XXIth International Conference on Electrical Machines Berlin, Germany – September 2-5, 2014
SS The electric platform as a mean for green-shipping
Green shipping in Emission Controlled Areas: Combining Smart Grids and Cold Ironing J. Prousalidis, G. Antonopoulos, C. Patsios, (NTUA-Greece) A. Greig, R. Bucknall (UCL-UK)
ICEM 2014
Green shipping in Emission Controlled Areas: Combining Smart Grids and Cold Ironing
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XXIth International Conference on Electrical Machines Berlin, Germany – September 2-5, 2014
Green Solutions
Propulsion Useful Work Service
Fuel Undesired sideproducts Emissions
Emissions Losses
Service
Losses ICEM 2014
Green shipping in Emission Controlled Areas: Combining Smart Grids and Cold Ironing
Propulsion 2
XXIth International Conference on Electrical Machines Berlin, Germany – September 2-5, 2014
Conventional Ship Energy Chain Emissions
Main Engine Fuel
Shaft Gen
EPG: Generators
Propulsion Shaft Motor
EPD: Power Distribution Network
EPC: Power Loads (Consumers)
Electric Power Management And Control System (EPMACS) Ship Electric Energy System
ICEM 2014
Green shipping in Emission Controlled Areas: Combining Smart Grids and Cold Ironing
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XXIth International Conference on Electrical Machines Berlin, Germany – September 2-5, 2014
Emission restrictions in maritime transportation (Kyoto’s Protocol, IMO’s policcy, MEPC, MARPOL/Annex) Key-words related to efficiency monitoring and control: EEDI, EEOI, SEEMP, ECA’s, ETS
Emission Control Areas (ECA): Nearby Coasts and Ports ETS: Emission Trade System
Reduce if not eliminate at all ship emissions in ECA’s
Emissions
Main Engine
Ship emissions…
Fuel
Propulsion
Shaft Gen
EPG: Generators
Shaft Motor
EPD: Power Distribution Network
EPC: Power Loads (Consumers)
Electric Power Management And Control System (EPMACS) Ship Electric Energy System
ICEM 2014
Green shipping in Emission Controlled Areas: Combining Smart Grids and Cold Ironing
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XXIth International Conference on Electrical Machines Berlin, Germany – September 2-5, 2014
Conventional Ship Energy Chain Emissions
In Port the main engine Main Engine Propulsion does not work Fuel
Shaft Gen
EPG: Generators
Shaft Motor
EPD: Power Distribution Network
EPC: Power Loads (Consumers)
Electric Power Management And Control System (EPMACS) Ship Electric Energy System
ICEM 2014
Green shipping in Emission Controlled Areas: Combining Smart Grids and Cold Ironing
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XXIth International Conference on Electrical Machines Berlin, Germany – September 2-5, 2014
Conventional Ship Energy Chain Energy Chain of an All Electric Ship
Emissions
EPC: Power Consumers Fuel
Prime Mover
(thermal engine) Shaft Motor
EPG: Generators
Electric In Port the propulsion motorsPropulsion do not work Motor
EPD: Power Distribution Network
Other Power Loads
Electric Power Management And Control System (EPMACS) Ship Electric Energy System ICEM 2014
Green shipping in Emission Controlled Areas: Combining Smart Grids and Cold Ironing
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XXIth International Conference on Electrical Machines Berlin, Germany – September 2-5, 2014
Design of Electric Power Generation Systems Electric load analysis for distinct operating modes eg. • sailing at sea • maneuvering • in Port (Cargo handling) • in Port (idle)
But
• ……
Generators are NOT selected (at least often) upon the power demands in ports !!!
ICEM 2014
Green shipping in Emission Controlled Areas: Combining Smart Grids and Cold Ironing
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XXIth International Conference on Electrical Machines Berlin, Germany – September 2-5, 2014
Design of Electric Power Generation Systems Generators are not (at least often) selected based on the power demands in ports
Common remark in auditing the operation of electric generators • the generators do not operate above75% of rated power (operate below their optimum operating area) (In contrast more generators are synchronized) • at berth they often operate below 30% !!! (high SFOC, high emissions, low efficiency, etc)
the ship operation in ECA’s is a challenge ICEM 2014
Green shipping in Emission Controlled Areas: Combining Smart Grids and Cold Ironing
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XXIth International Conference on Electrical Machines Berlin, Germany – September 2-5, 2014
A solution to ECA’s restrictions
Cold Ironing - Alternative Marine Power main concept
ICEM 2014
Green shipping in Emission Controlled Areas: Combining Smart Grids and Cold Ironing
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XXIth International Conference on Electrical Machines Berlin, Germany – September 2-5, 2014
Cold Ironing Alternative Marine POwer main concept
• Connect the ship to the inland mains (inland power generation is more environmental friendly…) (renewables incl. hydros, NG etc less pollutant than HFO/DFO) • Shut down the generators • Zero: ship emissions, (+noise both in the ship/port area) ICEM 2014
Green shipping in Emission Controlled Areas: Combining Smart Grids and Cold Ironing
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XXIth International Conference on Electrical Machines Berlin, Germany – September 2-5, 2014
Cold Ironing (main features) All ship engines are shut-down in port, while power is provided by inland mains via ship-shore power connection
• Lower emissions (and noise) caused by ships in ports • Inland electricity is greener (esp. renewables) • Fast/Efficient/Smart Power Management (esp. during plugging and unplugging) • Power Converters, Cables, Switches and Power Transformers for ship-shore interconnections ICEM 2014
Green shipping in Emission Controlled Areas: Combining Smart Grids and Cold Ironing
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XXIth International Conference on Electrical Machines Berlin, Germany – September 2-5, 2014
Cold Ironing Alternative Marine POwer main concept
Interesting idea but
• is it feasible ( from technical & economical point of view) ? Applications in California, Alaska (USA), Goteborg (Sweden) etc
• investments required ?
(ship + port + …. Inland power grid) Inland ElectricPower Grid
Ship
Port ICEM 2014
Green shipping in Emission Controlled Areas: Combining Smart Grids and Cold Ironing
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XXIth International Conference on Electrical Machines Berlin, Germany – September 2-5, 2014
Cold Ironing Alternative Marine Power main concept Ship electric energy systems Ships at berth (cargo handling, idle mode) ~ 500 kW for merchant ships (bulk carriers, tankers, ro-ro) ~ 5 MW for cruise ships !! (hot seasons, peaks in power) Inland ElectricPower Grid
Port ICEM 2014
Ship Green shipping in Emission Controlled Areas: Combining Smart Grids and Cold Ironing
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XXIth International Conference on Electrical Machines Berlin, Germany – September 2-5, 2014
Cold Ironing Alternative Marine Power main concept Inland electric energy systems But
Generation from : Renewables incl. hydro- , NG
in (small) islands (autonomous inland grids) fuel Marine Diesel (the problem is located elsewhere than Port : soot, particles,‌, noise) Inland ElectricPower Grid
Port ICEM 2014
Ship Green shipping in Emission Controlled Areas: Combining Smart Grids and Cold Ironing
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XXIth International Conference on Electrical Machines Berlin, Germany – September 2-5, 2014
Cold Ironing Alternative Marine POwer main concept
Investigate and well define a ‘win-win’ solution Inland Electric Power Grid
Port ICEM 2014
Ship Green shipping in Emission Controlled Areas: Combining Smart Grids and Cold Ironing
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XXIth International Conference on Electrical Machines Berlin, Germany – September 2-5, 2014
Exploitation of research on smart- (micro-) grids
ICEM 2014
Green shipping in Emission Controlled Areas: Combining Smart Grids and Cold Ironing
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The idea
XXIth International Conference on Electrical Machines Berlin, Germany – September 2-5, 2014
Cold Ironing & Smart Grids
Blending in two technologies (ship electrification & smart-grids) the research of which are running in parallel and aim at exploiting “green-power” with reduced emissions
ICEM 2014
Green shipping in Emission Controlled Areas: Combining Smart Grids and Cold Ironing
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XXIth International Conference on Electrical Machines Berlin, Germany – September 2-5, 2014
Exploitation of research on smart-grids Domains of Research and Development with parallel, if not common, trace: • low-carbon generation and renewable energy sources with the perspective of “Efficiency up, pollution down” and “take the best out of every component” • Requirements for energy storage • Power converters as coupling and/or maximizing performance interfaces • Power Management Systems (monitoring, control of bidirectional power flow, history trend analysis, decision making)
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Green shipping in Emission Controlled Areas: Combining Smart Grids and Cold Ironing
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XXIth International Conference on Electrical Machines Berlin, Germany – September 2-5, 2014
Smart – grids (main features) •Peak Power Haircut (smoothing power demands) Recommended measures
Charge electric vehicles (EVs) during power off-peaks (e.g. at night) Many EV energy storage units for propulsion motors each one of which on the order of up several kWs Difficulties/Challenges: Many small sized units to monitor/manage/control ICEM 2014
Green shipping in Emission Controlled Areas: Combining Smart Grids and Cold Ironing
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XXIth International Conference on Electrical Machines Berlin, Germany – September 2-5, 2014
Cold Ironing & Smart Grids Challenges to face Cover the power demands of ships “in port” - a ship power demand on the order of 0.5 – 8 MW !! Infrastructure of port (plugging)
Current Research in progress
Infrastructure of ships (plugging)
Current Research in progress
Can the inland grid support many ships simultaneously? “peak smoothing” via energy storage units ICEM 2014
Green shipping in Emission Controlled Areas: Combining Smart Grids and Cold Ironing
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XXIth International Conference on Electrical Machines Berlin, Germany – September 2-5, 2014
Cold Ironing & Smart Grids Idea to cultivate further and indulge to Are there any ESU’s of such capacity available??? Answer:Yes Flow Batteries -Vanadium Redox Batteries (VRB) (15-25 Wh/kg) - Vanadium Bromide (25-50 Wh/kg) -Zinc Bromine (Less available)
ICEM 2014
Green shipping in Emission Controlled Areas: Combining Smart Grids and Cold Ironing
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XXIth International Conference on Electrical Machines Berlin, Germany – September 2-5, 2014
Cold Ironing & Smart Grids Answer:Yes ďƒ¨ Flow Batteries -Vanadium Redox Batteries (VRB) (more readily available)
Exploited in EVs and Wind Parks so far
ICEM 2014
Green shipping in Emission Controlled Areas: Combining Smart Grids and Cold Ironing
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XXIth International Conference on Electrical Machines Berlin, Germany – September 2-5, 2014
Smart – grids (main features) •Peak Power Haircut (smoothing power demands) Recommended measures Flow Batteries + Cold Ironed Ships
Charge ESU’s of ships (during the night : ‘win-win’) The port becomes an energy hub Two birds at one stroke •Achieving the power smoothing more easily (fewer loads of larger demands) •Lowering pollution in ports, while the major investment is in ports not in ships ICEM 2014
Green shipping in Emission Controlled Areas: Combining Smart Grids and Cold Ironing
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XXIth International Conference on Electrical Machines Berlin, Germany – September 2-5, 2014
Smart – grids & Cold ironing •Peak Power Haircut (smoothing power demands) Recommended measures Flow Batteries + Cold Ironed Ships
Additional features • Retrofitting of ships towards cold – ironing could but does not have to include flow batteries (flow batteries will be installed only in ports) • Charging and discharging times (of large energy amounts) are small facilitating the whole effort. ICEM 2014
Green shipping in Emission Controlled Areas: Combining Smart Grids and Cold Ironing
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XXIth International Conference on Electrical Machines Berlin, Germany – September 2-5, 2014
Methodology introduced Shore side AND Ship types issues Operating voltage Operating frequency Capacity of port substations and available redundancy Types of ships visiting the Port and their power demands Nearby Low carbon energy sources ? Ship Propulsion electric or conventional Synchronization module between ship and shore (MVAC, MVDC) Existing Cable management ? Interest of the Port Authority to invest (own projects, co-funding, etc) in combination with plans of the Electric Power Authority Trained personnel ICEM 2014
Green shipping in Emission Controlled Areas: Combining Smart Grids and Cold Ironing
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XXIth International Conference on Electrical Machines Berlin, Germany – September 2-5, 2014
PORT HV GRID FREQUENCY CONVERTER
(HV) AC SHIP CONNECTIONS
(HV) AC via DC link (HV) DC ICEM 2014
Green shipping in Emission Controlled Areas: Combining Smart Grids and Cold Ironing
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XXIth International Conference on Electrical Machines Berlin, Germany – September 2-5, 2014
Methodology introduced Costly equipment (e.g. on shore side) Voltage transformer Frequency converter Switchboard and switch gear Cabling, reel, drums Cable Inputs and outputs Personnel cost ďƒ¨ Power provision from grid to Port
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Green shipping in Emission Controlled Areas: Combining Smart Grids and Cold Ironing
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XXIth International Conference on Electrical Machines Berlin, Germany – September 2-5, 2014
Smart – grids & Cold ironing What if Emission Trade System (ETS) predominates Ships with Low Carbon electric power generation systems installed Natural Gas (besides LNG carriers: e.g. cruise ships and container ships) PV’s, fuel cells and other Low Carbon energy generation systems on board (modifying the ECA-concept) alternatives to investigate a) The ships could sell electric power to inland grid (“autonomous”) esp. to islands ( bargelike solutions) b) For short sea shipping cases cold ironing could be used to charge ESU’s for “sailing”
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Green shipping in Emission Controlled Areas: Combining Smart Grids and Cold Ironing
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XXIth International Conference on Electrical Machines Berlin, Germany – September 2-5, 2014
Smart – grids & Cold ironing What if Emission Trade System (ETS) predominates Treat ships as industrial units, essential PTI/PTO components of smart grids
To this end a unified (Inland and Maritime) Energy an Environmental Policy would help
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Green shipping in Emission Controlled Areas: Combining Smart Grids and Cold Ironing
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XXIth International Conference on Electrical Machines Berlin, Germany – September 2-5, 2014
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This research has been co-financed by the European Union (European Social Fund – ESF) and Greek national funds through the Operational Program "Education and Lifelong Learning" of the National Strategic Reference Framework (NSRF) - Research Funding Program: THALES: Reinforcement of the interdisciplinary and/or inter-institutional research and innovation
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Green shipping in Emission Controlled Areas: Combining Smart Grids and Cold Ironing
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XXIth International Conference on Electrical Machines Berlin, Germany – September 2-5, 2014
Conclusions •Cold ironing is an appealing alternative to comply with restrictions in ECA’s • Exploiting the smart-grid concept can be advantageous and beneficial for both National Grids and Ships (the ports will become Energy hubs). •ESU’s play a critical role. • Further research is required
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Green shipping in Emission Controlled Areas: Combining Smart Grids and Cold Ironing
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XXIth International Conference on Electrical Machines Berlin, Germany – September 2-5, 2014
Thank you very much for your attention
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Green shipping in Emission Controlled Areas: Combining Smart Grids and Cold Ironing
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XXIth International Conference on Electrical Machines Berlin, Germany – September 2-5, 2014
Smart-Grids & Cold Ironing •Inland electricity is greener (esp. renewables) Emissions of Inland power stations Renewables: ~0 Gas : 0.36 tCO2/MWh Oil: 0.80 tCO2/MWh Lignite: 1.0 tCO2/MWh Emissions of Onboard Power Plants DFO (Diesel Oil): 0.69 tCO2/MWh 0.0139 tNOx/MWh 0.0011 tSOx/MWh 0.0004 tHC/MWh 0.0003 tPM/MWh ICEM 2014
RFO (HFO): 0.722 tCO2/MWh 0.0147 tNOx/MWh 0.0123 tSOx/MWh 0.0004 tHC/MWh 0.0008 tPM/MWh
Green shipping in Emission Controlled Areas: Combining Smart Grids and Cold Ironing
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