POLITECNICO DI TORINO Master of science program Architecture Construction City
Master’s thesis
The thermoigrometric comfort in schoolyard renovation projects: pedagogical, social and environmental implications. Two case studies in the Lingotto district of Turin. Rosy Ilaria Scalzo
Tutor: prof.ssa Valentina Serra Politecnico di Torino Co-supervisor: dott.ssa Paola Zonca Università degli studi di Torino Co-supervisor: arch. Raffaella Leonforte Bruno Città di Torino-Laboratorio città sostenibile di iter
Why is it importanto to work on schoolyards?
“Ce sont les enfants d'aujourd'hui, ceux des cours d'école, qui pourraient subir des étés à 50°C”. Jean Jouzel, climatologist
“Children are more vulnerable than adults to extreme heat”. Jennifer K. Vanos, biometeorologist
“Bisogna andare oltre il pregiudizio che lo spazio esterno serva solamente al libero movimento”. Aldo Fortunati, children education expert
TORINO
Primaria Galimberti Primaria King
some examples
Primaria Deledda
Primaria Coppino
Secondaria Calamandrei
Primaria Peyron Materna Mirafiori Sud
3
International projects Schoolyards as resilient oasis
New York Schoolyard to Playground
The Winthrop Campus, Brooklyn
Parigi Les cours d’écoles «Oasis»
École maternelle Charles Hermite 4
Urban heat island
Schoolyards as microclimatic mitigations instruments Thermal Comfort Urban heat island
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Urban Heat Island Basics in Reducing Urban Heat Islands: Compendium of Strategies, 2008.
5
Outdoor thermal comfort A general framework for outdoor thermal comfort assessment
Level of assessment
PHISICAL
Objective factors
Subjective factors
Building form and material Microclimate: Tair, RH, wind, solar radiation
PHISIOLOGICAL
Thermoregulation, energy balance Expectation, past experience, neutrality
PSYCHOLOGICAL
SOCIAL/BEHAVIORAL
Function of space
Errands, preference (Chen L.; Ng E., 2012)
6
heat flow diagram around people in an open space
(GĂłmez F., Cueva A. P., Valcuende M., Matzarakis, A., 2013)
evaluation tools
PET (°C) 7
Case studies
SECONDARY SCHOOL PIERO CALAMANDREI
PRIMARY SCHOOL CARLO COLLODI
Primary school C. Collodi C.so B. Croce 26, Torino
school area courtyard green=
= 9500m2
= 7236 m2
45%
Asphalt
Gravel and bitumen loose pavement
Stone paving “opus incertum�
Concrete blocks
Red bitumen layer
9
Evaluation method
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS Microclimatic conditions and users’ thermal comfort
QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS Environmental perception and users’ needs
10
Quantitative Analysis Climatic input data
Thermographic survey
Representative summer day: 19th July
• • • •
Air temperature Relative humidity Wind speed and direction Solar radiation
Modeling
Simulation
Validation
Comfort index
Output 11
Quantitative Analysis Climatic input data
Representative summer day: 19th july Thermal images at 14:30
Thermographic survey
Modeling
Simulation
Validation
Comfort index
Output 12
Quantitative Analysis Climatic input data
Thermographic survey
Modeling
Simulation ENVI-MET, 2D view
Modello, 3D view
Validation
Comfort index
Output 13
Quantitative Analysis Climatic input data
Thermographic survey
Modeling
Simulation
Validation
Comfort index
Output Microclimatic simulation - 19 July 14
60
60
60
50
Quantitative Analysis 40
50
50
40
40
30
30
30
15 50
50
40
10 40
40
30
30 5
30
50 40
23:00
22:00
Prato
60 2,5
60
50
50
40
50 2 40
40
30
30 1,5
30
1200
70
Termografie ENVI_MET
600 400 v Arpa
23:00
200 v Envi 0 8:30 9:30 10:30 11:30 12:3 0 22:00
16:00
15:00
14:00
13:00
12:00
11:00
10:00
09:00
08:00
07:00
06:00
05:00
04:00
03:00
02:00
800
10
0,5 0 8:30 9:30 10:30 11:30 12:30 13:30 14:30 15:30 0 01:00
1000
20
17:00
20 1 10
00:00
0 8:30 9:30 10:30 11:30 12:30 13:30 14:30 15:30
0
Velocità del vento (m/s) Tappeto bituminoso rosso
60
10
10
0 8:30 9:30 10:30 11:30 12:3
3 70
Termografie ENVI_MET
20
Ta Envi
21:00
17:00
16:00
15:00
0 8:30 9:30 10:30 11:30 12:30 13:30 14:30 15:30
10
70
20
30 Ta Arpa
20 14:00
13:00
12:00
11:00
10:00
09:00
08:00
07:00
06:00
05:00
04:00
03:00
02:00
01:00
Termografie ENVI_MET
60
60
21:00
ENVI_MET/thermographic data Filare
20 0 10
70
00:00
10
Termografie ENVI_MET
Comfort index
Output
Portico 70
50
0 8:30 9:30 10:30 11:30 12:30 13:30 14:30 15:30
Validation
Ghiaia e bitume
60
20
Simulation
80
25 70 20 60
70
Modeling
100 0 8:30 9:30 10:30 11:30 90 12:
350 8:30 9:30 10:30 11:30 12:30 13:30 14:30 15:30 30
20:00
Massello cls
10
20:00
Thermographic survey
10
19:00
0 8:30 9:30 10:30 11:30 12:30 13:30 14:30 15:30
20
Termografie Temperatura dell'aria (°C) ENVI_MET
19:00
ENVI_MET
10
20
18:00
Termografie Arpa ENVI_MET/
18:00
Climatic input20data
15
Quantitative Analysis Climatic input data
Thermographic survey
BioMET to calculate the thermal comfort index PET Modeling
(Physiological Equivalent Temperature) Thermal sensation Very cold
Simulation
Validation
Comfort index
PET in Europe (°C) <4
Cold
4-8
Cool
8 - 13
Slightly cool
13-18
Comfort
18 - 23
Slightly warm
23 - 29
Warm
29-35
Hot
35 - 41
Very hot
> 41 (Zhang et al. 2017)
Output 16
x/y Cut at k=1 (z=1.5000 m)
200.00
Quantitative Analysis
Figure 1: Collodi stato di
220.00
180.00
Ta 15:00fatto 15:00: 19.07.2018 19 July x/y Cut at k=1 (z=1.5000 m)
200.00
160.00
xy (z=1,5m)
180.00
140.00
Climatic input data
160.00
Air Temperature
120.00
Y (m)
140.00
32.3 Air °CTemperature 32.8 °C
120.00
Y (m)
100.00
Thermographic survey
< 31.8 °C
Min: 32.0 °C Max: 34.2 °C
80.00 80.00
32.8 °C 33.3 °C > 33.8 °C
Min: 32.0 °C Max: 34.2 °C
60.00
40.00
Modeling
32.3 °C
> 33.8 °C
100.00
60.00
< 31.8 °C
33.3 °C
40.00
20.00
20.00
0.00
0.00 220.00 20.00 0.00
Simulation
0.00
40.00
60.00
200.00
80.00
20.00
40.00
100.00
60.00
120.00
80.00
100.00
120.00
X (m)
140.00
160.00
140.00
180.00
160.00
200.00
180.00
200.00
220.00
Figure 1: Collodi stato di N fatto 14:00 19.07.2018
220.00
x/y Cut at k=0 N (z=0.0000 m)
X (m)
220.00
Figure 1: Collodi stato di
fatto 14:00 19.07.2018 Ts 14:00 19 July
ENVI_met
<Right foot>
x/y Cut at k=0 (z=0.0000 m)
200.00
180.00
Figure 1: Collodi stato di fatto 15:00: 19.07.2018
220.00
ENVI_met
180.00
160.00
160.00
Validation
140.00 140.00
200.00
180.00
T Surface
160.00
T Surface
< 19.9 °C
140.00
120.00
23.7 °C
120.00
100.00
Comfort index
Air Temperature
27.5 °C
< 31.8 °C
31.3 °C
Y (m)
Y (m)
Y (m)
120.00
100.00
32.3 °C 32.8 °C
100.00
33.3 °C > 33.8 °C
80.00
80.00
Min: 32.0 °C Max: 34.2 °C
80.00
Output
20.00
< 19.9 °C 23.7 °C 27.5 °C 31.3 °C 35.1 °C 38.9 °C 42.7 °C 46.5 °C 50.3 °C 54.1 °C > 57.9 °C
> 57.9 °C
20.00
Leonardo Data analysis maps
0.00 0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
100.00
120.00
140.00
160.00
180.00
200.00
220.00 N
X (m)
20.00
42.7 °C
54.1 °C 40.00
40.00
38.9 °C
50.3 °C
60.00
40.00
35.1 °C
46.5 °C
60.00
60.00
<Right foot>
xy (z=1,5m)
x/y Cut at k=1 (z=1.5000 m)
0.00 0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
ENVI_met
0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
100.00
120.00
140.00
160.00
180.00
80.00
100.00
120.00
140.00
160.00
200.00
220.00 <Right foot>
X (m)
0.00
180.00
200.00
220.00
N
00
Leonardo Data analysis maps
Figure220.00 1: Collodi stato di fatto 15:00 19.07.2018 Figure 1: Collodi x/y Cut at k=1 (z=1.5000 m)
220.00
stato di
fatto 15:00 19.07.2018 Tmrt200.00 15:00 19 July
Figure 1: Collodi stato di fatto 15:00 19.07.2018 x/y CutFigure at k=1 (z=1.5000 m) 1: Collodi
220.00
x/y Cut at k=1 (z=1.5000 m)
200.00
xy (z=1,5m)
x/y Cut at k=1 (z=1.5000 m)
200.00
xy (z=1,5m)
180.00
180.00
180.00
Figure 1: Collodi stato di fatto 15:00: 19.07.2018
220.00
160.00
160.00
x/y Cut at k=1 (z=1.5000 m)
160.00
Mean Temp. Radiant Temp. Mean Radiant
140.00 < 34.2 °C< 34.2 °C
140.00
200.00
38.7 °C 43.2 °C 120.00 43.2 °C 47.7 °C 47.7 °C 52.2 °C
120.00
56.7 °C 65.7 °C
60.00
Air Temperature
120.00
< 31.8 °C 32.3 °C 32.8 °C
100.00
61.2 °C 70.2 °C 65.7 °C > 74.7 °C 80.00 Min: °C 37.9 °C 70.2
80.00
39.5 °C
Y (m)
52.2 °C 100.00 61.2 °C 56.7 °C
37.3 °C37.3 °C
140.00
100.00
33.3 °C
80.00
> 33.8 °C Min: 32.0 °C Max: 34.2 °C
80.00
60.00
Max: 72.2 °C
> 74.7 °C
40.00
Min: 37.960.00 °C Max: 72.2 °C
40.00
20.00
40.00
20.00
PET < 35.1 °C < 35.1 °C
160.00
Y (m)
Y (m)
Y (m) 100.00
PET
180.00
140.00
38.7 °C
120.00
stato d
fatto 15:00 19.07.2018 PET 15:00 19 July
39.5 °C 41.7 °C
41.7 °C43.9 °C 43.9 °C46.1 °C 46.1 °C48.3 °C 48.3 °C50.5 °C 50.5 °C
52.7 °C > 54.9 °C
52.7 °C Min: 35.1 °C
58.2 >Max: 54.9 °C°C
60.00
Min: 35.1 °C Max: 58.2 °C
40.00
20.00
0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
100.00
120.00
140.00
160.00
180.00
200.00
220.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
100.00
20.00
0.00
N
X (m)
120.00
140.00
160.00
180.00
200.00
220.00 N
X (m)
0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
100.00
120.00
140.00
160.00
180.00
200.00
X (m)
ENVI_met
220.00 N
<Right foot>
0.00
40.00 60.00 ENVI_met
80.00
100.00
120.00
140.00
160.00
180.00
200.00
0.00
220.00
N
X (m)
ENVI_met
20.00
40.00
60.00
<Right foot> ENVI_met
80.00
100.00
120.00
X (m)
140.00
160.00
180.00
200.00
220.00 N
<
<Righ
<Right foot>
18
Surface temperature profiles
Temperature superficiali °C, Collodi stato di fatto 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 \ 10 05 00
Massello cls Erba ombra
Asfalto Ghiaia e bitume
Tappeto rosso Ta
Erba sole
19
Qualitative Analysis
3
CLASSES
1
third grade
2
second grade
70 CHILDREN
7
TEACHERS
Qualitative Analysis Survey during the break
Introductory activity and schoolyard exploration together with the students
Creative phase 21
Qualitative Analysis Survey during the break
Introductory activity and schoolyard exploration together with the students
Creative phase 22
Qualitative Analysis Survey
Questionnaire
52 Introductory activity
3 CLASSES 70 CHILDREN
“Mi piacerebbe avere un parco così, perché puoi fare tante acrobazie (C12)”, “[…] è creativo, puoi imparare cose divertenti (A21)”, “Mi piacerebbe perché c’è un maggior numero di natura (C17)”
Creative phase
“Mi piace questo spazio perché sui tronchi faccio finta che ci siano i coccodrilli (A3)”, “Su quei ceppi sembra di essere un supereroe (A10)”.
Individual creative phase SCHOOLYARD as... • PLAYFUL SPACE • FREEDOM PLACE • SPACE FOR SOCIAL RELATIONS • EXPERIMENT OUTDOOR LAB • CONTACT WITH NATURE
WISHES “Vorrei un campo da calcio (B5)”, “Vorrei fare lavoretti e un posto per disegnare (C18)”, “Vorrei lo scivolo e l’altalena (A21)”, “A me piacerebbe fare lo scienziato in cortile e studiare la natura (A19)”, “Vorrei avere più fiori, alberi e cespugli. (C2)
Student’s drawings 24
Summary of the results and design proposal
Figure 1: Collodi stato di fatto 15:00: 19.07.2018
00
x/y Cut at k=1 (z=1.5000 m)
00
00
00
00
+
Renovation project
Air Temperature
00
< 31.8 °C 32.3 °C 32.8 °C
00
33.3 °C > 33.8 °C Min: 32.0 °C Max: 34.2 °C
00
00
00
00
00 0.00
20.00
40.00
QUANTITATIVE
60.00
80.00
100.00
120.00
X (m)
140.00
160.00
180.00
200.00
QUALITATIVE
220.00 N
<Right foot>
25
Collodi exsisting condition POTENTIAL • WIDE OUTDOOR SPACE • GREEN AND WOODED AREAS • SMALL SCHOOL GARDEN MANAGED BY SOME TEACHERS
CRITICAL ISSUES
°C
°C
°C
• NOT DESIGNED SPACE • ARCHITECTURAL BARRIERS • LACK OF FURNITURE AND EQUIPMENT
°C
°C
• MULTI-SPORTS FIELD IN BAD STATE OF MAINTENANCE • EXTREME THERMAL DISCOMFORT IN IMPERVIOUS AND NOT GREEN AREAS
°C
°C
°C
Thermal comfort Appreciated and frequented area
°C 26
Design strategies
Preservation of the existing trees and addiction of a row of trees
New fuctions and enhancement of the popular spaces
Asphalt replacement with a permeable material
27
Collodi renovation project Microclimatic oasis 5
1) PLAYFUL SHELTER 2) OUTDOOR CLASSROM 3) PINOCCHIO’S WOOD 4)CHILDREN’S ROUND 5) NEW ROW OF TREES 1
2
Porous concrete
Permeable concrete blocks
Wooden stump paving
Natural bark
Grass protection grid in recycled plastic
Polyurethanic resin for sport court
3
0.00
+ 0.10
Berberis thunbergiievergreen
Cornus alba sibirica decidous
Timo, aromatic herbs, perennial
Pinus mugo, conifer
4
Playful shelter and sport field
Pinocchioâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s wood
Outdoor classroom
Arbor School, Brooklyn, MKM Mark K. Morrison Landscape Architecture
Renovation project
Scenario
Figure 1: Collodi stato di fatto 11:00 19.07.2018
220.00
Envi_met scenario
x/y Cut at k=1 (z=1.5000 m)
200.00
current situation
design scenario 180.00
220.00
Figure 220.00 1: Collodi stato di fatto 15:00: 19.07.2018
Figure 1: Collodi Progetto
Ta h 15,15:00 1919.07.2018 July
x/y Cut at k=1 (z=1.5000 m)
200.00
x/y Cut at k=1 (z=1.5000 m)
200.00
160.00
180.00
xy (z=1,5m) yz (x=105m)
180.00
140.00
160.00
140.00
160.00
Y (m)
100.00
100.00
80.00
< 29.1 °C
Air Temperature 120.00 < 31.8 °C 32.3 °C 32.8 °C 100.00 33.3 °C > 33.8 °C
Air Temperature
29.6 °C
< 31.8 °C
Y (m)
Y (m)
120.00
Air Temperature
140.00
120.00
30.1 32.3 °C 30.6 32.8 °C
60.00
> 31.1 > °C 33.8 °C Figure 1: Collodi stato di Min: 31.8 °C fatto 11:00 19.07.2018 Min: 29.2 °C34.2 °C Max: Max:x/z31.5 Cut at°C j=65 (y=131.0000 m)
60.00
60.00
40.00
20.00
40.00
20.00
40.00
Figure 1: Collodi stato di fatto 15:00 19.07.2018
0.00
Figure 1: Collodi Progetto 15:00 19.07.2018
0.00 y/z Cut at i=52 (x=105.0000 m)
0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
100.00
120.00
140.00
160.00
180.00
X (m)
200.00
20.00
220.00
y/z Cut at i=52 (x=105.0000 m)
40.00
60.00
80.00
100.00
N
20.00
Z (m)
140.00
160.00
180.00
200.00
220.00 N
<Right foot>
40.00
60.00
80.00
Air Temperature
100.00 120.00 140.00 160.00 180.00 200.00 220.00
Air Temperature
28.7 °C
< 30.6 °C
< 30.6 °C
31.1 °C
31.1 °C
31.6 °C
31.6 °C
32.1 °C
32.1 °C
29.2 °C 29.7 °C
> 32.6 °C
0.00 0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
100.00
120.00
Y (m)
140.00
160.00
10.00
180.00
> 32.6 °C
> 30.2 °C
Min: 30.6 °C Max: 33.0 °C
ENVI_met
Min: 30.6 °C Max: 33.0 °C
0.00 200.00
220.00
0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
100.00
120.00
140.00
160.00
180.00
200.00
Y (m)
0.00 0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
<Right foot>
< 28.2 °CN
X (m)
Air Temperature
Z (m)
120.00
X (m)
ENVI_met
0.00
Z (m)
20.00
0.00
0.00
ENVI_met
°C
33.3 °C
Min:80.00 32.0 °C Max: 34.2 °C
80.00
°C
80.00
100.00
120.00
140.00
160.00
220.00
Min: 28.2 °C Max: 31.4 °C
<Right foot>
33 180.00
200.00
220.00
fatto x/y 14:00 19.07.20 Cut at k=0 (z=0.0000 200.00 200.00
Envi_met scenario
Figure 1: Collodi stato di fatto 14:00 19.07.2018 120.00
220.00
Y (m) Y (m)
160.00
140.00
160.00
Y (m)
140.00
140.00
T Surface
120.00 Y (m)
Y (m)
Y (m)
27.5 31.3
42.7 46.5
60.00
100.00
120.00
X (m)
140.00
160.00
180.00
200.00
220.00 0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
ENVI_met
ENVI_met
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
ENVI_met
20.00 20.00
100.00
120.00
40.00 40.00 140.00
60.00 60.00
160.00
ENVI_met
80.00 80.00
180.00
200.00
X (m)
27.5 °C 31.3 °C 35.1 °C 38.9 °C 42.7 °C 46.5 °C
46.5 °C
50.3 °C
50.3 °C
> 57.9 °C
54.1 °C
100.00 120.00 140.00 160.00 180.00 200.00 220.00 100.00 X 120.00 140.00 160.00 180.00 200.00 220.00 (m) 220.00 X (m)
N N
N
0.00 <Right foot>
0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
100.00 120.00 140.00 160.00 180.00 200.00 220.00 X (m)
23.7 °C
T Surface T Surface < 19.9 °C 23.7 °C°C ΔTs < 19.9 27.5°C °C 23.7 31.3°C °C 27.5 35.1°C °C 31.3 T Surface 38.9°C °C 35.1 <42.7 19.9 38.9 °C °C 46.5°C°C°C 23.7 42.7 50.3°C°C°C 27.5 46.5 54.1°C°C°C 31.3 50.3 > 57.9 35.1 54.1 °C°C °C >38.9 57.9 °C 42.7 °C 46.5 °C 50.3 °C 54.1 °C > 57.9 °C
> 57.9 °C
N
0.00
ENVI_met
20.00 80.00
< 19.9 °C
54.1 °C
0.00
20.00
0.00
_met
42.7 °C
0.00 40.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 80.00
38.9 °C
40.00 °C 80.00 °C 40.00 60.00 20.00
20.00
0.00 60.00
35.1 °C
> 57.9 °C 20.00
40.00
40.00 40.00
31.3 °C
54.1 °C
60.00
20.00
27.5 °C
60.00 100.00 °C 60.00 °C
50.3 °C
60.00
0.00
T Surface
23.7 °C
38.9 °C
80.00
20.00
< 19.9 °C
35.1 °C
100.00
80.00
40.00
T Surface
80.00 120.00 80.00
23.7 °C
120.00
80.00
x/y Cut at k=0 (z=0.0000 m)
xy (z=1,5m)
< 19.9 °C
100.00
Figure 1: Collodi Progetto 14:00 19.07.2018
100.00 140.00 100.00
180.00
180.00
Ts h 14, 19July
160.00 x/y Cut at k=0 (z=0.0000 m) 120.00
200.00
200.00
100.00
comparison
140.00 180.00 140.00
180.00
120.00
x/y Cut at k=0 (z=0.0000 m)
design scenario
200.00
x/y Cut at k=0 (z=0.0000 m
Figure 1: Collodi stato di fatto 14:00 19.07.2018
160.00 200.00 160.00
current situation
160.00
Figure 1: Collodi stat fatto 14:00 19.07.2
180.00 220.00 180.00
220.00
220.00
x/y Cut at k=0 (z=0.0000 m)
80.00
<Right foot>
100.00 120.00 140.00 160.00 180.00 200.00 220.00 X (m)
N
N
<Right foot>
34
Envi_met scenario
Confronto, Ts °C 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0
Asfalto
Cls drenante
Legno
Resina arancio
Comparison between the surface temperature profiles of the asphalt and the new materials
Temperature superficiali °C, Collodi progetto 55,0 50,0 45,0 40,0
35
Envi_met scenario
Figure 1: Collodi Progetto 15:00 19.07.2018
220.00
current situation 220.00
x/y Cut at k=1 (z=1.5000 m)
design scenario
200.00
Figure 1: Collodi Progetto
Figure 220.00 1: Collodi stato di fatto 15:00 19.07.2018
180.00
Tmrt h15:00 15,19.07.2018 19 July x/y Cut at k=1 (z=1.5000 m)
x/y Cut at k=1 (z=1.5000 m)
200.00
200.00
160.00
180.00
160.00
180.00
140.00
120.00 Y (m)
Y (m)
Y (m)
100.00
100.00
80.00
80.00
60.00
40.00
Mean Radiant Temp.
160.00
140.00
120.00
xy (z=1,5m) yz (x=105m)
< 34.2 °C Temp. Mean Radiant
Mean Radiant Temp. 140.00 < 34.2 °C 38.7 °C 120.00 43.2 °C 47.7 °C 52.2 °C 100.00 56.7 °C 61.2 °C 65.7 °C 80.00 70.2 °C > 74.7 °C
38.7 <°C34.2 °C °C
47.7 47.7 °C
°C
43.2 °C
52.2 52.2 °C
°C
56.7 °C
56.7 61.2 °C 61.2 65.7 °C
°C °C
70.2 °C
65.7 >°C74.7 °C
Min: 38.3°C °C 70.2 Max: 72.4 °C
Min: 37.9 °C 60.00 Max: 72.2 °C
> 74.7 °C
Min: 38.3 °C Max: 72.4 °C
40.00
60.00
43.2 38.7 °C
20.00
20.00
40.00
0.00
Figure 1: Collodi Progetto 15:00 19.07.2018
Figure 1: Collodi stato di fatto 15:00 19.07.2018 0.00
y/z Cut at i=52 (x=105.0000 m)
y/z Cut at i=52 (x=105.0000 m)
0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
100.00
120.00
140.00
160.00
180.00
X (m)
200.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
N
20.00
ENVI_met
20.00
0.00
220.00
0.00
20.00
140.00
160.00
180.00
200.00
220.00 N
<Right foot>
Mean Radiant Temp.
40.00 60.00 < 34.2 °C
80.00
<Right foot>
Mean Radiant Temp.
100.00 120.00 140.00 160.00 180.00 200.00 220.00
38.7 °C
< 34.2 °C 38.7 °C
X (m)
43.2 °C
43.2 °C
47.7 °C
47.7 °C
52.2 °C
52.2 °C
56.7 °C
56.7 °C
61.2 °C
61.2 °C
65.7 °C
65.7 °C
Z (m)
Z (m)
120.00
X (m)
ENVI_met
0.00
100.00
10.00
ENVI_met
0.00 0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
100.00
120.00
Y (m)
140.00
160.00
180.00
200.00
220.00
70.210.00 °C > 74.7 °C 0.00 Min: 33.4 °C 0.00 Max: 70.7 °C
70.2 °C > 74.7 °C 20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
100.00
120.00
Y (m)
140.00
160.00
180.00
200.00
220.00
N
<Right foot>
Min: 33.8 °C Max: 71.7 °C
36
Scenario envi_met
Figure 1: Collodi Progetto 15:00 19.07.2018
220.00
x/y Cut at k=1 (z=1.5000 m)
200.00
current situation 220.00
design scenario Figure 1: Collodi Progetto
Figure 1: Collodi stato di fatto 15:00 19.07.2018
220.00
180.00
PET h 15 15:00 19.07.2018 Thermal sensation 19 July x/y Cut at k=1 (z=1.5000 m)
x/y Cut at k=1 (z=1.5000 m)
200.00
200.00
160.00
180.00
160.00
Very cold
xy (z=1,5m)
180.00
PET
160.00
140.00
41.7 °C
Y (m)
Y (m)
Y (m)
43.9 °C
100.00
48.3 °C
80.00 220.00
Min: 35.1 °C Max: 58.2 °C
60.00
200.00
60.00
220.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
100.00
120.00
X (m)
140.00
160.00
180.00
200.00
220.00
20.00 140.00
0.00
0.00
180.00
20.00
40.00
60.00 N
80.00
100.00
120.00
140.00
160.00
180.00
X (m)
0.00
20.00
40.00
140.00
60.00
80.00
60.00
18 - 23
Slightly warm
23 - 29
Warm
29-35
Hot
35 - 41 > 41
Figure 1: Confronto Collodi Progetto/Stato di fatto 15:00 19.07.2018
200.00
220.00 N
ΔPET absolute difference PET
100.00 120.00 140.00 160.00 180.00 200.00 220.00 X (m)
-10.8 °C -8.7 °C
<Right foot>
-6.5 °C
absolute difference PET
-4.4 °CN -2.2 °C
< -13.0 °C -10.8 °C
-0.0 °C
-8.7 °C -6.5 °C
4.3 °C
-4.4 °C
> 6.4 °C <Right foot>
80.00 40.00
-2.2 °C -0.0 °C 2.1 °C 4.3 °C
60.00 20.00
Comfort
2.1 °C
100.00 ENVI_met
13-18
< -13.0 °C
<Right foot>
ENVI_met
120.00 80.00
Slightly cool
x/y Cut at k=1 (z=1.5000 m)
160.00 120.00
100.00
50.5 °C
8 - 13
0.00
Y (m)
20.00
48.3 °C
Cool
200.00
160.00 0.00
46.1 °C
4-8
20.00
40.00 0.00
43.9 °C
41.7 °C
Cold
x/y Cut Min: 35.2 °Cat k=1 (z=1.5000 m) Max: 58.2 °C
40.00
180.00
20.00
43.9 °C
<4
50.5 °C 52.7 °C > 54.9Collodi °C Figure 1: Confronto 52.7Min: °C35.2 °C Very hot Progetto/Stato di fatto Max:°C 58.2 °C > 54.9 15:00 19.07.2018
52.7 °C > 54.9 °C
60.00
37.3 °C
41.7 °C
48.3 °C
50.5 °C
< 35.1 °C 39.5 °C
46.1 °C
46.1 °C
80.00
Y (m)
met
39.5 °C
120.00
80.00
40.00
39.5 °C
37.3 °C
100.00
100.00
PET
37.3 °C
< 35.1 °C
120.00 120.00
< 35.1 °C
PET
140.00
140.00
PET (°C)
> 6.4 °C
37
Secondary school P. Calamandrei
school area= courtyard
9535m2
= 7443 m2
green area=
22%
Asphalt
Gravel
Concrete
Asphalt with green coating
39
Quantitative analysis
40
x/y Cut at k=0 (z=0.0000 m)
200.00
200.00
Ts h 14 di fatto 14:00 19.07.2018 19 July
180.00
xy (z=1,5m)
x/y Cut at k=0 (z=0.0000 m)
x/y Cut at k=1 (z=1.5000 m)
200.00
xy 160.00 (z=1,5m)
180.00
Figure 1: Calamandrei stato
220.00
Ta h 15 19 July
180.00 Figure 1: Collodi stato di fatto 15:00: 19.07.2018
220.00
T Surface
160.00
160.00
140.00 140.00
140.00
T Surface < 25.4 °C
29.1 °C
< 25.4 °C
120.00
32.8 °C
32.8 °C
Air Temperature
120.00
32.3 °C
120.00
Y (m)
Y (m)
< 31.8 °C
Y (m)
32.8 °C
100.00
33.3 °C
100.00
> 33.8 °C Min: 32.0 °C Max: 34.2 °C
80.00
100.00 80.00
60.00
20.00
0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
100.00
120.00
140.00
160.00
180.00
200.00
60.00
Figure 1: Calamandrei stato 220.00 di fatto 15:00 19.07.2018
220.00
ENVI_met
0.00 0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
100.00
120.00
140.00
160.00
180.00
200.00
Figure 1: Calamandrei stato
di fatto 15:00 19.07.2018 PET h 15
40.00
Mean Radiant Temp. 140.00 Mean Radiant Temp. < 40.5 °C < 40.5 °C 44.5 °C 44.5 °C 48.5 °C 48.5 °C ENVI_met 120.00 52.5 °C 52.5 °C 56.5 °C °C 56.5 °C 60.5 64.5 °C 100.00 60.5 °C 68.5 °C 72.5 °C 64.5 °C > 76.5 °C 68.5Min:°C45.0 °C Max: 75.1 °C 80.00 72.5 °C > 76.5 °C
140.00
Y (m)
Y (m)
120.00
100.00
80.00
60.00
40.00
Min: 45.0 °C Max: 60.00 75.1 °C
20.00
x/y Cut at k=1 (z=1.5000 m)
200.00
20.00
> 58.7 °C
N
60.00
80.00
100.00 120.00 140.00 160.00 180.00 200.00 220.00 N
X (m)
160.00
PET PET
< 37.4 °C
140.00
39.9 °C
120.00
100.00
< 37.4 °C 39.9 °C
42.4 °C
42.4 °C
44.9 °C
47.4 °C
47.4 °C
49.9 °C 52.4 °C
80.00
49.9 °C
60.00
54.9Min: °C37.4 °C Max: 62.6 °C
52.4 °C
0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
100.00
120.00
X (m)
140.00
160.00
180.00
200.00
220.00
40.00
54.9 °C 57.4 °C > 59.9 °C
57.4 °C
> 59.9 °C
40.00
Min: 37.4 °C Max: 62.6 °C
20.00
0.00 N
<Right foot>
44.9 °C
0.00
0.00
<Right foo
xy (z=1,5m)
180.00
Y (m)
160.00
0.00
55.0 °C
51.3 °C
X (m)
xy (z=1,5m) 0.00 160.00
47.6 °C
x/y Cut at k=1 (z=1.5000 m)
220.00
ENVI_met x/y Cut at k=1 (z=1.5000 m)
180.00
47.6 °C
Figure 1: Calamandrei stato di fatto 15:00 19.07.2018
di fatto 15:00 19.07.2018 Tmrt 180.00h 15
200.00
43.9 °C
> 58.7 °C
20.00 Figure 1: Calamandrei stato220.00
220.00
43.9 °C
40.2 °C
Min: 28.1 °C Max: 59.2 °C
20.00
x/y Cut at k=1 (z=1.5000 m) 40.00 200.00 <Right foot>
40.2 °C
Max: 59.2 °C
N
X (m)
36.5 °C
55.0 °C
40.00
0.00
36.5 °C
51.3 Min:°C 28.1 °C
60.00
80.00
40.00
29.1 °C
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
100.00
120.00
X (m)
140.00
160.00
180.00
200.00
41
220.00 N
Qualitative Analysis
1
CLASS
25 STUDENTS
2
TEACHERS
Qualitative analysis Survey during the lunch break
Introductory activity and personal assessment
Design teamwork 43
Qualitative analysis Survey during the lunch break
Introductory activity and personal assessment
Map of the favourite places and activities
Design teamwork
Questionnaire 44
Qualitative analysis Survey during the lunch break
SCHOOLYARD as... • • • •
LEISURE AND RELAX PHYSICAL ACTIVITY FREEDOM SOCIALIZATION
Introductory activity and personal assessment
STUDENTS’ PROPOSALS • Replace the north asphalt area with lawn • Exploit the sport courts with colorful surfaces and equipment • Reorganize the educational garden • Add benches under the trees • Add some trash cans and bike racks • Enhance the porch • Steps to overcome the ground slope
Design teamwork 45
Summary of the results and design proposal
Calamandrei existing condition
POTENTIAL • WIDE OUTDOOR SPACE • ROW OF TREES • PORCH
CRITICAL ISSUES • NOT DESIGNED SPACE • LACK OF PATHS
°C
• ARCHITECTURAL BARRIERS • LACK OF FURNITURE AND EQUIPMENT
°C
°C
• EXTREME THERMAL DISCOMFORT IN IMPERVIOUS AND NOT GREEN AREAS °C
Use °C
°C
Thermal comfort
47
Calamandrei renovation project 1) SPORT FACILITIES (basketball and football courts, running track, fitness equipment)
3
2) RELAX AREA - PERGOLA 3) SEATS UNDER THE TREES 4) ENTRANCE SQUARE 5) STAIRS AND RAMP
1
3 Permeable concrete blocks
Polyurethanic resin for sport court
1
+ 0.70
Natural bark
0.00
5 3
2 4
Euvonimus fortunei, evergreen
Cornus alba sibirica decidous
Rosmarino, aromatic herbs, perennial
Pinus mugo, conifer
Scenario envi_met
Figure 1: Calamandrei stato di fatto 15:00 19.07.2018
220.00
x/y Cut at k=1 (z=1.5000 m)
200.00
current situation 220.00
design scenario Figure 1: Calamandrei
Figure 1: Calamandrei stato di fatto 15:00 19.07.2018
220.00
180.00
Progetto 15:00 19.07.2018 PET h 15 Thermal sensation 19 July x/y Cut at k=1 (z=1.5000 m)
x/y Cut at k=1 (z=1.5000 m)
200.00
200.00
160.00
180.00
160.00
180.00
PET
160.00
140.00
44.9 °C
Y (m)
Y (m)
Y (m)
42.4 °C
120.00
47.4 °C
100.00
52.4 °C 54.9 °C
80.00
80.00
40.00 0.00 80.00
100.00
120.00
X (m)
140.00
160.00
180.00
ENVI_met
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00 120.00 140.00 80.00 60.00 100.00 120.00 60.00
Y (m)
Y (m)
0.00
100.00 140.00 160.00 100.00
ENVI_met
40.00 80.00 100.00 40.00 20.00 60.00 80.00 20.00 0.00 40.00 60.00
Cold
4-8
Cool
8 - 13
Slightly cool
13-18
Comfort
18 - 23
Slightly warm
23 - 29
Warm
29-35
Hot
35 - 41
Very hot
> 41
Max:°C 63.8 °C > 59.9
x/y Cut at k=0 (z=0.0000 m)
Figure 1: Collodi stato di fatto 14:00 19.07.2018 x/y Cut at k=0 (z=0.0000 m)
T Surface 20.00
40.00
60.00 N
120.00 160.00 180.00 120.00
0.00
met
200.00
20.00
47.4 °C
44.9 °C
57.4Min: °C37.6 °C
80.00
100.00
120.00
140.00
160.00
180.00
X (m)
Y (m)
60.00
47.4 °C
<4
Min:Figure 37.4 1:°CCollodi stato di Max:fatto 62.614:00 °C 19.07.2018
140.00 0.00 180.00 200.00 140.00 0.00 220.00
Y (m)
40.00
44.9 °C
42.4 °C
x/y Cut at k=0 (z=0.0000 m)
Min: 37.4 °C Max: 62.6 °C
160.00 200.00 220.00 20.00 160.00
20.00
39.9 °C
> 59.9 °C
> 59.9 °C
220.00180.00 40.00 180.00
60.00
20.00
57.4 °C
200.00 200.00 60.00
60.00
< 37.4 °C
49.9 °C 49.9 °C 52.4stato °C di Figure 1: Collodi 52.4 °C 19.07.2018 54.9 Figure 1: 14:00 Collodi stato°Cdi fatto 57.4 °C fatto54.9 14:00 x/y Cut°C at 19.07.2018 k=0 (z=0.0000 m)
49.9 °C
220.00 220.00
80.00
0.00
42.4 °C
39.9 °C
100.00
40.00
PET
39.9 °C
< 37.4 °C
120.00
100.00
< 37.4 °C
PET
140.00
140.00
120.00
Very cold
xy (z=1,5m)
PET (°C)
<Right foot>
80.00
100.00 120.00 140.00 160.00 180.00 200.00 220.00 X (m)
200.00
220.00
T Surface < 19.9 °C 23.7°C°C < 19.9 23.727.5 °C °C 27.531.3 °C °C 31.335.1 °C °C T Surface 35.138.9 °C °C <38.9 19.942.7 °C °C 23.7 °C°C N°C 42.746.5 T Surface 27.5 °C°C °C 46.550.3 < 19.9 54.1 31.3 °C°C°C°C 50.3 23.7>°C°C °C °C 57.9 35.1 54.1 38.9 °C°C°C >27.5 57.9 31.3°C°C 42.7 35.1°C°C 46.5 38.9°C°C 50.3 42.7°C°C 54.1 °C > 46.5 57.9 °C 50.3 °C 54.1 °C
ΔPET
N
<Right foot>
<Right foot>
49
Conclusions Mitigation strategies
Studentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; participation
Evaluation method
Experiences and specific needs
Replicable also in other schools
< Ta , Ts, Tmrt
< Ta , Ts, Tmrt
< Ts
Educational value Sense of place < Ts
Future perspective assessment of the mitigation strategies in a warm condition large-scale application to investigate the effects on the uhi and thermal comfort at urban level
50