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Social Sciences
Study guide: Geography
Grade 6
G06 ~ Social Sciences: Geography
Lesson elements
Learning objectives
What learners should know at the end of the lesson according to CAPS requirements.
Important terminology
New terminology to assist with the understanding of the subject as part of the lesson.
Define
Definitions of concepts to understand the content.
Activity
Questions to complete to test learners’ knowledge of the completed lesson.
Tips
Any information other than the content, to guide learners through the learning process.
SAMPLE
Core content
Emphasise the core of the content; in-depth explanation of a specific section of the lesson; learners must understand this content.
Study/Revision
Time spent studying the content at the end of the unit and to prepare for a test or examination.
For the curious Encouragement to do in-depth research about the content. Expand the activity and exercise to such an extent that learners are encouraged to explore. For gifted learners: expanded exercises. For Learners with Special Educational Needs (LSEN): Explain the need to complete the basic questions to achieve a pass mark.
Preface
Recommended book
It is important to buy an atlas.
Introduction
What is geography?
Geography is the study of the human and physical environment. Geography helps us understand the complex world. We investigate the following branches of Geography, namely physical geography and human geography.
In physical geography, we investigate natural processes and characteristics, including the atmosphere, landforms and ecosystems.
In human geography, we investigate the activities and impact of people on the earth.
To make sure that all concepts that are shown in the study guide are thoroughly understood and can be applied, there is an activity after each lesson. All activities in the guide must be revised for the tests and examinations.
When you do the activities, remember to write down the activity number.
G06 ~ Social Sciences: Geography
Year plan
Keep the following in mind when planning your year:
● Be realistic and flexible
● Keep your other subject timetables in mind
● Allow for enough time to study for tests and examinations
Term Unit and lesson
Unit 1: Map skills
Lesson 1: Hemispheres on a globe
Lesson 2: Longitudes and latitudes on a globe
Lesson 3: Finding countries and cities by longitude and latitude
Unit 2: Scales
Lesson 4: What is a scale?
1
Lesson 5: Different types of scales
Lesson 6: How to measure straight line distances between cities
Unit 3: Atlases, global statistics and current affairs
Lesson 7: How an atlas works
Lesson 8: South Africa’s provinces in an atlas
Lesson 9: The world’s most important characteristics
Revision exercise
Unit 4: Why people trade
Lesson 10: Trade as an exchange of goods
Lesson 11: Exports and imports between South Africa and the world
Lesson 12: What people trade in – goods and skills
Unit 5: Resources and their value
2
Lesson 13: The value of raw materials and manufactured goods
Lesson 14: Case study: Where chocolate comes from
Unit 6: Fair trade
Lesson 15: Fair and unfair trade
Revision exercise
Date started Date completed
4
Unit 7: Climate across the world
Lesson 16: The earth’s climates
Unit 8: Tropical rainforests
Lesson 17: The location of tropical rainforests on Earth
Unit 9: Deserts
Lesson 18: The location of deserts on Earth
Unit 10: Coniferous forests
Lesson 19: The location of coniferous forests on Earth
Revision exercise
Unit 11: South Africa’s provinces and people
Lesson 20: Population distribution and density
Unit 12: Why people live in specific places
Lesson 21: Reasons for settlements’ locations
Unit 13: People across the world
Lesson 22: Population distribution across the world
SAMPLE
Map skills Eenheid 1 Unit 1
Learning aims
After completing this unit, you must be able to do the following:
● Understand and work with a variety of resources – including maps, data and pictures.
● Use and draw maps.
● Identify and extract information from texts, atlases and other resources, including visual resources like pictures.
● Work with data and statistics in the form of graphs, tables and diagrams.
● Check information by using the various resources.
Introduction
Geography teaches us about the world we live in. This term, we will look at different maps and learn about countries around the world. You will also learn more on how to find places. If possible, keep an atlas handy.
Important terminology
Equator
Greenwich meridian
Tips
Make sure that you know all the new words in each lesson and that you can apply the content. After each lesson, there is an activity that asks questions about the most important aspects of that lesson. The activities are good preparation for term tests and exams.
Lesson 1
Hemispheres on a globe
Define
Equator: an imaginary line which divides the earth into two equal parts (north and south)
Greenwich meridian: an imaginary line on a map or globe which stretches from the North Pole to the South Pole and divides the earth into two equal parts (east and west)
Core content
The earth can be described as a sphere, that is why we talk about the globe. The equator is an imaginary line in which divides the earth into two equal parts.
We call it the northern and southern hemispheres. In the northern hemisphere, we get the North Pole and in the southern hemisphere, we get the South Pole.
SAMPLE
The Greenwich meridian is a line which stretches from the North Pole to the South Pole and divides the earth into two equal parts. The two hemispheres are called the eastern hemisphere and the western hemisphere.
For the curious
Watch the YouTube video on how to make your own papier mâché globe. Once you have finished your globe, draw lines on it to clearly indicate the equator and Greenwich meridian. Also indicate the four quarters in which the hemispheres are located. You can also use a balloon if you do not have the required materials to make a papier mâché globe. Keep your globe for the next lesson.
bit.ly/2G5SdvA
SAMPLE
Image 1.1: The earth is divided into4 four hemispheres.
Greenwich Meridian
Activity 1
Here is a schematic representation of the earth. Fill in the hemispheres, as well as the most important lines of longitude and latitude.
Lesson 2
Longitudes and latitudes on a globe
(6 × 1) = [6]
Define
Latitude: lines that run over the breadth of a globe, from east to west and/or west to east
Location: the place or position of a certain country or region with respect to lines of latitude and longitude
Longitude: lines that run over the length of a globe, from north to south and/or south to north
The earth is a sphere. If we want to represent it on a piece of paper, it will be like pressing a ball flat, which is very difficult.
This is the reason why there are lines on a globe as well as on a map. These lines run parallel to one another. There are two types of lines:
G06 ~ Social Sciences: Geography 1
Latitudes: the lines run across the globe, like the equator. The equator is the most important latitude on the globe at 0°. The place or position they indicate are called latitudes and they are measured in degrees north or south of the equator.
Longitudes: the lines are drawn from the North Pole to the South Pole like the Greenwich meridian. The Greenwich meridian is the most important longitude at 0°. The place or position they indicate are called longitudes and they are measured in degrees east or west of the Greenwich meridian.
For the curious
Use your balloon from the previous lesson and now draw longitudes and latitudes on it.
Remember that the most important latitude is the equator and the most important longitude is the Greenwich meridian. These lines are already on your balloon.
Location of South Africa
Every place on Earth is located in two hemispheres at the same time. It is located in either the northern or southern hemisphere and in either the eastern or western hemisphere.
South Africa is located in the southern hemisphere, because it is south of the equator, as well as in the eastern hemisphere because South Africa is east of the Greenwich meridian.
Activity 2
Study the map on the previous page and answer the questions.
1. In which two hemispheres is South Africa located? (2)
2. In which two hemispheres is Australia located? (2)
3. In which two hemispheres is North America located? (2)
SAMPLE
4. In which two hemispheres is South America located? (2) [8]
Lesson 3
Finding countries and cities by longitude and latitude
On a map, we can see how far north or south from the equator a place is by looking at the latitudes. It is usually marked at the sides of a map. Above the 0° is the northern hemisphere and below the 0° is the southern hemisphere.
G06 ~ Social Sciences: Geography
In the same way, we can see how far east or west a place is from the Greenwich meridian by looking at the longitudes. It is usually marked at the top and bottom of a map. Right from the 0° is the eastern hemisphere and left of the 0° is the western hemisphere.
Latitudes and longitudes are like a grid reference. It just indicates one point and not a whole block. This point is the coordinates of a place, for example 20° S (South) and 140° E (East) is a point in Australia.
Remember, if we write coordinates, we always write north or south first, and east or west second.
Activity 3
Study the map on the previous page and write down the coordinates of the following countries.
