Cities Out of Water - Seminar WS12-13 by ILPÖ

CITIES out of water

Urban Challenges, Strategies and Projects Dealing with Water Scarcity

Seminar Cities Out of Water Winter term 2012/2013 University of Stuttgart Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning

Institute of Landscape Planning and Ecology, University of Stuttgart

Seminar: Cities Out of Water - Urban challenges, strategies and projects dealing with water scarcity Authors: Antje Stokman, Rossana Poblet, Andrea Balestrini Institute of Landscape Planning and Ecology, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, University of Stuttgart http://www.ilpoe.uni-stuttgart.de/ Stuttgart, 2013 Editing: Andrea Balestrini Layout: Andrea Balestrini, Marius Ege Contributions: Leonardo Alings, Silvana Bay, David Burr, Amparo Cabezuelo, Benjamin Feller, Karin Hauser, Esther JimĂŠnez, Astrid Paul, Carmen Schwarz, Veronica Schubach, Julia Werwigk, Ines Wulfert Supported by: LiWa research project (BMBF) http://www.lima-water.de/

The publication is to be referenced as followed: Stokman A., Poblet R., Balestrini A. (2013): Seminar Cities out of Water, Institute of Landscape Planning and Ecology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, WS 2012-2013

CITIES OUT OF WATER

PREFACE Antje Stokman, Rossana Poblet Institute of Landscape Planning and Ecology, Stuttgart University Stuttgart, March 2013

In addition to the design studio „Lima Beyond the Park II“ the seminar „Cities out of water“ took place during the winter term 2012/2013 for the Bachelor students of Architecture at the University of Stuttgart. The seminar focused on researching on water scarcity and sanitation problems in different regions of the world. We got to know several cities facing water scarcity and understood how the urban process is dealing with their specific site conditions. We analyzed the relationship between water, urban development and landscape, thus the challenges originated by their coexistence. In some case studies different applied technologies have been analyzed and concepts of ecological infrastructure were developed in order to integrate landscape planning and design into water management. Sustainable water-scarse low cost solutions have been proposed with the aim of reducing environmental contamination, returning nutrients of human excreta into the soil and saving money from the process in order to improve the financial resources of local communitites. Based on the understanding of practiceoriented technologies, we explored their potential related to sustainable building

construction, urban form and people´s lifestyles. We tried to understand water cycle and landscape features by applying water evaluation tools, consequently we proposed scenarios for a new water culture in arid climates in order to improve infrastructural/ architectural approaches in our urban environments. The seminar was organised in form of a compact seminar. After a first analytic stage, students developed proposal for the improvement of the case study design according to water sensitive urban design (WSUD) principles for arid context. The developed strategies were implemented during the summer school „Lima beyond the park“ (Lima, February 2013) including on site-prototypes and cooperation work with local communities.

Fig.1 >

CITIES OUT OF WATER

CONTENT

Drylands

Methodology

Case Studies

Parque Ecol贸gico Lago de Texcoco

Lochiel Park

UAC Project

06 07 10 13 23 31

39 47 55 63 70 71

Colegio San Christoferus

Kibbutz Lotan

Peepoople

Foghive

Notes & Sources

Literature

DRYLANDS

Fig.2

< Drylands are land areas with [...] relatively low overall amounts of precipitation in the form of rainfall or snow. [...] drylands are land areas with an aridity index of less than 0.65. The aridity index is a measure of the ratio between average annual precipitation (on avarage between 25 and 500mm per year, ndr) and total annual potential evapotranspiration >.1 Drylands cover 40% of the world area and host 30% of world population2. Besides 90% of drylands are located in developing or emerging countries, such as BRIC3 countries, Mexico and South Africa2. Consequently many of the fastest growing and populous megacities are settled in drylands, e.g. Cairo, Mexico City, Lima, New Dehli. Arid landscapes are charachterized by rich biodiversity in limited spaces with a very fragile balance. Also for this reason drylands are suffering serious environmental degradation. Climate change und unsustainable use of land and water are leading towards progressive desertification within the

CITIES OUT OF WATER

next decades. On the other hand, worldwide 70% of freshwater is used for irrigation. Dryland countries are often important agricultural producers, as their agricultural land is very fertile and the climate appropiate for crops. Nevertheless urban expansion is gaining more and more agricultural land, thus food security is threatened as well. Consequently social contrasts are affecting increasingly arid contexts. Indeed 70% of drylands population lives in cities4: according to the United Nations over the next 25 years more than the half of world population will live in urban areas and face water shortages, whilst 40% might be living in informal settlements, according to increased urban poverty rates. Rapid urban expansion caused the worsening of environmental and sanitation conditions in the last decades. Thus proper solutions to recover traditional knowledge of arid cities and develop new concepts for water infrastructures are urgently needed in order to be integrated into urban planning.

METHODOLOGY

Arid lands are facing complex challenges due to their climate and growing urbanization. As many growing megacities lie in drylands, environmental challenges become even more critical and traditional urban approach requires support of other disciplines to face them. This task can not be addressed only to engineers, as solutions are not purely technical. Urban and landscape planning have to seek to combine different technologies with spatial design solutions that accomodate for urban expansion, rising water scarcity and demand, climate change, environmental protection and enhancement. The seminar was a compact course coupled with the design studio “Lima beyond the park” within the Institute of Landscape Planning and Ecology. The course aimed to deepen the issue of water sensistive urban design in Lima by comparing it with similar cases throughout drylands in other regions. Between October and December 2012 seven Bachelor and Diploma architecture students analized different case studies. The work process was subdivided in different phases: RESEARCH Gain a general understanding of arid urbanism, water sensitive urban design, informal settlements and water managament. ANALYZE Analyze a specific city and its environmental/urban char-

acteristics in relationship with its water cycle. Each case is introduced by brief data boxes about the entire city and the specific project. Thus the design background become more understandable. EVALUATE Evaluate existing case studies in terms of their technologies, infrastructural/architectural relation with the local culture. Students were supported by a water evaluation matrix, inspired and adapted from “OutOfWater”, a research project by the John H. Daniels Faculty of Architecture, Landscape, and Design, University of Toronto. PROPOSE According to the principles of water sensitive urban design (WSUD), propose a speculative scenario/future development for the case study, in order to imagine opportunities for a new water culture in arid climates. WSUD aims to close the water cycle in order to achieve a sustainable use of water resources through saving, harvesting and recycling. DOCUMENT Each participant contributes to a booklet with the compiled results of the seminar. This book will serve as a tool book and show different approaches to shaping our built environment concerning the important role that water will come to play in it.

CITIES OUT OF WATER

8 WATER EVALUATION The water evaluation consists in the identity document of each project: the water cycle is briefly and graphically explained through a performance diagram. The common graphical language allows an easy understanding of the water features of the site in relation with the project. It also allows a comparison throughout the differents case

studies, showing similarities as well as differences in the water management process in different arid contexts. The diagram was elaborated by each group of students by adapting the matrix proposed by the reaserch project “OutOfWater” (University of Toronto).

LEGEND WATER INPUT (1)

WATER QUALITY (1)+(2) POTABLE

grey water

black water

run-off/ rain

industry waste

groud water

fog/dew

TREATED THREE TIMES TREATED TWICE TREATED ONCE

wetland/ reservoir pond/lake

river

irrigation canal

sea

RAW SEWAGE/CONTAMINATED/SALINE Fig.3b

WATER OUTPUT DESTINATION (2)

agriculture

industry

body of water river/canal

WATER OUTPUT USAGE (3)

high

>10.000L

drinking water

irrigation

ground water recharge

no use

>1000L

ENERGY DEMAND (4)

selfsufficient

solar

city

park

wind

fuel

bio-fuel

hydroelectric

neighbourhood

residential

1. WATER INPUT: QUALITY + ORIGIN 2. WATER OUTPUT: QUALITY + DESTINATION 3. WATER OUTPUT: VOLUME + USAGE 4. ENERGY DEMAND 5. INTEGRATION DESIGN-INFRASTRUCTURE 6. PROJECT SCALE

low

>100L

DESIGN INTEGRATION (5)

building integrative

building non-integrative

technology+ function+user

infrastructure vs design

open space building integrative non-integrative technology+ function+user

>10L

infrastructure vs design

null

>1L

CITIES OUT OF WATER

1 Fig.3a

house

SCALE (6)

6 Fig.3c

high

>10.000L

city

The water evaluation diagram is composed by a matrix, subdivided in 6 sections: water input, water output, output volume, energy demand, design integration, scale. This matrix has to be filled with the corresponding icons which will combine their embedded information with the evaluation scala along the columns.

neighbourhood

>1000L

low

>100L

6. SCALE The last column combines the project dimension with the urban context: is the project dealing just with a single building, with the neighbourhood or with the whole city?

DESIGN INTEGRATION

5. DESIGN INTEGRATION The corresponding picto defines if the project is a building or an open space and if water technology/construction/ design/people are well integrated.

null ENERGY DEMAND

>1L

WATER OUTPUT VOLUME

4. ENERGY DEMAND Energy demand is also an important factor by evaluating the performance of the water cycle: the energy source picto defines the required level along the column.

WATER OUTPUT

>10L

WATER INPUT

3. WATER OUTPUT VOLUME The volume of water treated by the project (expressed in L/day) is shown by locating the water output usage iconw along the column, between the values >1L - > 10,000L, according to the capacity of the project.

house

2. WATER OUTPUT Outgoing water quality (according to the water input evaluation values) is combined with the destination of the water treated in the project site.

SCALE

1. WATER INPUT Information about the water source are combined with a rough evaluation of the ingoing water quality through some drops in different grey tones: the darkest is sewage water, the lightest has the best quality, so is potable water.

Fig.3d

Performance diagram: example

For instance, the sample diagram in this page is representing a project receiving gray water previously just barely treated. After the process the water has a tertiary treatment quality level and is reused in a park. The output volume is aproximately between 100 and 500 L/day and is used for irrigation. The energy demand is quite low, as the process is self-sufficient. Besides the project is dealing with a building where design and infrastructure are well integrated. The project is medium size and affect the building and its own sorrounding.

CITIES OUT OF WATER

CASE STUDIES Text and graphics by the students

CITIES OUT OF WATER

Fig.4

mexico city, mexico adelaide, australia casablanca, morocco lima, peru eilat , israel kibera, kenia atacama, chile CITIES OUT OF WATER

PARQUE ECOLÓGICO LAGO DE TEXCOCO Mexico City, Mexico Carmen Schwarz, Benjamin Feller

city

high

>10.000L

location: Mexico, Distrito Federal, Mexico City latitude: 19°24’N altitude: 2310 m.a.s.l. climate: humid subtropical/subtropical oceanic highland6 average temperature: min -3°C / max 28°C annual precipitacion: 816,2mm peculiar natural phenomenons: floodings, dust storms population: 19,981,801 (2009) population density: 2,461/km2

neighbourhood

>1000L

low

>100L

CITIES OUT OF WATER - Parque Texcòco, Mexico

SCALE

DESIGN INTEGRATION

WATER OUTPUT VOLUME

WATER OUTPUT

ENERGY DEMAND

null

>1L

WATER INPUT

context Mexico City, capital of Mexico, is distinguished for its natural variety and for its historic sites of the Aztec Empire. It was originally built on floating islands on lake Texcoco. However rapid urbanization and population growth lead to environmental depletion. Dehydration of lakes and increasing withdrawal of ground water caused threats like flooding, dust storms and sinking of soil level. The latter is the reason for much destruction in the sewage pipe system, that leaded to groundwater contamination. The city already tried to improve the situation by building more and more treatment plants and expanding the pipe system. Currently the “Eastern Tunnel”, an inner urban wastewater system, is constructed and will end in Hidalgo, the neighbor state of Mexico, where various water treatment plants will treat 60% of wastewater from the metropolitan area (“Atotonilco project”).

house

>10L

adapted from: http://www.oowproject.com/mapping/evaluation-matrix/ water evaluation: performance diagram

15 1 km

project description Parque Ecológico Lago de Texcoco is a project proposing the conversion of a vast peri-urban wasteland into an ecological park. The aim is to store and treat large quantities of storm water with the park and use this water to irrigate the green areas and productive land next to it as well as providing recreational services to Mexico City and hosting various sports fields. Maintenance will be paid through revenues from renewable energy sources in the park, mainly wind and solar power. The Area is located on the eastern edge of Mexico City, where Texcoco Lake, along with other lakes, was once used to cover most of the Mexico Basin. Since Aztec times the lake was continuously drained leaving only a few small lakes. All the lakes in the project area are artificial, the only remaining part of the original lake is located in the Xochimilco Ecological Park, southern of the city center.

keywords: ecological park status: proposal year: 2009 dimension: 14,300 ha position: peri-urban location: Federal District of Mexico avarage income: mixed environmental conditions: polluted water sources: river, canals, storm water function: storm water management, recreation, water purification actors: Iñaki Echeverria, Conagua, Vivir Mejor, Fonatur

CITIES OUT OF WATER - Parque Texcòco, Mexico

PROGRAM INFORMATION PAVILION

NABOR CARRILLO BOULEVARD

SPORT AREAS

ECORECREATIONAL AREAS

AGROECOSYSTEMS

DEMONSTRATIVE PAVILIONS

DEMONSTRATIVE WETLANDS AREA FOR THE PRODUCTION OF BIOMASS-ENERGY PRODUCTION FIELDS FOR METHANE ENVIRONMENT AND ALTERNATIVE ENERGY PAVILIONS

SOLAR- AND WINDENERGY

2.5

analysis The project area, nowadays known as ‘Zona Federal del Lago de Texcoco’, is mostly made up of desalination ponds, lakes and wasteland. The lake water is very salty, because of the specific geography of the Mexico Basin. There are numerous rivers and creeks flowing towards the Texcoco lake, but none is carrying water away from the area. Therefore all the water evaporates and the mineral concentration rises. During the rainy season, the city has severe flooding problems which led to the construction of an extensive drainage system. The water collected in this system is also directed towards the lake. Overall the annual inflow of water sums up to about twice the overall capacity of all lakes and desalination ponds in the project area. Despite the large amount of water coming into the CITIES OUT OF WATER - Parque Texcòco, Mexico

area the floodplains dry out in summer. This leads to an increasing number of dust storms which are a serious threat for the air quality of the city. The project aims to solve all those problems with one wholistic, large-scale solution. The existing lakes and ponds are to be maintained but in addition to them, there will be new lakes on the floodplains along with swamps, meadows and forests, treating the water and cleaning it for agricultural use. Along the eastern border of the park there is an existing agriculture area, which could benefit the treated water for irrigation. The reforested parts of the plains are intended to work as windbreakers, protecting the city from dust storms.

17 residential water treatment in Mexico

dual system

residential water treatment in Texcoco park (El Caracol)

others sludge

ventilated lagoon

treatment

Treatment - Sedimentation

stabilization lagoon

First Treatment - Sledge -Sedimentation

Second Treatment - Biological Filter -Sedimentation -Desinfection (UV)

Desalination (El Caracol)

salt water

The water technologies which are used in the Texcoco Park are the most common used currently in Mexico. The northern treatment plant (PTAR), which also includesthe so called “ El Caracol” treats the water twice. For the first treatment they use activated sludge. Moreover the Caracol, desalinates the water using solar energy. The problems which exist in the water cycle of Texcoco park are

salt + water

common in Mexico. The distribution system must be “flexible” because of the threat of soil lowering. Furthermore the water has a high concentration of salt so that it has to be desalinated before used for agriculture.

PROJECT

MEXICO CITY refill agricultural fountains in Texcoco and Atenco

1 m³/s

irrigation of Texcoco Park (PELT)

USE OF WATER

360l/ day per capita

4 m³/s EL CARACOL

Advanced Treatment

Secondary Treatment

Treatment

1 m³/s

Grand Canal Desagüe + Eastern Drainage Tunnel

1 m³/s

urban & industrial reuse

treatment of 40,2 % residential waste water

residential waste water

Lerma

Madin

Pánuco

Ramal Peñon-Texcoco Balbuena 2, Magdalena Contreras II, San Luis Nuevo, S-13

los Berros

San Rafael

purification into drinking water

recharge groundwater

REUSE OF WATER

Almoya del Rio

Balsas

Ixtapan de la sal

Tenancingo de Degollado

CITIES OUT OF WATER - Parque Texcòco, Mexico

18 critical assesstment As this project does not yet exist and the architect only presents his vision through not very detailed plans, it is difficult to criticize it. Therefore the main critical question would be if this project is realistic. Can such a huge project be implemented and financed? The concept includes the relocation of one main street, which is called Circuito Exterior Mexiquense. A less expensive and more systainable way to ease the problem of a road passing through the park might be to build green bridges, allowing people and animals to cross. Moreover the project aims to relocate the airport. This would lead to immense expenses not only in terms of money but also of resources.

0 km

CITIES OUT OF WATER - Parque TexcĂ˛co, Mexico

2.5

19 Comparison project: Xochimilco Ecological Park Xochimilco Ecological Park is an existing natural reserve in the Cuemanco neighborhood, which is located on the southern edge of the city. The area used to be heavily polluted and its ecology badly degraded when the UN decided to name Xochimilco a world heritage site as the last remaining part of the original lake system which once covered the Mexico Basin. In the following years massive cleanup efforts were taken in order to restore the local ecosystem. Nowadays the wetlands have been fully restored but pollution and illegal settlements remain as threats. With an area of 215ha, it is second largest existing park in the city. The park is divided into two parts by a major road, a smaller part in the north and a larger part south of the road. In the northern part the largest plant

market in Latin America (13ha) sells flowers and produce grown plants in the park. The rent of the market stalls, the entry fee, bicycle, ATV and boat rentals generate enough revenue for the park to be financially self-sustaining. The main attraction are the Chinampas, which are prehispanic floating islands on the lakes. These were first used in Aztec times in order to increase the area of productive land. In order to build them, rafts made out of tree branches are anchored on trees standing in the lake and loaded with soil and mud. Over time more and more material is loaded onto the rafts, causing them to slowly sink and finally convert into a fixed island. Originally those floating islands were used as agricultural land but nowadays they are mostly used to grow ornamental plants to sell at the market. The park also offers many recreational activities like sports facilities, bicycle and jogging paths and boat trips. Xochimilco could act as model for the Texcoco project for several reasons. First, the use of native plants in the reconstruction of the original biotope in combination with a significant reduction of pollution seems to be the only sustainable solution to the existing environmental problems of the Mexico Basin. In addition to that, great community integration is fundamental, as it is offering many ways for locals to use the park and interact with it. Fortehermore financial independence is a big advantage over community- or state-funded parks, which often are subjected to budget cuts.

CITIES OUT OF WATER - Parque TexcĂ˛co, Mexico

20 proposal The architect proposes the park as a combination of recreation, leisure and water treatment facilities. Nevertheless some measures could be adopted to improve the functioning in a sustainable way. Like in Xochimilco, a market where local plants and products are sold, could be installed to contribute to the financing of the running costs. The lagoons could desalinate water through special plants like salt grass or seeds. In order to limit flooding and store water, the material for paths in the park could be made out porous stones from the volcanic region. This would increase the water storage capacity of the park and improve the air quality in the city on warm days, since evaporating water would decrease the overall temperature. Some examples for such stones are shown on this page (top to bottom): pumice stone, limestone and basalt. Another idea as a tourist attraction could be â&#x20AC;&#x153;camping raftsâ&#x20AC;?, which would also generate income for the park. Those could be installed in one of the lagoons to enable visitors to experience the park from a new perspective.

0 km

CITIES OUT OF WATER - Parque TexcĂ˛co, Mexico

2.5

21 conclusions Over all, the project of Iñaki Echeverria is a great vision and has the potential to fill the people with enthusiasm. The Texcoco Park is a great chance for the city. It creates public recreational areas, saves resources by using renewable energies and reuse water. Moreover this green lung could improve considerably the climate in the city. The Texcoco park acts as example which combines various functions. It serves as leisure area as well as an ecological infrastructure. Pavillions provide information for the inhabitants. Appropriate space for medical and water researches are also provided. Furthermore it connects people back to the water and can change the perception of its value. However some aspects might need to be reconsidered. The creation of the park demands a high investment in the beginning and during its life cycle. The financing has to be planned carefully. Replacing the airport might be not necessary and leads to expenses of resources which would make the project less sustainable.

IMAGE SOURCES all satellite imagery: Google Earth illustrations page 3 and 4: www.parquetexcoco.com/en/downloads map on page 7: http://8.blog.xuite. net/8/7/e/4/10254435/blog_724763/txt/21207102/0. jpg left image on page 7: http://blog.erlebnisse4you. de/?p=611 right image on page 7: http://redgannet.blogspot. de/2010/09/parque-ecologico-de-xochimilco-mexico_2239.html images on page 8: http://www.chooseby.org/Stein/BERNBURGER-Deutschergespaltete-Natur-Kalkstein_1114.html http://bilder.bild.de/fotos-skaliert/fotolia_32135137_mjpg_23390342_mbqf-bims-20563000/2,h%3D493.bild. jpeg BIBLIOGRAPHY geo-urban overview Conagua http://www.conagua.gob.mx/atlas/atlas. html?seccion=1&mapa=0# Agua.org http://www.agua.org.mx/h2o/index.php?option=com_con tent&view=section&id=6&Itemid=300004 Planetseed http://www.planetseed.com/uploadedfiles/voices/workshops/hdl/mexico2/static/html/116.html http://www.planetseed.com/uploadedfiles/voices/workshops/hdl/mexico2/static/html/117.html http://www.planetseed.com/uploadedfiles/voices/workshops/hdl/mexico2/static/html/106.html Cuenca valle de Mexico http://cuencavalledemexico.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/GEO-67-Proyecto-Caracol.pdf Spiegel.de http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-46394400.html project ENCHENEVERIA, IÑAKI: presentation_en.pdf (online, accessed on november 10th 2012 at http://www.parquetexcoco.com/en/downloads/) proposal Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xochimilco_Ecological_Park_ and_Plant_Market

CITIES OUT OF WATER - Parque Texcòco, Mexico

LOCHIEL PARK Adelaide, Australia Silvana Bay, Karin Hauser

city

high

>10.000L

location: Australia, South Australia, Adelaide latitude: 34°50’S altitude: 40-50m.a.s.l. climate: cold semi-arid6 average temperature: max.22,3°C / min.12,2°C annual precipitacion: 545mm peculiar natural phenomenons: dust storms population: 1,203,873 (2012) population density: 659/km2 (2006)

low

>100L

SCALE

DESIGN INTEGRATION

WATER OUTPUT VOLUME

ENERGY DEMAND

null

>1L

WATER OUTPUT

house

>10L

WATER INPUT

context “ South Australia is the driest state in the driest continent so water is a valuable resource.” (Government of South Australia) The environmental challenge in this region is the low rainfall, which is 545mm per year. The problem is that it only rains during the winter months, from May to August. In summer it is really dry and the average rainfall between November and March reaches only 20mm/month. Since the first settlement in 1830s, the Adelaide plains and coastal environment have been subjected to considerable transformations and pressure by increasing population. Therefore water quality and management and energy supply became an urban challenge for the city, as the River Torrens has been the main water source for a long time. Nowadays stormwater collection, wastewater treatment and water infrastructure are main issues.

neighbourhood

>1000L

adapted from: http://www.oowproject.com/mapping/evaluation-matrix/ water evaluation: performance diagram

CITIES OUT OF WATER - Lochiel Park, Australia

project description Lochiel Park is a project about living with nature. The area was a former educational institution and now it is switching into a â&#x20AC;&#x153;Green Villageâ&#x20AC;?. The park aims to become an educational model for innovative urban development strategies. To reach this goal, the project uses different principles such as stormwater treatment and sustainable technologies in the buildings. The aim is to minimize the consumption of potable water in households and for irrigation. Moreover the participants try to reduce the energy consumption in the whole area and the use of fossil energy. Therefore they are using solar panels to heat water and produce energy for households. The intention is to minimize the impact on the environment and to increase the awareness about nature.

keywords: stormwater treatment status: built and still in progress year: 2009-2018 dimension: 15 ha, whereof 10 ha protected parkland position: urban location: Campbelltown avarage income: mixed environmental conditions: natural water sources: stormwater function: neighbourhood park with stormwater treatment actors: Gov. of SA, several architects

CITIES OUT OF WATER - Lochiel Park, Australia

analysis As Adelaide gets rain only in the winter, it is necessary to think about how to deal with water during the dry months. Therefore in the Lochiel Park people collect stormwater and try to store it. Every house has its own water tank with a capacity of at least 1,500 litres to collect rainwater from the roof. The water from this tank is heated up by a solar system and then used in the kitchen and the bathroom. If the tank is empty people use potable water or treated stomwater from the constructed wetlands to fill it up again. In addition there is an underground system collecting the stromwater from properties and roads of the surrounding. The 189 ha area east of Lochiel Park collects 329 megalitres per year for example. The water flows into the pipe system and ends up in the constructed bio-retention swale

iron pipe 2% gradient

drainage layer biofiltration material

bio-retention pit connection from house stormwater biofiltration material drainage layer

CITIES OUT OF WATER - Lochiel Park, Australia

wetland of Lochiel Park or in the Torrens River. It is treated by a gross pollutant trap and several sand and gravel layers within the wetland. After this treatment the water can be used in the households for washing machine cold tab and toilet flushing, in the community garden and in the protected park as irrigation. The project of Lochiel Park does not only consider water issues but try to find a holistic solution for living at eye level with the nature. To reach this purpose, the urban design is energy efficient and achieves improvements in livestyle, amenity and sustainability. A further attraction is the high percentage of open space: 67%, instead of usual 12,5%.

critical assessment A critical point is the little information about wastewater. Each house can decide whether they want to install a greywater treatment plant for their household or not. So the treatment would be on a small scale and not integrated in the whole system. Although stormwater is also collected in a wider area, the water cycle is closed just on the site of Lochiel Park. Residents criticize that there is no clear definition about the responsibility of the authorities. Moreover there are some technical problems with the Gross Pollutant Trap, thus it is causing arguments between the urban administrations. The first calculation was not completely right, so now costs are rising.

CITIES OUT OF WATER - Lochiel Park, Australia

28 proposal Our idea is to adapt the main principles of Lochiel Park to an area with a higher density and socially deprived residents. For these requirements are some changes advantageous. First of all the greywater treatment schould be obligatory and included in the water cycle. By having composting toilets in every household the blackwater production decreases. In addition there is more awareness of the water issue if stormwater is running visible and integrated on the surface. The constructed wetland can be productive, because reed and bulrush can be harvested masterplan

systems

activities

CITIES OUT OF WATER - Lochiel Park, Australia

and transformed into baskets. This could create an additional income. Furthermore the treated water could be used to irrigate more agricultural areas, which also could provide new jobs for the inhabitants. Open space for activities and community events should be a main issue in the design process: itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s not necessary that the area is very green but it should be shaped pleasantly. This proposal is adaptable to different areas with similar climatic conditions, e.g. South Africa, West Coast.

29 conclusion South Australia leads the country in stormwater capture and reuse, irrigation practices and wastewater recycling. In 2004 the National Water Initiative was developed by the Commonwealth, State and Territory Governments. The Government of South Australia started in June 2010 the project “Water for Good” to ensure sustainable water supplies in the future: the aim is to lower their reliance on rivers by using alternative water sources. Currently in Adelaide there are three wastewater treatment plants which treat 250megalitres water. A 8,314km long pipesystem serves over one million people. Lochiel Park is part of South Australia’s attempt to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions, integrate water sensitive urban design principles and face climate change. The design concept stands for the improvement of connection, integration and exchange between natural and built environment. The parklands are protected by law against future developments, which ensures the protection of water ressources and ecosystems. Lochiel Park Green Village won several awards for its landscape architecture, urban planning and environmental excellence. The project is apparently working successfully. At the moment it is still in process and will be finished by 2018. Nevertheless there are some problems with the gross pollutant trap and the question of management responsibility. At the beginning the Campbelltown Council was supposed to take over the management of the Green Village from Renewal SA (formerly the Land Management Corporation lmc). This operation nowadays has been delayed until all problems are solved. The project is based on participation and relies on the community contribution to the maintenance of the area. A common goal of the authority and the community is to save 78% of potable water for each household, compared to an average Adelaide household. Considering this points and the fact that the park provides a lot of open space for several activities, the project also catches the attention of non-residents. Lochiel Park is also a place of historical and cultural interest, as the area has been a camping place for Kaurna people. On the western side of the urban forest public art gives an insight in Kaurna culture through its sculptures. Furthermore waste management plays an important role in the whole sustainable concept: stations along the fitness trail are made of recycled materials, waste sorting is applied with the park. The area is also accessible by public transport. Lochiel Park is an excellent model how to increase the citizens’ awareness of nature and sustainable lifestyle.

BIBLIOGRAPHY geo-urban overview Google Earth weatherzone www.weatherzone.com.au/sa/adelaide/adelaide Wikipedia en.wikipedia.org/wiki/adelaide travelmath www.travelmath.com/cities/Adelaide,+Australia project

Lochiel Park www.lochielpark.com.au Greenway Architects www.greenwayarchitects.com.au/lochiel-park-affordablehousing/ Oxigen landscape architecture http://oxigen.net.au/# Aila SA Awards www.aila.org.au/sa/AWARDS/2009/Pages/7.html SA Water www.sawater.com.au/SAWater/AboutUs/AboutSAWater/Water+for+Good.htmwww.sawater.com. au/NR/rdonlyres/71577AEE-6A40-4D79-8A9C970438DA117B/0/SAWaterStrategicPlan201216.pdf www.sawater.com.au/SAWater/Education/OurWastewaterSystems/Wastewater+Treatment+Process.htm www.sawater.com.au/NR/rdonlyres/0C70864F-D799480E-A404-D63DF52912D6/0/building_adel.pdf CLARK, R., Water recycling issues delay Campbelltown Council take over of Lochiel Park www.adelaidenow.com.au/news/south-australia/waterrecycling-issues-delay-campbelltown-council-take-over-oflochiel-park/story-e6frea83-1226513031506 proposal

Ecofibra cooperativa www.ecofibraperu.com SA Water, Greywater Guidelines www.sawater.com.au/NR/rdonlyres/7F6C9876-A17D442F-9FA2-1DB007AA4729/0/greywater_factsheet.pdf Your Home www.yourhome.gov.au/technical/fs74.html#indoors Anna Heringer www.anna-heringer.com/index.php?id=39

CITIES OUT OF WATER - Lochiel Park, Australia

UAC PROJECT Casablanca, Morocco Amparo Cabezuelo, Esther JimĂŠnez

city

high

>10.000L

location: Morocco, Gran Casablanca, Casablanca latitude: 33°32’N altitude: 62 m.a.s.l. climate: warm mediterranean6 average temperature: 14.6°C / 22°C annual precipitacion: 300 mm peculiar natural phenomenons: Atlantic airstream population: 6,434,422 (2010) population density: 9132/km²

low

>100L

CITIES OUT OF WATER - UAC Project, Morocco

SCALE

adapted from: http://www.oowproject.com/mapping/evaluation-matrix/ water evaluation: performance diagram

2Km

DESIGN INTEGRATION

WATER OUTPUT VOLUME

ENERGY DEMAND

null

>1L

WATER OUTPUT

house

>10L

WATER INPUT

context The site is located in the southwestern periphery of Casablanca, between two arterial roads which are undergoing rapid urbanisation. The core area is called Douar Ouled Ahmed and is partly an informal settlement. Douar Ouled Ahmed and its agricultural surroundings need to be integrated into further urban planning within Great Casablanca peri-urban development. Migration is driven by affordable housing close to the city. This rapid increase in population is accompanied by lack of infrastructure. This has led to high levels of unemployment, insufficient educational standards, pollution of agricultural land. However, parallel to the informal growth of Ouled Ahmed, planned growth is occurring as well, partially as replacement housing for the inhabitants of Dar Bouazza’s bidonvilles.

neighbourhood

>1000L

project description The UAC project consist in a research based on the development of urban agriculture as a way to generate a more sustainable and coherent urban growth and help facing climate change. Within this project different proposals were developed. The one that is analyzed here is based on a territorial water strategy. The general idea is to use local accessible water sources for irrigation: evaporation reduces surface temperatures generating precipitation. Due to the importance of the small water cycle for local precipitation rates, further steps need to be taken to improve the soil water storage capacity and to avoid surface runoff.

keywords: urban agriculture status: in project year: 2005-2025 dimension: 500,000 m2 position: urban-rural location: Casablanca surrounding average income: low environmental conditions: polluted water sources: all local water sources function: water-based urbanity actors: Team SMAQ

CITIES OUT OF WATER - UAC Project, Morocco

analysis Three steps will lead to a water-based urbanity within this project. Step 1: Towards a Territorial Water Strategy Casablanca’s future masterplan proposes a total surface of 22,000 ha of newbuilt-up areas and multiple sewage treatment plants to pre-treat wastewater before flowing into the ocean, but this water represents a valuable resource and – after additional treatment – can be used for irrigation. Greater Casablanca already produces about 200,000 m3 of wastewater per day. If it was reintroduced into the landscape so that it could evaporate, it would have had a major effect on the climate, generating an additional 600,000 m3 of rainfall per day.

CITIES OUT OF WATER - UAC Project, Morocco

Step 2: Towards Multifunctional Irrigated Landscapes Making use of the existing topography, it is proposed the creation of a differentiated system of parallel irrigated landscape bands that will link the existing topography and landscape functions with new economic concepts. The goal is to improve the landscape in the next few decades through manifold vegetative structures. This land, which is currently used for growing wheat, can then be converted into more fertile and profitable agricultural land which could sustain vegetable and fruit production. Step 3: Towards Irrigating Urban Quarters The proposal is a step by step urbanisation strategy that also includes a landscape and water strategy.

critical assesstment The awarness of the important role urban agriculture plays in urban planning and land use management processes rose through the years. The problem that we find, trying to integrate this urban agriculture in the urban plot of a city is how to manage this creation of green public space in partnership with the privat sector, as most of the times it doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t produce a direct benefit, is not supported, remains at the theorical level and not in the practice. Therefore in order to bring this plan onwards technical and financial support by the government is needed. On the other hand, the place of the intervention is too far from the main city of Casablanca, so the connection that should be established is too weak. Although the project premisees are challenging, at the same time it can seem quite utopian. Site plan 2010

Site plan 2015

Site plan 2030

CITIES OUT OF WATER - UAC Project, Morocco

36 proposal The proposal is directly related with the UAC project, as well with a long-term intervention. It is based on the integration of urban agriculture with the surroundings by forming part of the daily routine of people living in these periferical suburbs, in order to generate continuity between the latters, the fields and the growing city of Casablanca. These green spaces are not meant as isolated elements but integrated into the plot, in a way that they can be more directly part of peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s life. Moreover, is necessary to encourage local population to participate in the maintenance of the fields. They shouldnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t be an exclusive property of the government, indeed they should be affordable to locals through public subsides helping them to take care of the crops or trough offering the possibility to keep part of the production. The remaining part could

be used to fund the improvement of infrastructures needed to carry on the project. Of course, fields and green spaces should be carefully designed in order to integrate them in the cityscape. The proposal aim is to make Oulad Ahmed more attractive for tourists and promote ecological trade. Therefore the creation of crop fields located along the existing secondary roads and linked to the housing, will provide products to be sold at some stands located on the main road. Thus the population of Oulad Ahmed would increase their economic benefits through their own production. Besides the creation of cycle paths will promote eco-tourism.

Actors and strategy

nowadays crops

shop

housing

10 years after

a nd

shop

urban agriculture connections

housing

ad n ro

crops

Urban design proposal

CITIES OUT OF WATER - UAC Project, Morocco

Evolution and integration of Oulad Ahmed in the city of Casablanca

37 conclusions As the project has been planned as a long term intervention, it is hard to evaluate wether it is successfull or not. So far it is still in the research phase, there will not be real datas until the next years. The initiative is really interesting, despite the difficulties to take it forward. It may succeed in the next years, as the urban core of Casablanca is still growing relentlessly. This project is a good way to anticipate this growth with a carefull planification of the surroundings in order to avoid problems of a fast development. Infact the strategy integrates the settlements built by people moved from the city to the periphery by improving the compact urban core and basic infrastructures, such as water system, roads, lighting, sanitar and cleaning system. Recycling greywater not only provides water for irrigation, but also rise the level of local precipitation by reducing the surface temperature through its evapotranspiration. This generates a balanced system. When the water cycles are stabilized, Casablanca would then have enough fresh water to support further development. Finally, thanks to the integrated urban agriculture is possible to generate a sustainable vegetable and fruit production, which will benefit both the population and the investors of the project.

BIBLIOGRAPHY UAC project FEDERAL MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND RESEARCH, Urban Agriculture Casablanca, Germany, 2011 http://www.uac-m.org/ http://www.alnap.org/pool/files/2012-05-13-resilientcities-sessionb4-martin-han.pdf http://ifc.dpz.es/recursos/publicaciones/31/76/12avila. pdf http://www.actaf.co.cu/revistas/revista_au_1-18/ AU22/8b_marruecos.pdf

CITIES OUT OF WATER - UAC Project, Morocco

COLEGIO SAN CHRISTOFERUS Lima, Peru Astrid Paul

city

high

>10.000L

location: Peru, Lima Metropolitana, Chorrillos district latitude: 12°03’S height: 46m m.a.s.l. climate: warm desert6 average temperature: min14°C / max26°C annual precipitacion: 9mm peculiar natural phenomenons: El Niño, La Niña population: 8,500,842 (INEI 2012) population density: 3181/km²

5Km

CITIES OUT OF WATER - Colegio San Christoferus, Peru

low

>100L

SCALE

DESIGN INTEGRATION

WATER OUTPUT VOLUME

ENERGY DEMAND

null

>1L

WATER OUTPUT

house

>10L

WATER INPUT

context Lima is the second largest city in the desert after Cairo. The population of Metropolitan Lima has increased about ten times in 50 years. Infrastructure, especially freshwater and sanitation system, has not been able to keep up with this development. As a result, some twenty percent of the population have no connection to the public water network. Beyond, about 40% of all potable water is being lost due to leaks, less than 10% of all wastewaters are being treated and reused. This careless dealing with water resources drives average water consumption per capita near 250L/day (SEDAPAL 2007). In addition to water scarcity and its bad quality, the population has to deal with sudden water abundance, when narrow rivers and irrigation canals filled by rainfalls from the Andes lead to floodings in the neighbourhoods.

neighbourhood

>1000L

adapted from: http://www.oowproject.com/mapping/evaluation-matrix/ water evaluation: performance diagram

200m

project description San Cristoferus College is an institution in Chorrillos for mentally or physical disabled children. It has been founded in 1989 and employs six teachers taking care of 35 underage stundents. The estate of the school covers some 0.6 ha next to a vacant plot. Ordinary school classrooms have been replaced by activities which bring the pupils in contact with nature and teach them useful skills at a time. Therefore the school includes a carpentry, a bakery and a bio-garden. While composting had been started very early, the school was operating a conventional water cycle. In 2006, the Peruvian Rotary club was adressed for helping in the planning and construction phase of a new sanitation system and a new playground. Soon rose the idea to focus on possibilities of reuse. This meant that the users would have to rethink their way of dealing with water. Most of the construction work has been done by German students under the supervision of professionals. Volunteers still provide additions and adjustments to the project.

keywords: sustinable sanitation status: realized year: 2007-2008 dimension: 0.6 ha position: urban location: Chorrillos district average income: mixed environmental conditions: urbanized water sources: public network, gray and black water function: waste water reuse actors: Rotária del Perú, Centro Educativo Básico Especial “San Christoferus”, private patrons, volunteers, Pro Niñon association

CITIES OUT OF WATER - Colegio San Christoferus, Peru

project view

treatment

collection

analysis Due to its activities and its large areas, the education centre has a large water consumption. This is an ecological as well as an economical issue. Every kind of wastewater that is produced on the site is being treated in a own, appropriate way: there are constructed wetlands, urine diverting dry toilets (UDDT), compost filters for black water. All water that contains solids as faeces or grease, pass through a ventilated double chamber compost filter, a grease trap or a gravel filter bed. While the solids are taken to a vermicomposter,projects the effluents are being treated in a second step ble sanitation in two reed beds. Afterwards they are ready for irrigation. The biowaste from kitchen and gardening is composted in greywater reuse system ordinary compost heaps to be used as fertilizer. The urine Peru from the UDDTs, after a month of storing, is usable as

biowaste

faeces/manure

Organic waste from: 1 - Kitchen 2 - Garden

2 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; UDDT (2), outdoors

1 - Kitchen: compost holes 2 - Garden waste: compost heaps

urine

1 - Indoors: 12 flush toilets 2 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; UDDT (2), outdoors

1 - Blackwater: compost filter systems to separate solids and liquid phase. Liquid phase treated in a constructed wetland, solids are vermicomposted (2 beds).

2 - Dehydration and composting

2 - Storage

reuse

1 - Treated blackwater for irrigation Compost from biowaste, blackwater treatment and faeces from UDDT used for soil improvement

2 - Urine used as fertilizer for fruit trees

greywater 1 - School kitchen, laundry and bakery 2 - Hand washing at UDDT 1 - Grease trap, effluent treated in constructed wetland 2 - Infiltration in a planted gravel filter

1 - Treated greywater for irrigation

Fig. 2: Applied sanitation components in this project (numbers 1 and 2 refer to different flow streams) CITIES OUT OF WATER - Colegio San Christoferus, Peru

2 Objective and motivation of the project

fertilizer for fruit trees. Afterwards some water is added to avoid bad smells. To keep the system running, daily effort ist necessary. While some tasks con be done by pumps, other tasks have to be achieved by the housekeeper, e.g. carring the chambers with solids or fertilizer to their next destination. In order to take advantage from the big amount of recycled waste water available within the school compound, nearly 50% of the area is cultivated as bio-garden.

critical assestment The idea of recycling and reusing water has several objectives: - reduce potable water consumption - reduce costs - irrigation of green areas - sensibilization of children - achieve a (nearly) closed watercycle - demonstrate the advantages of urine-diversion dehydration toilets. By treating and reusing as much water as possible, the institute is able to irrigate the double amount of area it could afford before. Also the water costs have been halfed. This means that every liter of water has reached a

400% efficiency. As most of the area is used as bio-garden, the school obtains an additional income by selling the harvest, thus is able to support poor families with disabled children. Aesthetically, the site has profited a lot from the new system. Large parts of the grounds can be irrigated, the constructed wetlands themselves are beautiful and well integrated in the garden design. A project of this scale needs also the approval and the support of the users.

CITIES OUT OF WATER - Colegio San Christoferus, Peru

44 proposal From an economical and ecological point of view, the project has shown great results. On the other hand, there are some weak points. 1. the maintenance of the system resulted to be a problem, due to lack of specialists, appropriate materials and willingness to deal with faeces and urine, now matters how hygenic the system is claimed to be.

2. For reasons of cost reduction, the system has been designed to minimum requests and maximum service. As soon as the average water consumption has exceeded or a tank is not emptied every day, the reed beds are in risk of overflowing. 3. The local sand that has been used in the filters is too fine; therefore pipes are often clogged.

criterion

before

after

population equivalents

irrigated area consumption of potable water production of edibles sanitation system maintenance

25% 100%

53 + one neighbourhood house 50% 50%

? minimum

medium

A start regular maintenance by professionals; serving several projects the cost might be reduced

B provide education to the users so they learn the importance of using the facilities correctly

C enlarge tanks by professionals; serving several projects the cost to provide a puffer in case of irregularities D replace unsuitable materials no matter what the costs may be; this will prevent larger costs in the future E get in contact with similar projects to solve problems together and learn from each other

CITIES OUT OF WATER - Colegio San Christoferus, Peru

45 BIBLIOGRAPHY geo-urban overview http://www.iten-online.ch/klima/amerika/peru/lima.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima project HOFFMANN, H., RÜD, S., SCHÖPE, A., Blackwater and greywater reuse system Chorrillos, Lima, Peru, Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA), http://www.susana. org/docs_ccbk/susana_download/2-70-en-susana-csperu-lima-sanchristoferus-2009.pdf, 2009 Colegio San Christoferus Homepage, http://www.sanchristoferus.com/index.html, http://www.sanchristoferus.com/files/dokumentation_ workcamp_lima_2007.pdf http://www.sanchristoferus.com/files/abwasserreinigung. pdf

CITIES OUT OF WATER - Colegio San Christoferus, Peru

KIBBUTZ LOTAN Eilat, Israel Ines Wulfert, Veronika Schubach

city

high

>10.000L

location: Israel, Arava Valley/Negev Desert, Kibbutz Lotan latitude:29°59’N height: 122m climate: warm desert6 average temperature: min 9°C / max41°C annual precipitacion: 29mm peculiar natural phenomenons: groundwater sources population: about 150 population density: 1500/km2

low

>100L

SCALE

DESIGN INTEGRATION

WATER OUTPUT VOLUME

ENERGY DEMAND

null

>1L

WATER OUTPUT

house

>10L

WATER INPUT

The Kibbutz Lotan was founded in 1983 with the discovery of a significant source of groundwater. It is located in the Arava Valley of southern Israel. The term Kibbutz is the hebrew appellation for a collective community. The base of a kibbutz relies on two main principles: mutual assistance and social fairness. Traditionally the communities foundation was agriculture, but today there are several different economic means of income, for instance the Kibbutz focused on eco-tourism, establishing an ecological campus, where workshops about earth building, recycling and creative ecology are hold for tourists. The Arava Region is a hot and dry area between the Dead Sea and the Red Sea.The zone contains a unique ecosystem with plants and animals from Europe, Asia and Africa. Nevertheless it isn’t properly a sanddesert because rich in groundwater sources.

neighbourhood

>1000L

adapted from: http://www.oowproject.com/mapping/evaluation-matrix/ Fig.1 water evaluation: performance diagram Kibbutz Yahel

Kibbutz Lotan

Kibbutz Ketura Fig.2 CITIES OUT OF WATER - Kibbutz Lotan, Israel

living area

ecological campus

constructed wetlands

Kibbutz Lotan

1:400 Fig.3

project description The Arava Valley is located along the flight routes of a vast number of species of migratory birds. In the past the Eilat area provided the birds with food, water and shelter. In recent years, their habitat was affected by urban growth. The inhabitants of Kibbutz Lotan did not want their presence to destroy the birds living space, thus took measures to preserve the surrounding environment, primarily by taking responsibility for their own waste. In 1996 the Kibbutz Lotan decided to establish the ecological educational Bird Park. The center preserves a reserve for migrating birds. As heart of the Bird Park they finished the Lotan Constructed Wetlands in 2008. The constructed wetlands are now an area where migrating birds can safely stop on their long journeys to feed themselves, drink and rest. Visitors can enjoy watching them. The treated water will be completely utilized in the Bird Park.

Fig.4

keywords: constructed wetlands status: partially built year: 2008 dimension: 10 ha position: rural location: Arava Valley (Israel) avarage income: medium environmental conditions: desert water sources: groundwater source functions: treatment of wastewater, bird park actors: Inhabitants of Kibbutz Lotan, Jewish National Fund

Fig.5 CITIES OUT OF WATER - Kibbutz Lotan, Israel

50 cow barn

Key to stages existing stage 1 stage 2 stage 3

existing straw separator

straw separator drying surfaces

anaerobic separation tank

constructed wetlands

delivery pumps

municipal waste Lotan

collecting pond

water ponds for birds

irrigation pumps

irrigation of garden,bird park

Fig.6

Fig.7

Fig.8

critical assestment The constructed wetlands are built as part of an ecological-educational Bird Park in conjunction with the Jewish National Fund and the Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel/Bird Life International. But as part of the whole sewage-treatment system of the Kibbutz Lotan, the wetlands serve also as filtering system for the householdâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s waste water. In a desert area with just one source of groundwater the recycling of wastewater is a necessity. The water for the Kibbutz is supplied by the local water authority. For drinking purposes the water is treated by reverse osmosis. The water use by the households, including the tourist accomodations, is up to 90mÂł/day. The highest water consumer is the dairy farm, whereas it is also the biggest waste water producer with up to 130mÂł/day dur

ing summer. The waste water from sanitation is commonly seperated in tanks and then filtered in the constructed wetlands. The sewage is treated and can be used for the irrigation of the agricultural land. Thus wetlands evoid pollution of the aquifer. Besides some waste water from the kitchens can be used directly to irrigate the gardens. In the ecological campus dry toilets were introduced as pilot project. Straw with dung from goats is used in the toilets to fix the human excrements. After a drying period of 4 months, it can be used as fertilizer for agriculture. The project shall now serve as an example of extensive wetlands in Arava Valley for other neighbouring communities ans as test ground for appropriate plants to desert climate.

Fig.9 CITIES OUT OF WATER - Kibbutz Lotan, Israel

solids gravitation

cow barn (500 cows) + goats

drying surfaces (sandy soil)

liquids

3000 mg|l BOD

daily 120 m続

pump

fertilizer

municipal wastes

irrigation

gravitation

SEPTIC SYSTEM

anaerobic sedimentation tank total volume 550m続

5 mg|l BOD

1500 mg|l BOD H-shaped pipes 4 days

10 days

Fig.10

proposal There are two sources of wastewater: stable and domestic waste water. The treatment runs through three sections. 1. Anaerobic sedimentation tank. While the solid dung is dried and used as fertilizer, the liquids together with the municipal wasts are pumped into the septical tanks, where the BOD is reduced to the half of its original value. 2. Constructed wetlands. Five pools built on a gradient filter the wastewater through gravel and waterplants. The filtering process reduces the amount of BOD to 5mg/l. Afterwards the treated water is collected in a big pool. 3. Birds water bodies. The water from the lagoons and the treated wastewater from the CWs can be used to irrigate the gardens and the the planned bird park

Fig.12

Fig.11 Section of Constructed Wetlands

Fig.13 CITIES OUT OF WATER - Kibbutz Lotan, Israel

straw separator drying surfaces

anaerobic separation tank

delivery pumps

constructed wetlands

collecting pond irrigation pumps irrigation of garden,bird park

conclusions The advantages of using this specific sewage treatment system including the constructed wetlands are various. Technical aspects. First of all the watercycle within the Kibbutz is completely closed and the sideproducts of the treatment are efficiently reused (e.g. sludge for agriculture). Another important point is that the treatment of waste water is almost completely achieved through a passive process of gravitational flow, while the limited amounts of pumping required is facilitated by solar energy. Therefore the system requires very low maintenace. The key element are constructed wetlands, which are part of the primary treatment system whereas it commonly functions as a tertiary or finishing process. Social/cultural aspects. On the one hand within a desert settlement optimized reuse of water and nutrients has a more important impact on environment than ponds for migrating birds. On the other hand the birds lost their natural habitat in Eliat area because of human interventions. Thus the effort of the Kibbutz Lotan to balance this loss is admirable. Additionally the construction of the ecological campus as well as the wetlands have a strong educational effect on the neighbouring communities and the visitors. Therefore the Kibbutz Lotan can be seen as a pioneer by implementing and combining new techniques with social and cultural aspects. Unfortunately there are also some disadvantages within the system. Septic system. The sedimentation of dairy waste water is not sufficient. A big amount of solids is washed out and contributes clogging of sewage system and pumps. Another problem is the BOD concentration. After the sedimentation process should range between 1000 and 1200 mg/l, whereas until now the concentration is 1500 mg/l. Birdâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s ponds. High nutrient concentration in the birds ponds has a negative effect on the water organisms. So it is somehow contradictory to reuse the same water for irrigation purposes for the birds ponds: irrigation water need a certain organic percentage to provide the right amount of nutrients for plants and soil.

CITIES OUT OF WATER - Kibbutz Lotan, Israel

1 Sedimentation pond

water ponds for birds Fig.14

element in the system, to reach a lower BOD level after the water treatment in the septical tanks. 2 Different water streams In order to reach the right amount of nutrients for the irrigation of the bird park as well as for the ponds themselves it is important to seper-

53 IMAGE SOURCES Fig.1 Waterevaluation Fig.2 Satellite picture of Kibbutz Lotan Fig. 3 Map of Israel http://www.welt-blick.de/landkarten/israel-landkarte.png Fig.4 Satellite picture of Ecological Campus Fig.5 Aerial view of Kibbutz Lotan http://www.kibbutzlotan.com/assets/images/birdwatchingPlan.jpg Fig.6 stages of treatment Fig.7, 8, 9 Constructed wetland http://www.fluidiscourse.com/images/kibbutz-lotan/4526588 Fig.10 scheme of ecological cycle of matter Fig.11 Section:Tank of constructed wetland www.landsurvey-intl.com/userfiles/costructed%20wetland.jpg Fig.12 waterplants in summer http://www.fluidiscourse.com/images/kibbutz-lotan/4526588 Fig.13 constructed wetland in winter http://www.fluidiscourse.com/images/kibbutz-lotan/4526588 Fig.14 proposal for the stages of treatment BIBLIOGRAPHY geo-urban overview _ Artikel: http://www.focus.de/reisen/reisefuehrer/arabische-halbinsel/oekotrendsetter-in-israel-mitziegenmistin-eine-oekologische-zukunft_aid_699336.html http://www.juedische-allgemeine.de/article/print/id/12799 Constructed wetlands: _ Kibbutz: www.kibbutzlotan.com http://www.jnf.org/work-we-do/blueprint-negev/kibbutz-lotan.html www.ayala-nbs.com project _ Constructed wetlands: http://constructedwetlands.probeinternational.org/ _ Lotan wetlands: http://constructedwetlands.probeinternational.org/photo-gallery-israel/ http://www.fluidiscourse.com/images/kibbutz-lotan/4526588 http://ec.europa.eu/environment/life/project/Projects/index. cfm?fuseaction=home.showFile&rep=file&fil=LIFE04_TCY_ IL_000027_LAYMAN.pdf www.ayala-nbs.com proposal http://ec.europa.eu/environment/life/proj ect/Projects/index.cfm?fuseaction=home. showFile&rep=file&fil=LIFE04_TCY_IL_000027_LAYMAN.pdf www.old.sviva.gov.il/environment/static/binaries/articals/report-wastewater_1.pdfdex.cfm?fuseaction=home.showFile&rep=file&fil=LIFE04_ TCY_IL_000027_LAYMAN.pdf www.old.sviva.gov.il/environment/static/binaries/articals/report-wastewater_1.pdf

CITIES OUT OF WATER - Kibbutz Lotan, Israel

PEEPOOPLE Kibera, Kenya Julia Werwigk, Leonardo Alings

city

high

>10.000L

location: Kenya, Nairobi, Kibera latitude: 1°19’S altitude: 1795 m.a.s.l. climate: tropical savanna6 average temperature: min.12°C / max. 23.4°C annual precipitacion: 1024,2 mm peculiar natural phenomenons: two rainy seasons population: between 300,000 - 1,000,000 population density: 200,000/km²

low

>100L

SCALE

DESIGN INTEGRATION

WATER OUTPUT VOLUME

ENERGY DEMAND

null

>1L

WATER OUTPUT

house

>10L

WATER INPUT

context Kibera where 40-49 % of the population live under poverty line is the poorest area in the city of Nairobi. The number of inhabitants range between 300,000 and 1 million, one of the biggest slums in the world. Lack of space and high poverty produce consequent conditions: lack of education, poor nutrition, pollution, water scarcity. Only 25 km are piped, partially built out of plastic garbage which receive just little or no water. 4% of the population have direct water access, the rest relies on private water providers, water kiosks and yard taps with bad water quality. The supply of this heavily polluted water is the main reason for diseases in the slum. In most cases, approx. 150 people share one pit latrine which are in devastating conditions. There are also communal facilities, however demanding high user fees for utilizing.

neighbourhood

>1000L

adapted from: http://www.oowproject.com/mapping/evaluation-matrix/ water evaluation: performance diagram

NAIROBI Kibera

Fig.3 CITIES OUT OF WATER - Peepoople, Kenya

57 200 m

Kibera

Fig.4

project description Peepoo is a low-tech attempt to fight the severe sanitation problems in Kibera. Designed by a swedish NGO (PeePoople, founded 2006) the project basically consists in small bags that can be used as mobile toilets. In contrast to the widely spread â&#x20AC;&#x153;flying toiletsâ&#x20AC;? (polyethene bags used for defecation), the Peepoo-bags are fully biodegradable. Each bag contains 4 grams of urea that help to decompose the pathogenic germs and to convert it into fertiliser. In this way, the bags can either be burried in collective points or used for agriculture without contaminating the groundwater. The project is embedded in a broad organisational and social framework. Under the responsibility of the NGO, distribution and collection of the bags is organised by local people, including women micro-entrepreneurs or cooperatives.

keywords: low-tech ecological sanitation, water emergency status: built year: since 2005, ongoing dimension: 250 ha position: periurban location: Kibera neighborhood avarage income: low environmental conditions: polluted water sources: rain-,grey-, blackwater function: decentralised toilet actors: NGO, citizens, peri-urban farmers

Fig.5 CITIES OUT OF WATER - Peepoople, Kenya

there is a number of “soft” impacts on the slum. Among others, unemployment is reduced thanks to the training of Peepoo-bag-contributors, women role is strengthened, as they are given extensive training on the product. Inhibitory attitude concerning sanitation is also minimised and criminal acts against women are reduced, due to a safe use of the bags at home.

UREA UREASE + (in the bags) (in the faeces)

CARBON DIOXID + AMMONIA (microbicidal effect)

TURN FAECES INTO FERTILISER

analysis The Peepoo-project strives to find a sanitation-system adapted to the people’s needs and the spatial circumstances in a highly densified area. By providing a cheap and easy-to-use system, the sanitation is decentralised and can be used in every kind of space. The improvement compared to the traditional “flying toilets” (polyethylen bags) is the biodegradable material and the bag’s capacity to turn the faeces into fertiliser. This happens thanks to a chemical reaction initiated by 4 grams of urea being an essential component of each bag. In combination with urease (in the faeces), urea splits into carbon dioxid and ammonia. The latter has a microbicidal effect that inactivates pathogens and thus converts the faeces into fertiliser. The peepoo-bags lead to improvements on various layers: The water consumption is reduced because the bags do require neither potable nor grey water. Furthermore, the contamination of the soil and ground water is reduced considerably. In addition to these “hard” improvements,

Fig.6,7,8 9,10,11

Fig.12 two biodegradable bags with 4 grams urea inside

inside the Peepoo there are 4 grams of urea which inactivates pathogens

CITIES OUT OF WATER - Peepoople, Kenya

combination of urease (faeces), urea splits into carbon dioxid and ammonia

ammonia has a microbicidal effect

peepoo can be used as nutritious fetilizer in nutrient-poor soil

59 Kibera

compost (= fertiliser) transported by vehicles

use of compost or planting on buried bags

composting at community level or direct burial

Collection and distribution by Silanga Youth Group under the supervision of Millennium Environmental Services

HOLISTIC â&#x20AC;&#x153;LOW-TECHâ&#x20AC;? SANITATION-CYCLE

How is the Peepoo used?

crop grown is consumed (foodEither crops)hand-held or or placed in a small container used (non-food crops) The inner green tube is wider and acts as a funnel

transported by suitable vehicles

use of Peepoo-bags!

critical assesstment The Peepoo-project is evidently not a permanent solution. Nevertheless, it improves considerably sanitation conditions in a slum, but this could bring along that politicians will no longer take the responsibility for a better sanitation concept. From the very beginning Peepoo should thus be introduced as a good starting point of a long process rather than promoting it as a universal remedy. In the long term, another disadvantage of the project wil be the dependence on the NGO Peepoole. Instead of promoting local business to produce the bags, the production remains in Europe. In addition to these problems, the bags still need to be improved technically: on one hand, bags may still degrade too slowly (see picture on the right), whilst on the other hand they often rip too early, letting the toxic ammonia leak into the environment.

Fig.13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18

Fig.19

Fig.20 CITIES OUT OF WATER - Peepoople, Kenya

60 proposal As mentioned above, the Peepoo project is a very clever solution for the current situation in Kebera as it offers a simple and quick improvement of sanitation conditions. Nevertheless, more permanent solutions need to be integrated step by step. These should not replace the bags completely, but simply work as best practices for future developments. These reflections form the basis for the following design proposal.

Status quo At present, the few latrines in Kibera are in devastating conditions. Water and soil are extremely contaminated, provoking intense odours and severe diseases. together with other garbage every sort of open space.

Fig.21 1st step Peepoo bags are produced in such a high amount so that they can replace the former latrines. Step by step, the soil around the latrines is decontaminated by vegetation. After some months, a platform is installed on this decontaminated soil in order to reclaim the space for a new function. This space serves as social meeting point and example of the fertilising function of peepoo bags.

Fig.22 2nd step The social platform can be developed into a more permanent sanitary installation by adding shallow eco-pit latrines. This can tie in with the stations for hand washing Peepoo built up near bag collection points. Trees which are planted very close to the latrine can take advantage out of the nutrients by invading the organic material with the roots and extracting nutrients which accelerate their growth. These latrines do not replace the use of Peepoo bags, however achieve an additional improvement of the slumâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s sanitary conditions.

Fig.23 CITIES OUT OF WATER - Peepoople, Kenya

61 conclusions Despite the above mentioned problems, the Peepoo project is a reasonable solution for high density areas like Kibera. Not only the improvement of the ecological situation but also the “soft” impacts it has on the community are very important. As best practice, Peepoo is not only to be seen as a measure for hygienic reasons but also as a food and income source. The special way the designers handle the precarious topic probably makes Peepoo so effective, not only in Kenia but also in Bangladesh where Peepoo bags are also improving immensly sanitary conditions. They didn’t try to propose western standards of hygiene, on the contrary they tied in with the way people used the bags before. As the Peepoole-NGO started the mass production of the bags in summer 2012, it is very likely that the project will be working for some more years. Nevertheless, in the long run, the NGO should retire step by step from Kibera so that the project can stand on its own feet, producing the bags locally.

IMAGE SOURCES fig. 3. http://maps.google.de fig 4. http://maps.google.de fig. 5. https://sge.lclark.edu/wp/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/Kiberafrom-the-air1.jpeg fig.6. http://www.peepoople.com/wp-content/files_ mf/1329318506A_0009_FelixBr%C3%BCggemann0687.jpg fig.7. http://a3.mndcdn.com/image/upload/t_article_v2/fua2mbzstadtyn8wcjpq.jpg fig.8. http://peepoople.files.wordpress.com/2009/12/dscn20011600x1200.jpg?w=480&h=360 fig.9. http://www.peepoople.com/wp-content/files_mf/cache/th_e53e6c2 b21d540f547a4be8fe013cb3a_1328956977AnnsellingPeepoos3.JPG fig.10. http://farm9.staticflickr.com/8022/7337366852_63c1d68cde_ z.jpg fig.11. http://www.100innovationer.com/images/18.45684acb1357fad7 5b880001870/1330017994215/Bild+5+Peepoo.jpg fig.12. http://www.solutionsforwater.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/ Peepoo-Technical-Brief-Semi-manual-production-Dec-2011.pdf fig. 13. http://www.danielsato.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2009/07/ peepoo-bag-by-wilhelmson-arkitekter-3093759420_143bd7eeb2_b300x225.jpg fig.14. http://huussi.net/tapahtumat/DT2009/pdf/present_Camilla_Wirseen.pdf fig. 15. http://www.isaude.net/img/img/6390/295/the-biodegradableplastic-bag-swedish-in.jpg fig. 16. http://peepoople.files.wordpress.com/2009/12/dscn20211600x1200.jpg fig. 17. http://huussi.net/tapahtumat/DT2009/pdf/present_Camilla_Wirseen.pdf fig. 18. http://www.worldviewinternational.org/wordpress/wp-content/ uploads/2008/06/missi-eating-no-shirt.jpg fig. 19. http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3418/3831502464_110f0ce2de_ z.jpg fig. 20. https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_ embedded&v=oz2KikG6fyY fig.21. http://farm8.staticflickr.com/7036/6840640264_5c7f8372f2_z. jpg fig.22,23 student elaboration from fig.21 BIBLIOGRAPHY geo-urban overview www.practicalaction.org/video/view/kiberasanitation/ www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?cid=3220&catid=206&typeid=13 www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kibera www.maps.google.de http://www.susana.org/docs_ccbk/susana_download/2-740-mathengemscthesis2009.pdf http://www.kibera.org.uk/Facts.html project www.peepoople.com www.saniblog.org/2010/04/30/the-peepoo-bag-system-top-or-flop/ http://fairplanet.net/2010/03/peepoo-einwegtoilette-als-dunger/ www.youtube.com/watch?feature=playerembedded&v=UJZhS252tdM http://www.susana.org/docs_ccbk/susana_download/2-900-en-urbanslum-dwellers-kenya-bangladesh-2009.pdf http://www2.gtz.de/Dokumente/oe44/ecosan/en-peepoo-bags-assessment-Kibera-2009.pdf proposal http://www.bao-a.com/gansubathhouse.html www.sustainable-cycles.com/need.html www.susana.org/docs_ccbk/susana_download/2-989-ecological-toilets1-12-kl.pdf www.ecosanres.org/pdf_files/Trees_As_Recyclers_of_Nutrients_from_Human_Excreta_%20Sept_2011.pdf

CITIES OUT OF WATER - Peepoople, Kenya

city

high

>10.000L

location: Chile, Atacama coast, Alto Patache latitude: 22°0’S altitude: 700-850 m.a.s.l. climate: cold desert6 average temperature: min 14°C / max25°C annual precipitacion: 1mm peculiar natural phenomenons: no rain, regular fog population: > 1 million (Atacama desert) population density: very low

low

>100L

SCALE

DESIGN INTEGRATION

WATER OUTPUT VOLUME

ENERGY DEMAND

null

>1L

WATER OUTPUT

house

>10L

WATER INPUT

context The Atacama Desert which stretches from the southern border of Peru into the northern Chile, is according to many publications the driest desert in the world. In some parts rainfall has never been measured. Two main reasons cause the ongoing desertification. Climatic circumstances (the Andes block convective clouds coming from the Amazon basin on one side, the Humbold current provocates the rain to fall on the sea instead of the land on the other side). The other reason are the massive mining activities along the mountain range of Chile, which demand a lot of surface and subterranean water resources. Contrary to the total absence of rainfall, a dense fog known as “camanchaca” is abundant. Demographic data show that rural communities are decreasing and emigrating to cities like Iquique.

neighbourhood

>1000L

adapted from: http://www.oowproject.com/mapping/evaluation-matrix/ water evaluation: performance diagram

project description FogHive© is a lightweight, polyvalent and modular spaceframe, wrapped with a light hydrophobic mesh, which can collect fogwater. It also performs like a shading/cooling device and a soil humidifier for greenery and potential inhabitation. As it is a transformable construction, it can easily be installed on flatten or uneven grounds. Its footprint is hexagonal. Regarding the scale of intervention, FogHive© unit varies its dimensions. The landscape model has a 12m side, the local model a 9m side and the domestic model a 6m side. Different applications are in the focus: on one side water supply for larger settlement units, on the other side collecting dew from the roofs, in order to water and shade plants growing beneath.

keywords: collecting fog status: research project year:1997-1999 dimension: territorial/local/domestic position: rural location: Alto Patache, Atacama desert avarage income: low environmental conditions: natural water sources: fog function: provide fresh water actors: ecofabrica, Dr.Cristian Suau

analysis Since fogs are carried to the harvesting site by intermittent winds, the topographic shape and orientation towards prevailing winds, solar position and wind speeds/directions will be prominent in deciding the success of fog collectors. In order to increase the yield and harvesting of water collection, the size and material properties of nets (colours, patterns, filaments types and hydrophobic features) have to augment. The study highlights several factors that should be considered in selecting an appropriate site for fog harvesting in Atacama coast: wind speed, air temperature and fog water content, relative humidity, topography, relief in the surrounding areas, altitude, orientation of the topographic features, lenght/height/ratio and spacing between collectors, crestline and upwind locations. The polyhedral structures meshes do not just respond to

CITIES OUT OF WATER - FOGHIVE ÂŠ, Chile

fog catching collection but also allow potential inhabitation for endangered local flora and fauna or micro-agriculture through their shading performance. As the structure is lightweight and easy to build and move, it can be replaced as soon as a the flora and fauna has been succesfully installed. The device is supposed to supply water for rural inhabitants, even small communitites. They urgently need new water ressources since ground water is scarce and polluted. Water is needed to reinstall micro flora, for agriculture and also for feeding livestock. If a waterpurification system is connected, even drinkwater quality could be reached. Without new water resources the pressure on local population will further increase and force inhabitants to move to cities.

critical assesstment The big problem of Foghive is its hightech which makes quite complicate its introduction into the area where is needed. Are requested materials and knowledge which are not availibe. For the moment it seems impossible to realise a Foghive installation without support in terms of knowledge and material from outside. If it was possible to teach the technology to local population, the project could play an important role in a further development of common fog catchers. Due to many problems common fog catchers have, like weakness against strong winds, maintenance and flexibility, the Foghive proposes well thought approaches. Feasibility and acceptance from the locals is the challenge.

CITIES OUT OF WATER - FOGHIVE ÂŠ, Chile

68 proposal Foghive tries to give too many solutions in one installation, which makes the project loosing its feasability. The concept of tridimensional structure could be applied to a more simple solution, such as realise fog catchers with common materials availible on site and familiar to locals. Less could be more, especially in a region like the Atacama desert. Tridimensional timber structures would be easier to realise and nets could be replaced by traditional ones.

CITIES OUT OF WATER - FOGHIVE ÂŠ, Chile

69 conclusions The research has been done very properly which leads to a well based solution. Technical, infrastructural such as social aspects has been taken into consideration. Nevertheless its complexity shouldnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t affect the whole project in the phase of the realisation and implimetation. Probably it should be integrated into a larger program which shows and teaches the locals the function and utility of Foghive. Once they see and understand the multilayer solution it offers and they have been taught how to build and where to get the materials, a bigger possibillity for success could arise. As the research leader wrote, the pilot project needs to be confirmed multi-usage.

BIBLIOGRAPHY geo-urban overview Ecofab http://www.ecofab.org/index.php?/projects/foghive-3dfogtrap-chile/ Fog Collection and Sustainable Architecture in Atacama Coast, Dr. Cristian Suau, Cardiff University, Welsh School of Architecture Fog as a Fresh-Water Resource: Overview and Perspectives Otto Klemm, Review paper

CITIES OUT OF WATER - FOGHIVE ÂŠ, Chile

70 NOTES

IMAGE SOURCES

“Global drylands, a UN system-wide response”, United Nations, 2011 2 UNEP, 2007 3 Brasil, Russia, India, China. 4 UN Habitat, 2012 5 “OutOfWater”, Aziza Chaouni, Liat Margolis, John H. Daniels Faculty of Architecture, Landscape and Design, University of Toronto, 2008-2012 6 Köppen climate classification

Fig.1: Lima, view over San Juan de Lurigancho district, photo ILPÖ, 2012 Fig.2: ”Arid regions of the world”, Samuel Daley, Adam Marcus, Spring 2012 Fig.3a-d: adaptation from ”Out of Water Project” evaluation matrix, John H. Daniels Faculty of Architecture, Landscape, and Design | University of Toronto http://www.oowproject.com Fig.4: adaptation from ”Arid regions of the world”, Samuel Daley, Adam Marcus, Spring 2012

CITIES OUT OF WATER

71 LITERATURE Geo-ecology Nature and Culture, Pilgrim/Pretty, EARTHSCAN, London 2010 Geo Botanik, Rüdiger Wittig, UTB Basics, HAPUT, Bern/ Stuttgart/Wien, 2012 The ecozones of the world, Jürgen Schultz, Springer, Stuttgart 2002 Stadtökologie, Sukopp/Wittig, Gustav Fischer, 1998 Water emergency and arid lands Aridscapes : designing in harsh and fragile lands, Shlomo Aronson, Gustavo Gili, Barcelona 2008I Waterscapes: usung plant system to treat water, Hélène Izembart, Bertrand Le Boudec, Gustavo Gili, Barcelona 2003 Atlas der Globalisierung, Le Monde Diplomatique, Paris 2009 Wem gehört das Wasser, Klaus Lanz, Lars Müller, Christian Rentsch, René Schwarzenbach, Lars Müller Publishers, Baden 2006 Topos 68/ December 2009, Water,Resource and Threat UN Water: http://www.unwater.org/statistics.html United Nation Convantion to combat desertification (UNCCD): http://www.unccd.int/en/Pages/default.aspx Switch EU Programme, “Managing water for the cities of the future”: http://www.switchurbanwater.eu/demos/4.php World Water Council: http://www.worldwatercouncil.org/ International rivers organization: http://www.internationalrivers.org/ “OutOfWater” Conference Toronto: http://www.oowproject.com/description/ Arid Land Institute Woodbury University http://aridlands.woodbury.edu/ Bremen Overseas Reasearch and Development Association http://www.borda-net.org/browse/2.htm Traditional knowledge world bank: http://www.tkwb.org/web/ Water management and sustainable design Water sensitive urban design, Hoyer/Dickhaut/Kronawitter/Weber, JOVIS, Hamburg 2011 Integrated urban water management: arid and semiarid regions, Larry M.Mays, UNESCO Publishing, Taylor&Francis, Leiden 2009 nvention/Transformation, strategies for the Qattara/Jimi Oases in Al Ain, Jorge Silvetti, Felipe Correa, Harvard University/ADACH, Somatic Collaborative Publications, New York 2010 The rainwater technology handbook, rainharvesting in building, Klaus W.König, Publisher Wilo-Brain, Dortmund 2001 Waterscapes: Planen, Bauen und Gestalten mit Wasser,

Herbert Dreiseitl, Dieter Grau, Karl H.C.Ludwig, Birkhäuser 2001 Water and urban development paradigms, towards an integration of engineering, design and management approaches, Jan Feyen, Kelly Shannon, Matthew Neville, CRC Press Taylor&Francis Group, London 2009 Sustainable urban environment, an ecosystem approach, Ellen van Bueren, Hein van Bohemen, Laure Itard, Henk Visscher, Springer, 2012 WSUD, Water Sensitive Urban Design program: http://www.wsud.org/ Improving Water efficiency in residential buildings http://www.asla.org/ContentDetail.aspx?id=24988 flux. Dieterle Landcshaftsarchitektur http://www.bw.bdla.de/pdf/kulturlandschaft_aquaurbanelandschaften_dieterle_111115.pdf Ecofab: www.ecofab.org Lemond diplomatique ATLAS DER GLOBALISIERUNG: http://www.monde-diplomatique.de/pm/.popup_atlas2009_olink Humidity recovery technologies http://www.rexresearch.com/airwells/airwells.htm Agricultural water in Israel: http://www.israelnewtech.com/2012/07/oecd-and-unrecognize-israel-as-world-leader-in-water-for-agriculture/ Fog catchers http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2009/07/photogalleries/fog-catchers-harvest-air-water-missions/photo3. html http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2009/07/photogalleries/fog-catchers-harvest-air-water-missions/photo3. html http://www.atlasindustries.com/index. php?l1=79&type=slide&news_id=84 http://www.coroflot.com/imkehoehler/Bachelor-Thesis http://www.ayala-nbs.com/default.aspx?lang=en Arid landscapes, Greening Arid Australia http://www.aridlandscapes.com.au/index.html Water technologies in pre-hispanic Peru http://sechinensehistorico.blogspot.it/p/cultura-chavin.html Waste water sanitation Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA): http://www.susana.org/ Sustainable Sanitation and Water Management (SSWM): http://www.sswm.info/category/concept/concept-introduction Constructed wetlands, Agro- and Biotechnolgies Department, Katholieke Hogeschool Kempen, Belgium: http://www.constructedwetlands.net/index.html Constructed wetlands: http://www.constructedwetlands.net/index.html AYALA Phitotechnology applications New water treatment techniques in Israel http://israel21c.org/environment/israel-leading-the-way-inwastewater-treatment-techniques/ CITIES OUT OF WATER

72 IMPRINT

PARTICIPANTS

Editing: Andrea Balestrini

ILPÖ Team

Institute of Landscape Planning and Ecology, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, University of Stuttgart http://www.ilpoe.uni-stuttgart.de/

Prof. Antje Stokman M.Sc. Rossana Poblet Dipl.-Ing. Andrea Balestrini

Stuttgart, 2013

Students Leonardo Alings Silvana Bay David Burr Amparo Cabezuelo Benjamin Feller Karin Hauser Esther Jiménez Astrid Paul Carmen Schwarz Veronica Schubach Julia Werwigk Ines Wulfert

CITIES OUT OF WATER

Institute of Landscape Planning and Ecology ILPĂ&#x2013; Prof. Antje Stokman Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning University of Stuttgart Keplerstrasse 11 D 07174 Stuttgart http://www.ilpoe.uni-stuttgart.de/