission characteristics of WCO B20 blend are better and efficiency of WCO B20 is well compare with diesel. The maximum brake thermal efficiency of WCO B20 and diesels are 31.61%and 30%respectively.

2) The BSFC decreased with an increase in engine load.

For biodiesel and its blends the BSFC are higher than that of diesel fuel. The BSFC values for biodiesel, WCO B20 blend are 0.30.

3) The NOX emission is higher than diesel fuel for all modes of test fuels. This is due to higher oxygen content of biodiesel, which would result in better combustion and maximum cylinder temperature. The maximum value of NOx emission is 9 % of WCO at full load conditions, which is higher than diesel fuel.

4) For biodiesel and its blends, it was found that CO and HC emissions were lower than that of pure diesel. The lowest CO and HC emissions were obtained for neat biodiesel (B100).The maximum reduction in CO and HC emission with neat biodiesel and at full load are 16% and 20% respectively which is lower than diesel fuel.

5) On the whole, the methyl esters of waste cooking biodiesel and its blends can be used as an alternative fuel in diesel engines without any engine modifications. It gives lower HC, CO emission when compared with the diesel fuel. But the addition of higher percentage of biodiesel blend with diesel fuel which decreases brake thermal efficiency and increases specific fuel consumption.

6) The best blending ratio is 20 % WCOME which gives the best performance which is closer compared to diesel fuel and less increase in the NOx emissions as compared with other diesel.

7) It is found that CO2 emissions are more for waste cooking biodiesel than that of diesel. Higher CO2 emissions reduce harmful CO emissions. The percentage reduction in HC emissions for waste cooking biodiesel is about 60% as compared to that of Diesel.

Due to higher NOx emissions with pure waste cooking biodiesel, suitable blends can become a striking balance between NOx emissions on one end and all other emissions along with performance on the other hand.

Fig. 12: crank angles vs. Net heat release

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Performance, Emission and Combustion Test on Ci Engine by using Biodiesel as a Waste Cooking Oil (IJSRD/Vol. 4/Issue 05/2016/260)

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