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4x4
A four-wheel drive (traction) vehicle like a Land Rover, designed to travel over rugged terrain.
AÀ la carte
Ablutions
From à la carte to Australasia
Individual dishes that can be ordered from a menu in a restaurant as opposed to a set menu (table d’hôte).
Bathroom and toilet facilities, usually at camping sites
Abroad Overseas – beyond the borders of your country
Accessible
Accommodation
Accommodation (hotel types)
• Can be easily obtained or used
• Can be reached, entered or used by people who have a disability
• Whether a hotel, restaurant or attraction, it can be enjoyed by people of all ages and abilities, regardless of physical or other limitations.
A place where a tourist can stay overnight, e.g. a guesthouse or hotel.
Hotels can be categorised according to size, location, target market, and ownership.
Hotels by size (if management must compare different hotels in the same size category):
• Fewer than 200 rooms: very small
• Up to 200 rooms: small
• 200 to 399 rooms: medium
• 400 to 700 rooms: large
• More than 700 rooms: mega
Hotels by location (categorised according to location and proximity to the city):
• Airport hotels: Near the airport. Travellers in transit use them for a short stay.
• Boatels: On houseboats
• City centre: In the heart of the city near a commercial area
• Motel: Small hotels usually located on highways, used by travellers in transit.
• Suburban hotels: Near urban areas and used by budget guests
• Floating hotels: On cruise ships, large lakes, or rivers
• Resorts: On beaches, mountains, islands, or riverbanks
• Rotels: Hotels on wheels such as the Rovos Rail train
• Self-catering hotels: On the same premises where the owner lives
Accommodation (hotel types, continued)
Hotels by target market (categorised according to the target market they serve):
• Airport hotels target business travellers, airline passengers, or any guests with cancelled or delayed flights.
• Business hotels primarily cater to business travellers.
• Bed & breakfasts (B&B) are small hotels that cater to guests in transit or on leisure tours. The owners of the B&B usually live on the same premises and serve breakfast to guests.
• Casino hotels cater to guests interested in gambling with temporary lodging in an onpremises hotel.
• Resort hotels cater to high-income busy professionals who want to spend time away from the city, noise and crowds. Facilities may include a spa, tennis courts, a fitness centre, sailing, snorkelling and swimming.
Sample
• Self-catering hotels accommodate long stayers who prefer to cook for themselves. They offer a small kitchen and kitchen amenities with the room.
• Serviced apartments are in residential communities and provide long-term accommodation, usually at least one month. All basic amenities such as a kitchen, washing machine, dishwasher and beds are provided with a weekly housekeeping service.
• Suite hotels offer a living room and an en suite bedroom. Professionals who want to meet with clients / customers consider these hotels a good choice because they can have small meetings without interruption or sacrificing privacy.
Hotels by star rating:
A guest can expect a small hotel operated and managed by the owner and their family. The atmosphere is more personal and the rooms have basic amenities. A restaurant is within walking distance and there is a small commercial area and public transport hub nearby.
These hotels are mostly part of a chain of hotels that offer consistent quality, but limited amenities. They are either small or medium-sized hotels with a phone and TV. They lack the convenience of room service but provide a small on-site restaurant within walking distance.
These hotels are usually near a major business centre, expressway, and/or shopping area. The rooms are clean and spacious, and their lobbies are attractively decorated. An on-site restaurant offers all meals, and facilities such as a valet, room service, a fitness centre and a swimming pool are also available.
This type of hotel is large and often part of a cluster of similar hotels with a formal appearance and excellent service. The hotel is in a prime area of the city with shopping, dining and entertainment venues. Guests can expect furnished and clean rooms, restaurants, room service, valet parking and a fitness centre on the premises.
These hotels are large and luxurious, offering the highest standard of room and personal service. The architecture is beautiful with elegance and style in mind. The guest rooms are equipped with high-quality linen, TV, bathtubs and the room has a view. The hotel provides multiple dining on-site venues such as coffee shops, restaurants, poolside snack bars and bars. It also offers round-the-clock room service, a valet and personal protection services.
Accommodation (hotel types, continued)
Accommodation (non-standard)
Multi-graded hotel: Some hotels have multi-graded floors that make them popular with business travellers due to the availability and accessibility of state-of-the-art technology. After businesspeople have concluded their business, their family may join them, and they can move to a lower graded floor at a lower rate for the duration of the time the company is not paying the bill. They can still do some work because all floors have the latest technology.
Cabana: May face a beach, lake or swimming pool, and generally has a large balcony
Studio: Twin adjacent rooms – a living room with a couch, coffee table, chairs and a bedroom. It is equipped with a fan/air conditioner, a small kitchenette and a dining area. The furniture is often compact.
Accommodation (room types)
SampleLanai: An outdoor living area extending from the hotel room. May face a landscape, waterfall or garden.
Superior:
• Best location, best view, the highest level of comfort, furnishings, amenities and décor
• Usually a queen-size or king-size bed
• Consists of two or more rooms
• Usually living and sleeping room
Suite: Has one or more bedrooms, a living room and a dining area. It is ideal for guests who prefer more space, want to entertain their guests without interruption or give up their privacy.
Types of suites:
• Regular: Ideal for business travellers
• Penthouse: All the amenities and structures found in a regular suite, but more luxurious and with access to a terrace above. It is private and offers a bird’s eye view of the surroundings.
• Presidential: The best suite in the hotel – extra security, luxurious furnishings and a butler
Single room: A room with a single bed designed for single occupancy. It has a bathroom, a small dressing table, bedside table, and writing table. Some rooms also have a single chair.
Double room: A room for two people with two alternatives, depending on the size of the bed: king double room (with a king-size bed) or queen double room (with a queen-size bed).
Deluxe room: Available in single deluxe and double deluxe, it is well furnished and amenities include a bathroom, dressing table, bedside table, small writing table, TV and small fridge.
Twin room: A room with two separate single beds and designed for two guests
Hollywood twin room: Has two single beds with a shared headboard. The two beds can be pushed together to create a double bed, if necessary.
Double-double (twin double) room: Has two separate double beds and is suited to families with children younger than 12
Duplex room: Two rooms on two different floors, connected via internal stairs
Accommodation (room types, continued)
Accommodation apartment (aparthotels)
Accommodation capacity
Triple room: A room for three or more people with two or more beds
Quad: A room for four people which may have two or more beds
Family room: A room for two adults and two children
Connecting rooms: Rooms with individual entrance doors from the outside and a connecting door between. Guests can move between rooms without going through the hallway.
Adjoining rooms: Rooms with a common wall, but no connecting door
Adjacent rooms: Rooms close to each other, perhaps across the hall
A combination of a traditional hotel room and a short-term rented flat (apartment). The aparthotel offers the luxury of a fully serviced hotel with the convenience of a selfcatered unit with 1–3 bedrooms. This is the latest trend in the hotel industry and the choice of accommodation for international visitors.
How many people an establishment can accommodate at the same time
Accommodation terms Per person: The amount charged for each person staying (PP)
Accommodation types
Sample
Per person sharing: The amount charged for each person sharing a room with one or more people (PPS)
En suite: A bedroom with an adjoining bathroom (leading out of the bedroom)
Fully inclusive: Rates include accommodation, all meals and access to all facilities
Single supplement: An additional amount payable by a guest occupying a double room by themselves (not sharing)
PPPN: Per person per night
PPPD: Per person per day
PRPN: Per room per night
Hotel: Offers overnight accommodation, meals and other services. Hotels have private rooms and almost always en suite bathrooms.
Townhouse hotel: Aimed at young working professionals, it provides contemporary, affordable accommodation, and the convenience of fully furnished suites. It also has common areas for residents to meet while working or relaxing. Amenities include free Wi-Fi and weekly cleaning services.
Boutique hotel: Small and compact with a sense of intimacy and privacy
Motel: Usually on the outskirts of a city with easy access to highways, motels provide space to park and a quick walk from the car to the room.
Bed & breakfast (B&B): A small lodging offering overnight accommodation and breakfast
Boutique B&B: Owners use this term to describe their property as stylish and high quality, even if it is small.
Accommodation types (continued)
Airbnb: An online accommodation platform (booking site) that connects homeowners who want to rent their homes to travellers looking for accommodation. Travellers search for and book accommodation online using the Airbnb app.
Guesthouse: A private home converted for the exclusive use of lodging. The owners usually live separately on the property and run the guesthouse as a business.
Boutique guesthouse: Luxury accommodation and impressive rooms
Villa: A large and luxurious country house on its own grounds
Boutique villa: An intimate atmosphere where guests’ needs are anticipated, rather than just responding to a request
Cottage: A small traditional or old-fashioned house, or one used seasonally
Sample
Ecolodge: A remote destination in nature (away from noise, traffic, smog, or pollution), usually with fewer than 30 rooms. They target ecotourists by offering a nature-based experience.
Treehouse hotel: Usually located in the wild, treehouse hotels offer unique, luxurious, and expensive accommodation amongst the treetops.
Farm stay: Accommodation on a working farm. Some are family-focused, allowing children to feed the animals, collect eggs, and learn how a farm works. Others do not allow children and instead offer a peaceful retreat for adults.
Farm stay cottage: A small traditional or old-fashioned house located on a farm
Safari lodge: Designed and positioned to optimise the feeling of being close to nature, often within a game/nature reserve
Camping: An outdoor activity involving overnight stays away from home with or without a shelter, such as a tent or recreational vehicle.
Campsite: A place used for camping in a tent, caravan or under the stars. It usually includes amenities for holidaymakers including ablutions and fireplaces.
Glamping: Combining glamour and camping, it is a form of camping involving accommodation and facilities more luxurious than those associated with traditional camping.
Caravan: Towed by a car, it contains beds, and cooking and dining facilities and usually a side tent. It is typically used for camping holidays.
Houseboat: A boat designed or modified to be used primarily as a home
Timeshare: The arrangement whereby several joint owners have the right to use a property as a holiday home under a time-sharing scheme
Backpacker accommodation: Offers budget accommodation with comfortable single bunker beds, either in private rooms or dormitories
Shipping container accommodation: Converted recycled shipping containers for affordable accommodation. This is a growing trend throughout the world.
Train coaches: Sleeper coaches contain spacious train suites. Air-conditioned suites accommodate two people and offer the option of twin or spacious double beds.
Accommodation types (continued)
Acrophobia
ACSA airports
Activity
Adjoining room
Adult
Advantages of tourism
Skybed: An open-air room with a bed draped in a mosquito net allowing guests to sleep under the stars. Illuminated by solar lights and with a bathroom with flushing toilets, they offer a bush experience and may be positioned to overlook a waterhole where wild animals can be viewed.
Space hotel: The hotel is designed to look like a Ferris wheel, spinning to simulate gravity in its pods. Though its form might be unusual compared to hotels on earth, its rooms and amenities will be largely familiar to regular travellers. There will be luxurious accommodation for up to 280 guests including villas for sale as vacation homes, a gourmet restaurant, bar, gymnasium, and entertainment centre. The opening is planned for 2027.
An intense fear of heights
ACSA operates the country’s ten principal airports:
OR Tambo International Airport (ORTIA) Johannesburg, Gauteng
Cape Town International Airport (ICAO)
Cape Town, Western Cape
King Shaka International Airport (KSIA) Durban, KwaZulu-Natal
Bram Fischer International Airport (BFN) Bloemfontein, Free State
Upington International Airport (UTN) Upington, Northern Cape
King Phalo Airport (ELS) East London, Eastern Cape
George Airport (GRJ) George, Western Cape
Kimberley Airport (KIM) Kimberley, Northern Cape
Mthatha Airport (UTT) Mthatha, Eastern Cape
Something tourists can do or make, e.g. diving, making jewellery, etc.
Two or more bedrooms next to each other, but not connected by a common door.
• Under South African law, the age of majority is when a child turns 18. This is the age at which a child becomes a ‘major’ (this is a legal term for ‘adult’).
• A child who reaches the age of majority can conclude valid contracts without parental assistance (Children’s Act 38 of 2005 Section 17).
• Creates employment and opportunities for entrepreneurs:
◦ Improves people’s quality of life by providing them with an income
◦ When a community has a steady flow of income, it can help to alleviate poverty and bring development to rural areas.
Advantages of tourism (continued)
Adventure guide
Adventure tourism
• Not only does tourism ‘put a place on the map’, but it also generates foreign exchange.
• Tourism helps to promote cross-cultural awareness for both locals and tourists, and establishes a better understanding of cultures.
• Income generated from tourism funds infrastructure development including roads, rail networks, and local medical and education facilities.
• Takes a group of people out to do recreational and adrenaline-filled activities, such as white-water rafting
• Usually leads excursions that are more exciting and interactive than a typical tour
• Must be highly skilled and always keep tourists safe
Water-based adventure tourism: Kayaking / sea kayaking, rafting, river cruising, scuba diving, snorkelling, water sports centres.
Land-based adventure tourism: Rock climbing, mountain climbing, snow skiing, hiking, etc.
Adventure tourism can be categorised as ‘soft adventure’ or ‘hard adventure’:
Hard adventure
Backpacking over rugged terrain
White-water rafting, kayaking
Hot-air ballooning
Rock climbing, mountain climbing
Off-road biking, mountain biking
Hang-gliding, parasailing, windsurfing
Parachuting, skydiving
Soft adventure
Camping
Biking
Hiking on gradually changing terrain
Bird watching / animal watching
Sailing
Horse riding
Canoeing
Skateboarding, snowboarding, sandboarding Game farm visits or safaris
Roller hockey
Bungee jumping
Spelunking (cave exploring)
Snorkelling / scuba diving
Survival games, e.g. paintball
Snow skiing
Advertising (to promote tourism)
Aerophobia
Wilderness tours in off-road vehicles
• E-marketing: Using digital technologies such as websites, mobile devices and social networking
• Personal digital assistant (PDA), blogs, and press releases
• Large activations: A presence at popular events and exhibits to reach larger audiences
• TV commercials: Reaches a wide and diverse audience
The fear of air travel
Aesthetic
Africa’s Travel Indaba
African Travel and Tourism Association (ATTA®)
• Concerned with beauty or a particular type of appearance or style
• A new type of health tourism
• One of Africa’s largest tourism marketing events held annually at the Inkosi Albert Luthuli ICC complex Durban
• Showcases the African travel industry’s products to the international market
• Owned by SAT and organised by Synergy Business Events
• A member-driven trade association promoting tourism to Africa from all corners of the world.
• Serves and supports businesses in Africa representing buyers and suppliers of tourism products across 21 African countries
• With over 600 members, it is Pan-Africa’s largest network of tourism products covering not only accommodation, transport and travel specialists in Africa, but also a large selection of tour operators, representation and PR companies worldwide promoting tourism to Africa.
• Website: www.atta.travel
Agenda 21
Airbnb
Airline
Airline accounting code (or prefix code)
Airports Company
South Africa (ACSA)
A non-binding action plan of the United Nations, other multilateral organisations and individual governments to achieve global sustainable development
• An American company operating an online platform short-term or holiday accommodation.
• Has six million active listings and four million hosts worldwide in more than 220 countries and across more than 100 000 cities and towns
• Hosts who have signed up with Airbnb offer a variety of types of accommodation.
• Accommodation can be booked using a web-based browser or the Airbnb app.
An organisation providing a regular public service of air transport on one or more routes, e.g. South African Airways.
A three-digit number, referenced by IATA and unique among all the airlines, used to identify the airline in various accounting activities such as ticketing, e.g. Lufthansa has been assigned 220 and therefore all flight tickets start with 220.
• Until July 1993, South Africa’s airports were owned and operated by the government.
• After ACSA was officially established, nine airports were transferred to the company.
• ACSA’s sole shareholder from then until partial privatisation was the state, through the Ministry of Transport.
• ACSA is the largest airports authority in Africa and provides airport management services for major airports in South Africa.
• ACSA’s three-pillar strategy involves running airports, developing airports and growing their footprint.
• ACSA helps to ensure South Africa’s airports run smoothly.
Airport surcharge The fee charged by car rental companies
Airport tax
Alien
• A charge levied on passengers leaving an airport on a domestic, regional or international flight
• Also referred to as a passenger service charge (PSC)
• A foreigner, especially one who is not a naturalised citizen of the country where they are living
• May be an immigrant or a resident
Allergens A substance or ingredient that causes an allergic reaction, for example, breaking out in a rash
Alternative tourism
Amadeus GDS
Amenities
American breakfast
American plan (AP)
Sample• An umbrella term for all forms of travel and is different from mass tourism
• Aims to have a neutral or positive impact on its destinations, by paying attention to economic, social, cultural and environmental considerations
A global distribution system (GDS) that connects travel providers (airlines, hotels, car rental, tour operators, etc.) with travel sellers (travel agencies and other intermediaries)
The facilities and features of a property or establishment that help a visitor to feel comfortable and secure, e.g. Wi-Fi, safe drinking water, parking and recreational facilities
• Usually consists of fried eggs, bacon, toast with butter, jam, pancakes with syrup or butter and coffee
• Can function as a self-serve or ordered from the kitchen to ensure freshness
• This means the nightly rate quoted by a hotel or resort includes breakfast, lunch and dinner.
• Meals are provided by the establishment’s kitchen and served on-site, typically in the dining room.
Angel investors
• Also known as a private investor, seed investor or angel funder, this is a high-networth individual who provides financial backing for small start-ups or entrepreneurs, typically in exchange for ownership equity in the company.
• Often found among an entrepreneur’s family and friends
Anthropology The study of human societies and cultures, and their development
Apartment
• A suite of rooms forming one residence
• Has kitchen facilities
APEX (advanced purchase excursion fare)
Apple Express Steam Train
• A heavily discounted fare with certain usage restrictions
• Typically have to be purchased 2–4 weeks in advance, with a minimum and maximum gap period between departure dates
• Generally non-refundable and carries fees for any changes
• Built in 1965, the train travels along the longest narrow gauge railway line in the world.
• Opened in 1907, the main line track is 284 km long and runs from Gqeberha (Port Elizabeth) to Avontuur.
• Crosses Van Stadens Railway Bridge – the highest narrow gauge railway bridge in the world
• It is one of the top ten narrow gauge lines worldwide.
Archaeological Relating to archaeology
Archaeology
The study of human history and prehistory through the excavation of sites, and the analysis of artefacts and other physical remains such as at the Sterkfontein caves.
Arena A level area surrounded by seating, in which sports, entertainments and other public events are held.
Arid
• An area characterised as having little or no rain
• Too dry or barren to support vegetation or animal life, e.g. the Karoo, Kalahari, Bushmanland, Namaqualand and the Richtersveld
ARR Average room rate
Association of Southern African Travel Agents (ASATA)
• The unofficial regulator of an unregulated industry
• Has two main areas of focus:
◦ To improve the sustainability and profitability of their members and ensure the travelling consumer receives professional service
◦ To create and maintain the highest possible standard of integrity amongst ASATA members in dealing with consumers, principals, and each other
• Sets standards, rules and regulations for travel agents
• Supports free trade without violating rules and regulations
• Has entrenched a constitution and code of conduct that self-regulates the travel industry. This provides assurance that accredited agents will adhere to a certain standard.
• The code of conduct was included to protect the industry’s integrity, accountability and responsibility to prevent fraud and dishonesty among employees, and to ensure customer protection, satisfaction and excellence in service levels.
Assumption Something that is accepted as true or certain to happen, without proof
Attitude
Attraction
Attributes
Augmented reality (AR)
A way of behaving, e.g. how a receptionist welcomes guests
A place, event, building or area tourists want to visit, e.g. Sun City or Table Mountain
A quality or feature that is characteristic or an inherent part of someone or something, e.g. an interest in people, the will to be of service and go the extra mile, commitment to customer satisfaction and attention to detail
• Superimposes an image onto a user’s view of the real world and enhances it with sound, touch and even smell
• Made possible using the internet, a smartphone and an app allowing the tourist to access information. A traveller downloads an augmented reality app onto their smartphone to use during their trip.
Australasia
BBackpacking
Baggage
Sample
• Tourists can access information on available facilities in the area in real-time.
The region consisting of Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea and neighbouring islands of the Pacific
Baggage allowance
Low-cost, independent travel which often includes staying in inexpensive lodgings and carrying all necessary possessions in a backpack
• The term used to refer to a person’s luggage for air travel
• IATA defines baggage as ‘such articles, effects or personal property of a passenger as necessary or appropriate for wear, use, comfort and convenience in connection with his/her journey’.
• Passengers’ baggage is stored in an aeroplane’s hold.
• Airports use one of two systems:
◦ Weight system – the flowing is included in the airfare:
– Business class: two pieces not exceeding 32kg per piece
– Economy class: one piece not exceeding 23kg
From b&b to business plan
B&B
Baggage allowance (continued)
Baggage technology for business travellers
◦ Piece system – the following is included in the airfare:
– First-class: two bags (pieces) where the total of the three dimensions does not exceed 158 cm for each bag
– Business class: same as first class
– Economy class: same as first class, but the total for both bags may not exceed 273 cm and the maximum weight for any one bag is 32 kg
◦ South Africa uses the weight system, but if you fly out of (not into) North America, the piece system is used.
• Baggage terminology:
◦ Free carry-on baggage allowance: The airline allows baggage to be carried at no additional cost. The free baggage allowance is determined by the type of fare paid.
◦ Excess baggage: When passengers exceed their baggage allowance, additional baggage charges will apply.
◦ Checked baggage: Baggage that the passenger hands over to the airline upon checking in which is weighed, tagged and conveyed to the aircraft’s hold. The airline issues a baggage check to the passenger.
◦ Unchecked baggage: Also referred to as a carry-on article, unchecked baggage is not usually weighed but may be checked for size. If deemed too big for carry-on luggage, it will need to be checked. Unchecked baggage is retained by the passenger in the aircraft and stored under their seat or in the overhead compartment.
◦ Dangerous goods: Articles or substances posing a risk to health, safety, property or the environment
Smart carry-on bag: Lightweight carry-on luggage containing a battery to power itself or recharge other devices
Ovis® hands-free carry-on case: An AI-powered case with a self-driving sensor allowing it to roll alongside you as you walk and move around obstacles
Modobag®: Lightweight rideable luggage
Scoocase®: Electric hand-held case that turns into a scooter
Side Pocket Fanny Pack®: Purpose-made for travel, it wirelessly charges your smartphone, while keeping valuables secure. It is also waterproof.
Luszol® solar-powered backpack: Has solar panel and USB port to charge mobile devices
Note: These items are a few examples of specific brands, but are also available in other brands.
Bank buying rate (BBR)
• The rate used by the bank or exchange house to buy foreign currency from a returning citizen or an inbound international tourist in exchange for the local currency or another currency.
• Always lower than the bank selling rate
Bank selling rate (BSR)
• The rate used by the bank or exchange house to sell local currency to an inbound international tourist in exchange for foreign currency or to sell foreign currency to an outbound international tourist.
• Always higher than the bank buying rate
• The difference between the buy and sell price of each currency is called the “currency spread” and is the profit earned by the bank or exchange house.
Barrier Something that stands in the way; an obstacle
Basic Conditions of Employment Act
• Developed by the government, the act ensures fair labour practices by stipulating the conditions under which employees must be allowed to work.
• It provides guidelines around working hours, payment, leave, deductions, notice periods, record-keeping and administration, and prohibition of victimisation and exploitation of workers.
• Designed to protect the employee and employer
Basophobia The fear of falling, e.g. tandem skydiving in Mossel Bay
Batho Pele
Sample
• Means ‘people first’ and is the government’s strategy to transform service delivery to the users of government services.
• Founded on 11 principles:
◦ Consultation
◦ Service standards
◦ Access
◦ Courtesy
◦ Information
◦ Openness and transparency
◦ Redress
◦ Value for money
◦ Encouraging innovation and rewarding excellence
◦ Customer impact
◦ Leadership and strategic direction
Bed night A hospitality industry term quantifying occupancy, calculated by the number of nights one paying guest occupies one bed
Bed occupancy
• The number of beds occupied by guests expressed as a percentage of the total beds available
• For example, a hotel has 50 rooms, each with two beds. Therefore, the hotel has a total of 100 beds available every night. If the hotel has 50 people staying for a night, each in a separate room, the hotel would have 50% occupancy, but if 100 guests occupied all 50 rooms, it would have full (100%) occupancy.
B-BBEE charter and scorecard
BEE and B-BBEE
• Established to set targets for transformation within the tourism industry
• Guided by the need to make South Africa a globally competitive destination
• Advances the objectives of B-BBEE
• Promotes the B-BBEE process in the tourism industry by including more historically disadvantaged groups
• Broad-based black economic empowerment (B-BBEE) is the implementation of government’s BEE policy to redress past inequalities by advancing economic transformation.
• If companies do not comply with B-BBEE they will not receive government contracts/ tenders, tax deductions or funding for skills development programmes.
• The tourism B-BBEE sector code was amended in November 2015 to address transformation within the tourism industry and focus on participation and ownership in tourism by:
Sample
◦ establishing a transformation strategy to improve B-BBEE in tourism in South Africa.
◦ creating a tourism B-BBEE charter and scorecard (discussed in section below).
◦ promoting black businesses and offering opportunities for ownership of tourism products.
◦ encouraging historically disadvantaged people and their businesses to provide skills development and employment opportunities for historically disadvantaged communities.
◦ offering historically disadvantaged individuals (HDIs) access to managerial positions in the tourism industry.
• Benefits of the transformation strategy:
◦ Addressing past imbalances and empowering people through economic transformation
◦ Allowing people employed by the tourism industry to earn a salary, giving them money to spend on goods and services, which contributes to GDP growth
◦ The contribution to GDP of employers and employees within the tourism industry through VAT, taxes and levies, which has a multiplier effect
◦ Increased demand for tourism products and services, resulting in increased employment opportunities
◦ Growth in existing businesses and entrepreneurial opportunities, contributing to economic growth
A bed on a ship, train or other means of transport
Bias Inclination or prejudice towards or against a person or group
Biodiversity The variety of wildlife or plants in a specific area/habitat, usually considered to be important and desirable
Berth
Biome • A region with specific flora and fauna
• An area that contains similar types of plants, animals and soil organisms that live together
• Five major types: aquatic, grassland, forest, desert and tundra
Biosecurity
Procedures or measures designed to protect the population against harmful biological or biochemical substances
Biosphere The regions of the earth’s surface or atmosphere where organisms live (see notes on UNESCO BIOSPHERE RESERVES)
Black Tourism Services Association (BTSA)
Bleisure tourism
Blue Flag
Blue Flag beach status
Established in 2019 as an independent NGO that aims to:
Sample
• promote the wellbeing of historically disadvantaged black-owned tourism businesses.
• amplify the marketing messages of its members, locally and internationally.
• promote travel and tourism into South Africa and assist members to secure work.
• lobby large industry players and stakeholders to ensure the sustainable development of the industry.
• offer members professional assistance.
• A growing trend in business travel in which business travellers combine business and leisure in one trip by extending their business trip to explore the destination
• They sometimes bring their family or a travel partner along
• The leisure part of the trip is usually financed by the business travellers and not their company.
• A certification given to beaches by the Foundation for Environmental Education (FEE)
• Measures beaches against strict criteria:
◦ Environmental education and information
◦ Water quality
◦ Environmental management
◦ Safety and services
• The Blue Flag is awarded for only one year at a time. When beaches are awarded Blue Flag status they will have to maintain them to ensure that their status is renewed every year.
• Contributes to sustainable and responsible tourism:
◦ Has well-maintained and good quality beaches that people enjoy visiting
◦ Lifeguards are on duty
◦ Encourages visitors
◦ Is a safe beach for tourists, giving tourists peace of mind
◦ Has a multiplier effect for the tourism industry
• Blue Flag status requires a sustainable and responsible approach to tourism or else its status can be removed.
Boarding pass
Boatels
Body language
Branding
BRICS
Broadband
Brochure
Buffet
Bungee jumping
• A card given to a passenger who has completed the check-in procedures, allowing a passenger to board an aircraft
• It indicates departure details and the passenger’s seat number.
• A boat adapted to offer hotel-style lodgings
• Many boatels are permanently moored riverboats, while others are converted ships, capable of travelling with guests onboard.
• Especially popular in European cities with rivers or canals
• Conscious and unconscious body movements and postures in response to particular experiences or situations
• Communicates attitudes and feelings
Sample• Creation of a strong, positive perception of a product/s, company or niche market by means of advertising, a distinctive design and a consistent theme
• Combines elements such as brand name, logo, and mission statement
• An acronym for five major emerging economies – Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa
• Member countries are known for their influence on regional affairs.
• Aims to promote peace, security, development and cooperation
• Since 2009, the governments of the BRICS states have met annually at formal summits.
A high-speed internet connection that allows large amounts of information to be conveyed quickly and simultaneously, e.g. videos and images.
A small book or magazine containing pictures and information about a destination, goods or services available
• A variety of food placed on a display table where diners serve themselves
• Sometimes staff stand behind the display, and serve or prepare items requested by diners, e.g. preparing eggs in different ways for breakfast buffets.
• An activity involving a person jumping from a tall structure (e.g. a bridge or crane) while attached to a strong expandable cord
• Popular bungee jumping destinations include:
◦ Bloukrans River bridge in the Tsitsikamma region.
◦ Soweto Towers.
Bunk
A bed in a train compartment or coupe
Business class
• Service geared to the business traveller
• Available in a train or aeroplane
• More expensive than economy class but cheaper than first class
• Has a number of complimentary services and amenities, such as high-quality food and drink, larger and more comfortable seating, a personal workspace, travel kits and more
• Differs between carriers, with some more luxurious than others
Business plan
A written document describing in detail the goals and action plan of a business, usually a start-up
CCash Passport
Cabin
Campaign
Camper
Camping (different types)
Sample
• Used by international travellers, the card is a prepaid multicurrency money card arranged through Mastercard®.
• Uses the exchange rate of the day it was purchased, which cannot fluctuate
• The section of an aircraft in which passengers travel
• The accommodation compartment of a ship
• A compartment on a train with four berths (two lower and two upper)
An organised series of activities to achieve a certain goal
A vehicle that is a combination of a car and a caravan
Cliff camping: The extreme sport of sleeping on a portaledge (a small hanging tent strung up to a sheer mountain face)
Sky camping / extreme hammocking: Only for the extremely adventurous, hammocks are attached to slacklines hanging hundreds or even thousands of feet off the ground, usually off bridges or over canyons.
Glamping: Camping in luxury tents – a form of camping involving accommodation and facilities that are more luxurious than those associated with traditional camping.
Canned hunting
Canoe
Canyon
• Killing of captive-bred wild animals for trophies in a confined area
• Blood Lions is a film investigating the lion hunting industry.
A light, narrow boat, propelled by a person using a paddle or paddles
A very deep, narrow valley with steep sides, usually with a river flowing through it
From Cash Passport to customs official
Car rental terminology
Pick-up point: Location where a car will be collected
Drop-off point: Location where a car will be returned
One-way rental: When you collects a car at one location and drop it off at a different location
One-way drop-off charge: If the car is returned to a different location than the one from which it was collected, a one-way drop-off charge is usually applied.
Petrol policy: The cost of petrol is not included in the published rate. Customers will receive the car with a full tank of petrol and must return it with a full tank of petrol. If not, the car rental company will fill the tank and the costs will be added to the customer’s account.
Age restriction: A minimum and a maximum age restriction may apply, depending on the company. In South Africa, there is no maximum age restriction, provided the driver has a valid driver’s licence.
Sample
Driver’s licence: The renter must have a valid, unendorsed driver’s license. Some countries require an international driver’s licence, which is obtainable from the AA.
Co-driver: A co-driver must be specified at the time of reservation/rental and noted in the rental agreement. An extra charge may be levied.
Collision damage waiver (CDW): Insurance offered at an extra cost. If accepted, the waiver releases the renter from 90% of the liability for damage to the car during the rental period.
Personal accident insurance (PAI): Covers the renter and all passengers for accidental injury while driving the car
Theft loss waiver (TLW): An insurance that is offered at extra cost. If accepted, the waiver releases the renter from 90% of the liability in the event of the car being stolen during the rental period.
Airport surcharge: Applies to all rentals collected from an airport
Unlimited mileage: A rating category that allows the renter to travel as many kilometres as they want without paying an additional charge per kilometre
Rental agreement: When the renter arrives to collect a car from the car hire company, a contract must be signed between the two parties.
Child seat: Children under a certain age are required to use a child seat. Renters can request a child seat at the time of booking. Some renters charge a nominal fee for child seats.
Grace period: Car rental rates are based on 24-hour periods. Most rental suppliers will allow a grace period of 30 minutes to one hour to return the vehicle, without being charged an extra day. Grace periods vary by company.
No-show fee: If you fail to notify the rental company in advance of your cancellation, the rental company can charge as much as 100% of the rental. The no-show policy varies from company to company.
Roadside assistance: In the event of a car accident or breakdown, the rental company will arrange roadside assistance, recovery or replacement of the car, depending on the company’s policy.
Standard interline passenger procedure (SIPP) codes: The travel industry standard for describing the type of car being rented. The code is usually four letters long and depicts the size, type, transmission, fuel and air conditioner (a/c).
Carbon emissions (greenhouse gas emissions)
Carbon footprint
Carbon dioxide (CO2) makes up about 80% of carbon emissions produced from burning fossil fuels (coal, oil and natural gas) released into the atmosphere. Other gases include methane, nitrous oxide, hydrofluorocarbons and sulphur hexafluoride.
• The quantity of dangerous gases, such as CO2, emitted by a person, organisation or company. If a person has a light carbon footprint, it means they are adopting a responsible approach to looking after the environment.
• There are various international initiatives aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere.
Career An occupation undertaken for a significant period in a person’s life; a permanent profession
Career development The process of choosing a career, improving skills and advancing personally and professionally, which may include promotion
Careers in the tourism industry
• Agency manager
• Airport airline operations manager
• Barman
• Business development director
• Cashier
• Cleaners
• Chef
• Cleaner
• Conference and banqueting manager
• Cruise ship attendant
• Director of group sales
• Doorman
• Entertainment staff
• Executive officer – marketing
• Catering and events manager
• Financial and admin staff
• Front office supervisor
• General manager
• Group regional manager
• Guest relations manager
• Health inspector
• Hotel concierge
• Hotel event coordinator
• International retail travel consultant
• IT personnel
• Maintenance staff
• Night manager
• Project manager
• Receptionist
• Regional tourism manager
• Restaurant manager
• Rooms division manager
• Runner
• Spa attendant
• Sports event executive
• Store clerk
• Supervisor
• Tourism consultant
• Tourism guide
• Tourism researcher
• Runner
• Spa attendant
• Sports event executive
• Travel writer / photographer
• VIP services manager
• Visitor information centre supervisor
• Visitor information officer
• Waitron
• Wellness area manager
• Wine steward
• Travel writer / photographer
• VIP services manager
• Visitor information centre supervisor Sample
• Maître d’hôtel
Carousel A circular conveyer belt in airport terminals carrying passengers’ baggage for collection after a flight
Carrier An airline, cruise line or any ground transportation company
Carrying capacity
Carrying cash
Carry-on baggage
The number of people the environment can accommodate without being damaged
Carrying cash is risky. Safer options include:
• multicurrency travel card
• credit cards: Visa, MasterCard, American Express and Discover
• debit cards
• cash passports
• cash app on mobile phone
Case study
Castle de Wildt
Central reservation system (CRS)
SampleThe items you may take into the aircraft cabin, which usually includes a small bag and a few personal effects. Each airline has its own rules and regulations in this regard.
A story, either true or based on facts, which is used as the basis of an activity.
• A tourist attraction and a highlight for the game industry and game tourism
• 8 km from Modimole (Nylstroom)
• This ‘boerekasteel’, was built in 2012 to host game auctions and conferences
• Facilities for hosting markets, parties, festivals and game auctions as well as all regular auctions
• Offers a wedding venue and coffee shop
• Has a lodge with spacious accommodation
• CRS should NOT be referred to as a computer reservation system, but as a central reservation system.
• It shares information about air travel, room rates and availability with online travel agencies and the GDS (global distribution system).
• Used by employees of the company operating the CRS e.g. Avis uses Avis Wizard
• Requires internet and website address / CRS address
• Top five central reservation systems of 2021:
◦ SynXis Central Reservation
◦ Amadeus
◦ Windsurfer by SHR
◦ GuestCentric
◦ Pegasus
Chalet
• Typically found in the Swiss Alps, traditionally this refers to a wooden house with overhanging eaves.
