IJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research & Development| Vol. 4, Issue 05, 2016 | ISSN (online): 2321-0613
Sustainable Concrete Made From Recycled Aggregates Pankaj Mishra1 Ram Kumar Choudhary2 1 Highway Engineer 2Resident Engineer 1,2 MSV International INC Abstract— The growing construction sector is responsible to leave behind construction and demolition (C&D) wastes, which has raised the concern about its dumping and adverse effect on environment. Mostly these wastes are used in landfills, but it is not a proper solution to clean this mess. Therefore, the beneficial utilization of these C&D wastes in concrete will not only help in waste management but also in resource management. The present study is carried out by replacing coarse aggregate by recycled aggregate. Coarse aggregate is a major constituent which occupies large volume along with fine aggregate in concrete. But the increasing usage of coarse aggregate in concrete production has alarmed the deterioration of natural resources. In this study, workability and mechanical properties such as compressive and flexural strength, of concrete prepared from recycled aggregate. Obtained results is used to conclude the effect of recycled aggregate in concrete. Key words: Construction And Demolition Wastes; C&D Wastes; Recycled Aggregate; Waste Management; Resource Management I. INTRODUCTION The growing construction sector is every much dependent on a mixture named concrete, a useful material used in most of the sites to develop strength of the structures. Concrete mixture is formed when cement, water, coarse aggregate and fine aggregate is adequately blended according to mix deign or early experience. Each ingredient of concrete plays a vital role in developing the properties of concrete. The increased production of concrete has increased the cost of ingredients, but the major issue is declining natural resources. The natural resources have been source of major material that are used in production of concrete. The excessive mining and excavation for these material has outstretched concern regarding environmental instability. Coarse aggregate is one such material which is mined from natural resources. Extreme mining for aggregate and economical & environmental factors, raised alarm and motivated researchers to replace coarse aggregate with similar characteristic alternative materials such as aggregate from ceramic waste, e-wastes, construction and demolition wastes recycled aggregates, coconut shells etc. Present study focuses on investigating the properties of concrete developed with recycled aggregate. Construction and demolition waste recycled aggregate are counted among best options to replace coarse aggregate. These wastes are produced from demolition of old abandoned building which are risk prone, building demolished to construct new structures and to expand passage for roads, bridges, airports [1]. The waste construction material from collapsed structures or building are also counted for recycled aggregates [1]. Development of new construction artefacts are increasing these untreated wastes, which later deteriorate the land and ground water [2, 3]. Hence, the proper consumption of C&D wastes as recycled aggregate in concrete, would be an effective
solution to control both decreasing natural sources of aggregate and increasing Construction & Demolition wastes [3]. II. LITERATURE SURVEY Dr. Makunza I. J. K. [1], conducted the study on sustainable concrete made from recycled aggregate. The study was focused in determining the quality of recycled aggregate and founding the properties of concrete in both plastic and hardened form. Sonawane T. R. and Pimplikar S. S. [4], investigated the use of recycled aggregate concrete. They studied and compared the properties of recycled fine and coarse aggregate with natural aggregate. The effect on concrete characteristics such as compressive strength, flexural strength and workability, with changes in aggregate properties were also determined. Rahman I. A. et al. [5], assessed the mechanical properties of recycled aggregate concrete. The obtained results were further used to compare with natural aggregate concrete. Recycled aggregate were crushed for size 10 mm, 14 mm and 20 mm. The performance of 10 mm and 14 mm recycled aggregate concrete were similar to natural aggregate concrete. Poon Chi-Sun and Chan D. [6], studied the use of recycled aggregate in concrete in Hong Kong. They focused on the use of brick and ceramic tiles wastes, a part construction and demolition wastes. Mechanical properties of concrete prepared by 20% weight replacement of aggregate with brick and ceramic wastes, was determined. In other type of concrete, the aggregates as well as concrete have been successfully replaced successfully [7], [8]. Limbachiya M. C. et al. [9], studied the use of recycled concrete aggregate in high strength concrete. The paper reports the study on concrete of higher grade such 50 N/mm2 and greater. The engineering and durability performance of higher strength concrete with recycled aggregate is shown similar to concrete with natural aggregate. They also discussed the practical applications of the study. III. EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM A. Materials 1) Cement Present study is carried out with Ordinary portland cement of grade 43 and specific gravity 3.14. The properties of cement are checked as per IS 8112-2013 [10]. 2) Water Portable water as per IS 456-2000 [11], is used to prepare concrete specimen for the study. The water is ensured to be free from contamination. 3) Fine Aggregate In this study fine aggregate bought from local vendor is used. It was categorized under zone II, specific gravity 2.63
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Sustainable Concrete Made From Recycled Aggregates (IJSRD/Vol. 4/Issue 05/2016/346)
and all properties are ensured as per IS 383-1970 [12]. Aggregate is washed and dried before use. 4) Coarse Aggregates For present study crushed angular aggregate of 20 mm size and 2.64 specific gravity, is used. The aggregates are washed and dried before use. Its properties are tested and conformed as per Indian standards. 5) Construction & Demolition waste recycled aggregate Construction & Demolition wastes are obtained from local demolished and renovating construction sites. The wastes are manually smashed to desired 20 mm size, to ultimately obtain recycled aggregate. It is tested in lab and are adequate to use as per IS 383 [12]. IV. MIX DESIGN Mix design for M30 grade of concrete, is evaluated according to IS 10262:2009 [13]. Crushed stone aggregate are replaced by recycled aggregate in total 7 mixes at replacement interval of 0%, 10%, 30%, 50%, 70%, 90% and 100% of volume of crushed stone aggregate. The proportion for each mix is enlisted in Table 1. C&D Crush waste Wat Fine ed Replace Cem recycl Batc er Aggre stone ment ent ed h ID (litr gate aggre percenta (kg) aggre e) (kg) gate ge (%) gate (kg) (kg) RA0 448. 197. 1146. 804.23 0 00 0 1 16 45 RA1 448. 197. 1031. 114.6 804.23 10 0 1 16 81 5 RA3 448. 197. 802.5 343.9 804.23 30 0 1 16 2 4 RA5 448. 197. 573.2 573.2 804.23 50 0 1 16 3 3 RA7 448. 197. 343.9 802.5 804.23 70 0 1 16 4 2 RA9 448. 197. 114.6 1031. 804.23 90 0 1 16 5 81 RA1 448. 197. 1146. 804.23 0 100 00 1 16 45 Table 1: Mix proportion for concrete blended with recycled aggregate
RA50 50 109 RA70 70 101 RA90 90 92 RA100 100 85 Table 2: Workability of concrete with recycled aggregate B. Compressive Strength The compressive strength of concrete with C&D recycled aggregate is determined according to Indian standards. For 7 day strength and 28 day strength, four cubes for every mix are casted and tested in CTM as per IS 516:1959 [15]. The compressive strength of both 7 and 28 days is enlisted in Table 3. Compressive Strength C&D recycled Batch 7 Day 28 Day aggregate replaced ID strength Strength (%) (MPa) (MPa) RA00 00 32.48 48.79 RA10 10 28.92 46.42 RA30 30 26.77 45.86 RA50 50 26.04 43.11 RA70 70 25.10 42.00 RA90 90 23.01 41.54 RA100 100 21.89 39.26 Table 3: Compressive strength of concrete with recycled aggregate C. Flexural Strength The flexural strength of concrete with recycled aggregate is tested through UTM. Total three beams for every mix are casted and tested according to IS 516:1959 [15]. Flexural strength for 7 and 28 days is given in Table 4. Flexural Strength C&D recycled Batch 7 Day 28 Day aggregate replaced ID strength Strength (%) (MPa) (MPa) RA00 00 4.11 4.86 RA10 10 3.83 4.71 RA30 30 3.71 4.68 RA50 50 3.57 4.62 RA70 70 3.54 4.49 RA90 90 3.41 4.41 RA100 100 3.30 4.35 Table 4: Flexural strength of concrete with recycled aggregate
V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS As per mix proportion developed by mix design, concrete specimen for each mix is prepared and tested for workability, compressive strength and flexural strength according to Indian standards. The results are discussed in succeeding sections. A. Workability Workability is ease to handle fresh concrete and in this study it is determined through slump test, conducted as IS 1199:1959 [14]. The test results are enlisted in Table 2. Batch C&D recycled aggregate replaced Slump ID (%) (mm) RA00 00 125 RA10 10 119 RA30 30 114
VI. CONCLUSION Through obtained results following conclusions are drawn: 1) The use of C&D waste recycled aggregate as partial replacement of conventional coarse aggregate, is found adequate through laboratory experiments. The tested properties are ensured according to IS 383. 2) It was found that, as recycled aggregate is increased the workability of concrete decreased. This is due to higher water absorption in concrete incorporated with C&D waste recycled aggregate. 3) Compressive strength of concrete with C&D waste recycled aggregate decreased when amount of replacement is increased. At 100% replacement, 28 day compressive strength of concrete is 39.26 MPa.
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Sustainable Concrete Made From Recycled Aggregates (IJSRD/Vol. 4/Issue 05/2016/346)
4) Flexural strength of concrete with C&D waste recycled aggregate decreased as incorporation of C&D waste recycled aggregate is increased. At 100% replacement, 28 day flexural strength is 4.35 MPa. REFERENCES [1] I. Makunza, "Sustainable concrete made from recycled aggregates," International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, pp. 241-251, 2016. [2] M. Alfred, "Properties of concrete made from recycled aggregates," 2009. [3] C. S, "Implication of using recycled construction and demolition wastes as aggregates in concrete," International Conference on Sustainable Waste Management and Recycling, 2004. [4] T. Sonawane and S. Pimplikar, "Use of Recycled Aggregate Concrete," IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, pp. 52-59. [5] I. Rahman, H. Hamdam and A. Zaidi, "Assessment of Recycled Aggregate Concrete," Modern applied science, pp. 47-54, 2009. [6] C.-S. Poon and D. Chan, "The use of recycled aggregate in concrete in Hong Kong," Resources, Conservation and Recycling, pp. 293-305, 2007. [7] T. Chaturvedi and D. Khan, "Study of Strength of Concrete with Palm Oil Fuel Ash as Cement Replacement," IJSRD -International Journal for Scientific Research & Development, vol. 04, no. 05, pp. 563-565, 2016. [8] V. K. Singh and D. Khan, "Effect of hypo sludge as partial replacement of cement in concrete," IJSRD International Journal for Scientific Research & Development|, vol. 04, no. 05, pp. 793-796, 2016. [9] M. C. Limbachiya, T. Leelawat and R. K. Dhir, "Use of recycled concrete aggregate in high-strength concrete," Material and structures, pp. 574-580, 2000. [10] "IS 8112 - Ordinary portland cement, 43 grade specifications," Bureau of indian standards, New Delhi, 2013. [11] "IS 456 - Plain and reinforced concrete - code of practice (fourth revision)," Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, 2000. [12] "IS 383 - Specification for coarse and fine aggregates from natural sources of concrete (Second revision)," Bureau of indian standards, New Delhi, 1970. [13] "IS 10262- Concrete mix proportioning - Guideline," Bureau of indian standards, New Delhi, 2009. [14] "IS 1199 - Methods of sampling and analysis of concrete," Bureau of indian standards, New Delhi, 1959. [15] "IS 516 - Methods of tests for strength of concrete," Bureau of indian standards, New Delhi, 1959.
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