วารสารจีนวิทยา ปีที่ 11 สิงหาคม 2561

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óøąđìóýĉøĉîìøćïøöøćßĉîĊǰóøąðŜć÷ìĞćéšü÷ĕöšÝĆîìîŤǰÖøĂïĒúąàčšö đðŨ î øĎ ð öĆ Ü ÖøǰöĊ ĂĆ Ö þøÝĊ î đðŨ î óøąîćöǰÙøĆĚ î êŠ Ă öćǰĔîøĆ ß ÿöĆ ÷ óøąïćìÿöđéĘÝóøąðÖđÖúšćđÝšćĂ÷ĎŠĀĆüǰÝċÜĕéšēðøéđÖúšć ĄĔĀšÿøšćÜĒúą ĒêšöóøąðŜ ć÷×ĂÜóøąïćìÿöđéĘÝóøąÝčúÝĂöđÖúšćđÝšćĂ÷ĎŠĀĆü ǰĒúą ÿöđéĘÝóøąýøĊóĆßøĉîìøćïøöøćßĉîĊîćëǰđöČęĂüĆîìĊęǰ ģĩǰêčúćÙöǰó ý ǰ ģĥĨġǰèǰóøąøćßüĆÜïćÜðąĂĉîǰ óøąðŜć÷îĊĚðøąéĉþåćîĕüšǰèǰóøąìĊęîĆęÜÿĂÜĒĀŠÜǰÙČĂǰóøąðŜć÷ìĊę óøąìĊę îęĆ Ü ĂĆ ö óøÿëćî óøąøćßüĆÜéčÿĉ êǰĒúąóøąðŜ ć÷ìĊęóøąìĊęîĆę Ü đüĀćÿîŤÝĞćøĎâǰóøąøćßüĆÜïćÜðąĂĉî óøąðŜć÷ìĊęóøąìĊęîĆęÜĂĆöóøÿëćîǰ öĊúĆÖþèąđðŨîđìüøĎðĀúŠĂìøÜđÙøČęĂÜÖþĆêøĉ÷ćíĉøćß óøąĀĆêëŤ×üćìøÜ óøąĒÿÜ×øøÙŤǰóøąĀĆêëŤàšć÷ÝĊïđÿöĂóøąĂčøą đĀöČĂîÖĆïĂÜÙŤóøą ÿ÷ćöđìüćíĉøćßǰĒêŠóøąóĆÖêøŤđĀöČĂîóøąïćìÿöđéĘÝóøąÝĂöđÖúšć đÝšćĂ÷ĎŠĀĆüǰðøąéĉþåćîĔîàčšöđøČĂîĒÖšüĒïïđÖţÜÝĊîǰìĞćéšü÷ĕöš ÝĆîìîŤ ÝĞćĀúĆÖǰúÜøĆÖðŗéìĂÜ ÝćøċÖóøąðøöćõĉĕí÷đðŨîĂĆÖþøÝĊîìĊęéšćîĀúĆÜ đøČĂîĒÖšüǰöĊÞĆêøìĂÜǰĦǰßĆĚîǰêĆĚÜǰģ ךćÜ ÿŠüîóøąðŜć÷ìĊęóøąìĊęîĆęÜđüĀćÿîŤÝĞćøĎâǰóøąøćßüĆÜïćÜðąĂĉî đðŨîĒñŠîðŜć÷óøąðøöćõĉĕí÷óøąïćìÿöđéĘÝóøąÝĂöđÖúšćđÝšćĂ÷ĎŠĀĆü ÖĆïÿöđéĘÝóøąđìóýĉøĉîìøćïøöøćßĉîĊÙĎŠĀîċę Ü óøąïćìÿöđéĘÝóøą ÝčúÝĂöđÖúšćđÝšćĂ÷ĎŠĀĆü ÖĆïÿöđéĘÝ óøąýøĊóĆßøĉîìøćïøöøćßĉîĊîćëÙĎŠ Āîċę ÜǰÝćøċ ÖïîĒñŠ î ĕöšÝĆ îìîŤ ǰ ðŗéìĂÜ×ĂïĕöšÝĆ îìîŤÝĞćĀúĆ Öúć÷ÝĊ îǰ óøąðŜć÷ìĆĚÜǰģǰÙĎŠ ðøąéĉþåćîĔîàčšöđøČĂîĒÖšüĒïïđÖţÜÝĊîìĞćéšü÷ĕöš ÝĆîìîŤÝĞćĀúĆÖúć÷úÜøĆÖðŗéìĂÜ êĆĚÜĂ÷ĎŠǰèǰìšĂÜóøąēøÜÖúćÜǰĀîšćĀš ĂÜ óøąïøøìößĆĚîïî×ĂÜóøąìĊęîĆęÜđüĀćýîŤÝĞćøĎâǰóøąøćßüĆÜïćÜðąĂĉîǰ ǰ óøąøćßóĉíĊÿĆÜđü÷óøąðŜć÷ǰÙČĂǰÖćøêĆĚÜđÙøČęĂÜÙćüÝĞćøĎâÖŠĂîǰĢǰ üĆîǰÙČĂĔîüĆîĒøöǰĢĦǰÙęĞćǰàċęÜđðŨîüĆîĕĀüšǰÿŠüîìĊęóøąìĊęîĆęÜĂĆöóøÿëćî /:+2:+ =!/< *: ƹ #ā =L aa 2< 3: ) bef`

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ăü÷ĂĆĚÜêĉĜü ǰĕððŦÖĔîĒÝÖĆîìĊęēêŢąđÙøČęĂÜïĎßćǰóøšĂöìĆĚÜñĎÖñšćÿĊßöóĎǰđðŨî đÿøĘÝóĉíĊǰǰ

óøąïćìÿöđéĘÝóøąđÝšćĂ÷ĎŠĀĆüĄǰìøÜđñćÖøąéćþđÜĉîÖøąéćþìĂÜ ǰĔîóøąøćßóĉíĊÿĆÜđü÷óøąðŜć÷

óøąøćßóĉíĊÖÜđêĘÖ îĂÖÝćÖóøąøćßóĉíĊÿĆÜđü÷óøąðŜć÷ǰìĊęĕéšìøÜðäĉïĆêĉÖĆîöćìčÖðŘ Ēúšüǰ÷ĆÜöĊóøąøćßóĉ íĊĂĊÖĂ÷ŠćÜĀîċęÜìĊęĕéšöĊÖćøðäĉïĆêĉđðŨîÙøĆĚÜÙøćüǰÙČĂ óøąøćßóĉ íĊÖÜđêĘÖ Ăčìĉý Öčýúëüć÷ñĎš úŠ ü ÜúĆ ï ǰàċęÜ ÝĆ éìĞ ćēé÷ÙèąÿÜÛŤ ĂćîĆöîĉÖć÷ǰđìŠćìĊęÙšîĕéšǰöĊóøąøćßüÜýŤìĊęĕéšøĆïÖćøïĞćđóĘâÖčýúîĊĚĀúć÷ ĂÜÙŤéšü÷ÖĆîǰĂćìĉ x Üćîëüć÷óøąđóúĉ Ü óøąïøöýóǰÿöđéĘ Ý óøąîĆę Ü đÖúš ć đÝšćĂ÷ĎŠĀĆüǰóøąâüèìĞćÖÜđêĘÖëüć÷ÖčýúǰĨǰüĆî x ó ý ģĥġĥǰÜćîóøąïøöýóǰÿöđéĘÝóøąđìóýĉøĉ îìøćǰ ïøöøćßĉîĊǰ ĔîøĆßÖćúìĊęǰĥ ǰ

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ó ý ģĥġĩǰÜćîóøąïøöýó óøąïćìÿöđéĘÝóøąðŗũî đÖúšćđÝšćĂ÷ĎŠĀĆü x ó ý ģĥĢĢǰÜćîóøąïøöýóǰóøąïćìÿöđéĘÝóøąÝĂö đÖúšćđÝšćĂ÷ĎŠĀĆüǰ x ó ý ģĥģĤǰÜćîóøąïøöýóǰÿöđéĘÝóøąîćÜđÝšćÿčîĆ î ìćÖčöćøĊøĆêîŤǰ x ó ý ģĥĤĨǰÜćîóøąýóǰÿöđéĘÝ đÝš ćôŜć öĀćüßĉøč èĀĉ ýǰ ÿöđéĘÝóøąïøöēĂøÿćíĉø ćßǰÿ÷ćööÖč ã øćßÖčö ćøĔî øĆßÖćúìĊęǰĦǰ x ó ý ģĥĩĪǰÜćîóøąïøöýóǰóøąïćìÿöđéĘ Ý óøą đÝšćĂ÷ĎŠĀĆüĂćîĆîìöĀĉéúĄǰ x ó ý ģĥĪĩǰÜćîóøąïøöýóǰÿöđéĘÝóøąýøĊÿüøĉîìĉøć ïøöøćßđìüĊǰóøąóĆîüĆÿÿćĂĆ÷ĉÖćđÝšćǰ x ó ý ģĦģĩǰ üĆ î ìĊę ǰ ĢĪǰöĊ î ćÙö ǰÜćîóøąïøöýó ÿöđéĘÝóøąîćÜđÝšćøĞćĕóóøøèĊǰóøąïøöøćßĉîĊĔîøĆßÖćú ìĊęǰĨǰèǰúćîóøąìĊęîĆęÜéčÿĉêöĀćðøćÿćì x ó ý ģĦĦĢǰÜćîóøąïøöýóǰÿöđéĘÝóøąđÝšćóĊęîćÜđíĂǰ đÝšćôŜćÖĆú÷ćèĉüĆçîćǰÖøöĀúüÜîøćíĉüćÿøćßîÙøĉîìøŤ x ó ý ģĦĦĥǰÜćîóøąïøöýóǰÿöđéĘÝóøąđÝšć õÙĉîĊ đ íĂǰ đÝšćôŜćđóßøøĆêîøćßÿčéćǰÿĉøĉēÿõćóĆèèüéĊ ǰ ÝąđĀĘîĕéšüŠćðøąđóèĊóĉíĊÝĊîöĊĂ÷ĎŠĔîøćßÿĞćîĆÖĕì÷ǰđðŨîóøąøćß óĉíĊìĊęìøÜÖøąìĞćÖĆîöćêĆĚÜĒêŠêšîøĆêîēÖÿĉîìøŤ ǰéšü÷đĀêčðŦÝÝĆ÷éšćîóøą øćßîĉ÷öǰĒúąÿć÷óøąēúĀĉêǰïćÜóøąøćßóĉíĊðäĉïĆêĉđðŨîÙøĆĚÜÙøćüǰđߊîǰ óøąøćßóĉíĊÖÜđêĘÖĂčìĉýÖčýúǰóøąøćßóĉíĊĒà÷ĉéǰïćÜóøąøćßóĉíĊđúĉÖ ðäĉ ïĆ êĉ Ē úš ü ĔîÖćúðŦ Ý Ýč ïĆ î ǰđߊ î ǰóøąøćßÖč ý úđúĊĚ ÷ Üóøąêøč þ ÝĊ îǰ x

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12

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ïćÜóøąøćßóĉíĊ÷ĆÜÙÜ÷ċéëČĂðäĉïĆêĉđðŨîðøąđóèĊìčÖðŘǰđߊîǰóøąøćßóĉíĊ ÿĆÜđü÷óøąðŜć÷ǰǰóøąøćßðøąđóèĊóĉíĊÝĊîđĀúŠćîĊĚ ÙÜÝąéĞćøÜĂ÷ĎŠĔîøćß ÿĞćîĆÖĕì÷ÿČïêŠĂĕðǰđîČęĂÜÝćÖđðŨîÖćøĒÿéÜÙüćöÖêĆâťĎÖêđüìĉêćêŠĂ ïøøóïčøčþïčóÖćøĊ×ĂÜóøąøćßüÜýŤ ïøøèćîčÖøö ÙîÝĊîǰģġġǰðŘǰõć÷ĔêšóøąïøöēóíĉÿöõćøǰõćÙǰģ ǰ ÙċÖùìíĉĝǰðøćēöß ǰöøü ǰ ģĦĥĤ ǰēÙøÜÖøąéĎÖĔîêĎš ǰéĂÖĀâšć. ÝćÖăüÜēĀÿĎŠđÝšćóøą÷ć ǰ ģĦĥĩ ǰǰíîćÙćøÖÿĉÖøĕì÷ ÝčúÝĂöđÖúšćđÝšćĂ÷ĎŠĀĆü ǰóøąïćìÿöđéĘÝ ǰóøąøćßóĉíĊÿĉïÿĂÜđéČĂî ñŠćîôŜćóĉì÷ć. îĉíĉǰđĂĊ÷üýøĊüÜýŤ ǰðćÖĕÖŠĒúąĔïđøČĂ ǰ ģĦĤĩ ǰǰĒóøüÿĞćîĆÖóĉöóŤ óøąøćßóĉíĊĔîøĆßÖćúóøąïćìÿöđéĘÝóøąðøöĉîìøöĀćõĎöĉóúǰ Ăéčú÷đéߥǰÿ÷ćöĉîìøćíĉøćßǰïøöîćëïóĉêø ǰ ģĦĥģ ǰÖøö ýĉúðćÖø ǰ óøąøćßóĉíĊÿĉïÿĂÜđéČĂîǰǰhttp://www1.mod.go.th/heritage/king/ceremony üøćõøèŤǰÝĉüßĆ÷ýĆÖéĉĝ ǰóĉîĉÝĕì÷ ǰÿëćïĆîĕì÷ýċÖþćǰÝčāćĄ. http://www.bkknews.com/weekend/20050202/wed22.shtml

ÿčüîĆîǰ×üĆâìĂÜ ǰóøąøćßóĉíĊÿĆÜđü÷óøąðŜć÷ ǰ http://cul.hcu.ac.th/matter/traditional-china.html

ýĉúðüĆçîíøøöĕì÷ǰđúŠöìĊęǰĤ ǰ ģĦģĦ ǰÖøöýĉúðćÖø ýčõøĆêîŤ đúĉýóćèĉß÷ŤÖčú ǰ×čîîćÜĕì÷đßČĚĂÿć÷ÝĊîïćÜêøąÖĎúĔîÿöĆ÷ øĆêîēÖÿĉîìøŤ http://www.thai-d.com/siam-china/hcu/kunnang.htm

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ýčõüøøèǰßüøĆêîŤüÜýŤ ǰïìïćì×ĂÜßćüÝĊîĔîðøąđìýĕì÷êĆĚÜĒêŠÿöĆ÷ Ă÷čí÷ćêĂîðúć÷ëċÜÿöĆ÷øĆßÖćúìĊęĤǰó ý ģĢĨģǰ–ǰģĤĪĥ ǰǰ ģĦĥĢ) http://www.thairath.co.th/thairath1/2547/column/person/jan/25_1_47pics.php

õćó׊ćü

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Traditional Chinese Customs in Thai Royal Court Metta Wongjongjaihan ABSTRACT “Thailand and China are one family,� this remark is very familiar to Thai people. In fact, Thailand did establish the close ties with China since Sukhothai Kingdom (corresponding to Yuan Dynasty of China). The relationship is mostly in terms of trade and commerce. Since then, people of both lands have conducted business; thereby learning and exchanging the culture of each other. As a result, Thai people from the past to the present have known such Chinese festivals as Chinese New Year, Tomb-sweeping Day, Mid-Autumn Festival and Dragon Boat Festival well. Even the Thai Royal families also holds the ceremonies related to Chinese tradition like the Royal ceremony of offering food alms to monks during Chinese New Year Festival, the Royal homage to the ancestors’ spirits tablets, and the Chinese funeral Royal rituals. Keywords: IPNBHFǰUPǰBODFTUPSTĴǰTQJSJUTǰUBCMFUT ǰ$IJOFTFǰ GVOFSBMǰSJUVBMT ǰ$IJOFTFǰ$VTUPNT ǰ5IBJǰ3PZBMǰ$PVSUǰ

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Chivalry of the Chinese Heroes: A Character Sketch of the Knights-Errant and the Assassins in Sima Qian’s 3FDPSETǰPGǰUIFǰ(SBOEǰ)JTUPSJBO Nop Oungbho1 ABSTRACT This article looks into a character sketch of the historical knights-errant and assassins as depicted in Sima Qian’s Records of the Grand Historian. Both groups of people are featured in two chapters of the Records, which are ‘Biographies of the Knights-errant’ and ‘Biographies of the Assassins’, respectively, including how they were born to the society, what they did, their social positions and ideals towards their own acts, and how different groups of people thought about them. The article would also discuss the Chinese-style heroism, which has influenced many writers in creating the works of fiction about ‘wuxia’ (martial hero or warrior) in later periods as well. Keywords: Chinese knight-errant, heroism, Records of the Grand Historian (Shiji) 1 Nop Oungbho, Ph.D. candidate, Chinese Section, Department of Eastern Languages, Faculty of Arts, Chulalongkorn University. E-mail: huangtianci@gmail.comǰ

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Chivalry of the Chinese Heroes: A Character Sketch of the Knights-Errant and the Assassins in Sima Qian’s Records of the Grand Historian

Introduction Ç° Amongst the historical records of the ancient China, Sima Qian’s Records of the Grand Historian2, which will later be referred as ‘Shiji’ (Chinese: ਢä ˆ, literally ‘The Historical Records’), is one of the principle and most influential documents that many have trusted. It was compiled and written by Sima Qian (ਨäżœäš§), an official in the imperial court in the Han dynasty (206 B.C. – 220 A.D.), succeeding the works of his father Sima Tan (ਨäżœäƒˇ), who was also a historian of that period. Shiji covers the history of ancient China from the age of the Yellow Emperor (ĺ“´á‘?) to the reign of Emperor Han Wudi (╒↖á‘?), which is the time of the author’s own life. It comprises 120 volumes of classical texts, mostly biographies of historicalÇ°individuals, such as kings, emperors, sages and generals, etc. While several volumes of annals and biographies are about the ruling class or aristocrats, ‘Biographies of the Knights-errant’ (‘Youxia Liezhuan’ 䙺Ř?ेۣ, volume 124) and ‘Biographies of the Assassins’ (‘Cike Liezhuan’ ४ ᇒेۣ, volume 86) are two volumes specifically devoted to the lives of the knights-errant and assassins in the history. These people generally are commoners who performed memorable chivalrous acts, some notably 2 The ‘Grand Historian’ or ‘Tai Shi Gong’ (ཚਢ‍ )Ţœâ€Źis the title Sima Qian referred to himself in the records.

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without the use of force or weaponry, and had gradually become the ‘people’s heroes’, even before ‘xia’ (chivalry or hero) became associated with ‘wu’ (martial or armed). 1. About the knight-errant Those who were growing up in the 70’s or 80’s Thailand, especially the ones who are of Chinese descendants, may have been familiar with the words ‘kamlang phainai’ (Ă–ÄžÄ‡ĂşÄ†ĂœĂľÄ‡áĔÎ) and ‘jomyut’ (Ă?Ä‚ÜáÄ?ĂŹĂ­), one way or another, due to the vast popularisation of novels, TV series or films that feature the martial arts, or the wuxia contents. One can easily picture a wandering swordsman (or swordswoman), travelling through mountains and villages, in search of a master to learn from and perfect the craft in martial arts, or to find the most evil archenemy in order to avenge for the loved ones. These martial arts heroes (or heroines) are called xia (Ř?) in Mandarin Chinese, which are aptly translated into English as ‘knighterrant’3. The stories of the knights-errant are repeatedly told in popular media, and we are simply entertained by their elaborate sword fights and the courageous acts of the characters. These stories always have us wonder 3 James Liu explained that the term ‘knight-errant’ is by far close enough to the original, and the least misleading of several other translations, i.e. ‘cavalier’, ‘adventurer’, or ‘soldier of fortune’. (Liu, 1979: xii)

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Chivalry of the Chinese Heroes: A Character Sketch of the Knights-Errant and the Assassins in Sima Qian’s Records of the Grand Historian

whether such people really did exist in Chinese history, or were they merely just a myth? So before these martial arts heroes had established themselves in the realms of literature, we have to venture their historical background to better understand their social positions.Ç° The knight-errant first appeared during the Warring States period (ᥠഝ, 475-221 B.C.)4, amongst many social unrests and the founding of various schools of intellect, i.e. Confucianism (݂ᇌ), Taoism (äšƒá‡Ś), Legalism (âŒ…á‡Ś), and Mohism (ŕť˜á‡Ś). While these schools of philosophers and thinkers were trying to persuade the feudal rulers to follow their way, the knights-errant simply took justice in their own hands, to right the wrongs, and to help the poor and the distressed, regardless of the law. Han Fei Zi (ä¸ƒäśŽá†€), The leader of Legalism, once expressed his opinion about the knights-errant in the article called Wu Du (Ó„㚊) or Five Vermin5, he stated: 4 According to many historians, the beginning of the Warring States period ranges from 481-403 B.C. Sima Qian said the period began during the first year of King Yuan of Zhou (ŕŞ˜â€Ť )⌝ݳ‏which is 475 B.C., Sima Guang said it began in the 23rd year of King Weilie (ŕŞ˜á€ąâ›¸âŚť) which is 403 B.C., and LĂź Zuqian said it began in the 14th year of Duke Ai of Lu (ĺ†&#x;૰‍ )Ţœâ€Źwhich is 481 B.C. (Zheng Tianting, and Tan Qixiang, eds, 2000: 2149) This article uses Sima Qian’s choice of 475 B.C. 5 According to Han Fei, there were five groups of people who were harmful to the law,Ç°namely the scholars (á†¨ă˜ľ), the orators (ä€°äƒˇă˜ľ), the sword bearers (á‘Śŕ˘˝ă˜ľ), the officials (á›“á—‘ă˜ľ), and the craftsmen and the merchants

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‘The Confucian scholars confuse the law with their writings, while the knights-errant violate the prohibitions by force. Yet the rulers of men treat both with courtesy. That is why there is disorder.’ (Sima Qian ਨäżœäš§, 2010: 2413.) (Translation by James J.Ç°Y. Liu) This is an obvious proof that Han Fei Zi did not approve of the principles of both the Confucian scholars and the knight-errant. Due to the fact that Han Fei was promoting the sanctity of the law, these two groups of people would be great obstacles to his belief and execution. While the former valued morality above all rules, the latter simply discarded the law, and did what they saw was right instead. According to the chivalrous acts they usually performed, the knights-errant were often criticised for not paying any respect to the law of the states. So naturally, they became the state’s rebels, especially in the eye of the Legalists. The knights-errant were often conceived as independent fighters who possessed an exceptional ability to use different kinds of weapons or superhuman force to fight crimes, and somehow became good vigilantes whom people expected help or rescue from. (á?•ଡ଼ѝ≠). The aforementioned ‘sword bearers’ are undoubtedly the knightserrant.

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Chivalry of the Chinese Heroes: A Character Sketch of the Knights-Errant and the Assassins in Sima Qian’s Records of the Grand Historian

Apart from the typical looks many have envisioned, the knights-errant were actually very diverse in terms of appearances and their principles. According to several books about knights-errant, there have been many types of xia throughout Chinese historiography (Teo, 2009: 3; Wang Qi ⌝ĺ•ş, 1997: 49-83), they were generally categorised by: 1) their action, such as youxia (䙺Ř? wandering knight-errant), yinxia (䳥Ř? hermit knight-errant), and daoxia (â´ŒŘ? bandit knight-errant); 2) their social status or gender, such as qingxiang zhi xia (য⴨ѻŘ? royal knight-errant), buyi zhi xia (á?łăş“ŃťŘ? plebeian knight-errant), sengxia (‍ Ř?ܗ‏monk knight-errant), and nĂźxia (ྣŘ? female knight-errant); 3) their principles or intellect, such as yixia (ă—™Ř? upright knight-errant), haoxia (䊚Ř? heroic knight-errant), and ruxia (Ý‚Ř? Confucian knight-errant); or 4) their fighting ability or strength, such as jianxia (ࢽ Ř? sword-carrying knight-errant), and wuxia (↖Ř? combative knight-errant). While knights-errant are usually seen as commoners, many scholars actually believe that their former status could be of higher or lower class. In Han Shu (â•’á´¨) or the Book of Han, Ban Gu (â¨?ŕ´Ş) has mentioned Four Princes of the Warring States (ᥠഝŕ´‹â€ŤŢœâ€Źá†€), which are Xinling Jun from /:+2:+ =!/< *: Ćš #Ä =L aa 2< 3: ) bef`

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the State of Wei (兿ഝؑ䲼ŕŠ‹), Pingyuan Jun from the State of Zhao (ä?‰ŕ´ťá’Łŕ§?ŕŠ‹), Mengchang Jun from the State of Qi (ĺ•şŕ´ťá†?ŕą‡ŕŠ‹), and Chunshen Jun from the State of Chu (ដ ŕ´ťáą•â­ŁŕŠ‹). These four princes were born in the feudal lords’ families, but they liked to lead the life of the knight-errant. Their courageous acts gained respect and admiration from many people. Weng Lixue’s articleÇ° describes that the knights-errant came from many social backgrounds, some used to be Confucian scholars, some were the former Mohists, and some were high class warriors who lost their royal statuses. (Weng Lixue 㗹哇䴚, 1986: 23-27) Weng also wrote about the knights-errant’s attitudes towards worldly matters and human interrelations, which are: 1) They do not value wealth or any possessions, 2) They like to help those in distress, 3) They like to travel and meet people, 4) They take revenge for those who are wrongly done, 5) They are willing to give up their life for others, and 6) They value truth and honesty. (Weng, 1986: 40-44) These are the idealistic features the knights-errant should possess, which would make them the ideal figures that

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Chivalry of the Chinese Heroes: A Character Sketch of the Knights-Errant and the Assassins in Sima Qian’s Records of the Grand Historian

are selfless, dauntless, free-spirited, and noble. And people would indisputably look up to them as heroes. Ç° 2. The Knights-errant and the Assassins in 4IJKJ 2.1 The Knights-errant in Shiji Youxia Liezhuan or the ‘Biographies of the Knightserrant’ is the 124th volume in Shiji. It depicts the lives of Zhu Jia (ᾥᇌ), Ju Meng (ࢡá†?), and Guo Xie (äœ?䀓) who were the famous knights-errant during the early Han period. In the introduction, Sima has made a clear statement about why he wrote this chapter: To save people from distress and relieve people from want: is it not benevolence? Not to belie another’s trust and not to break one’s promises: such conduct a righteous man would approve. That is why I wrote the ‘Biographies of the Knights-errant’‌ ‌Now, as for the knights-errant, though their actions were not in accordance with the rules of propriety, they always meant what they said, always accomplished what they set out to do, and always fulfilled their promises. They rushed to the aid of other men in distress without giving a thought to their own safety. And when

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they had saved someone from disaster at the risk of their own lives, they did not boast their ability and would have been ashamed to brag of their benevolence. (Liu, 1979: 14-15) From the above paragraphs, it is easily understood that the author has such sympathy and high esteem towards the knights-errant, and he likes to make known to other people how important these people are to the society. To justify the existence of the knights-errant and their principles, Sima added, “if we expect accomplishment in one’s doing and honesty in one’s saying, how can one do without the fundamentals of knight-errantry?â€? (Sima Qian ਨäżœäš§, 2010: 2414) After this, Sima Qian started to describe the lives of Zhu Jia, Ju Meng, and Guo Xie, respectively. Zhu Jia lived during the reign of the first emperor of Han dynasty (Han Gaozu â•’ĺ„ˆâž†, 206-193 B.C.). He was known as the person who helped many people, sheltered them or saved their lives. And yet he never showed off his benevolence, and refused to receive any reward or expression of gratitude from others. Ju Meng was a native of Luoyang. He was described to have similar characteristic to Zhu Jia, except for the fondness in gambling and other games that were the youths’ favourite. When his mother died, there were nearly a thousand carriages from far /:+2:+ =!/< *: Ćš #Ä L= aa 2< 3: ) bef`

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away came to attend the funeral. This shows how Ju Meng was much loved and respected by many. Both Zhu Jia and Ju Meng are depicted as penniless heroes. They helped other people without considering the basic needs of themselves, as Sima wrote that Zhu Jia “liked to help the poor first, while his family had no money to spare, his clothes were ragged and old, and he only had a simple and tasteless mealâ€? (Sima Qian, 2010: 2415), and “by the time Ju Meng was dead, his family barely even had ten pieces of gold to spare.â€? (Sima Qian, 2010: 2415) The fact that they thought of other people’s happiness and wellbeing first has proved that they were truly generous and selfless. The next one is Guo Xie, who is best known for his upright and honest act. This is how he is portrayed in Shiji: Guo Xie was a native of Zhi. His grandfather was an expert in physiognomy. His father was a knight-errant who was executed by the Emperor Han Wendi. Guo had a small physique, yet obtuse and brave, and he drank no wine. When he was younger, he was a hot-tempered man, and killed many people whenever he got angry. He was willing to risk his own life to help his friends, offered convicts a hiding place, illegally made his own money, sometimes even robbed tombs. His /:+2:+ =!/< *: Ćš #Ä =L aa 2< 3: ) bef`

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crimes were countless, but he somehow managed to escape or was pardoned. As he grew older, he became very modest and kind. He helped other people without expecting them to repay him. Many young men who admired him even avenged for him without his knowing. Once, his sister’s son used his uncle’s authority and forced a man to drink beyond his capacity. That man was angry, killed Guo’s nephew and ran away. His sister was so furious that she demanded Guo to look for the killer. She said, “You must take care of this for me.ǰ Someone has killed my son, but the scoundrel hasn’t been caught yet.� She left her son’s body in the middle of the road and refused to bury it, hoping to put a shame on Guo Xie. Guo sent a man to look into his nephew’s murder. Out of desperation, the killer finally told him what had actually happened. Guo said, “It’s all right that you killed my nephew, this was entirely his fault.� Guo then released the man, and admitted the one who did wrong was his own nephew. He went to collect his nephew’s body and buried it. Anyone who heard this story all praised him for

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Chivalry of the Chinese Heroes: A Character Sketch of the Knights-Errant and the Assassins in Sima Qian’s Records of the Grand Historian

being just, and trusted him more. (Sima Qian, 2010: 2416) The story of Guo Xie proves that a true knighterrant would not let anything disrupt their utmost principles and what should be done rightly. Guo Xie, as a powerful knight-errant as he was, fully abandoned his personal feelings when judging whether he should kill his nephew’s murderer. Although he felt awkward at first (by his sister’s forceful request), he decided to let the man go when he found out the truth. The honourable act of Guo Xie has set a standard for any knight-errant in later period as well. The heroism of the knight-errant can usually be judged by their courage and altruism. An American folklorist Joseph Campbell has stated in his book: “A hero is someone who has given his or her life to something bigger than oneselfâ€?; and â€œâ€Śthe hero performs a courageous act in battle or saves a life.â€? (Campbell with Moyers, 1988: 151-152) Campbell then continued to explain how a hero would take off on a series of adventures, in order to ‘recover what has been lost or to discover some life-giving elixir.’ He said that these adventures are the rituals a hero has to undergo to achieve a psychological transformation, and to become more mature when the journey ends. /:+2:+ =!/< *: Ćš #Ä =L aa 2< 3: ) bef`

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While a hero according to Campbell looks like a complex, or even spiritual, idea, the Chinese knightserrant’s disposition is much simpler and more straightforward than that. The major commitment of the knights-errant is more of a physical act than the psychological one. Sima Qian wrote that the knightserrant “rushed to the aid of other men in distress without giving a thought to their own safety. And when they had saved someone from disaster at the risk of their own lives, they did not boast their ability and would have been ashamed to brag of their benevolence.â€? If the mission of a hero is to help people without hesitation or any concern about his or her life’s safety, but to serve a much higher concept than life, to show selflessness and bigger heart, then we can definitely put the knights-errant to the category of ‘heroes’ like what Joseph Campbell has stated above. 2.2 The Assassins in Shiji While the knights-errant in general are highly revered by a lot of people, the assassins, in the other hand, are somewhat arguably less majestic. Many people like to compare the knights-errant to the assassins in many levels and aspects. From the outside, they are similar in the appearance, as a particular group of people who work their way through the use of force and /:+2:+ =!/< *: Ćš #Ä L= aa 2< 3: ) bef`

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weaponry. But on the inside, they are still different in essential elements, the generic types of comparison are: 1) The knights-errant only draw their swords to save innocent people from injustice, but killing is not always necessary, and they definitely do not take any wages in return. While the assassins purposely kill by order, most of them are professional killers, so they take money as payment for each killing. 2) Morality is a must-have quality for the knightserrant, while assassins don’t necessarily have it. 3) Assassins’ motivation can be politics-related, or it could be merely personal grudges, while the knightserrant do not take anything personally, they perform chivalrous deeds only to serve the altruism and justice. The above arguments are commonly found when speaking of knights-errant and assassins in general. But they are not necessarily true, for there are many assassins who were respected and glorified by a lot of people, especially the ones mentioned in Cike Liezhuan. In addition, whether it was the knight-errant or the assassin, in the eyes of Chinese people, both groups possessed a special set of skills and performed the acts of chivalry, and consequently were treated as heroes nonetheless.Ç° The 86th volume in Shiji, Cike Liezhuan or the ‘Biographies of the Assassins’, is an anthological record of /:+2:+ =!/< *: Ćš #Ä =L aa 2< 3: ) bef`

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the assassins in Chinese history, especially during the Warring States and Han periods. It illustrates the lives of Cao Mo (á´Š â‹›), Zhuan Zhu (ሸ䄨), Yu Rang (䊛䇃), Nie Zheng (㚌᭯), and Jing Ke (㼜䔍), who probably was the most well-known of them all. Cao Mo was formerly a general of the State of Lu, but Lu army under his command has lost to the state of Qi three times. Afterwards there was a meeting between Qi Huan Gong (ĺ•şáşƒâ€ŤŢœâ€Ź, Duke Huan of Qi) and Lu Zhuang Gong (ĺ†&#x;㌺â€ŤŢœâ€Ź, Duke Zhuang of Lu). At the altar where the meeting was held, Cao suddenly put a dagger against Qi Huan Gong, forcing him to return Lu territory that was lost in the battle. Qi Huan Gong had no choice but agreed to do so. This is somehow interesting because Cao Mo then became a ‘hero’ for winning the land back, and no one would ever mention that it was he who lost the battle in the first place. Zhuan Zhu was an assassin hired by Prince Guang of Wu (੣â€ŤŢœâ€Źá†€â€Ť )ݚ‏to murder King Liao of Wu (੣⦻‍)܊‏. Zhuan Zhu successfully killed the King in a party, where he hid a dagger in a fish. But after this, he was also killed. Yu Rang, an assassin of the state of Jin, was renowned for his repeated attempts in killing Zhao Xiangzi (ä?‰ă˝´á†€) to avenge for his former lord Zhi Bo (ᲪŐ&#x;). The first time he changed his identity and planned to murder /:+2:+ =!/< *: Ćš #Ä L= aa 2< 3: ) bef`

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Zhao Xiangzi in the toilet, where he was caught before doing so. However, Zhao Xiangzi did not kill him but let him go. After that, he covered himself in lacquer to hide his former looks, swallowed charcoal to make his voice coarser, and became a beggar in the market. His friend, upon seeing this, tried to persuade him otherwise, but he insisted on his plan, saying to give up the plan would mean giving up his loyalty to his master as well. Then Yu Rang tried to attack Zhao Xiangzi from under a bridge, but he failed once again and was arrested. Zhao Xiangzi recognised him despite his beggar appearance. Zhao Xiangzi asked Yu Rang why he kept doing this, and was moved by Yu Rang’s faithfulness to his master. Yu Rang then requested to stab Zhao Xiangzi’s robe instead to show his strong intention of revenge. Zhao Xiangzi gave him his robe, which Yu Rang stabbed three times before killing himself. Another assassin in the Warring States period was Nie Zheng. Yan Zhongzi (೤Ԣᆀ) of Puyang had a dispute with Xia Lei (Ř?ă?&#x;) who was the prime minister of Han (七). While Yan Zhongzi was looking for someone to kill Xia Lei, he heard about Nie Zheng’s abilities and wanted to befriend him. After repeatedly refusing to see Yan Zhongzi, Nie Zheng eventually let him enter and have a drink. Yan Zhongzi then offered Nie Zheng a lot of gold, /:+2:+ =!/< *: Ćš #Ä =L aa 2< 3: ) bef`

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but he refused to accept, saying “I am fortunate enough to have an old mother with me. Although our family is poor and I am merely a dog butcher. But with this profession I am able to feed my family. Seeing that I can earn some to look after my mother, so I do not dare accepting your gift.â€? (Sima Qian, 2010: 1964) Yan Zhongzi heard what he said and insisted no more. Some time later Nie Zheng’s mother died, he then regretted what he has spoken to Yan Zhongzi. So he travelled to see Yan Zhongzi and volunteered to take a revenge for him. Nie Zheng disguised a sword as a walking stick and entered the state of Han. Prime Minister Xia Lei was sitting in his office, guarded by a group of weapon-yielding men. Nie Zheng walked straight in, he stabbed and killed Xia Lei. Then there was a great commotion, where Nie Zheng killed dozens of more men. After that, Nie Zheng skinned his own face, gouged out his eyes, stabbed himself and pulled out his own intestines, and then he died. Jing Ke was famous for his brave act of making his way into Qin palace to assassinate Qin Wang (〖⌝) or the King of Qin.6 The mission was unsuccessful and Jing Ke was killed afterwards. However, people still praised Jing Ke for his braveness and a strong will to give up his own 6 This refers to Ying Zheng (ᅤ᭯) who later became the Emperor of Qin, also the first emperor of China.

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life as a martyr. The accounts of Jing Ke’s mission are later used as source material in a film adaptation by the masterful director Chen Kaige (ä˛Łŕ Ąâ…ź). The film The Emperor and the Assassin (㼜䔍४〖⌝), released in 1998, is a fairly faithful adaptation of Jing Ke’s attempted assassination of Qin Wang in Shiji. A film studies scholar Leon Hunt commented that Jing Ke “is a human-scale hero—flawed, but brave enough to give his life up on a mission he wasn’t entirely equal to. ...His heroism lies in his willing sacrifice and the suspension of his pacifism for a higher cause—even if he succeeds, he is not going to return.â€? (Hunt, 2011: 67) The accounts of Jing Ke as portrayed in this film and Shiji have represented the idea of a ‘heroic sacrifice’. For this matter, Jing Ke is naturally and consequently honoured as an epitome of a historical hero. From all the above stories about the historical assassins, it is evident that being labeled as an assassin does not make these people less worthy than the knights-errant. They, too, can be presented as fearless, brave, honest, and trustworthy men, who would not let anything ruin their principles. They were loyal to their master, and they kept promises they made with their friends. Are these matters not the qualities of the noble men? /:+2:+ =!/< *: Ćš #Ä =L aa 2< 3: ) bef`

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3.Ç°4IJKJ’s influences on Chinese literature and film Sima Qian’s Shiji is not only influential to the studies of Chinese history, but it is also a huge contribution to the realm of Chinese literature. Shiji has been praised by scholars of every period of time for the conciseness of the text, the beauty in words of choice, and the vivid portrayal of many historical people. These spectacular qualities of its writing contain literary and aesthetic sense that is quite similar to the writing of fiction. (Zhang Xinke ᕼᯠ〠, 2010: 1-2) As a result, Shiji itself is commonly considered as both historical records and a work of literature. So it is not uncommon to see several works of Chinese literature in later periods would regard Shiji as the major source of their stories, or be heavily inspired by the writing style of Sima Qian. One of the apparent evidences is that many novels in later period would be named with ‘zhuan’ (ŰŁ) or ‘ji’ (ä ˆ) in their title, (Zhang Xinke, 2010: 122) such as Yingying Zhuan (ĺ?&#x;ĺ?&#x;ŰŁ), Li Wa Zhuan (ᾞဳۣ), Chang Hen Ge Zhuan (䎧áš˜â…źŰŁ), Gu Jing Ji (ŕ¨”ä¨‘ä ˆ), Li Hun Ji (ä´’ĺ…˛ä ˆ), and Zhen Zhong Ji (ᡅŃ?ä ˆ) in Tang dynasty, to name but a few. Both ‘zhuan’ and ‘ji’ come from the word zhuanji (ŰŁä ˆ) which means biographies or records. Sima Qian wrote and categorised Shiji by the biographies of historical people, and it became a convention for a story title used /:+2:+ =!/< *: Ćš #Ä L= aa 2< 3: ) bef`

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by many writers in later periods. Even the novels in Ming dynasty, such as Shui Hu Zhuan (≤┨ۣ, Outlaws of the Marsh, or the Water Margin) or Xi You Ji (㞯ä™şä ˆ, Journey to the West), have also been influenced by this convention. The stories of the knights-errant and assassins from Shiji are also the major source of creating the works of fiction, known as chivalric tales (Ř?ă—™᭾ҝ) or chivalric novels (Ř?ă—™áˆżäƒš) which have stabilised themselves since the Tang period. The Tang novels, also known as Tang Chuanqi (ŕ­€ۣཡ), are considered as prototypes of Chinese novels. Written in classical Chinese, they are very short and concise, yet very self-contained, with a clear plot point and the vivid description of the characters. The images of the knights-errant in the novels are portrayed as either honourable heroes who save people from their distress, or the wise ones who enlighten or punish the arrogant scoundrels. The most popular chivalric novels in Tang period are Qiuranke Zhuan (ă˛œĺ„&#x;ᇒۣ), Hongxian Zhuan (ăŒľă?›ŰŁ), Nie Yinniang (ăšŚäłĄá ˆ), Kunlun Nu (ᰜ‍)ྤ׆‏, and Xie Xiao’e Zhuan (ä…?áˆżá •ŰŁ). These novels’ main characters mostly are the conventional knights-errant, except for Nie Yinniang, whose status is clearly an assassin. Since the chivalric novels in Tang period, many of the knight-errant or wuxia characters in later works of /:+2:+ =!/< *: Ćš #Ä =L aa 2< 3: ) bef`

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fiction seem to have inherited the heroic ideal from the ancient time. While the term wuxia has become a household genre in Chinese literature and other mediums, modern and contemporary wuxia novels, especially the works by Jin Yong (ä ᓨ) and Gu Long (ਔ喽), have also become the source materials for wuxia films and television series. The wuxia film (↖Ř?⥡) mainly refers to the martial arts action film (sometimes kung fu is included in this genre as well), with the sword-wielding knight-errant character as a protagonist. At first, the wuxia films’ popularisation was limited to the Chinese-speaking or Chinese-descendant audience only. Until the year 2000 that the film Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (ŕŚ—㹞㯿ĺ–˝ in Chinese) became an international hit. Its oriental exoticism has drawn attention from the western world immensely. The film, based on the novel by Wang Dulu (⌝ᓖᔜ)7 and directed by Ang Lee (ᾞᆚ), is a wuxia romance about a stolen sword, a retiring master, and an arrogant yet impulsive young woman new to the wuxia world. It was well received worldwide and 7 Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon is the fourth novel in the Crane-Iron series. This wuxia-romance series consists of five books, which are 1. Crane Frightens Kunlun (ĺ?¤ĺ‚Šá? á?‰) 2. Precious Sword, Golden Hairpin (áˆŚŕ˘˝ä ä Ľ) 3. Sword Force, Pearl Shine (ࢽ≓â¨?‍ )ݚ‏4. Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon and 5. Iron Knight, Silver Vase (䊼倞䢰⏌).

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won so many accolades that it became a phenomenon for the Chinese-speaking film industry. The huge success of Crouching Tiger leads to many more productions of the big budget movies in the same genre, such as Hero (㤥䳴, 2002), which is also about the assassination of Qin Wang, House of Flying Daggers (༹äś’࡝Կ, 2004), both directed by Zhang Yimou (á•Ľă°?ä„°), and recently The Assassin (४ᇒ㚌䳥 á ˆ, 2015) directed by Hou Hsiao-hsien (‍×&#x;‏á†?䌒). The wuxia characters in the novels and films mentioned above are considered ‘heroes’, not because of their superpowers but their courageous actions, their concern about other people’s lives and social unrests, some of them are even willing to sacrifice themselves for a higher cause. These notions about the heroism of the knights-errant and the assassins can clearly be related to the idea pitched by Sima Qian more than two thousand years ago in Shiji, and this very idea still remains imprinted on Chinese people’s minds to the present day. Conclusion The stories of a hero in any culture are classic, timeless, and inspiring. A lot of people would love to look into the national history or even local myths, to find out what defines a ‘true hero’. The Chinese-style heroism is presented through a myriad of historical accounts on the /:+2:+ =!/< *: Ćš #Ä =L aa 2< 3: ) bef`

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lives and acts of the knights-errant and assassins. Being one of the most trustworthy historical records of China, Sima Qian’s Shiji has provided various and numerous narratives of these special and interesting groups of people, who are subsequently promoted as idealistic figures in popular media. I hope this article can show you the other side of the so-called ‘Chinese heroes’ and their contributions to the history of China. References: English Campbell, Joseph, with Bill Moyers. 1988. The power of myth. Betty Sue Flowers, editor. New York: Anchor Books. Hunt, Leon. 2011. “Heroic chivalry, heroic sacrifice: ‘martial arthouse’ as epic cinemaâ€?, in The epic film in world culture, edited by Robert Burgoyne. London and New York: Routledge. Liu, James J. Y. 1979. The Chinese knight-errant. Taipei: Southern Materials Center, Inc. Teo, Stephen. 2009. Chinese martial arts cinema: the wuxia tradition. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Chinese Ban Gu â¨?ŕ´Ş. 2010. Hanshu â•’á´¨. Beijing: Zhonghua Shuju. /:+2:+ =!/< *: Ćš #Ä L= aa 2< 3: ) bef`

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Cui Fengyuan á?„ཚâ“€. 1986. Zhongguo gudian duanpian xiayi xiaoshuo yanjiu Ń?ഝਔިâ¸?㇡Ř?ă—™áˆżäƒšâš„ă‚Ś. Taipei: Lianjing Chubanshe.Ç° Peng Wei á–?ăş‹. 2013. Youxia yu Handai shehui 䙺Ř?㠡╒ Ô“⽎ᴳ. Hefei: Anhui Renmin Chubanshe. Sima Qian. ਨäżœäš§. 2010. Shiji ਢä ˆ. Beijing: Zhonghua Shuju.Ç° Wang Qi ⌝ĺ•ş. 1997. Zhongguo gudai de youxia Ń?ഝਔԓ Ⲵ䙺Ř?. Beijing: Shangwu Yinshuguan. Weng Lixue 㗹哇䴚. 1986. “Gudai xiashi de fengmaoâ€? â€œŕ¨”Ô“ Ř?ŕź›Ⲵäť˜äŠźâ€?, in Wen Tzao Journal Ꭱ㰍á†¨ŕšĄ, vol. 1. Kaohsiung: Wenzao Ursuline University of Languages. Zhang Xinke ᕼᯠ〠. 2010. Shiji yu Zhongguo wenxue ਢ ä ˆă ˇŃ?ഝᎡᆨ. Beijing: Shangwu Yinshuguan. Zheng Tianting, and Tan Qixiang, eds ä??ŕ˝™ἪÇƒä†ŠŢŚĺ‚”. 2000. Zhongguo lishi dacidian Ń?ഝ↧ਢབྷä—?ި. Shanghai: Shanghai Cishu Chubanshe.

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47

đðŨî đÿĊ ÷Üǰ # öĊđóĊ÷ÜĀîċęÜêĆü ÙČĂĂĆÖþø Ā䙷āìĊęđðŨîĂĆÖþøĔîÖúčŠ ö Ā⯁āàċęÜēé÷ĀúĆÖĒúšüÝąĂĂÖđÿĊ÷Ü Â ǰĒêŠÖúĆïðøćÖäüŠć ĔßšĒðúìĆï ýĆóìŤđðŨîó÷ĆâßîąêšîđÿĊ÷Üǰ ) ǰĂ÷ĎŠǰ1ǰÙøĆĚÜǰĔîÖćøĒðúìĆïýĆóìŤ×ĂÜ óøąĂēöÛüĆßøąðøćÖäĂĆÖþøêĆüîĊĚìĆĚÜĀöéǰ16ǰÙøĆĚÜǰĔîÝĞćîüîîĆĚîǰ15ǰ ÙøĆĚÜĒðúđðŨîđÿĊ÷Üǰ  ǰìĆĚÜÿĉĚîǰĒúąöĊǰ1ǰÙøĆĚÜìĊęöĊÙüćöĒêÖêŠćÜĂĂÖĕð éĆÜðøćÖäĔîïììĊęǰ1214ǰÙĞćüŠćǰĀ੐䙷ቮᜩ⮠ā “- ) - ! 0 ” ÝąđĀĘîĕéšüŠćÙĞćüŠćĀ䙷āĒðúìĆïýĆóìŤÙĞćüŠćǰ“) ”ǰĒêŠ ÝćÖÖćøýċÖþćđðøĊ÷ïđìĊ÷ïÖĆïךĂöĎú ĔîǰCBETA ǰĒúąǰ ǰ÷ĆÜ óïüŠćđîČĚĂĀćóøąĕêøðŗãÖïìîĊĚ öĊÖćøøąïčđóĉęöđêĉöüŠćĔîóøąĕêøðŗãÖ ïćÜÞïĆïǰàċęÜĕöŠĕéšøąïčìĊęöć×ĂÜךĂöĎúßĆéđÝîüŠć ÙĞćîĊĚĔßšÙĞćüŠćĀ੐೹ቮ ᜩᴣāĒðúìĆ ï ýĆ ó ìŤ ǰ öĊ Ö ćøĔßš ÙĞ ć üŠ ć Ā೹āĒìîÙĞ ć üŠ ć Ā䙷ā ÝćÖ ×š Ă öĎ ú ÝąđĀĘ î ĕéš üŠ ć ÙĞ ć üŠ ć ǰ“) ” Ēðúéš ü ÷ÙĞ ć üŠ ć Ā೹āàċę Ü îĆ ï üŠ ć ÿĂéÙúšĂÜǰéĆÜîĆĚîĂćÝđðŨîĕðĕéšüŠćóøąĕêøðŗãÖÞïĆï ljབྷ↓㯿NJĂćÝöĊ ÙüćöÙúćéđÙúČęĂî ÿĞ ć ĀøĆ ï ĂĆ Ö þøêĆ ü ĂČę î ëČ Ă üŠ ć Ă÷ĎŠ Ĕ îÖúčŠ ö đéĊ ÷ üÖĆ î ĒêŠ öĊ Ù üćö îŠ ć ÿîĔÝêøÜìĊę ĂĆ Ö þøÝĊ î ǰ82ǰêĆ ü ìĊę ëĎ Ö đúČ Ă ÖöćîĆĚ î öĊ ǰ 58ǰêĆ ü ìĊę öĊ ÿŠüîðøąÖĂïĂĆÖþøĀਓāĂ÷ĎŠéšü÷ǰÙĉéđðŨîøšĂ÷úą70.73ǰàċęÜĔîÝĞćîüî îĆĚîöĊĂĆÖþøǰ37ǰêĆüìĊęëĎÖÿøšćÜ×ċĚîöćđóČęĂüĆêëčðøąÿÜÙŤÝĞćđóćąàċęÜúšüîöĊ ÿŠ ü îðøąÖĂïĂĆ Ö þø ĀਓāìĆĚ Ü ÿĉĚ î ǰĀøČ Ă Ēöš Ē êŠ êĆ ü ĂĆ Ö þøÝĊ î ìĊę öĊ ÿŠüîðøąÖĂïêĆüĂĆÖþø ĀਓāìĊęñĎšđ×Ċ÷îÝĆéĕüšĔîÿŠüî×ĂÜêĆüĂĆÖþøÝĊî ìĆę ü ĕðîĆĚ î ǰĀćÖýċ Ö þćúċ Ö úÜĕðÝąóïüŠ ć đðŨ î đóĊ ÷ ÜĂĆ Ö þøìĊę ĕ öŠ ĕ éš öĊ ÙüćöĀöć÷ĀøČĂĂćÝöĊÙüćöĀöć÷×ċĚîõć÷ĀúĆÜÝćÖüĉüĆçîćÖćø×ĂÜ õćþćǰÝčéđøĉęöêšîöĊđóĊ÷ÜĒêŠđÿĊ÷ÜǰàċęÜÿĆîîĉþåćîĕéšüŠćđðŨîêĆüĂĆÖþøìĊęëĎÖ ĔßšÝćøċÖÙĆöõĊøŤìĊęöćÝćÖõćþćêŠćÜðøąđìýǰÝćÖêĆüĂ÷ŠćÜéĆÜÖúŠćüñĎšđ×Ċ÷î

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48

ĕéšîĞćĕðđðøĊ÷ïđìĊ÷ïÖĆïÖćøĒðúìĆïýĆóìŤ×ĂÜĂĆÖþøĔîÖúčŠöó÷Ćâßîą êšîĔÖúšđÙĊ÷ÜÖĆîéĆÜêŠĂĕðîĊĚ ÖúčŠöó÷Ćâßîąêšî #

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ĂĆÖþøÝĊîĔîÖúčŠöךćÜêšîîĊĚÖĘđߊîđéĊ÷üÖĆîǰóïüŠćĂĆÖþøìĊęëĎÖÿøšćÜ×ċĚîđóČęĂ üĆêëčðøąÿÜÙŤÝĞćđóćąÝąöĊÖćøđêĉöÿŠüîðøąÖĂï×ĂÜĀਓāìĆĚÜÿĉĚî

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ÿøčð ÝćÖÖćøýċÖþćךćÜêšîóïüŠć ÿĞćĀøĆïó÷ćÜÙŤđÿĊ÷ÜìĊę×ċĚîêšîéšü÷ ó÷Ćâßîąêšî ) öĊÝĞćîüîëċÜ 58 ĂĆ ÖþøìĊęöĊ ÿŠüîðøąÖĂïêĆ üĂĆÖþø ĀਓāĀøČĂÙĉ éđðŨî øšĂ÷úąǰ70.73 ĒúąđöČęĂñîüÖđך ćÖĆïó÷ćÜÙŤ đÿĊ÷ Ü ĂČęîìĊęĔÖúšđÙĊ÷ÜóïüŠćÖćøÿøšćÜêĆüĂĆÖþøđóČęĂüĆêëčðøąÿÜÙŤÝĞćđóćą×ĂÜ óøąĂēöÛüĆßøąúšüîöĊÿŠüîðøąÖĂïêĆüĂĆÖþø ĀਓāìĆĚÜÿĉĚîǰàċęÜìĞćĔĀš đøćÿćöćøëÿøč ð ĕéš üŠ ć ÿŠ ü îðøąÖĂïêĆ ü ĂĆ Ö þø ĀਓāöĊ ÿŠ ü îĔîÖćø đðúĊę÷îđÿĊ÷ÜÝćÖÖćøĂĂÖđÿĊ÷ÜĂ÷ŠćÜđéĉö×ĂÜĂĆÖþøÖúčŠö ĀֶāĀøČĂ # öćđðŨ î đÿĊ ÷ Üó÷Ć â ßîąêš î ) ĒúąĂĆ Ö þøÖúčŠ ö ìĊę öĊ ó ÷Ć â ßîąêš î ĔÖúšđÙĊ÷ÜǰàċęÜöĊĂĆÖþøìĊęëĎÖîĞćöćĔßšĕöŠöćÖîĆÖ éĆÜîĆĚîĔîÖćøĒðúìĆïýĆóìŤ ×ĂÜóøąĂēöÛüĆßøąÖćøđêĉöêĆüĂĆÖþøĀਓāĀîšćêĆüĂĆÖþøĂČęîîĆĚîǰđðŨî Ö ć ø đ ð úĊę ÷ î úĆ Ö þ è ą Ö ć ø Ă Ă Ö đ ÿĊ ÷ Ü Ý ć Ö ×š ć Ü úĉĚ î ǰ ( lateral approximant) đðŨîđÿĊ ÷ÜÖøąìï (trill) Ēúą÷šć÷åćîÖøèŤÝćÖôŦî (dental) öćđðŨîðčśöđĀÜČĂÖ (alveolar) îĆęîđĂÜ ïøøèćîčÖøö ‫⌠ݢ‬ᶮ ljụ╒ሽ丣ᾲ䃚NJˈ䔹ljਔ╒䃎⹄ウNJˈㅜ ᵏDŽ ᰕ 儈ᾐ丶⅑䛾ㅹ䕟 ljབྷ↓ᯠ‫؞‬བྷ㯿㓿NJㅜ ᵜ ˄ᇶᮉ䜘˅ˈᶡӜ˖བྷ↓а࠷㓿࠺㹼ՊDŽ 亗䳴‫ ٹ‬ljୀԓᇶૂụ╒䃎ሽ丣⹄ウ ԕнオ䠁ࢋ䆟㪇⛪ ѝᗳ㘳ሏNJˈк⎧˖ᗙᰖབྷᆨঊ༛ᆨս䄆᮷DŽ ˄ୀ˅伋䥛᫠. .ljԓᇇᵍ䌸ਨオབྷ䗟↓ᔓᲪй㯿઼ቊ㺘 ࡦ䳶NJˈljབྷ↓㯿NJㅜ ধDŽ ╒䃎བྷ䂎ި㐘㒲㲅 ljᓧ⟉ᆇިNJˈк⎧˖к⎧䗝ᴨࠪ⡸⽮DŽ 哴ᗳᐍ lj╒ۣᇶᮉᒿNJˈlj֋ᆨ⹄ウNJˈㅜ ᵏˈㅜ 丱DŽ

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50

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с╡╛спахЕ▒ ╟Й╤ЭриФф╕г╟К╦ИреЗ╙Ь╦Црн╢рдЙржас┤иф╜Ш╟Д с╖ЗтАл▌╣тАмс░╛╟Гс╖ЗсЩСф┐Ш╟Гс╖ЗсЩСсФз ╟ЙтХТс╗е╓ЛсоЙфГОр╜ЧфЧЭ▐и╟К╦ИуакреЗ╦Ц р░╣фКАрактб╕т╜о╟Д с╖ЗтШФ ╟Й╤Эр┤╗фГОф╕грив╟К╦ИреЗ╙Ь╦ЦфГОсо╖рактб╕т╜о╟Д с╖ЗсЩСф┐Ш╟Гс╖ЗтАл▌╣тАмс░╛ ╟Йс╗есо╖рлВфГО╟К╦ИуакреЗ╦Цр░╣фКАрактб╕т╜о╟Д с╖ЗсЩСф┐Ш╟Гс╖ЗтАл▌╣тАмс░╛ ╟Йс╗есЖЗсЪ╣с│╖тАл▐ХтАмфо░╟К ╦ДтАл╪ЮтАмфА▓с╡Ь╦Е ╦ИуакреЗ╦Цр░╣фКА рактб╕т╜о╟Д рв╣с│╣ржЗ ╟ЙтХТфГОф╕гф╕лсЖисоЙуА╗╟К╦ИреЗ╙Ь╦ЦреЗ╙Ьр╜ЧсЖирактб╕т╜о╟Д рв╣с│╣ржЗ ╟Йф╕гф╕лсЖифЖ░с╡Ь╟К╦И╨║тОз╦Ц╨║тОз╙ФфЩКр╜ЧсЖирактб╕т╜о╟Д рй▓сФкт╛┐ ╟Й╤Эр┤╗сЗ╢соЙрив╟К╦ИуакреЗ╦ЦуВксУЭс┤иудБ╟Д ╦Дс░Х╦ЕсТгсРНсЦа ╟Й╓ЛсоЙтХТс╗ер╜ЧфЧЭ▐и╟К╦Ис╢б╙Ь╦Цф╡╕рз╗с┤│╟Д

(2531) . ├│─Н├м├н├╜─З├┐├о─З├╢─А─З├╖─З├о ╟░├Ц├╕─Н├Ь─С├м├│: ├н├о─З├Щ─З├╕├Ц├╕─Н├Ь─С├м├│.

с▓Юфо░р╣бсЪЩсИк╟ГхЦ╜умЮсИк

╦Дс║▒╦ЕтАлт╛А▄ЧтАмсла. .╟Йрак╨╣уп┐фБИф│╢gснЯфЗЖ█г╟К╦Иржз ╦ИреЗ╙Ь╦Ц ╤ЭуиЯс┤исЙ░╟Д тМар┤╗уиЯтАл ▄ЧтАм╟ЙтХТс╗еудбтМа╓ЛсЖифВО▐и╟К╦ИтМар┤╗с┤мфЙз╦ЦрбНт▓мржардЙсЙ░╟Д рнА╓Му░Щ ╟ЙтХТфГОф╕гф╕лсЖисСифЖИ╟К╦И╨║тОз╦Ц╨║тОзсоЙуЫврактб╕т╜о╟Д р╝┐сФУуа╕ ╟ЙсЗ╢соЙ█гсд▒уа╖рнА╘Ут╜ос┤│╟К╦И╨║тОз╦Ц╙ктЙБрактб╕т╜о╟Д спатАл╪ЮтАмр╜ЧтЖУуп┐сАДркИ╒К ╟Йр╜ЧтЖУспатАл╪ЮтАмр╜Чуп┐уУ┐╟КриареЗ╦Цт▓нхВЬ╥ЦсЙ░сТд╟Д тж╗ргЛ ╟ЙтХТфГОривуБп╟К╦ИреЗ╙Ь╦Ц╤ЭуиЯс┤исЙ░╟Д рйгуй╢рдФуРШфХЯ ╟ЙсЖ╗с╡ЬсФУф╕лтЙит╛пс╡Ьф╕лфиС╟К╦ИржЗ╙Ь╦ЦхМграарактб╕т╜о╟Д рйг╪Ср╛▓ ╟ЙуаксЗ╢с╢бсЗ╢уа╖рнАсЗ╢╟К╦ИреЗ╙Ь╦Ц╤Эр┤╗уп┐сЖирактб╕т╜о╟Д р│дуШ░╤Э ╟ЙтХТ█гсЗ╢соЙ╟К╦И╨║тОз╦ЦсЖис╖Зрактб╕т╜о╟Д ╓ЙсФмтЙис╣СфБл ╟Йспас╣С╙ВргЩфБлсЖ╗с╡ЬсФУф╕л╟К╦ИуакреЗ╦ЦфЯ╝╙▒с┤исЙ░╟Д

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䏉ᥟ䩨ṑ lj䳶丫ṑᵜNJˈк⎧˖ѝ഻ᴨᓇDŽ

Chinese Buddhist Electronic Text Association (CBETA), (Chinese Electronic Tripitaka), ᒤ⡸DŽ ðøą÷ÜÙŤǰĒÿîïčøćè. (2548) ǰóøąóčìíýćÿîćöĀć÷ćî.ǰÖøčÜđìó:ǰ ÿĞćîĆÖóĉöóŤēĂđéĊ÷îÿēêøŤ. ÿĞćîĆÖîć÷ÖøĆåöîêøĊ ǰ ǰ ǰđÖèæŤÖćøëŠć÷ëĂéđÿĊ÷ÜõćþćÝĊî Ēöîéćøĉîéšü÷ĂĆÖ×øüĉíĊĕì÷ ǰÖøčÜđìó:ǰēøÜóĉöóŤöĀćüĉì÷ćúĆ÷ǰ íøøöýćÿêøŤ.

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:+0> 1: -/< = :+E#- 9"09& Ä? 5 &*9 !8 ÄŠ! ĹƒĹšĹ… G!" :+ =2A + 5 &+85F) /9 +8

Study on the Initial Consonant [r] Transliteration Method in Dharani Sutra of Amoghavajra Chatuwit Keawsuwan ABSTRACT This article presents the Dharani sutra transliteration by Amoghavajra. It is a sutra of mantraya-na Buddhism. The paper assorts 4 points: mantraya-na Buddhism, Biography of Amoghavajra, The meaning of Dharani sutra and the Initial Consonant ;R= Transliteration method in Dharani Sutra from Sanskrit into Chinese. Keywords: Amoghavajra, mantraya-na, dharani sutra, initial consonant ;R=, transliteration

/:+2:+ =!/< *: Ćš #Ä =L aa 2< 3: ) bef`

âŒ ŕ´­ŕľ˜Ń?ŕ´­ ŃŒâ´?â€ŤŢŁâ€ŹăŒŤŃ?Ⲵáş•áşąÖŒâ­˜

á•?ä­‘ä­ˇÇƒă­‘âšžä™ŠÇƒŕĄˆá°źá°žÇƒáľžáą…㎎Çƒá†‰Ó äźŽ áŞˆăžą Ń?ഭਟŃŒâ´?ⲴਸÖŒáą&#x;Ń?ŕ´­áˆŠŕ˝†â€ŤŢŁâ€ŹăŒŤâ˛´ä&#x;˝â›ŠŃťĐ°Ç„䢤ҞŃŒâ´?᥀ ŕŞˆഭਟŃ?ഭⲴӢ⎿〝ᓖⲴá?žá”˛ËˆŃ?ŕ´­á´šáœżŕľ˜ŃŒâ´?Ń?áˆŤâ‰˛á­&#x;⛊ഭ á‡ŚËˆਠáĽ•áş•áşąÖŒâ­˜Ëˆâ€Ť×łâ€Źä˜‹Ń?ŕ´­ĐžŃŒâ´?ⲴÓ‚Ř‘О㜽ਸËˆá–’áĄ€ŕĄ™âłşâ€ŤŢĄâ€Ź ਟÖƒટભä˜€â€Ťŕ¨źŢĄâ€ŹÖƒÇ„âŒ ഭާ༷áĄ€ŃŞä˜‰âż˝á­&#x;â›Šŕ´­á‡Śâ˛´ŕ¸Şáľœáś‘ÔŚÇ„ŕľ˜ 䗡্Ⲵ ཊᒤä&#x;źËˆâŒ ŕ´­ŕľ˜਴Ńšᯊäś’ËˆŃŞŕťŽä˜‹Ń?ŕ´­ĐžŃŒâ´?Ⲵ⴨Ó‚ ⨜䀓ટŘ‘ÔŤËˆŕľ˜á§˜ŕŁ˜Ń?ŕ´­ĐžŃŒâ´?ŕľ˜਴亜ŕ¸?Ⲵਸ֌ˈਠáĽ•Ňśă‚ąŕ Şâ˛´ áş•ẹટ༿äˆłÖŒâ­˜Ç„á–ƒâ?ŚËˆáˆŠŇžâŒ ഭⲴä˜‰âż˝áş•áşąÖŒâ­˜Ň?Đ˝ăœ­Ő ä‡‘ä—ˇ ĺ„ˆËˆá†łŢ§á´šĐ°á‡ŠⲴá‰°ä˛€á™—Ç„ŃŞŇśÖŻâŒ ഭᴤྭൠਠáĽ•ä˜‰âż˝ÖŒâ­˜ËˆáŁ• ŕŠşŕ śŕĄ›੠Ń?⌠য়ᯊ᭯á“Œá¨€ŕ Şá”Şä‡žÇ„ â€ŤŢŁâ€Źä­žä‡˝Ë–ŃŒâ´?ÇƒâŒ ŕ´­Çƒáş•áşąÖŒâ­˜ÇƒŃ?âŒ â€ŤŢŁâ€ŹăŒŤÇƒŃ?ŕ´­ ŃŒâ´?â€ŤŢŁâ€ŹăŒŤ ă šߧáĄˆă”ƒáś?Ô•áś•ËˆŃ?ŕ´­Đ°â´¤ŕľ˜ă ¤ŕŁ‹ŇžŃ?ŕ´­ ŃŒâ´?â€ŤŢŁâ€ŹăŒŤâ˛´ŕ¨ áŠ…Ëˆ⭡ҾশਢⲴŕ§?ŕ´?ËˆŃŒâ´?ഭᇌ〝ᓖнਟྠሊŃ?ഭᣥᴚḀ⿽⯠ă˛

1 This research article is a summary of a complete research report with the same title. The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support provided by Thammasat University under the TU Research Scholar, Contract No.3/2559. 2 áľœ 䈎 äťˆ ă“´ ᥀ ŕŞˆ Ë– âŒ ŕ´­âŒ… á­Ż ŕ˝— ᆖ∄ ä&#x;ź g á‘… ‍ ×œâ€ŹăŚ“ ŕ´­ äąľ ᆖ 䲒 (Pridi Banomyong International College, Thammasat University) á•?䭑䭡ᎉጸ (Zhang Xizhen)Çƒă­‘ ⚞䙊 (Kampol Piyasirikul)Ë„ŕĽ‡Óœŕ˝—á†–ŕ´­äąľâ€ŤŢŁâ€ŹăŒŤá†–ä˛’ŕľ˜äˆŤŕŚŠŕź›â­?Ë…Ë—Ń?ŕ´­áŠĄŃŒŕ˝—á†– á­Żâ‹Ťá†–Đžâ€ŤŢĄŢœâ€Źă‡‘⨜á†–ä˛’ŕĄˆá°źá°žáŽ‰ጸ (Liu Changming)Çƒáľžáą…㎎䇢á?¸ (Li Xinlei)Ë„ŕŚŠ ŕź›Ë…Çƒá†‰Ó äźŽä‡˘á?¸ (Sun Yunfei)Ë„ŕŚŠŕź›Ë…Ç„

/:+2:+ =!/< *: Ćš #Ä =L aa 2< 3: ) bef`

54

㲊⺛䊻䐱⺛ Ⰼ㗬⹹㻖䐱⭥㣦㑛䔘䇤

઼нؑԫDŽѝഭ䴰㾱Ḁњьⴏഭᇦ‫ݵ‬ᖃ᭟⛩ഭᇦˈ൘ѝഭоьⴏ ‫ޣ‬㌫ѝਁᥕẕằ֌⭘DŽ аǃ⌠ഭ൘ѝഭ ьⴏ‫ޣ‬㌫ѝⲴẕằ֌⭘ ˄а˅ᆹ‫઼ޘ‬᭯⋫亶ฏⲴẕằ֌⭘ ⌠ഭ൘ѝഭ ьⴏ‫ޣ‬㌫ѝⲴẕằ֌⭘ᴰケࠪⲴᱟ㺘⧠൘᭯⋫ ᆹ‫ޘ‬亶ฏˈ䘉ҏᱟѝഭ ьⴏ‫ޣ‬㌫ѝ䳌⺽ᴰབྷⲴ亶ฏDŽлࡇһֻ ケࠪ৽᱐Ҷ⌠ഭ൘䘉а亶ฏⲴẕằ֌⭘DŽ Ḝคመ䰞仈 ൘᭯⋫䀓ߣḜคመ䰞仈кˈᱟ⌠ഭሶѝഭ᣹ࡠоьⴏᩪ᡻ਸ ֌Ⲵ䖘䚃ˈ‫਼࣋ࣚޡ‬ᇎ⧠ҶḜคመ䰞仈Ⲵ᭯⋫䀓ߣDŽ ᒤˈ䎺 ই‫ץޕ‬Ḝคመѻਾˈѝഭ਼ьⴏ䶒ѤҶ‫Ⲵ਼ޡ‬ေ㛱ˈ䙊䗷⌠ഭⲴ ॿ䈳ˈѝഭ਼ьⴏᩪ᡻ਸ֌ˈ᧘ࣘҶḜคመ䰞仈Ⲵ䀓ߣDŽѝഭ〟 ᶱѫ਼ࣘ⌠ഭਸ֌ˈৼᯩ儈ቲ亶ሬᇶ࠷᧕䀖ˈ仁㑱Ӕᦒ᜿㿱ˈн ᯝॿ䈳・൪ˈ‫ࣘ᧘਼ޡ‬Ҷഭ䱵⽮Պ‫ޣ‬Ҿ᭯⋫䀓ߣḜคመ䰞仈Ⲵ䘋 〻DŽৼᯩཆ䮯Ҿ ᒤ ᴸਁ㺘Ҷ‫ޣ‬ҾĀ‫⛩ޛ‬ᔪ䇞āⲴ‫਼ޡ‬༠

᰾DŽ ൘⌠ഭǃьⴏ઼ѝഭㅹ‫ࣘ᧘਼ޡ‬лˈ‫֯׳‬Ḝคመ䰞仈ᐤ哾 Պ䇞Ҿ ᒤ ᴸᴰ㓸Ѯ㹼ˈӾ㘼ѪḜคመ䰞仈Ⲵ䀓ߣᔰ䗏Ҷ 䚃䐟DŽ↓ᱟ⌠ഭ൘Ḝคመ䰞仈кਁᥕҶẕằ֌⭘ˈᢺѝഭ઼ьⴏ Ⲵ࡙⳺䘎᧕䎧ᶕˈ᡽֯ѝഭ ьⴏ‫ޣ‬㌫൘᭯⋫઼ᆹ‫ޘ‬кӗ⭏Ҷᴰ ࡍⲴؑԫDŽ

ljӪ≁ᰕᣕNJ ᒤ ᴸ ᰕDŽ

/:+2:+ =!/< *: ƹ #ā =L aa 2< 3: ) bef`

䍦㹞䎓᱃⤭䁸㵉᱃㒖⥞㘘᱃㏏匠㎺᱃㰐䊧⳪

55

ˊ䶎ި䰞仈 ᒤࡍˈа൪ケྲަᶕⲴĀ䶎ިā˄

SARS˅൘ѝഭབྷ䱶

㭃ᔦˈѝഭᴹ‫ޣ‬䜘䰘⋑ᴹ৺ᰦੁц⭼ছ⭏㓴㓷ᣕ੺઼ሩཆ‫ޜ‬ᐳˈ 㠤֯⯛ᛵ⌒৺аӋьⴏഭᇦDŽ䘉ሬ㠤аӋьⴏഭᇦሩѝഭн┑ˈ ֻྲˈᰦԫᯠ࣐එᙫ⨶੤֌ḻਆ⎸Ҷ䇯ॾ㹼〻ˈ傜ᶕ㾯ӊᴤᱟᲲ ᰦ⾱→ѝഭ⑨ᇒ‫ޕ‬ຳDŽаᰦ䰤ˈѝഭ਼ьⴏⲴ‫ޣ‬㌫ࠪ⧠㍗ᕐDŽѝ ഭ᭯ᓌ・ণ㓐↓䭉䈟ˈ᫔ᦒҶছ⭏䜘䮯ˈᔰ࿻ੁཆ⭼ᣕ੺⯛ᛵˈ ਼ᰦˈ䟷ਆᴹ࣋᧚ᯭ䙿ࡦ⯛ᛵ㭃ᔦDŽѪҶ㕃䀓ഭ䱵঻࣋ˈ䇙ц⭼ Ҷ䀓ѝഭⲴߣᗳˈѝഭ᭯ᓌ䚰䈧਴ഭⲴԓ㺘ࡠѝഭ৫䇯䰞ˈ㿲ሏ ѝഭ䱢⋫䶎ިⲴᛵߥDŽ ⌠ഭᱟୟа਼ᛵ઼᭟ᤱѝഭⲴьⴏഭᇦDŽ⌠ഭㅜањ㺘⽪᧕ ਇ䚰䈧ˈ䇔Ѫѝഭᱟ⌠ഭⲴྭᴻ৻ˈ൘ѝഭ䙷ࡠഠ䳮ѻᰦˈ⌠ഭ ᓄ䈕ըࠪᨤ᡻DŽ⌠ഭ᭯ᓌ⍮ࠪ⭡ছ⭏䜘䮯

Sudarat Keyuraphan

ྣ༛Ѫഒ䮯Ⲵছ⭏䜘ԓ㺘ഒࡽᖰेӜ䇯䰞DŽ䘉ᱟㅜањࡠѝഭ৫ 㿲ሏ䶎ި⧠⣦Ⲵԓ㺘ഒDŽ䘉⅑䇯ॾ֯⌠ഭԓ㺘ഒⴻࡠҶѝഭᴹߣ ᗳ઼䈊᜿ሩ䶎ި䘋㹼亴䱢᧗ࡦˈᒦᐢ䟷ਆᴹ᭸Ⲵ䱢⋫᧚ᯭDŽ൘䲿 ਾⲴцছ㓴㓷བྷՊкˈ⌠ഭԓ㺘ഒ䘈ُ↔ᵪՊᑞѝഭੁഭ䱵⽮Պ 䀓䟺ѝഭຳ޵Ⲵ䶎ިᛵߥˈ䇙਴ഭᴤ࣐Ҷ䀓ᒦؑԫѝഭDŽ ѪҶᑞࣙьⴏഭᇦ䟽ᯠṁ・ሩѝഭⲴؑᗳ઼⨶䀓ˈ⌠ഭ᭯ᓌ ߣᇊ൘ᴬ䉧Ѯ㹼а⅑ьⴏ⢩࡛俆㝁Պ䇞ˈ୶䇘‫਼ޡ‬ሩԈ䶎ި䰞 仈ˈᒦ⢩࡛䚰䈧ѝഭᙫ⨶⑙ᇦᇍ৲Պˈ㔉ѝഭᨀ‫׋‬ањੁьⴏ䀓

䟺઼䈤᰾ⲴཆӔᒣਠDŽ Պ䇞кˈ਴ഭੁѝഭ亶ሬӪᖱ䈒ᖃлⲴ 䶎ި⧠⣦DŽ਴ഭҏӂ⴨ӔᦒҶ᜿㿱઼䍴ᯉDŽ↔⅑Պ䇞᜿ѹ䟽བྷˈ

㭑⚾䙊ሩ⌠ഭࡽছ⭏䜘䮯 Mrs.Sudarat Keyuraphan Ⲵ䇯䈸ˈ ᒤ ᴸ ᰕDŽ

/:+2:+ =!/< *: ƹ #ā =L aa 2< 3: ) bef`

56

㲊⺛䊻䐱⺛ Ⰼ㗬⹹㻖䐱⭥㣦㑛䔘䇤

ᆳнն໎䘋Ҷьⴏሩѝഭ⨶䀓઼ؑԫˈ㘼ф䘈‫׳‬䘋Ҷѝഭоьⴏ 䱢⋫䶎ިⲴਸ֌Ӕ⍱DŽ↔⅑Պ䇞ቡᱟ䘎᧕ѝഭ઼ьⴏ⴨ӂ⨶䀓Ⲵ ẕằˈ㘼ᩝᔪ䘉аẕằⲴቡᱟ⌠ഭDŽ ˊই⎧䰞仈 Շᡰઘ⸕ˈই⎧Ⲵѫᵳҹㄟᱟᖡ૽ѝഭ ьⴏ‫ޣ‬㌫ਁኅᴰἈ ᡻Ⲵ䰞仈DŽ ᒤ ᴸˈ㤡᣹ᙫ⨶൘᧕ᖵᵾ‫ݻ‬ᕪᙫ⨶䇯䰞ᰦˈ ޽⅑㺘⽪ˈᝯѪьⴏ ѝഭ‫ޣ‬㌫ਁኅ‫〟ࠪڊ‬ᶱ䍑⥞DŽ ᒤ ᴸ Ѯ㹼Ⲵьⴏཆ䮯Պ䇞ᵏ䰤ˈ⌠ഭ᧕ᴯ䎺ইᡀѪԫᵏйᒤⲴьⴏѝ ഭⲴॿ䈳ഭDŽ൘ᣵԫॿ䈳ഭⲴ ᒤ޵ˈ⌠ഭⲴ⺞Ѫॿ䈳ѝഭоь ⴏ൘ই⎧䰞仈кⲴ‫ޣ‬㌫‫ࠪڊ‬Ҷᐘབྷࣚ࣋DŽ൘⌠ഭⲴѫᤱлˈьⴏ оѝഭ‫਼ޡ‬ਜᔰҶ ⅑ᢗ㹼ljই⎧ᴹ‫ޣ‬਴ᯩ㹼Ѫᇓ䀰NJⲴ㚄ਸ ᐕ֌㓴Պ䇞઼ᢗ㹼䈕ᇓ䀰Ⲵ儈ᇈՊ䇞DŽ⌠ഭ俆‫ݸ‬Ҿ ᒤᒤᓅ ൘㣝ᨀ䳵ᐲਜᔰьⴏ ѝഭ儈ᇈՊ䇞ˈѻਾᴮཊ⅑Ѯ࣎ަԆ↓ᔿ ઼䶎↓ᔿⲴՊ䇞ˈⴤࡠৼᯩ‫ޣ‬㌫䘋‫↓ޕ‬ᑨ⣦ᘱDŽѪҶ࣐ᕪӂ઼ؑ 㩕䙐ᴹࣙҾ઼ᒣ䀓ߣই⎧ҹㄟⲴ䈸ࡔ≄≋ˈ⌠ഭ䘈㓴㓷਴⿽⍫ ࣘˈቡljই⎧਴ᯩ㹼Ѫ߶ࡉNJ䘋㹼⻻୶DŽ൘ ᒤ ᴸˈ൘ѝ ഭ㣿ᐎᐲਜᔰⲴ儈ᇈՊ䇞кˈㅜа⅑ᨀࠪࡦᇊই⎧㹼Ѫ߶ࡉ䰞 仈 ˈѻਾˈьⴏ઼ѝഭ䗮ᡀ‫ޡ‬䇶᮷ԦDŽਖཆˈ⌠ഭ䘈ᔪ䇞ˈ൘ 㹼Ѫ߶ࡉ䎧㥹ᐕ֌ᆼ∅Ⲵ਼ᰦˈᓄ䈕䟷ਆᰙᵏ᭦㧧᧚ᯭ˄

early

harvest measures˅ˈԕ䱢ই⎧޽⅑ਁ⭏ߢケᡆ৺ᰦ༴⨶ྭਟ 㜭ਁ⭏Ⲵ䰞仈DŽ㓿䗷⌠ഭⲴॿ䈳ࣚ࣋ˈᐢ㓿ਆᗇҶᴹᖒⲴᡀ᷌ˈ

/:+2:+ =!/< *: ƹ #ā =L aa 2< 3: ) bef`

䍦㹞䎓᱃⤭䁸㵉᱃㒖⥞㘘᱃㏏匠㎺᱃㰐䊧⳪

57

ྲ䇮・ьⴏ ѝഭ儈ᇈ✝㓯ǃ䇮・ᐑ䙫ᮁ⚮ᯩ䶒Ⲵᵪᶴ✝㓯ǃᐑ

䙫ᮁ⚮㚄ਸ䇝㓳ㅹDŽ ᙫѻˈк䘠һֻ㺘᰾⌠ഭ䙊䗷〟ᶱ᧘઼ࣘॿ䈳ᐕ֌ˈ֯ᗇѝ ഭ਼ьⴏ൘᭯⋫઼ᆹ‫ޘ‬ቲ䶒ᴹ䘋а↕ⲴҶ䀓઼ؑԫDŽ ˄Ҽ˅㓿⍾ਸ֌оൠ४аփॆᯩ䶒Ⲵẕằ֌⭘ ൘㓿⍾ਸ֌亶ฏˈѝഭ ьⴏ‫ޣ‬㌫ਁኅ㢟ྭˈ䘉ᯩ䶒ˈ⌠ഭ ҏਁᥕҶ〟ᶱⲴẕằ֌⭘ˈަケࠪ㺘⧠ᱟл䘠ࠐњᯩ䶒DŽ ˊӊ⍢ਸ֌ሩ䈍 ѝഭьⴏ൘㓿⍾ਸ֌оൠ४аփॆᯩ䶒ˈ⌠ഭҏਁᥕҶẕằ ֌⭘ˈަѝᴰケࠪⲴһֻቡᱟ⌠ഭ俆ّӊ⍢ਸ֌ሩ䈍˄

ACD˖

Asia Cooperation Dialogue˅ᵪࡦDŽ䘉ᱟ⌠ഭ൘ᴤབྷ㤳ത઼ᴤ བྷ㿴⁑Ⲵൠ४ਸ֌ᒣਠкˈ᧘ࣘѝഭоьⴏⲴ᧕䘁оਸ֌DŽ ӊ⍢ਸ֌ሩ䈍ㅜа⅑ཆ䮯Պ䇞Ҿ ᒤ ᴸ ᰕ൘⌠ഭᐞ ᆹѮ㹼ˈ њഭᇦⲴཆ䮯ᡆԓ㺘ࠪᑝҶՊ䇞DŽ⌠ഭᙫ⨶Ԇؑ൘ᔰ ᒅᔿк䈤ˈӊ⍢ਸ֌ሩ䈍ⲴⴞḷᱟѪ४ฏ޵ഭᇦ亶ሬӪᨀ‫׋‬ањ ᇊᵏՊᲔоӔ⍱ⲴᵪՊˈᮤਸӊ⍢ഭᇦⲴ࣋䟿ˈ᥆ᧈਁኅ▌࣋ˈ ᨀ儈਴ഭ⴨ӂ‫׍‬䎆Ⲵ〻ᓖˈ਼ᰦҏ㺕‫઼ݵ‬ᆼழ⧠ᴹⲴਸ֌Ṷᷦˈ

‫׳‬䘋ӊ⍢४ฏਸ֌ⲴਁኅDŽ ӊ⍢ਸ֌ሩ䈍㠣Ӻᐢ㓿ਜᔰҶ ⅑䜘䮯㓗ሩ䈍ˈᡀઈഭਁ ኅࡠ њˈަѝवᤜѝഭ઼‫ޘ‬䜘ьⴏᡀઈഭDŽ䈕ᵪࡦ⋑ᴹᑨ䇮 ᵪᶴˈ⌠ഭѪॿ䈳ഭˈⴞࡽਚᴹањѤᰦ〈Җ༴ˈ䇮൘、ေ⢩DŽ

5 㭑⚾䙊ሩ Mr.Mongkol Visitstump (Director of Dialogue and International Organs Relation Division, Department of ASEAN Affairs, Ministry of Foreign Affairs,Thailand) Ⲵ䇯䈸ˈ ᒤ ᴸ ᰕDŽ

䎥‫ ࣷݹ‬lj⌠ഭԆؑൠ४ᡈ⮕⹄ウNJेӜབྷᆖഭ䱵‫ޣ‬㌫ᆖ䲒⺅༛䇪᮷ˈㅜ 亥

/:+2:+ =!/< *: ƹ #ā =L aa 2< 3: ) bef`

58

㲊⺛䊻䐱⺛ Ⰼ㗬⹹㻖䐱⭥㣦㑛䔘䇤

ѫ ᑝ ഭ 䖞 ⍱ ᣵ ԫ ˈ ԫ ᵏ а ᒤ DŽ ⌠ ഭ ⴞ ࡽ ᱟ ѫ ᑝ ഭ ˄ ˅DŽ‫ޣ‬Ҿ⌠ഭ൘ӊ⍢ਸ֌ሩ䈍ᵪࡦѝⲴ֌⭘ˈԆؑ䈤ˈ⌠ ഭਁᥕҶĀẕằā઼Ā㓭ᑖā֌⭘ˈ䙊䗷ӊ⍢ਸ֌ሩ䈍оӊ⍢٪

ࡨส䠁ˈሶӊ⍢਴ഭ䘎൘Ҷа䎧ˈ⌠ഭᡀѪҶањĀ㚄㌫ഭāDŽ Ԇ䘈㺘⽪ˈӊ⍢ਸ֌ሩ䈍⭡⌠ഭਁ䎧ˈᗇࡠҶѝഭ઼ަԆഭᇦⲴ ᭟ᤱDŽ⋑ᴹѝഭⲴ᭟ᤱˈቡнՊᴹӊ⍢ਸ֌ሩ䈍DŽѝഭ઼ьⴏᱟ ྭ䛫ትǃྭՉդˈৼᯩ䙊䗷ॱ࣐йǃॱ࣐аㅹᒣਠ࣐ᕪਸ֌ˈ㘼 ӊ⍢ਸ֌ሩ䈍ᱟሶьⴏǃѝഭѳ㠣ᮤњӊ⍢㚄㌫䎧ᶕⲴẕằˈ⧠

ᐢᡀѪањ䰤᧕㕃䀓ൠ४ߢケⲴ䇪උDŽ ˊѝഭ ьⴏ㠚䍨४Ⲵᰙᵏ᭦㧧䇑ࡂ ᤹➗ljѝഭ ьⴏ‫ޘ‬䶒㓿⍾ਸ֌ॿ䇞NJˈ࠶єњ䱦⇥ᔪᡀѝ ഭ ьⴏ㠚䍨४DŽㅜањ䱦⇥ᱟ ᒤˈ㓖ᴹ ⿽ӗ૱ ‫〾ޣ‬䱶㔝߿ቁࡠ䴦˗ㅜҼњ䱦⇥ᱟࡠ ᒤ˄ьⴏᯠᡀઈഭࡠ ᒤ˅ˈѝഭ ьⴏ㠚䍨४ᆼ‫ޘ‬ᔪᡀDŽ㘼ㅜа䱦⇥ ⿽ӗ૱ ѫ㾱Ѫߌӗ૱ˈ‫ݸ‬ᵏ䘋㹼߿〾ˈ᭵〠ѪĀᰙᵏ᭦㧧䇑ࡂāDŽ᤹➗ ᰙᵏ᭦㧧䇑ࡂˈѝഭоьⴏ њ㘱ᡀઈഭⲴߌӗ૱‫〾ޣ‬൘

ᒤ䱽ࡠ ԕлˈ ᒤ䱽ࡠ ԕлˈ ᒤᇎ⧠䴦‫〾ޣ‬DŽ ൘䘉а߿〾䘋〻ѝˈ⌠ഭ䎧ࡠҶᕅ亶֌⭘DŽ ᒤ ᴸ ᰕˈѝ⌠ৼᯩ䗮ᡀॿ䇞ˈሶ㠚 ᒤ ᴸ ᰕ䎧ˈ൘ѝഭ ь ⴏ㠚⭡䍨᱃४Ṷᷦлᨀࡽᇎ⧠ѝ⌠ѻ䰤㭜㨌઼≤᷌Ⲵ䴦‫〾ޣ‬DŽѝ

䎥‫ ࣷݹ‬lj⌠ഭԆؑൠ४ᡈ⮕⹄ウNJेӜབྷᆖഭ䱵‫ޣ‬㌫ᆖ䲒⺅༛䇪᮷ˈㅜ 亥

Ā⌠ഭᙫ⨶䎎ѝഭᱟឧមⲴབྷഭ˖ᱟᵪ䙷㘼䶎ေ㛱āˈѝᯠ㖁ˈhttp://www. chinanews.com/news/2005/2005-06-28/26/592132.shtml Āѝഭüьⴏ㠚⭡䍨᱃४ᔰ᭮ᐲ൪ᰦ䰤㺘āhttp://www.china.com.cn/economic/ txt/2009-12/31/content_19161749.htm

/:+2:+ =!/< *: ƹ #ā =L aa 2< 3: ) bef`

䍦㹞䎓᱃⤭䁸㵉᱃㒖⥞㘘᱃㏏匠㎺᱃㰐䊧⳪

59

⌠єഭ ⿽㭜㨌ǃ≤᷌ㅹߌӗ૱Ⲵ䘋ࠪਓ‫⭡〾ޣ‬ᒣ൷ 䱽Ѫ

䴦ˈৼᯩӂ‫≤Ⲵ〾ޣݽ‬᷌㭜㨌䎵䗷Ҷ ཊ⿽DŽ ѝഭоьⴏ㠚 ⭡䍨᱃४Ⲵᔪ䇮ˈѪѝഭоьⴏⲴ㓿⍾ਸ֌ᔰ䗏ҶᯠⲴተ䶒ˈᶱ བྷൠ‫׳‬䘋Ҷьӊ㓿⍾ਸ֌ⲴਁኅDŽ⌠ഭⲴ䘉⿽ᕅ亶֌⭘ˈᴹ࣋ᑖ ࣘҶަԆьⴏഭᇦˈ࣐ᘛҶоѝഭᔪ・㠚⭡䍨᱃४Ⲵ↕ՀDŽ ˊѝഭüьⴏ㓿䍨‫ޣ‬㌫Ӕ⍱ሩ䈍ᵪࡦ ⌠ഭّሬ઼᧘ࣘҶཊњѝഭ ьⴏ㓿䍨Ӕ⍱ሩ䈍ᵪࡦDŽ ᒤѝഭ ьⴏ㓿⍾䍨᱃‫׳‬䘋Պ൘ᴬ䉧ᡀ・ˈᰘ൘‫׳‬䘋઼ᢙབྷѝഭ ਼ьⴏⲴ㓿䍨Ӕ⍱ਸ֌DŽѝഭ ьⴏ˄⌠ഭ˅୶૱䍨᱃ኅ㿸ՊҾ ᒤ俆⅑Ѯ࣎ˈ↔ਾ⇿ᒤа⅑൘⌠ഭᴬ䉧Ⲵ

IMPACT

ኅ㿸ѝ

ᗳѮ࣎ˈᶕ㠚ѝഭ⭥≄ǃᔪᶀǃᇦާ઼伏૱ㅹ਴བྷ亶ฏⲴኅ୶৲ ኅˈ੨ᕅҶьইӊ਴њഭᇦⲴ䟷䍝୶ࡽᶕ৲㿲઼⍭䈸DŽĀ⌠ഭ༴ ҾьⴏॱഭⲴᗳ㜿ൠᑖˈሩઘ䗩ഭᇦާᴹᖸᕪⲴ䗀ሴ֌⭘ˈᱟь ইӊൠ४㓿⍾ǃ䠁㶽ѝᗳ઼㡚オ᷒㓭DŽ⌠ഭኅⲴѮ࣎ᱟ亪ᓄᐲ൪ 䴰≲ˈሶѪьইӊ⴨‫ޣ‬㹼ъѻ䰤ᨀ‫׋‬ањ䍨᱃⍭䈸ǃᢰᵟӔ⍱ǃ

ؑ᚟Ӕ⍱Ⲵ୶ъᒣਠDŽā ˄й˅᮷ॆǃᮉ㛢ǃ᯵⑨ㅹਸ֌亶ฏⲴᕅ亶֌⭘ ѝഭᙫ⨶ᵾ‫ݻ‬ᕪཊ⅑ᕪ䈳䈤ˈѝ⌠‫ޣ‬㌫䎠൘ѝഭоьⴏഭ ᇦ‫ޣ‬㌫ࡽࡇˈਁᥕҶ⽪㤳઼ᕅ亶֌⭘DŽѝ⌠‫ޣ‬㌫ᐢ䎵䎺Ҷৼ䗩㤳

Ā ῤ 㧢 䘋 ਓ 䟿 ཊ ԧ ᒣ ˈ ѝ ⌠ 䍨 ᱃ ৼ ᯩ ӂ ᜐ ā http://www.21food.cn/html/

market/ 2004-06-24/45881.htm 11

ljѝഭ ьⴏ˄⌠ഭ˅୶૱䍨᱃ኅ㿸Պ ኅՊӻ㓽NJˈѝഭ ьⴏ˄⌠ഭ˅୶૱䍨

᱃ኅ㿸Պᇈ㖁ˈ http://cacf.fairwindow.com/cn/About/Introduction/ˈ 䇯䰞ᰦ䰤

2015/06/30

/:+2:+ =!/< *: ƹ #ā =L aa 2< 3: ) bef`

60

㲊⺛䊻䐱⺛ Ⰼ㗬⹹㻖䐱⭥㣦㑛䔘䇤

⮤ˈሩѝഭ਼ьⴏഭᇦ‫ޣ‬㌫ਁኅ䎧ࡠҶ䟽㾱ᕅ亶֌⭘DŽ 䘉⿽⽪ 㤳઼ᕅ亶֌⭘㺘⧠൘ަԆ᮷ॆᮉ㛢、ᢰㅹ਴亶ฏⲴѝഭ ьⴏਸ ֌Ӕ⍱DŽ ˊьⴏ ѝഭѝᗳ ⌠ഭѪҶ‫׳‬䘋ѝഭоьⴏ‫ޣ‬㌫Ⲵ‫ޘ‬䶒ਁኅˈ⌠ཆӔ䜘ьⴏተ ੁѝഭᨀࠪҶᔪ・ьⴏ ѝഭѝᗳⲴᔪ䇞DŽ൘⌠ഭᣵԫьⴏѫᑝ ഭᵏ䰤ˈьⴏ઼ѝഭཆ䮯Ҿ ᒤ൘⌠ഭㆮ㖢‫ޣ‬Ҿᔪ・ьⴏ ѝ ഭѝᗳ䈵䀓༷ᘈᖅDŽ ᒤ ᴸ ᰕˈѝഭ ьⴏѝᗳ↓ᔿᡀ

・DŽ ѝഭ ьⴏѝᗳᱟањ᭯ᓌ䰤ഭ䱵㓴㓷ˈᰘ൘‫׳‬䘋ѝഭ઼ ьⴏ൘䍨᱃ǃᣅ䍴ǃ᯵⑨ǃᮉ㛢઼᮷ॆ亶ฏⲴਸ֌ˈ‫׳‬䘋⿱Ӫ䜘 䰘઼≁䰤⴨ӂҶ䀓઼Ӕ⍱DŽѪҶ㺘⽪ሩ䈕ѝᗳⲴ〟ᶱ᭟ᤱˈ֌Ѫ ьⴏ ѝഭॿ䈳ഭⲴ⌠ഭᴰ‫ݸ‬⍮ࠪԓ㺘৫ᣵԫᯠ䰫‫ޣޜ‬䜘ѫԫˈ 䈕ԓ㺘Ӿ ᒤ ᴸࡠ ᒤ ᴸԫ㙼DŽ⌠ഭੁᶕ〟ᶱ᭟ᤱ䈕ѝ ᗳᡰ㓴㓷Ⲵ਴亩ᐕ֌઼⍫ࣘDŽ ˊ㿲‫ݹ‬᯵⑨ਸ֌ ൘ѝഭ ьⴏ᯵⑨ъਁኅѝˈ⌠ഭаⴤ༴Ҿ亶‫ݸ‬ഭൠսDŽᦞ ѝഭ᯵⑨⹄ウ䲒ਁᐳⲴањ䈳ḕᱮ⽪ˈ кॺᒤˈᴰ✝䰘Ⲵ བྷⴞⲴൠഭᇦ઼ൠ४࠶࡛Ѫ˖⌠ഭǃ丙ഭǃᰕᵜǃѝഭ俉⑟ǃ ѝഭਠ⒮ǃᯠ࣐එǃ傜ᶕ㾯ӊǃ㖾ഭǃঠᓖቬ㾯ӊǃ䎺ইDŽ⌠

12

Āᵾ‫ݻ‬ᕪՊ㿱⌠ഭᙫ⨶㤡᣹ᒦ൘⌠ഭഭՊਁ㺘╄䇢āˈhttp://www.qnsb.com/

news/html/2013/guoji_1012/46443.html 13 㭑⚾䙊ሩ Mr.Mongkol Visitstump (Director of Dialogue and International Organs Relation Division, Department of ASEAN Affairs, Ministry of Foreign Affairs) Ⲵ䇯䈸ˈ ᒤ ᴸ ᰕDŽ

/:+2:+ =!/< *: ƹ #ā =L aa 2< 3: ) bef`

фНжу╣ЮфОУс▒ГтднфБ╕у╡Йс▒ГуТЦтеЮуШШс▒ГуППхМауО║с▒Гу░РфКзт│к

61

р┤н╟Гф╕Щр┤н╟Гс░Хс╡Ьс▒Я╙║сТдс┤░р╜Чт▓┤фОТсЗж╟Д сТд с┤╕╦ИтМар┤н╟Гржа сЙм╟Гс╕Ьр╕ДсИШ╟ГхВЬс╢Ху╛п╙КуЕ╣╤МржЗ╙Кр┤нсЗжсп╡тСисЙ░уУзуУзтАл▐ЬтАмсР│▐ж сТд ╨║ре║сТдсп╡тСиуФПфЗСсоасжЮ╟Д╙║сТд с┤╕╦И╤Эр┤н▐╡р╡атСисЗТфОдтМар┤н╙ксоафЦ│ рзлсТдри╝с╡Пр╗Офоп ╦Ис▒ЯтМар┤нуЕЬ╨░р╜ЧсЗТтУАр┤н╦ЧтМар┤нсп╡тСисЙ░уАа╦И сТд╤Эр┤нтСисЗТсоат┤ЮфЧо ╨╖╙к╦Ит┤ифЦ│╥╛ сТдт▓┤соасЖЗр╗ОргР╥╢

тАлри╝╦И╪╜тАмс░ж╥ПржРрба╥╢фОдтМатСисЗТсЩлсоат▓┤ ╟Д р╡ШтМар┤нт▓┤сХЕф║╢╨╗╦И╤Мт┤Пр┤нсЗжуУзуУзфЯ╖риЖтАл▌╜тАмуЖо╟ГсФжфопуЖофЗ▒с╡П╟Гф▒╜ ╒╛уЖофЗ▒╘зс╣муЕ╣сзЪспнрйисХЕтСисЗТ╟Д ╦КсоЙуЫври╕╓М р╡ШсЖЦтнП╙ФсжТрк╝соЙуЫври╕╓Мспйф╢Т╦ИтМар┤нс┤дс▒ЯфОар╡Ш╤Мт┤При┤р┤нт▓┤рб╜ р╜д╟Дс╣йсжЮ╤Эр┤нсоЙуЫвфЬШт▓┤╪СсЪЯ╦И сТдр╡Шре╛т▓┤р┤нр╜ЖтоЙсЖЦтнП╦Ир╝┤╥╛рб╜ ╨╣╒╜т▓┤тАлтЕС╫НтАмс▒Яф╕Щр┤н╟ГуЦ╛р┤н╟ГтМар┤н╟ДтМар┤нсЖЦтнПфЧо ╙к╦И▐жтЕС с▒ЯржасУЦсЙму╛п╙К ╙к╦ИфО║ржЗ ╙к╦ИуШ▒сеН ╙к╦ИхВЬс╢Х

у╛п╙К ╙к╟ДтМар┤нр╡Шре╛тоЙсЖЦтнПфШМфШМфО╡фЧ╖▐ж╘Ж╤Мт┤Пр┤нсЗж╟Д т┤Юрб╜╦Д сТд с┤╕╦Е╤ктЖТ╦Ир╡ШтМар┤нсРвсФкуГ╗╥╢ сб░сЖДсЖАсЖЦф▓Трк╝ ╤ЪсЖДсЖАфИор╕▓╦ИфШЙр╡Ш╤Мт┤П╤Эс▒Яс┤░р╜Кт▓┤╦Иф▓ФтМар┤нр╜Ж╦ИуивсЦ╗сЗос┤╣ сб░

14

─АсгХрй║╦Ц╤Эр┤нр╜Чф▒╢тСисЗТракр║│тСиф┐ЖфШ╣тМар┤н тСЯриафП╝ракрб╜ ─Бhttp://news.china.

com.cn/2016-08/08/content_39044511.htm

15

─А╤МржЗ╙Кри┤р┤нтАл▐ЬтАмсР│╨║ре║сТдсп╡тСи├╛сбАуФЩржЕ├┐╤Эр┤нтСисЗТфНСтеЮсРШр╜Ч╟Д─Бhttp://mt.sohu.

com/20160728/n461472594.shtml,─А╤Эр┤нтСисЗТсРвсбАр╜Кр┤нс┤░р╜ЧсЗТтУА╦Ире▒р╜Чракр║│тСит┤Ют▓┤ р╡а╤лу╛▒╙╜р╡Ш╙КтНв─Бhttp://money.163.com/16/0809/11/BU19CN3600253B0H.html 16 ─А сТдтАл▐ШтАмр┤нс╢Хре╛тоЙсЖЦтнПсоасжЮриБсР│─Б

http://www.moe.edu.cn/jyb_xwfb/gzdt_gzdt/s5987/201604/t20160414_238263.html

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62

㲊⺛䊻䐱⺛ Ⰼ㗬⹹㻖䐱⭥㣦㑛䔘䇤

ᆄᆀᆖ䲒ˈަԆ਴ഭਚᴹ ᡰᆄᆀᆖ䲒ᡆ䈮าDŽⴞࡽ˄ ᒤ

ᴸ˅൘⌠ഭᆖҐѝ᮷ⲴӪᮠᴹ зӪDŽ ˊ᮷ॆӔ⍱ ⌠ഭ൘‫׳‬䘋ѝഭ઼ьⴏ᮷ॆӔ⍱ᯩ䶒ҏਁᥕҶ䟽㾱֌⭘DŽ ᒤĀѝഭ ьⴏ≁䰤᮷ॆӂࣘӪઈӔ⍱ā൘⌠ഭᔰᒅˈ䈕⍫ ࣘᴹєഭ᮷ॆ䜘‫਼ޡ‬ѫ࣎ˈᰘ൘‫׳‬䘋ѝഭ઼ьⴏൠ४Ӫ≁ሩ਴ഭ ≁䰤᮷ॆⲴҶ䀓ˈ໎䘋≁䰤Ⲵ৻䈺DŽ൘ ᒤѮ࣎ⲴĀѝഭ ь ⴏ᮷ॆӔ⍱ᒤā⍫ࣘ ѝˈ ৲࣐⍫ࣘⲴ⌠ഭ᮷ॆ 䜘࢟ 䜘䮯䱯ᣛ ᾐg⌒⋉ӊ᳆㺘⽪ˈ൘ѝഭоьⴏ਴ഭѻ䰤䘋㹼᮷ॆӔ⍱ᱟॱ࠶ 䟽㾱Ⲵˈ⌠ഭሶ〟ᶱ৲оࡠо਴ᯩⲴਸ֌Ӕ⍱ѝᶕˈѝഭ ьⴏ

ѻ䰤ቔަᱟѝ⌠ѻ䰤Ⲵ᮷ॆӔ⍱оਸ֌٬ᗇབྷ࣋ᨀّDŽ ѝ⌠‫ޣ‬ ㌫ᱟѝഭоьⴏ਴ᡀઈഭ‫ޣ‬㌫ѝⲴ䟽⛩ৼ䗩‫ޣ‬㌫ˈҏᱟ᧘䘋ѝഭ ьⴏਸ֌Ⲵ䟽㾱ᡈ⮕᭟⛩DŽ↓ྲѝഭ傫⌠ഭབྷ֯ᆱ䍻共ᡰ䈤ˈ ൘нᯝਈॆⲴഭ䱵⧟ຳѝˈѝഭ ьⴏਸ֌ҏ䶒Ѥ⵰᥁ᡈˈ㾱ඊ

ᤱн៸᧘ࣘѝ⌠‫ޣ‬㌫ˈ亶䐁ѝഭˉьⴏ‫ޣ‬㌫DŽ Ҽǃ⌠ഭਁᥕẕằ֌⭘Ⲵ৏ഐ࠶᷀ ⌠ഭѻᡰԕ㜭ਁᥕ䘉⿽ẕằ֌⭘ᱟ⭡ཊ䟽ഐ㍐ߣᇊⲴDŽ

17 Ā ⎧ к э 䐟 ᆄ ᆀ ᆖ 䲒 ൘ ⌠ ഭ ᡀ ・ āhttp://news.ifeng.com/a/20150624/44035 405_ 0.shtml

18 lj⌠ഭ᮷ॆ䜘࢟䜘䮯˖ᓄབྷ࣋ᨀّѝഭˉьⴏѻ䰤Ⲵ᮷ॆӔ⍱NJˈഭ䱵൘㓯

ᒤ ᴸ ᰕਁ㺘ˈhttp://gb.cri.cn/42071/2014/04/08/7551s4495829.htm 䇯䰞ᰦ䰤 19 lj⌠ഭѮ࣎ѝഭоьⴏ␡ॆ㓿⍾ਸ֌⹄䇘ՊNJˈᯠॾ㖁 ᒤ ᴸ ᰕਁ㺘ˈ

http://www.gx.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2014-09/19/c_1112543692.htm 䇯䰞ᰦ 䰤

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䍦㹞䎓᱃⤭䁸㵉᱃㒖⥞㘘᱃㏏匠㎺᱃㰐䊧⳪

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˄а˅४սՈ࣯ᨀ‫׋‬Ҷẕằ֌⭘Ⲵᴹ࡙ᶑԦDŽ⌠ഭཞ㹼㹼䮯 ᕐᰝ⍢ᤷࠪˈĀ⌠ഭ൘ൠ㕈᭯⋫кսҾьⴏൠ४ⲴṨᗳൠᑖˈᱟ ьⴏⲴ⢙⍱ǃ䍨᱃઼䠁㶽ѝᗳˈᱟьⴏᐲ൪оѝഭѻ䰤ཙ❦Ⲵẕ

ằDŽā ѝഭ傫⌠⦻ഭབྷ֯ᆱ䍻共൘仈ѪljՐ᢯э䐟㋮⾎ ‫ࡋޡ‬ ӊ⍢䖹❼NJⲴ᮷ㄐѝҏ〠ˈ⌠ഭᰒ䘎᧕䱶кьⴏˈҏ䘎᧕⎧кь ⴏˈᱟᴹ⵰˒ӯཊӪਓⲴьⴏབྷᐲ൪Ⲵཙ❦Ӕ≷⛩ˈ४սՈ࣯ᗇ ཙ⤜৊ˈ‫ޜ‬䐟ǃ䫱䐟ǃ㡚オǃ⑟ਓǃ䙊䇟ǃ⭥࣋ㅹส⹰䇮ᯭ䖳Ѫ

ᆼழˈ൘᧘ࣘ ц㓚⎧кэ䐟ᔪ䇮ᯩ䶒ާᴹᐘབྷ▌࣋DŽ ⌠ഭⲴ 䘉а४սՈ࣯൘ᵚᶕьইӊ⎧кэ㔨ѻ䐟Ⲵ਴⿽ਸ֌亩ⴞѝՊ䎺 ᶕ䎺ケࠪൠᱮ⽪ࠪᶕDŽѝ⌠儈䫱亩ⴞㅜа䱦⇥Ⲵ੟ࣘሶᱟ‫ޣ‬䭞Ⲵ а↕DŽ ˄Ҽ˅⌠ഭ൘ьⴏѝާᴹаᇊⲴᖡ૽઼࣋ॿ䈳ᢰᐗDŽྲࡽ ᡰ䘠ˈ⌠ഭⲴ㔬ਸഭ࣋൘ьⴏѝнਟሿ䀁ˈᆳ൘ьⴏⲴࡋᔪ઼ਁ ኅ䗷〻ѝ䜭ਁᥕҶ‫ޣ‬䭞֌⭘ˈ䘉֯ьⴏަԆ਴ᡀઈഭ儈ⴻᆳࠐ ࠶DŽ⌠ഭ൘শਢкާᴹՐ㔏ⲴཆӔॿ䈳㜭઼࣋ᢰᐗDŽॱҍц㓚ˈ ⌠ഭ⋑ᴹ‫ۿ‬ᆳⲴ䛫ഭ䛓ṧ⋖Ѫ㾯ᯩ⇆≁ൠˈᒦф㜭ӾҼᡈਾ᩶㝡 ᡈ䍕ഭൠս䜭о⌠ഭⲴ儈䎵ⲴཆӔॿ䈳㜭઼࣋ᢰᐗ࠶нᔰⲴDŽ䀓 ߣ㔵⭨䰞仈ᰦˈ਼ṧᱟ⌠ഭਁᥕҶ‫ޣ‬䭞Ⲵॿ䈳֌⭘DŽ䘉а࠷䜭䇱 ᰾ˈ⌠ഭнӵާᴹཆӔॿ䈳Ⲵ䍴Ṭо䓛ԭˈҏᴹཆӔॿ䈳ⲴᲪភ оᢰᐗDŽ

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ᵾ仆ǃ䱸ᇦᇍ˖Ā⌠ഭᵏᖵþаᑖа䐟ÿਸ֌㓒࡙āˈᯠॾ㖁ˈ ᒤ ᴸ

ᰕˈhttp://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2015-05/11/c_1115243879.htm 21 ᵾ仆ǃ䱸ᇦᇍ˖Ā⌠ഭᵏᖵþаᑖа䐟ÿਸ֌㓒࡙āˈᯠॾ㖁ˈ ᒤ ᴸ ᰕˈhttp://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2015-05/11/c_1115243879.htm

/:+2:+ =!/< *: ƹ #ā =L aa 2< 3: ) bef`

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㲊⺛䊻䐱⺛ Ⰼ㗬⹹㻖䐱⭥㣦㑛䔘䇤

˄й˅⌠ഭ਼ѝഭާᴹ⢩↺Ⲵ৻ྭ‫ޣ‬㌫DŽ䘉⿽‫ޣ‬㌫㻛ᾲᤜ ѪĀ⌠ѝаᇦӢāˈᱟᔪㆁ൘⢒പส⹰ѻкⲴDŽ⌠ഭ਼ѝഭ⋑ᴹ 亶൏ҹㄟ઼শਢ䚇⮉䰞仈DŽ⌠ഭⲴॾ⽮ሩ⌠ഭഭ⦻ǃ⌠ഭ᮷ॆ઼ ᮤњഭᇦᴹ儈ᓖⲴ䇔਼ˈ䘉֯⌠ഭⲴশቺ᭯ᓌ䜭ሩѝഭнᣡᡂ ᗳDŽⴞࡽ⌠ഭ਴њ᭯‫ފ‬ሩѝഭ൷ᣡ৻ྭᘱᓖˈ䜭ѫᕐਁኅ⌠ѝ৻ ྭ‫ޣ‬㌫DŽ⌠ഭ⦻ᇔˈቔަᱟ䈇⩣䙊‫ޜ‬ѫѪ᧘ࣘ⌠ѝ৻ྭ‫ࠪڊ‬Ҷᐘ བྷ䍑⥞DŽ㠚 ᒤ ᴸˈ‫ޜ‬ѫ⇯л俆⅑䇯䰞ѝഭˈ㠣 ᒤ ᴸ䇯ॾˈᐢᱟㅜ ⅑ࡠѝഭ䇯䰞ǃ㘳ሏǃ⹄‫ྩˈ؞‬䎠䙽Ҷ䮯෾

޵ཆǃབྷ⊏ইेDŽ ‫ޜ‬ѫሩѝഭ᮷ॆ઼শਢᴹ㌫㔏␡‫⹄Ⲵޕ‬ウᒦ ਆᗇҶᶠࠪᡀቡˈ‫ݸ‬ਾ㦓㧧ेӜབྷᆖ㦓䂹ঊ༛ᆖս઼ѝഭ᭯ᓌᦸ ҸⲴĀѝഭ䈝䀰᮷ॆ৻䈺྆ā઼Ā⨶䀓о৻䈺ഭ䱵᮷ᆖ྆āDŽ↔ ཆˈᵡ᣹㬜‫ޜ‬ѫऔᆖਔㆍн䖽ˈҏཊ⅑Ѯ࣎Ā⌠ѝаᇦӢā丣Ҁ ՊˈѪ᧘ࣘєഭ᮷ॆ‫ޣ‬㌫Ⲵਁኅ䎧ҶнਟᴯԓⲴ⽪㤳֌⭘ˈᡀѪ ഭᇦоഭᇦ᮷ॆӔ⍱‫ޣ‬㌫ਢкⲴި㤳DŽ ˄ഋ˅⌠ഭሩьⴏᴹ儈ᓖ䇔਼ᝏ઼䍓ԫᝏDŽ⌠ഭᱟьⴏⲴ ࣙӗ༛ˈҏᱟᔪᡀॱഭབྷьⴏⲴѫ㾱᧘ࣘ㘵ˈ䘈ᱟᇎ⧠ьⴏ‫਼ޡ‬ փⲴѫ㾱ّሬ㘵DŽഐ↔ˈᆳሩьⴏⲴਁኅ༞བྷ∄ަԆьⴏᡀઈᴤ ‫ޣ‬ᗳ઼൘᜿ˈᆳሩьⴏⲴ䇔਼ᝏ઼䍓ԫᝏᴤ࣐ᕪ⛸DŽࠪҾሩьⴏ 㓴㓷ਁኅⲴ䟽㿶о‫ޣ‬ᗳˈ⌠ഭ⢩࡛‫⌘ޣ‬ьⴏᡰ䶒䛫Ⲵൠ४ᆹ‫ޘ‬䰞 仈ˈ䘉ቡᱟ⌠ഭѪӰѸ൘ই⎧䰞仈кˈ䛓Ѹ〟ᶱ઼✝ᗳൠॿ䈳ѝ ഭоьⴏᡀઈഭѻ䰤Ⲵ‫ޣ‬㌫DŽѪҶ䘉а䰞仈ᗇࡠ䀓ߣˈ֯ᗇ䈕ҹ

22 Ā䈇⩣䙊‫ޜ‬ѫㅜ ⅑䇯ॾ俆ㄉüᡀ䜭āhttp://www.toutiao.com/i64053885063439 32417/

/:+2:+ =!/< *: ƹ #ā =L aa 2< 3: ) bef`

䍦㹞䎓᱃⤭䁸㵉᱃㒖⥞㘘᱃㏏匠㎺᱃㰐䊧⳪

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ㄟнᖡ૽ьⴏⲴਁኅˈнড৺ൠ४Ⲵっᇊˈ⌠ഭн䚇։࣋ൠ㠤࣋ Ҿ‫׳‬䘋ѝഭ਼ьⴏⲴ⴨ӂؑԫ઼⨶䀓DŽ ⭡Ҿк䘠ཊ䟽৏ഐˈ⌠ഭ᡽Պ൘ѝഭ઼ьⴏѻ䰤ਁᥕẕằ ֌⭘ᯩ䶒ᴹᕪ⛸ᝯᵋDŽ⌠ഭ亶ሬӪᴮཊ⅑ੁѝᯩ‫ޜ‬ᔰ㺘⽪䘉⿽ᝯ ᵋDŽᴰ䘁а⅑ᱟ⌠ഭ࢟ᙫ⨶ᐤ䠁Ҿ ᒤ ᴸ൘ইᆱѝഭ ьⴏ ঊ㿸Պᔰᒅᔿкਁ㺘╄䇢ᰦ〠ˈ⌠ഭᝯ᜿൘࣐ᕪьⴏоѝഭ㍗ᇶ Ⲵ৻䈺оਸ֌ᯩ䶒ਁᥕᔪ䇮ᙗⲴ֌⭘DŽԆ㺘⽪ˈ⌠ഭаⴤԕᶕ䜭 㠤࣋ҾᡀѪ‫׳‬䘋ൠ४൘਴亶ฏӂ㚄ӂ䙊Ⲵẕằˈ䘋а↕໎࣐਴ᯩ

ᖬ↔Ⲵ㢟ྭ᜿ᝯ઼⴨ӂ⨶䀓DŽ йǃ⌠ഭẕằ֌⭘Ⲵተ䲀ᙗ ⌠ഭⲴẕằ֌⭘൘аᇊ〻ᓖк‫׳‬䘋ҶѝഭоьⴏⲴਸ֌‫ޣ‬㌫ о⴨ӂؑԫDŽᴰ᰾ᱮⲴֻᆀᱟ൘Ḝคመ䰞仈к઼༴⨶䶎ިⲴ䰞仈 кˈ⋑ᴹ⌠ഭⲴ䘉⿽ẕằ֌⭘ˈѝഭ઼ьⴏ൘䘉є䰞仈к䜭нਟ 㜭ᇎ⧠ѝഭ઼ьⴏⲴ⴨ӂ⨶䀓ǃؑԫоਸ֌DŽሩҾ↔⿽ẕằ֌ ⭘ˈᙫփкᶕⴻˈᰐ⯁ᱟ〟ᶱⲴˈնҏнᓄՠ䇑䗷儈ˈቔަᱟ൘ ḀӋާփ䰞仈кDŽ䘉ቡᱟ⌠ഭⲴ䘉⿽ẕằ֌⭘ᴹаᇊⲴተ䲀ᙗˈ ѫ㾱㺘⧠൘ྲлᯩ䶒DŽ ˄а˅⌠ഭнਟ㜭ᆼ‫ޘ‬ѝ・ൠᢞ╄ѝഭ઼ьⴏॿ䈳ӪⲴ䀂 㢢DŽ⌠ഭᱟьⴏⲴањ䟽㾱ᡀઈˈ㘼фᱟьⴏⲴ俆ّഭˈྲк᮷ ᡰ䘠ˈ⌠ഭሩьⴏ㓴㓷ᴹ儈ᓖⲴ䍓ԫᝏˈ䘉⿽䍓ԫᝏᗵ❦㾱≲⌠ ഭ㾱༴༴㔤ᣔьⴏⲴ・൪઼࡙⳺DŽഐ↔ˈ⌠ഭ൘ѝഭ઼ьⴏѻ䰤

23

Ā ⌠ ഭ ࢟ ᙫ ⨶ ˖ ѝ ⌠ 儈 䫱 ᴰ ᘛ ሶ Ҿ Ӻ ᒤ ᓅ ᰾ ᒤ ࡍ ᔰ ᐕ ā http://www.china

news.com/cj/2016/09-11/8001033.shtml

/:+2:+ =!/< *: ƹ #ā =L aa 2< 3: ) bef`

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㲊⺛䊻䐱⺛ Ⰼ㗬⹹㻖䐱⭥㣦㑛䔘䇤

ਁᥕẕằ֌⭘ᰦˈᗵ❦㾱ਇࡦҾьⴏ・൪DŽֻྲˈ൘ই⎧䰞仈 кˈᆳ൘ॿ䈳ѝഭ઼ьⴏ‫ޣ‬㌫ᰦˈаᯩ䶒ѫᕐ⭡ᖃһഭৼᯩ⭘઼ ᒣ᡻⇥䀓ߣҹㄟˈ৽ሩฏཆབྷഭᒢ⎹˗նਖаᯩ䶒ˈ৸ᕪ䈳Āь ⴏᓄ䈕ᴤཊൠԕањ༠丣䈤䈍āDŽᆳ৽ሩഭ䱵ॆˈնত৸ѫᕐь ⴏॆˈণᢺই⎧ҹㄟⴻᡀᱟѝഭоьⴏѻ䰤Ⲵ䰞仈DŽ⌠ഭ䘉⿽・ ൪઼ᘱᓖⲴ⸋⴮઼᩷᩶ˈ৽᱐ᆳнᗇн亮৺ьⴏⲴ・൪DŽֻྲ㤡 ᣹㺘⽪ˈेӜн㜭ᢺьⴏⲴᮤփ・൪㿶Ѫሩѝഭᯠ亶ሬቲⲴᯭ ঻ˈьⴏᖒᡀᮤփ・൪৽㘼ሶ໎ᕪьⴏሩ४ฏᆹ‫Ⲵޘ‬䳶փⴻ⌅ˈ

ѝഭҏՊӾѝਇ⳺DŽ ⌠ഭഭᇦᆹ‫ޘ‬ငઈՊѫԫᐤ᣹亯ҏᴮ㺘

⽪ˈ⌠ഭᗵ享ㄉ൘ьⴏ‫਼ޡ‬փⲴส⹰коѝഭ䘋㹼䈸ࡔDŽ ˄Ҽ˅⌠ഭнਟ㜭ᣋᔰབྷഭᒣ㺑৏ࡉDŽߧᡈ㔃ᶏԕਾˈьⴏ Ӿ৏ᶕ㾯ᯩ䱥㩕ˈ⢩࡛ᱟ㖾ഭⲴⴏ৻ਈᡀҶа᭟⤜・Ⲵൠ४࣋ 䟿ˈ࣋≲⤜・ൠѫሬൠ४һ࣑DŽѪ↔ˈьⴏᔰ࿻᧘㹼བྷഭᒣ㺑Ⲵ ཆӔᡈ⮕ˈ䘉֯ьⴏᡀҶᴰབྷⲴ䎒ᇦDŽ↓ྲᰦԫ⌠ഭཆ䮯㍐᣹㬜 ൘ ᒤ ᴸਜᔰⲴьⴏཆ䮯Պ䇞кᡰ䈤ˈĀฏཆབྷഭҹ⴨ ৲оࡠᘛ䙏໎䮯Ⲵьⴏൠ४ˈᡁԜ⺞ؑฏཆབྷഭѻ䰤Ⲵㄎҹᘱ࣯

ሩьⴏᱟᴹ⳺ⲴāDŽ ൘䗷৫Ⲵ ཊᒤ䟼ˈьⴏⲴབྷഭᒣ㺑ᡈ ⮕䘀⭘Ⲵঃᴹᡀ᭸ˈӺਾˈьⴏӽՊ㔗㔝᧘㹼䘉⿽ሩཆᡈ⮕DŽ֌ Ѫьⴏѫ㾱ࡋ࿻ഭⲴ⌠ഭᖃ❦ሩ䘉аᡈ⮕৏ࡉඊᆸн〫DŽ⭡↔ⴻ ᶕˈ⌠ഭ൘‫׳‬䘋ѝഭ ьⴏ‫ޣ‬㌫ᰦᱟᴹ䲀ᓖⲴDŽ

24

ઘ ௌ ẵ ǃ ằ 䵎 ˖ Ā ⌠ ഭ 儈 ቲ ሩই ⎧ ҹ ㄟ Ⲵ ⴻ ⌅ ā http://www.zhuixue.net/

lunwen/zhengzhi/12106.html 25

ઘ ௌ ẵ ǃ ằ 䵎 ˖ Ā ⌠ ഭ 儈 ቲ ሩ ই ⎧ ҹ ㄟ Ⲵ ⴻ ⌅ ā http://www.zhuixue.net/

lunwen/zhengzhi/12106.html 26

䛥ᔪᒣ ࡈ⳸˖Ā⌠ഭሩই⎧ҹㄟⲴᘱᓖ˖㺘⧠ǃᡀഐǃ䎻઼࣯ᖡ૽āˈljьই ӊ⹄ウNJ ᒤㅜ ᵏˈㅜ 亥DŽ

/:+2:+ =!/< *: ƹ #ā =L aa 2< 3: ) bef`

䍦㹞䎓᱃⤭䁸㵉᱃㒖⥞㘘᱃㏏匠㎺᱃㰐䊧⳪

67

˄й˅䀓ߣই⎧䰞仈Ⲵ䳮ᓖ䘌䎵⌠ഭ㜭࣋ᡰ৺DŽྲࡽᡰ䘠ˈ ⌠ഭ൘ই⎧䰞仈кਟԕ䈤ᱟቭ࣋ҶˈҏਆᗇҶаӋᡀ㔙ˈն⋑ᴹ ケ⹤ᙗ䘋ኅˈަ৏ഐ൘Ҿ↔䰞仈Ⲵ䳮ᓖཚབྷˈ⌠ഭ⋑ᴹ㜭࣋ᆼ‫ޘ‬ 㜌ԫDŽ䘉䟼ᴹйབྷഠ䳮DŽаᱟˈᆳ䈅മ֯ьⴏᖒᡀањ‫・਼ޡ‬ ൪ˈնཡ䍕Ҷˈ䘉Ⲵ⺞ᖸ䳮DŽ↓ྲ⌠ഭཆӔ䜘ᑨ࣑〈Җ䮯㾯૸㩘 ᡰ䈤ˈĀ⇿њഭᇦሩ↔һⲴ・൪䜭н਼ˈьⴏ਴ഭഭ޵Ⲵ᭯⋫о ≁᯿ѫѹഐ㍐ߣᇊ⵰ަሩ↔һⲴⴻ⌅ˈራ≲ањ਼ⴏⲴ‫・਼ޡ‬൪

нᱟаԦᇩ᱃ⲴһĂĂāDŽ Ҽᱟˈᆳн㜭䱫→ฏཆབྷഭ࣯࣋Ⲵ ᒢ亴ˈֻྲ㖾ഭ࡙⭘ই⎧䰞仈ሩѝഭⲴത๥DŽйᱟˈ⌠ഭ൘ই⎧ 䰞仈Ⲵ・൪н㜭Ѫѝഭᆼ‫᧕ޘ‬ਇDŽ䘉Ӌ䜭ߣᇊҶ⌠ഭ൘䘉њ䰞仈 кˈ䳮ᴹབྷⲴ֌ѪDŽ նᱟˈ䘉н᜿ણ⵰ᆼ‫ޘ‬᭮ᔳ⌠ഭ൘ѝഭ ьⴏ‫ޣ‬㌫ѝⲴẕằ ֌⭘ˈ⴨৽ˈᡁԜᐼᵋ䘉⿽ẕằ֌⭘ਁᥕⲴᴤྭDŽѪ↔ˈᡁԜѪ ѝ⌠ৼᯩ᭯ᓌᨀࠪᔪ䇞DŽሩѝᯩᶕ䈤ˈ俆‫ˈݸ‬㾱൘䱫⺽ѝഭ ь ⴏ‫ޣ‬㌫ਁኅⲴᴰབྷ䰞仈ˈণই⎧䰞仈кᴹᡰケ⹤ˈᓄ䈕ԕᴤབྷⲴ 兴઼࣋㛶⮕䟷ਆᴤ⚥⍫Ⲵ৏ࡉ⹤䀓ই⎧Ⲵ‫ܥ‬ተDŽަ⅑ˈ‫ྭڊ‬аᑖ а䐟䘉ㇷབྷ᮷ㄐˈ֯ሩᯩⵏ↓↓⺞⨶䀓аᑖа䐟Ⲵⵏ䉋ˈᇎᇎ൘ ൘ൠѪ਴ഭᑖᶕᇎᜐ઼࡙⳺ˈⵏ↓ᇎ⧠࡙⳺‫਼ޡ‬փ઼ભ䘀‫਼ޡ‬ փDŽ ሩ⌠ഭᶕ䈤ˈᖃ࣑ѻᙕᱟ༴⨶ྭᖡ૽⌠ѝ‫ޣ‬㌫ਁኅⲴаӋ䰞 仈ˈণ⌠ഭ⽮Պ䘁ᒤᶕ⍱䵢ࠪᶕⲴ়ॾᛵ㔚ˈᖃ❦䰞仈ⲴṩⓀѫ 㾱൘Ҿѝᯩˈѝᯩ⨶ᖃ䍓ᰐᯱ䍧ൠᣵ䍏䎧ѫ㾱㙼䍓ˈնҏᐼᵋ⌠

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ઘௌẵǃằ䵎˖Ā⌠ഭ儈ቲሩই⎧ҹㄟⲴⴻ⌅ā http://www.zhuixue.net/

lunwen/zhengzhi/12106.html

/:+2:+ =!/< *: ƹ #ā =L aa 2< 3: ) bef`

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㲊⺛䊝ä?ąâş› â°Œă—Źâššăť–ä?ąâ­ĽăŁŚă‘›ä”˜ä‡¤

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Association of Southeast Asian Nations. Secretariat, ASEANË–the first 20 years. Jakarta, 1987. Buszynski, Leszek. “Thailand’s foreign policyâ€?, Asian Survey Vol. XXXIV, No.8, 1994, p.726. Chinvanno, Anuson. “‘Rise of China’: a perceptual challenge for Thailandâ€?, Rangsit Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (RJSH) Vol.2, No.2, July - December 2015, pp.13-18. Chongkittavorn, Kavi. “Leadership changing and challengeâ€?, The Nation, 19 January 2004. Ciorciari, John D. “Thaksin’s chance for regional leadership?â€?, IDSS Commentaries, 5 March 2004. Kurlantzick, Joshua. “ASEAN’s future and asian integrationâ€?, Council on Foreign Relations, November 2012. Scott, David. “Conflict irresolution in the South China Seaâ€?, Asian Survey Vol. 52, Number 6, 2012, pp. 109-1042. /:+2:+ =!/< *: Ćš #Ä =L aa 2< 3: ) bef`

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㲊⺛䊝ä?ąâş› â°Œă—Źâššăť–ä?ąâ­ĽăŁŚă‘›ä”˜ä‡¤

Thailand’s Role as a Bridge between China and ASEAN Zhang Xizhen, Cai Yantong, Liu Changming, Li Xinlei, Sun Yunfei ABSTRACT China's cooperation with ASEAN has become one of the highlights of China's foreign relations at that time. Considering the different closeness degree between ASEAN member states and China, China intends to seek pivot states in ASEAN which play a bridging role to promote mutual trust and integration between China and ASEAN, and form a community of shared interests and a community of common fate. Thailand has the basic conditions for becoming a pivot state. Of course, Thailand's role as a bridge cannot be overestimated, which still has some limitations. In order to help the bridging role to play further this report proposes the suggestions to both Chinese and Thai governments. Keywords: ASEAN, Thailand, the bridging role, ChinaThailand relations, China-ASEAN relations

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A Research for the Development of Chinese Language Instruction Offered by Vocational Education in Thailand Kampol PiyasirikulÇ° ABSTRACT This research explores the current status and challenges of Chinese language instruction at vocational colleges in Thailand with the ultimate goal of proposing policy and strategy recommendations on the matter. The data were collected through questionnaires and interviews with related parties. Target populations were Thai vocational institutes which offer Chinese modules. Then, the data were studied by percentage, means and standard deviation, followed by analysis, synthesis and research composition. The finding indicates that there are a range of problems in Chinese instruction offered at Thai vocational colleges. Thus, the researcher's policy and strategy recommendations are (1) striving for an effective Chinese instruction management through meetings between concerned parties to formulate systematic and continuous work plans; (2) ensuring continuation of curriculums between vocational certificates and lower secondary schools, and also between diplomas and vocational certificates. In addition, longer time schedules should be implemented; (3) /:+2:+ =!/< *: Ćš #Ä =L aa 2< 3: ) bef`

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providing more access to electronic instructional media. It is also suggested that a selected highest quality materials verified by experts be allowed to come into use when no in-house textbook is available; (4) encouraging a lesser reliance on volunteer native teachers. Rather, it is paramount that the development of competency of full time Thai and Chinese teachers be at top of the agenda; (5) promoting more engaging instructional environments so that students are more motivated and realize the importance of Chinese; (6) fostering greater cooperation with the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, specifically with the Office of Chinese Language Council International (known as Hanban). Keywords: 5IBJMBOEÇ° 7PDBUJPOBMÇ° FEVDBUJPO Ç° $IJOFTF Ç° *OTUSVDUJPO

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ĂĆ î ìĊę Ý øĉ Ü ǰêš î Ùøĉ ÿ êŤ ý êüøøþìĊę ǰ ǰđðŨ î ÷č Ù ïč Ö đïĉ Ö Öćø ÿĞ ć øüÝĒĀúŠ Ü ēïøćèÙéĊ Ĕ îÝĊ î ǰìĆĚ Ü øĆ å ïćúÙèąßćêĉ Ē úąóøøÙ ÙĂööĉü îĉ ÿ êŤêŠćÜÖĘöĂÜđĀĘ îüŠćēïøćèÙéĊ öĊï ìïćìÿĞ ćÙĆâ÷ĉę ÜêŠĂÖćø óĉÿĎÝîŤüŠćßćüÝĊîĒúąĂćø÷íøøöÝĊîöĊĒĀúŠÜÖĞćđîĉéĔîïøĉđüèúčŠöîĚĞćĀüÜ đĀĂêĂîÖúćÜǰĀøČ Ă ìĊę đ øĊ ÷ ÖĔîõćþćÝĊ î üŠ ć ǰĶÝÜĀ÷üîķǰ ˄ѝ৏˅ ÝćÖîĆĚîǰÝċÜÙŠĂ÷ėǰĒñŠ×÷ć÷ĂĂÖĕð÷ĆÜõĎöĉõćÙêŠćÜėǰìĆĚÜõćÙđĀîČĂĒúą õćÙĔêš (Chang, 1968 ĂšćÜëċÜĔîǰWang, 1997: 32) ǰîĆÖíøèĊüĉì÷ć ĒúąîĆÖēïøćèÙéĊßćüÿüĊđéîē÷ăĆîǰÖčîîćøŤǰĒĂîđéĉøŤÿÿĆî (Johan Gunnar Andersson)ǰøŠüöÖĆïîĆÖēïøćèÙéĊÝĊîǰêĉÜǰđĀüĉîđÝĊ÷Üǰ(б᮷ ⊏ǰǰV.K. Ting)ǰĒúąđüĉÜǰđĀüĉîĀšćü (㗱᮷♿ W.H. Wong)ǰĕéšÙšîóï àćÖôĂÿàĉúàċęÜõć÷ĀúĆÜøĎšÝĆÖÖĆîĔîßČęĂǰĶöîčþ÷ŤðŦÖÖĉęÜķǰøąĀüŠćÜÿĞćøüÝ 5

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2 ÖúčŠöÝÜĀ÷üîǰ ìĊęøćïúčŠöĒöŠîĚĞćĀüÜđĀĂêĂîÖúćÜ öĊ ïøĉ đ üèêĂîĔêš × ĂÜàćîàĊ ǰ ĒúąòŦũ Ü êąüĆ î êÖ×ĂÜđĀĂĀîćîđðŨ î ýĎ î ÷Ť Ö úćÜǰđéĉ ö đðŨ î ĒĀúŠ Ü ÖĞ ć đîĉ é üĆ ç îíøøöÞČ Ă ßćî ˄⻱ኡ˅Ēúą üĆçîíøøöđñ÷ĀúĊÖŠćÜ˄㼤ᵾ዇˅ (6000-5500 BC) êŠĂöćÝċÜðøćÖä üĆ ç îíøøöĀ÷Š ć ÜđÞć ˄Ԡ並˅ÖøąÝć÷Ă÷ĎŠ ē é÷ìĆę ü ĕðǰàċę Ü ÿćöćøë ĒïŠÜđðŨîÿĂÜðøąđõìǰĕéšĒÖŠǰĒïïðŜćîóĆü ˄ॺඑ˅ĒúąĒïïđöĊę÷üêĊĚ ēÖüǰ ˄ᓉᓅ⋏˅îĆï ĕéšüŠćđðŨ îïøĉ đ üèìĊęüĆç îíøøöÝĊîĔîÿöĆ÷ÖŠĂîöĊ ÙüćöàĆïàšĂîöćÖìĊęÿčé đÙøČęĂÜðŦŪîéĉîđñćðøćÖäúüéúć÷đø×ćÙèĉê 3 ǰÖúčŠ ö õćÙêąüĆ î êÖđÞĊ ÷ ÜĔêš ǰ öĊ ï øĉ đ üèĒĂŠ Ü đÿÞüîđðŨ î ýĎ î ÷Ť Ö úćÜïøĉ đ üèúčŠ ö ĒöŠ îĚĞ ć Ē÷ÜàĊ ê ĂîÖúćÜǰ đðŨ î ĒĀúŠ Ü ÖĞ ć đîĉ é üĆçîíøøöêšćàĊ˄བྷⓚ˅ (4400-3300 BC) üĆçîíøøöÞďüĊęđÝĊ÷ĀúĉÜ ˄ቸᇦዝ˅ (3000-2700 BC)ǰĒúąüĆçîíøøöÞČĂđÝĊ÷đĀĂ˄⸣ᇦ⋣ ᮷ॆ˅ (4600-4000 BC) àċęÜ öĊÙüćöÿĆöóĆî íŤÖĆï üĆ çîíøøöéšć î êąüĆîêÖđÞĊ÷ÜđĀîČĂǰìĉđïêǰĒúąđĂđßĊ÷êąüĆîĂĂÖđÞĊ÷ÜĔêš 4 ǰÖúčŠ ö õćÙêąüĆ î ĂĂÖǰöĊ à ćîêÜđðŨ î ýĎ î ÷Ť Ö úćÜǰđðŨ î ĒĀúŠÜÖĞćđîĉéüĆçîíøøöđðś÷àĉî ˄े䗋˅ (5400-4400 BC) ìĊęóĆçîć đðŨîüĆçîíøøöêšćđĀüĉîē×üŠ ˄བྷ⊦ਓ˅ (4300-2500 BC) Ēúą üĆçîíøøöĀúÜßćî˄嗉ኡ˅ (2500-2000 BC) ĔîđüúćêŠĂöćǰéĆÜÝą đĀĘîĕéšÝćÖõćßîąÝĂÖàċęÜóïĔîüĆçîíøøöđðś÷àĉîĕéšÿČïìĂéĕðđðŨî ÝĂÖÿćö×ćĔîüĆçîíøøöêšćđĀüĉîē×üŠĒúąđÙøČęĂÜðŦŪîéĉîđñć×ĆééĞćöĆîøĎð ëšü÷ìøÜÿĎÜĔîüĆçîíøøöĀúÜßćî 5 ǰÖúčŠöõćÙêąüĆîĂĂÖđÞĊ÷ÜĔêš öĊýĎî÷ŤÖúćÜĂ÷ĎŠøĂïìąđúÿćï ĕìŠĀĎǰïøĉđüèđÝĊ÷ÜàĎĒúąđÝšĂđÝĊ÷ÜǰàċęÜđðŨîĒĀúŠÜñúĉêךćüôśćÜ (Millet)ǰöĊ üĆç îíøøöÿĂÜÖúčŠ ö ǰÖúčŠ öĒøÖĂ÷ĎŠ ï øĉ đ üèøĂïìąđúÿćïĕìŠĀĎ ǰ ĕéšĒ ÖŠǰ üĆç îíøøöĀöŠć đÝĊ ÷ðŦ Ü ˄傜ᇦ⎌˅üĆçîíøøöàÜđÝţĂ ˄ፗ⌭˅àċęÜÝą /:+2:+ =!/< *: ƹ #ā =L aa 2< 3: ) bef`

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Chen Yong ф▒╕рг╖╟Д╟Й╪СриФ╨╛тпБриФ├╝флбуБ╢фЗ┤риФривфЧШтНот▓┤риФривти╢ фЗк╟К╦И╟ЙсЖЦс╡Яс┤╕ра║╟К сТдуЕЬ с╡П╟Д

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Fu Lecheng тАл┌╡тАм╥АсбА╟Д╟Й╤Эр┤нфЩКрив ╦Д╨║▐╝╦Е╟К╟ДриареЗ╦ЦсХИсвЬр┤о ╥Ц╦И сТд╟Д

Gu Jiegang ф║оф║╣рбК╟Д╟ЙуЖДрв╣уЬСтАлтнП▌╕▐ЩтАмс┤и╟К╦И╟ЙриФривфЧШ╟КуЕЬ╨░ ▐╝╟Д╨║тОзриФуЙ╜рактб╕т╜о╦И сТд╟Д BBBBBB ╟Д╟ЙсбБс▒ЯсШ╛╤╕уХЖ╟ЛриФривфЧШ╟Мт▓┤╦Ы╟К╦И╟ЙриФривфЧШ╟КуЕЬ╨░ ▐╝╟Д╨║тОзриФуЙ╜рактб╕т╜о╦И сТд╟Д BBBBBB ╟Д╟Й╨╛флбтж┤ри╝тАлтнП▌╕тАмфЗкриФрив╥Ц╟К╦И╟ЙриФривфЧШ╟КуЕЬ╨░▐╝╟Д╨║ тОзриФуЙ╜рактб╕т╜о╦И сТд╟Д

Li Xueqin с╡╛сЖЦрдФ╟Д╟Й╤Эр┤нриФ╘Усо╖с░╛╨╛р┤нсЗжсЦТсбАт╣ДуВж╟Д╙БржЗ╙ктЙБ рактб╕т╜о╦И сТд╟Д BBBBBB ╟Д╟ЙфОарактпБриФс░ж╘У╟К╟ДфЧнсЖ▒р╜ЧсЖЦрактб╕т╜о╦И сТд╟Д

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Xu Xusheng сЧАс░ЭтнП╟Д╟Й╤Эр┤нриФривт▓┤╒РфИдс░ж╘У╟К╦Др╗ОфЗТс╡Ь╦Е╟Дсо╖ твЩрактб╕т╜о╦И сТд╟Д

Yuan Ke у║▒тз▓╟Д╟Й╤Эр┤нт╛Оре╛╒РфИд╟К╟ДреЗ╙Ь╦Ц╙ктЙБсо╖сЖЦрактб╕т╜о╦И сТд╟Д

Zhang Fan сХРраС╟Д╟Й╤Эр┤нриФ╘УуЖ░рив╟К╟ДреЗ╙Ь╦ЦреЗ╙Ьр╜ЧсЖЦрактб╕ т╜о╦И сТд╟Д

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Learning about Chinese Civilization through Historiography and Archaeology Kornphanat Tungkeunkunt ABSTRACT This article aims to examine the development of historiography on ancient and pre-historic Chinese civilization and dynamic changes in archaeological findings, with attention to how these have contributed to the establishment of a contemporary intellectual framework for the understanding of the origins of Chinese civilization. Furthermore, it demonstrates that progresses in Chinese archaeology and ancient history have significantly influenced perceptions of Chinese history and civilization. Keywords: Chinese civilization, Chinese historiography, Debate on Ancient History, Regional and Typological Division

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ǰ 1. ĂîčõćÙÖĆïÙüćöđðŨîÿćÖú×ĂÜǰđĀúĊ÷üĕÝÝČĚĂĂĊĚǰ ǰ ǰĂîčõćÙÖćøĔĀšøćÜüĆúĒúąÖćøúÜēìþÝĞćîüîöćÖĔîǰđĀúĊ÷ü ĕÝÝČĚĂĂĊǰĚ đĀöČĂîĀøČĂÙúšć÷ÙúċÜÖĆïĂîčõćÙÖćøĔĀšøćÜüĆúĒúąÖćøúÜēìþ Ĕî éĆßîĊĂîčõćÙîĉìćîóČĚîïšćîǰ ×ĂÜÿêĉíǰíĂöðşÿĆîǰĒÿéÜĔĀšđĀĘîüŠć öîčþ÷ŤĔîÿĆÜÙöÝĊîÖĆïöîčþ÷ŤĔîÿĆÜÙöüĆçîíøøöĂČęîėǰöĊ úĆÖþèąøŠüöĔî éšćîêŠćÜėǰéĆÜîĊĚǰǰǰ ǰ 1.1. ÙčèúĆÖþèąĒúąÖćøÖøąìĞćìĊęìĞćĔĀšĕéšøĆïøćÜüĆú ǰ ÙčèúĆ ÖþèąĒúąÖćøÖøąìĞć ìĊęìĞć ĔĀš êĆü úąÙøĔîđøČęĂ ÜĕéšøĆ ï øćÜüĆú ÿąìšĂîëċÜÙčèúĆÖþèąĒúąÖćøÖøąìĞćìĊęñĎšÙîĔîÿĆÜÙö÷Ö÷ŠĂÜǰǰǰ ßČęîßöǰñĎšüĉÝĆ÷óïüŠćÙčèúĆÖþèąĒúąÖćøÖøąìĞćìĊęñĎšÙîĔîÿĆÜÙöÝĊîĒúą ñĎš Ù îĔîüĆ ç îíøøöĂČę î ėßČę î ßö÷Ö÷Š Ă ÜêøÜÖĆ î ǰĕéš Ē ÖŠ ǰ ÙüćöÖêĆ â ťĎ ÖêđüìĊêŠĂïĉéćöćøéćǰ(Q65. Filial duty rewarded) ÙüćööĊîĚĞćĔÝǰ (Q42. Generosity rewarded) ÙüćöàČęĂêøÜǰ(Q54. Uprightness rewarded) ÙüćöøĆÖ (Q56. Love rewarded) Öćøÿüéõćüîć (Q33. Reward for saying of prayers) ÙüćöđßĊę÷üßćâßĞćîćâ (Q88. Reward for proficiency) Ùüćöüĉøĉ÷ąĂčêÿćĀą (Q86. Reward for industry) ǰÙüćöàČęĂÿĆê÷Ť×ĂÜõøø÷ćǰ(Q83.1. Reward for wife’s fidelity) Öćøëüć÷ĂćĀćøĒéŠÿĉęÜđĀîČĂíøøößćêĉĀøČĂÿĉęÜ ýĆÖéĉĝÿĉìíĉĝ (Q32.Reward for offering food to crucifix)ǰēé÷óïüŠć êĆüúąÙøìĊęöĊÙčèÿöïĆêĉĀøČĂÖøąìĞćךćÜêšîöĆÖĕéšøĆïøćÜüĆúĂ÷ĎŠđÿöĂǰđߊîǰ ĔîđøČęĂÜǰĂčÖìÖõĆ÷ ≤⚮ ǰÿćöĊõøø÷ćßćüîćÙĎŠĀîċęÜ÷ĂöìĉĚÜúĎÖßć÷ìĆĚÜ ÿĂÜđóČęĂߊü ÷ÖĆîó÷čÜöćøéćñĎš ĒÖŠ ß øćĀîĊ îĚĞćĀúćÖìĊę ĕĀúïŠćđךćìŠü ö ĀöĎŠïšćîǰđöČęĂîĚĞćúéÖúĆïïšćîÖúĆïóïúĎÖßć÷ìĆĚÜÙĎŠîĆęÜ÷ĉĚöøŠćðúĂéõĆ÷Ă÷ĎŠ ïîđêĊ÷ÜĂ÷ŠćÜðćäĉĀćøĉ÷Ťǰ

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1.2 øćÜüĆúìĊęĕéšøĆï ǰ øćÜüĆ ú ìĊę êĆ ü úąÙøêŠ ć Üėǰĕéš øĆ ï ÿąìš Ă îÿĉę Ü ìĊę ñĎš Ù îĔîÿĆ Ü Ùö ðøćøëîćǰÝćÖÖćøüĉ ÝĆ ÷ ǰóïüŠ ć øćÜüĆ ú ìĊę ÿĆ Ü ÙöêŠ ć Üėǰðøćøëîć Ùúšć÷ÙúċÜÖĆîĕéšĒÖŠǰǰÖćøôŚŪîÖúĆïöćöĊßĊüĉêǰ(Q151.9. Resurrection as reward) ÙüćöøęĞćøü÷ǰ(Q111. Riches as reward)ǰÖćøĕéš Öúć÷đðŨîđìó (Q172.9. Deification as reward) ÖćøĕéšøĆïÖćøðÖ ðŦÖþŤÝćÖđõìõĆ÷ǰ(Q150. Immunity from disaster as reward) ÖćøøĆÖþćĔĀšĀć÷ÝćÖĂćÖćøđÝĘïĕך ǰ(Q161. Healing as reward) øćÜüĆúđĀúŠćîĊĚĒÿéÜĔĀšđĀĘîüŠć öîčþ÷ŤĒöšÝąĂ÷ĎŠêŠćÜÿĆÜÙöêŠćÜüĆçîíøøö ÖĆîĒêŠ÷ĆÜÙÜðøćøëîćĔîÿĉęÜđéĊ÷üÖĆîǰðøćøëîćÝąöĊßĊüĉêĂ÷ĎŠǰöĊåćîąìĊęéĊ ×ċĚîǰðøćøëîćìĊęÝąøĂéóšîÝćÖēøÙøšć÷ĒúąõĆ÷ĂĆîêøć÷êŠćÜėǰđðŨîêšî 1.3 ÙčèúĆÖþèąĒúąÖćøÖøąìĞćìĊęìĞćĔĀšëĎÖúÜēìþ ÙčèúĆÖþèąĀøČĂÖćøÖøąìĞćìĊęìĞćĔĀšêĆüúąÙøëĎÖúÜēìþđðŨîÿĉęÜ ÿąìšĂîëċÜÙčèúĆÖþèąĒúąÖćøÖøąìĞćìĊęñĎšÙîĔîÿĆÜÙöđĀĘîüŠćĕöŠëĎÖêšĂÜǰ ēé÷Ùč èúĆ ÖþèąìĊę óïÙúš ć÷Ùúċ ÜÖĆ î ĔîǰđĀúĊ ÷ üĕÝÝČĚ ĂĂĊĚ ǰ ĒúąĔîǰéĆ ß îĊ ĂîčõćÙîĉìćîóČĚîïšćîǰĕéšĒÖŠ ÖćøÖøąìĞćñĉéĔîđßĉÜßĎšÿćü (Q241. Adultery punished) ÖćøêĆéÿĉîÙéĊÙüćöñĉé (Q265.False judging punished) ÙüćöĂÖêĆâťĎ (Q281. Ingratitude punished) ÖćøēÖÜ đÜĉîǰ(Q274. Swindler punished) ÖćøÛŠćÙîêć÷ (Q211 Murder punished)ǰÖćøĔßš đ üìöîêøŤ ïĆ î éćúĔĀš đ Öĉ é ēøÙøąïćéǰ(Q392. Punishment of evil magician who has caused plague) đðŨîêšîǰ 1.4 ïìúÜēìþìĊęĕéšøĆï ǰ öîč þ ÷Ť öĆ Ö Ĕßš ÿĉę Ü àċę Ü êîĀüćéÖúĆ ü öćđðŨ î ïìúÜēìþǰÝćÖ ïìúÜēìþìĊęÙúšć÷ÙúċÜ ÖĆîĔîǰđĀúĊ÷üĕÝÝČĚĂĂĊĚ ǰÖĆïǰéĆßîĊĂîčõćÙîĉìćî óČĚî ïš ć îǰđøćÝċ Ü đĀĘ î ÙüćöĀüćéÖúĆ ü øŠü ö×ĂÜöîčþ ÷ßćêĉ ǰ đߊ î ǰÖćø /:+2:+ =!/< *: ƹ #ā =L aa 2< 3: ) bef`

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àĂÖĀúČï×ĂÜĀšüÜÙüćöÙĉéǰüøøèÖøøöđøČęĂÜǰđĀúĊ÷üĕÝÝČĚĂĂĊĚǰĒöšÝąđðŨî üøøèÖøøöĒôîêćàĊìĊęđúŠćđøČęĂÜøćüÙüćööĀĆýÝøø÷Ť×ĂÜÿĉęÜ đĀúČĂđßČęĂ êŠćÜėǰĒêŠÖćøýċÖþćüøøèÖøøöđøČęĂÜéĆÜÖúŠćüìĞćĔĀšóïüŠćđïČĚĂÜĀúĆÜ×ĂÜ đĀúŠćǰđìóǰõĎêǰóøć÷ǰðŘýćÝǰđĀúŠćîĊĚúšüîöĊÙüćöđðŨî ÝøĉÜìćÜÿĆÜÙö üĆçîíøøöǰðöðŦâĀćǰĒúąÙüćöðøćøëîć×ĂÜñĎšÙîĔîÿĆÜÙöÝĊî ĒòÜ Ă÷ĎŠìĆĚÜÿĉĚî ïøøèćîčÖøö ßîĉîìøŤßĆ÷ǰĂĉîìĉøćõøèŤǰĒúąǰÿčüĉì÷ŤǰĀĉøĆè÷ÖćèæŤ. (2548). ðìćîčÖøöýĆóìŤÖćøýċÖþć. ÖøčÜđìóĄ ǰĒüŠîĒÖšü. ðøąÙĂÜǰîĉööćîđĀöĉîìŤ ǰ ǰîĉìćîóČĚîïšćî ǰÖøčÜđìóĄ ǰ ǰ ēÙøÜÖćøđñ÷ĒóøŠñúÜćîüĉßćÖćøÙèąĂĆÖþøýćÿêøŤ ǰ ÝčāćúÜÖøèŤöĀćüĉì÷ćúĆ÷ óĆßîĊǰêĆĚÜ÷Čî÷Ü ǰ ). ÖüĊîĉóîíŤÿÜÙøćöÝĊîøćßüÜýŤëĆÜǰ:ǰ ÖćøýċÖþćđßĉÜüćìÖøøö ǰüĉì÷ćîĉóîíŤðøĉââćéčþãĊïĆèæĉê ÿć×ćüĉßćüøøèÖøøöĒúąüøøèÖøøöđðøĊ÷ïđìĊ÷ïǰÙèą ĂĆÖþøýćÿêøŤ ÝčāćúÜÖøèŤöĀćüĉì÷ćúĆ÷ ýĉøćóøǰèǰëúćÜ ǰ ǰǰìùþãĊÙêĉßîüĉì÷ć ǰüĉíĊüĉì÷ćĔîÖćø ǰ üĉđÙøćąĀŤǰêĞćîćîîĉìćîóČĚîïšćî ǰÖøčÜđìóĄ ǰÿĞćîĆÖóĉöóŤ ǰ ĒĀŠÜÝčāćúÜÖøèŤöĀćüĉì÷ćúĆ÷ ÿčüøøèćǰǰÿëćĂćîĆîìŤ ǰ ǰĀúčîĂĊęüŤ ǰ×ÜÝČęĂÿîìîć ǰÖøčÜđìóĄ ǰ ǰ ēĂđóŠîïčŢÖÿŤ Armitt, Lucie.ǰ(2005). Fantasy Fiction: An Introduction. New York: The ContinuumǰInternational Publishing Group.

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#+: ! +=+ 9 !/:+=2!<

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Thompson, Stith. (1955). Motif-Index of Folk-Literature Revised and Enlarged Edition (A to Z). Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Lin Geng ᡇᓊ. (1995). Zhongguo Wenxue Jianshi Ń?ŕ´­ Ꭱᆖ ㆰਢ. Beijing: Beijing Daxue Chubanshe. Pu Songling ㍢ᜎĺ–´. (2013). Liaozhaizhiyi ă™şáŽťá˜‡á”˛. Ha’erbin: Heilongjiang Meishu Chubanshe.Ç° Wang Qingyun ⌝á’śÓ . (2003). Zhongguo Gudai Wenxue: Xiaoshuo Juan Ń?ഭਔԓᎡᆖ:áˆżäˆ¤ŕŚ§. Beijing: Beijing Huayu Jiaoxue Chubanshe.

/:+2:+ =!/< *: Ćš #Ä =L aa 2< 3: ) bef`

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5!@(: :+G3ÄŠ+: /9-E-8 :+- F 1G! !<*:*E'! : = != @ D3-=*/H ?5M 5=M

Reward and Punishment Motifs in Chinese Fantasy Novel -JBP[IBJ[IJZJ Pranchanok Treerattanawareesin ABSTRACT This research paper aims to study the reward and punishment motifs in 62 stories in the series of Chinese fantasy novel -JBP[IBJ[IJZJ by comparing to those in Stith Thompson’s .PUJG JOEFYÇ°PGÇ°'PML MJUFSBUVSF. The results of this research reveal that the reward and punishment motifs in -JBP[IBJ[IJZJ and in .PUJG JOEFYÇ°PGÇ°GPML MJUFSBUVSF share some similarities and distinctions. The similar motifsÇ° convey human’s universal characteristics. Whereas the distinctive motifs illustrate the unique features of Chinese cultures which differ from other cultures.Ç°The reward and punishment motifs in -JBP[IBJ[IJZJ also portray the social concepts of Chinese people, including 1) the concept of multi-religious and beliefs in Chinese society, 2) the concept of ideal scholars, 3) the concept of social and political problems, and 4) the concept of ideal family. The study of the reward and punishment motifs in -JBP[IBJ[IJZJÇ° reflects the images of Chinese society and their desires hidden in the miracles of fantasy novel. Keywords: -JBP[IBJ[IJZJ Ç°SFXBSEÇ°BOEÇ°QVOJTINFOUÇ°NPUJGT Ç° $IJOFTFÇ°GBOUBTZÇ°MJUFSBUVSF /:+2:+ =!/< *: Ćš #Ä =L aa 2< 3: ) bef`

lj䈤᮷䀓ᆇNJ䊑ᖒᆇ⹄ウ

Namonrut Yamwong1 ᪈㾱 ൘≹ᆇᶴ䙐ਢкˈ䊑ᖒᱟᴰᰙⲴа⿽䙐ᆇᯩ⌅ˈ䊑ᖒᆇᱟ ≹ᆇփ㌫ѝᴰสᵜⲴ㔃ᶴ㊫රˈ⹄ウ≹ᆇⲴᶴ䙐ᗵ享Ӿ䊑ᖒᆇ‫ޕ‬ ᡻DŽ䊑ᖒᱟа⿽ᴰㆰঅⲴ䙐ᆇ⌅ˈնҏᱟа⿽ᖸ䟽㾱Ⲵ䙐ᆇᯩ ⌅DŽୀ‫˅ ˄ޠ‬൘ljѝഭ᮷ᆇᆖNJ䟼ᤷࠪ䊑ᖒᆇⲴ䟽㾱ᙗˈቡ ᱟĀа࠷᮷ᆇ⋑ᴹ䊑ᖒ᮷ᆇ‫ڊ‬ส⹰ˈቡ߉нࠪᶕDŽāഐ㘼ˈ⹄ウ ≹ᆇⲴᶴ䙐ˈᓄԕ⹄ウ䊑ᖒᆇѪ࠷‫⛩ޕ‬DŽ ᵜ᮷Ⲵѫ㾱⹄ウ޵ᇩᱟṩᦞljᯠॾᆇިNJሶ њ䊑ᖒᆇ ᙫ㔃઼࠶㊫DŽᵜ᮷ᔪањᮠᦞᓃˈѫ㾱ԕ䊑ᖒᆇⲴᵜѹѪ‫ˈᦞ׍‬ ሶ䊑ᖒᆇ䘋㹼࠶㊫ˈԕ৺࠶᷀ᆳԜⲴ㔃ᶴDŽਖཆˈ࠶᷀䊑ᖒᆇᡰ փ⧠ࠪ‫Ⲵ≁ݸ‬਴⿽ᙍ㔤⁑ᔿDŽ ‫ޣ‬䭞䇽˖䈤᮷䀓ᆇǃ䊑ᖒᆇⲴ࠶㊫ǃ䊑ᖒᆇⲴ㔃ᶴ

⊸㡌Ү lj䈤Ā䊑ᖒāᆇNJᤷࠪ䊑ᖒᱟ䲿⵰⢙փⲴ䖞 ᔃˈ⭘⴨ᓄⲴ㓯ᶑᢺһ⢙Ⲵ䖞ᔃᡆާᴹ⢩ᖱⲴ䜘࠶᧿⭫ࠪᶕⲴ䙐 ᆇ⌅DŽ൘Ӫ㊫Ⲵઘതˈᴹኡᐍǃ㥹ᵘǃ伎⿭ǃ䎠ޭˈӪ㊫㾱ਲ਼ǃ クǃտǃ㹼ˈቡ㾱ࡦ䙐ᐕާ઼֯⭘ᐕާDŽ䇔⸕ѻ⢙ॳုⲮᘱˈᡰ ԕ䇠ᖅѻᆇѠᇼཊṧDŽ䘉ṧˈᡁԜਟԕṩᦞ⢙䊑Ⲵ⿽㊫ˈሶ䊑ᖒ ᆇ䘋㹼࠶㊫ˈл䶒䙀а䈤᰾DŽ

ǰ/BNPOSVUǰ:BNXPOHˈӪ᮷о⽮Պᆖ䲒ѝ᮷㌫ˈ⌠ഭ␵䗸㾯ेབྷᆖ

/:+2:+ =!/< *: ƹ #ā =L aa 2< 3: ) bef`

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᱗㯖㸥ㆃ䓷᱘㼔㾯䓷䁱㈠

аǃ 䊑ᖒᆇⲴ࠶㊫ ࡽӪ䊑ᖒᆇⲴ⹄ウᡀ᷌‫ޣ‬Ҿ䊑ᖒᆇⲴ࠶㊫ˈⴞࡽᴹୀ‫ޠ‬ ˄ ˅൘ljѝഭ᮷ᆇᆖNJ⹄ウˈԆṩᦞĀйҖ䈤āⲴส⹰кሶ 䊑ᖒᆇ࠶Ѫഋ⿽㊫ර˖䊑䓛ǃ䊑⢙ǃ䊑ᐕ઼䊑һDŽ‫ן‬䵎˄ ˅ ൘lj⭢僘᮷о⧋䳵᮷䊑ᖒᆇਆ䊑ᯩᔿ∄䖳NJⲴ⹄ウˈԆُ䢤ୀ‫ޠ‬ Ⲵ࠶㊫ᯩ⌅ˈሶ䊑ᖒᆇ᤹➗ᡰਆ䊑Ⲵሩ䊑н਼ˈ࠶Ѫй⿽㊫ර˖ 䊑䓛ǃ䊑⢙઼䊑ᐕDŽ⊸㡌Ү˄ ˅lj䈤Ā䊑ᖒāᆇNJѫ㾱࠶᷀ 䊑ᖒᆇⲴ࠶㊫ˈ᤹➗㿶䀂к࠶ˈྲ˖↓㿶ѻᖒǃ‫ח‬㿶ѻᖒǃ‫؟‬㿶 ѻᖒǃԠ㿶ѻᖒㅹDŽ ᵜ᮷৲㘳ҶljᯠॾᆇިNJ㖁ˈਁ⧠䊑ᖒᆇᙫ‫ޡ‬ᴹ њˈᵜ ᮷᤹➗ ljᯠॾᆇިNJ㖁㘳ሏҶ њ䊑ᖒᆇⲴᵜѹˈሶᆳԜ࠶Ѫ ⿽㊫ර˖ Ӫ⢙˗ ಘ⢙˗ ࣘ⢙˗ Ἵ⢙˗ 㠚❦⢙˗ ⽮Պǃ ⭏⍫˗ ኎ᙗ˗ ࣘ֌ˈަѝ‫ޛ‬㊫䘈ਟԕ࠶Ѫࠐሿ㊫ˈྲл˖ ˄а˅ Ӫ⢙㊫˄ њ˅ Ӫᱟз⢙Ⲵѫᇠˈ㾱䇔䇶ц⭼俆‫ݸ‬Ӿ㠚䓛ᔰ࿻DŽ൘䊑ᖒ䙐 ᆇⲴ䗷〻ѝˈӪⲴᙍᜣ᧗ࡦ⵰‫ޘ‬䗷〻ˈ䘉⿽䇔䇶൘䊑ᖒᶴᆇкⲴ ާփփ⧠ˈ俆‫ݸ‬ቡᱟ‫≁ݸ‬ሩӪ㠚䓛Ⲵᖒփ઼਴њಘᇈⲴ䈖ቭ᧿ ᪩DŽ䊑ᖒᆇ‫ޣ‬ҾӪ⢙㊫ˈਟԕ࠶Ѫйሿ㊫˖ Ӫփᮤփᖒ˖Ҷǃ‫ݯ‬ǃӪǃབྷǃྣǃቨǃᐣǃᆁǃ ᆀǃ⇽ǃ㠓ǃ䓛˄ њ˅˗ Ӫփ䜘࠶ᖒ˖࠭ǃӒǃ৸ǃਓǃ੅ǃഏǃ᡻ǃᗳǃ ⢉ǃ㛙ǃ㛳ǃ⡚ǃⴞǃⴹǃ㘼ǃ㙣ǃ㾱ǃ㠚ǃ喯ǃ 䶒ǃ俆ǃ亥ǃ∋˄ њ˅˗

/:+2:+ =!/< *: ƹ #ā =L aa 2< 3: ) bef`

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ӪⲴ〠䉃˖ཛǃᐛǃ∿ǃ公˄ њ˅DŽ ˄Ҽ˅ ಘ⢙㊫˄ њ˅ Պࡦ䙐ᒦф֯⭘ᐕާ 䘉ᱟӪ㊫ᲪភⲴփ⧠ˈ਼ᰦҏᱟӪ㊫ ᔰኅᴤཊࡋ䙐ᙗ⍫ࣘⲴ‫ޣ‬䭞DŽӾਔ㘱Ⲵ᮷ᆇѝˈᡁԜਁ⧠ᖸཊ㺘 ⽪ಘ⢙Ⲵ䊑ᖒᆇ䇠ᖅ⵰Ӫ㊫Ⲵਔ㘱᮷᰾DŽ䊑ᖒᆇ‫ޣ‬Ҿಘ⢙㊫ˈਟ ԕ࠶Ѫҍሿ㊫˖ ᐳᯉǃᴽ侠˖㉁ǃᑖǃ㌨ǃ㺓ǃᐮǃᐡ˄ њ˅˗ 䞂ಘ˖Ѡǃपǃওǃ⡥ǃ㕦ǃᯇ˄ њ˅˗ 伏ಘ˖ॅǃ༦ǃ⳯ǃ㠬ǃ䉶ǃ兢ǃ唾ǃॷ˄ њ˅˗ ‫ޥ‬ಘ˖࠰ǃӻǃ‫ן‬ǃᒢǃᕃǃᠸǃⲨǃ⸋ǃ⴮ǃ ⸒ǃय˄ њ˅ ˗ ˗ Ҁಘ˖Ҁǃъǃ⼜ǃ޼˄ њ˅ ࣣࣘᐕާ˖бǃᐕǃᐘǃᠹǃᯔǃ㙂˄ њ˅˗ ᦅࣘ⢙ᐕާ˖㖁ǃ⦷˄ њ˅˗ Ӕ䙊ᐕާ˖䖖ǃ㡏ǃᯩ˄ њ˅˗ ަԆ⭏⍫⭘ާ˖ѫǃӂǃࠐǃࠑǃॸǃᑊǃ⬖ǃҏ ˄ њ˅ DŽ

˄й˅ ࣘ⢙㊫˄ њ˅ ࣘ⢙ᱟӪ㊫Ⲵᴻ৻ Ӫ㊫оࣘ⢙ᴹᇶ࠷Ⲵ‫ޣ‬㌫ Ӿਔ㘱Ⲵ䊑 ᖒᆇѝ ਟԕਁ⧠Ӫ㊫ᱟᖸ‫⌘ޣ‬Āࣘ⢙ц⭼āDŽӪ㊫ሩĀࣘ⢙ā䘋 㹼Ҷ㓶㠤Ⲵ᧿᪩DŽ䊑ᖒᆇ‫ޣ‬Ҿࣘ⢙㊫ˈਟԕ࠶Ѫഋሿ㊫˖ ˗ 呏ޭ˖Ѽǃ✹ǃ⠅ǃ嗉ǃ呏ǃ䳩˄ њ˅ 䎠ޭ˖嗏ǃ‫ބ‬ǃ‫ޅ‬ǃޭǃӕǃᖈǃ售ǃ傜ǃ⿪ǃ

/:+2:+ =!/< *: ƹ #ā =L aa 2< 3: ) bef`

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⿭ǃ⢋ǃ⣜ǃ㜭ǃ㱾ǃ䊅ǃ䊑ǃ咯ǃ啐ǃ㖺 ˄ њ˅˗ 㲛劬˖ᆳǃᐤǃ⿩ǃ䍍ǃ㴰ǃ䗠ǃ劬ǃ哴ǃ᱃ ˄ њ˅˗ ࣘ⢙䓛փ䜘ս˖сǃщǃ⮚ǃ䀂ǃথǃ㗭ǃ䶙 ˄ њ˅DŽ ˄ഋ˅ Ἵ⢙㊫˄ њ˅ Ӫ㊫䲔Ҷ⿫нᔰĀࣘ⢙ц⭼āԕཆ Ӫ㊫Ⲵ⭏⍫਼ṧоĀἽ ⢙ц⭼ā᚟᚟⴨‫ޣ‬DŽᡁԜ‫Ⲵ≁ݸ‬Ā㺓伏տ㹼āᖸཊᯩ䶒䜭㾱‫׍‬䎆 Ἵ⢙Ⲵ⭏䮯઼㑱⇆ˈᡰԕሩҾĀ㣡㥹ṁᵘāⲴ㓶㠤᧿᪩ˈᱟ䊑ᖒ 䙐ᆇ䟽㾱Ⲵ޵ᇩѻаDŽ䊑ᖒᆇ‫ޣ‬ҾἽ⢙㊫ˈਟԕ࠶Ѫйሿ㊫˖ ṁᵘǃ㥹ᵘǃ᷌ᇎ˖ћǃᵘǃㄩǃ㡌ǃ⬌ǃḀǃ ⿻ǃ᷌˄ њ˅˗ Ἵ⢙䜘࠶˖нǃᑍǃᵥǃ⭢ǃ⭛˄ њ˅˗ Ἵ⢙⭏䮯˖҉ǃ᡽ǃࠪǃ喀˄ њ˅DŽ ˄ӄ˅ 㠚❦⢙˄ њ˅ Ӫ㊫ᖸᰙቡ⌘᜿Ҷཙѻ᮷ǃൠѻ⨶ ൘䊑ᖒᆇѝᖃ❦ᴹᖸཊ ‫ޣ‬Ҿ㠚❦⢙Ⲵ᧿᪩DŽ䊑ᖒᆇ‫ޣ‬Ҿ㠚❦⢙ˈਟԕ࠶Ѫйሿ㊫˖ ཙオᆈ൘ѻ⢙˖Ӂǃ≄ǃᰕǃᱏǃᲃǃᴸǃ䴘ǃ䴧 ˄ њ˅˗ ᰐ⭏ભⲴࣘ⢙ѻᐕ˖ᐒ˄ њ˅˗ བྷൠкᆈ൘ѻ⢙˖൏ǃึǃ⚛ǃ⋹ǃ⸣ǃ⭠ǃ⭾ǃイǃ ⦹ǃ䱌ǃӅǃᐍǃኡǃ≤ǃঔǃѩǃӜǃᔻ˄ њ˅DŽ

/:+2:+ =!/< *: ƹ #ā =L aa 2< 3: ) bef`

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˄‫⽮ ˅ޝ‬Պǃ⭏⍫˄ њ˅ 䊑ᖒᆇ‫ޣ‬Ҿ⽮Պǃ⭏⍫ˈਟԕ࠶Ѫйሿ㊫˖ 侞伏ǃ侞ᯉ˖ᶕǃ᱄ǃ⿮ǃ〛ǃ㚹ǃ䝹ǃ丝ǃ兟˄ њ˅˗ ᔪㆁǃᔪㆁ䜘࠶˖ӝǃᇛǃ㠽ǃԃǃпǃটǃੁǃ䰘ǃ ᡧǃデǃ㹼˄ њ˅˗ DŽ 䍗ᐱঅս˖ᴻ˄ њ˅ ˄г˅ ኎ᙗ˄ њ˅ 䊑ᖒᆇ‫ޣ‬Ҿ኎ᙗᯩ䶒ˈਟԕ࠶Ѫєሿ㊫˖ ᖒ⣦ǃ⣦ᘱ˖‫ޒ‬ǃӊǃ࣋ǃӘǃઘǃᇵǃ↩ǃ⿳ǃ޹ǃ ᕏǃሿǃᆄǃ⡫ǃ䮯ǃᵚǃⲷǃ䗋ǃ儈ǃ᮷ǃ‫ݶ‬ǃ≨ǃ ഗ˄ њ˅˗ 仌㢢˖ⲭǃ⦴˄ њ˅DŽ ˄‫ ˄֌ࣘ ˅ޛ‬њ˅ 䊑ᖒᆇ‫ޣ‬Ҿࣘ֌ᯩ䶒ˈਟԕ࠶Ѫєሿ㊫˖ оӪᴹ‫˖֌ࣘⲴޣ‬ঌǃ‫ޛ‬ǃҎǃҾǃԕǃ‫ޕ‬ǃ‫ݻ‬ǃ৽ǃ 㤕ǃᖣǃཝǃྐǃትǃ⅐ǃⲫǃӔǃᕇǃᐢǃ⭘ǃ㠣 ˄ њ˅˗ оࣘ⢙ᴹ‫˖֌ࣘⲴޣ‬㾯ǃ伎˄ њ˅DŽ ⭡↔ਟ㿱ˈ䊑ᖒᆇਟԕ࠶Ѫ‫⿽ޛ‬㊫රˈަѝ䘈ਟԕ޽࠶ᡀ ࠐሿ㊫ˈᵜ᮷ᢺ䊑ᖒᆇⲴ࠶㊫ᙫ㔃Ѫлࡇ㺘˖

/:+2:+ =!/< *: ƹ #ā =L aa 2< 3: ) bef`

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㺘 ˖䊑ᖒᆇⲴ࠶㊫㔏䇑㺘 䊑ᖒᆇ㊫ර

Ӫ⢙

ಘ⢙

ࣘ⢙

Ἵ⢙

㠚❦⢙

⽮Պ ⭏⍫

኎ᙗ

ࣘ֌

ሿ㊫ ᆇᮠ

ሿ㊫ ∄ֻ

བྷൠкᆈ൘ѻ⢙

侞伏ǃ侞ᯉ ᔪㆁǃᔪㆁ䜘࠶ 䍗ᐱঅս ᖒ⣦ǃ⣦ᘱ 仌㢢 оӪᴹ‫ ޣ‬ оࣘ⢙ᴹ‫ ޣ‬ ᙫ䇑

Ӫփᮤփᖒ Ӫփ䜘࠶ᖒ ӪⲴ〠䉃 ᐳᯉǃᴽ侠 䞂ಘ 伏ಘ ‫ޥ‬ಘ Ҁಘ ࣣࣘᐕާ ᦅࣘ⢙ᐕާ Ӕ䙊ᐕާ ަԆ⭏⍫⭘ާ 呏ޭ 䎠ޭ 㲛劬 ࣘ⢙䓛փ䜘ս ṁᵘǃ㥹ᵘǃ᷌ᇎ Ἵ⢙䜘࠶ Ἵ⢙⭏䮯 ཙオᆈ൘ѻ⢙ ᰐ⭏ભⲴࣘ⢙ѻᐕ

བྷ㊫ ᆇᮠ

བྷ㊫ ∄ֻ

ṩᦞ㺘 ᵜ᮷ᢺ䊑ᖒᆇ࠶㊫ˈ࠶Ѫ‫⿽ޛ‬㊫රˈᡁԜਟⴻࠪ ᆇᮠᴰཊⲴᱟ‫ޣ‬Ҿಘ⢙ᴹ‫Ⲵޣ‬䊑ᖒᆇ ˈަ⅑ቡᱟࣘ⢙

/:+2:+ =!/< *: ƹ #ā =L aa 2< 3: ) bef`

Namonrut Yamwong

155

ǃӪ⢙ ǃ㠚❦⢙ ㅹDŽަѝ‫ޛ‬㊫䘈ਟԕ࠶Ѫ ਴⿽ሿ㊫ˈሿ㊫ѝᮠ䟿ᖸཊⲴᴹӪփ䜘࠶ᖒ ǃ䎠ޭⲴࣘ⢙ ǃབྷൠкᆈ൘ѻ㠚❦⢙ ǃ‫ޥ‬ಘ ǃ伏ಘ ǃ 䞂ಘ ㅹDŽ Ҽǃ 䊑ᖒᆇⲴ㔃ᶴ ṩᦞᵜ᮷ᔪⲴᮠᦞᓃˈਟԕᢺ䊑ᖒᆇⲴ㔃ᶴ࠶ᡀҍ⿽㊫ රˈྲл˖ ˄ ˅ অа㔃ᶴ˄ њ˅ Ҷǃ‫ݯ‬ǃӪǃབྷǃྣǃቨǃ ᐣǃ ᆁǃᆀǃ⇽ǃ㠓ǃ䓛ǃ৸ǃਓǃഏǃ᡻ǃᗳǃ⢉ǃ⡚ǃ ⴞǃ㘼ǃ㙣ǃ㠚ǃ䶒ǃ亥ǃ∋ǃཛǃ∿ǃ公ǃ㺓ǃᐮǃ ᐡǃѠǃपǃওǃ㕦ǃᯇǃॅǃ⳯ǃ㠬ǃ䉶ǃॷǃ࠰ǃ ᒢǃᕃǃᠸǃ⸒ǃбǃᐕǃᐘǃᯔǃ㙂ǃҀǃъǃ޼ǃ 䖖ǃ㡏ǃᯩǃѫǃӂǃࠐǃࠑǃॸǃ⬖ǃҏǃѼǃ嗉ǃ 呏ǃӕǃ傜ǃ⢋ǃ⣜ǃ䊅ǃ㖺ǃᐤǃ⿩ǃ䍍ǃ䗠ǃсǃ щǃ䶙ǃћǃᵘǃㄩǃ⬌ǃнǃ⭢ǃ⭛ǃ҉ǃ᡽ǃࠪǃ Ӂǃ≄ǃᰕǃᴸǃ䴘ǃ൏ǃ⚛ǃ⭠ǃイǃ⦹ǃӅǃᐍǃ ኡǃ≤ǃঔǃѩǃᔻǃᶕǃ⿮ǃ㚹ǃ䝹ǃ丝ǃпǃ䰘ǃ ᡧǃӊǃ࣋ǃ↩ǃ޹ǃᕏǃሿǃ䮯ǃᵚǃ䗋ǃ᮷ǃ≨ǃ ⲭǃ⦴ǃঌǃ‫ޛ‬ǃҎǃҾǃ‫ޕ‬ǃᖣǃཝǃ⅐ǃᕇǃᐢǃ ⭘ǃ㾯ǃ伎 ˄ ˅л㔃ᶴ˄ њ˅ Ӓǃ੅ǃ㛳ǃ㾱ǃ喯ǃ俆ǃ㉁ǃ ᑖǃ㌨ǃ⡥ǃԃǃ༦ǃ唾ǃӻǃⲨǃ⦷ǃ⼜ǃ✹ǃ嗏ǃ

/:+2:+ =!/< *: ƹ #ā =L aa 2< 3: ) bef`

156

᱗㯖㸥ㆃ䓷᱘㼔㾯䓷䁱㈠

‫ޅ‬ǃ‫ބ‬ǃᖈǃ售ǃ⿭ǃ䊑ǃ啐ǃᆳǃ㴰ǃ劬ǃ᱃ǃ⮚ǃ 䀂ǃ㡌ǃḀǃᑍǃᵥǃ喀ǃᱏǃ䴧ǃᐒǃ⋹ǃ䱌ǃ᱄ǃ 兟ǃӝǃᇛǃ㠽ǃデǃᇵǃ⿳ǃ⡫ǃⲷǃ儈ǃ㤕ǃྐǃ ⲫǃӔǃ㠣 ˄ ˅ᐖਣ㔃ᶴ˄ њ˅ ‫ן‬ǃ䳩ǃ㜭ǃথǃ㗭ǃ⿻ǃᲃǃ ึǃ⭾ǃ〛ǃটǃ㹼ǃᴻǃ‫ޒ‬ǃᆄǃ‫ݶ‬ǃԕ ˄ ˅ॺवത㔃ᶴ˄ њ˅ 㛙ǃⴹǃᐛǃ⴮ǃ㖁ǃ㱾ǃ咯ǃ ⸣ǃੁǃઘǃ޿ǃ৽ǃት ˄ ˅кѝл㔃ᶴ˄ њ˅ 兢ǃᑊǃ⠅ǃޭǃ哴ǃӜǃӘǃ‫ ݻ‬ ˄ ˅অփ㔃ᶴ˄ њ˅ ᠹǃ⿪ ˄ ˅ਣкवത㔃ᶴ˄ њ˅ यǃ⸋ ˖࠭ ˄ ˅лवത㔃ᶴ˄ њ˅ ˄ ˅፼྇㔃ᶴ˄ њ˅ ᷌ ᵜ᮷ᢺ䊑ᖒᆇⲴ㔃ᶴᙫ㔃Ѫлࡇ㺘˖ 㺘 ˖䊑ᖒᆇ㔃ᶴⲴ㔏䇑㺘

䊑ᖒᆇⲴ㔃ᶴ অа㔃ᶴ кл㔃ᶴ ᐖਣ㔃ᶴ ॺवത㔃ᶴ кѝл㔃ᶴ অփ㔃ᶴ ਣкवത㔃ᶴ лवത㔃ᶴ ፼྇㔃ᶴ ᙫ䇑

/:+2:+ =!/< *: ƹ #ā =L aa 2< 3: ) bef`

ᙫᮠ

∄ֻ

Namonrut Yamwong

157

ṩᦞ㺘 ˈᡁԜਟⴻࠪ䊑ᖒᆇⲴ㔃ᶴਟԕ࠶Ѫ‫⿽ޛ‬㊫රˈ ᮠ䟿ᴰཊⲴᱟঅа㔃ᶴ ˈަ⅑ቡᱟкл㔃ᶴ ǃᐖ ਣ㔃ᶴ ǃॺवത㔃ᶴ ǃкѝл㔃ᶴ ㅹDŽ йǃ 䊑ᖒᆇփ⧠≹≁᯿Ⲵᙍ㔤⁑ᔿ ṩᦞ䊑ᖒᆇⲴᵜѹˈᵜ᮷䇔Ѫ䊑ᖒᆇਟԕփ⧠ࠪ‫Ⲵ≁ݸ‬਴⿽ ᙍ㔤⁑ᔿˈֻྲ˖Ӫ⢙‫⌘ޣ‬ᙍ㔤ǃӪⲴᰕᑨ⭏⍫֯⭘ᐕާ‫⌘ޣ‬ᙍ 㔤˄‫ޣ‬Ҿ伏ಘǃ䞂ಘǃ‫ޥ‬ಘᯩ䶒˅DŽਖཆˈ‫≁ݸ‬ҏሩ㠚❦⢙઼ߌъ ᯩ䶒ᖸ␡‫ޕ‬ൠҶ䀓ˈഐѪᴹᖸཊ‫ޣ‬Ҿ㠚❦⢙઼ߌъᴹ‫Ⲵޣ‬䊑ᖒ ᆇˈྲ˖ᦅࣘ⢙Ⲵᐕާǃоᒴぬᴹ‫ޣ‬ǃоߌъⲴᐕ֌ᴹ‫ޣ‬ǃߌъ ֯⭘Ⲵ㠚❦⢙ㅹDŽᡁԜᶕⴻ‫≁ݸ‬ሩ䊑ᖒᆇⲴ਴⿽ᙍ㔤⁑ᔿྲл˖ ˄а˅ Ӫ⢙‫⌘ޣ‬ᙍ㔤 䊑ᖒᆇ‫ޣ‬ҾӪփ ‫≁ݸ‬൘ࡋ䙐᮷ᆇⲴᇎ䐥䗷〻ѝ ᰒԕӪ㊫㠚䓛Ѫѫ㾱Ⲵ䇔䇶 ሩ䊑ˈ৽᱐ሩ䊑ˈҏԕӪ㊫㠚䓛Ѫᵜփ Ѫѝᗳᶕ䇔䇶зһз ⢙ˈᶕ৽᱐ᇒ㿲ц⭼DŽ≹ᆇ䙐ᆇᶴᖒᰦⲴӪᵜսᙍ㔤㺘⧠൘ԕӪ 㠚䓛Ѫ৲➗⢙ࡋ䙐≹ᆇDŽlj䈤᮷䀓ᆇNJѝⲴ䊑ᖒᆇ㜭փ⧠䘉⿽Ӫ փ‫⌘ޣ‬ᙍ㔤DŽᵜ᮷ሶӪ⢙Ⲵ䊑ᖒᆇ࠶Ѫ ㊫˖Ӫփᮤփᖒ઼Ӫփ 䜘࠶ᖒˈ䘉 ㊫䊑ᖒᆇ‫ޣ‬ҾӪփⲴ᜿ѹˈᵜ᮷ᕅ⭘㣿ᇍ㦓 ˄ ˅ lj䈤᮷䀓ᆇNJӺ⌘Ѫส⹰ˈྲл˖ Ӫփᮤփᖒ Ā‫ݯ‬āᱟᒬ‫Ⲵݯ‬᜿ᙍˈਔᰦ⭧〠‫〠ྣˈݯ‬Ⴄˈਾᶕᆙㄕ䜭 〠‫ ˗ݯ‬

/:+2:+ =!/< *: ƹ #ā =L aa 2< 3: ) bef`

158

᱗㯖㸥ㆃ䓷᱘㼔㾯䓷䁱㈠

ĀӪāᱟ㜭ࡦ䙐ᐕާ᭩䙐㠚❦ᒦ֯⭘䈝䀰Ⲵ儈ㅹࣘ⢙˗ Āቨāᱟ⾝⽰ᰦԓ㺘↫㘵ਇ⾝ⲴӪ˗ Āྣā䊑ањᮋ᡻䐚⵰ⲴӪᖒˈᱟྣᙗⲴ᜿ѹDŽ 䊑ᖒᆇⲴᶴᖒнӵԕĀӪāⲴ‫ޘ‬փѪѫփⲴ䇔䇶ˈ㘼ф‫ݸ‬ ≁䙐ᆇᰦҏԕӪփⲴ䜘ԦѪ৲➗ሩ䊑DŽ Ӫփ䜘࠶ᖒ Ā࠭āᱟ㠼Ⲵ᜿ѹ˗ĀӒāᱟӪ亸Ⲵࡽ䜘˄ஹૉ˅ ˗ Ā৸āᵜѹᱟਣ᡻Ⲵ᜿ѹ˗Āਓāᱟਓ㞄ಘᇈ˗ Ā੅ā䊑㜺僘ᖒˈᱟ㜺ằ僘Ⲵ᜿ѹDŽ Ӫփ䜘࠶ᖒ䘈ਟԕ࠶ᡀӪփཤ䜘઼Ӫփഋ㛒ˈྲ˖኎ҾӪ փཤ䜘Ⲵᴹ˖俆ǃਓǃⴞǃ㠚ǃⴹǃ⢉ǃ㙣ǃ㘼ǃ㠼ǃഏㅹ˗኎ ҾӪփഋ㛒Ⲵᴹ ৸ǃ᡻ㅹ˗኎ҾӪփަᆳಘᇈⲴᴹ˖੅ǃᗳǃ 㛙ǃ㛳ㅹDŽ 䊑ᖒᆇ‫ޣ‬ҾӪⲴ〠䉃 䲔ҶӪփ‫ޘ‬փ઼Ӫփ䜘Ԧˈ䊑ᖒᆇ䘈ਟԕ࠶ѪӪⲴ〠䉃ˈ ‫ޣ‬ҾӪ〠䉃Ⲵ᜿ѹˈᵜ᮷ᕅ⭘㣿ᇍ㦓 lj䈤᮷䀓ᆇNJӺ⌘Ѫ ส⹰ˈྲл˖ Āཛāᱟᡀᒤ⭧ᆀⲴ䙊〠˗ Āᐛāᱟਔԓ〠㜭ԕ㡎䱽⾎ⲴӪ˗ Ā∿āᱟਔԓ䍥᯿ḷᘇᇇ᯿㌫㔏Ⲵ〠ਧ˗ Ā公ā䘧ؑⲴӪ䇔ѪӪ↫ਾᴹĀ⚥兲ā 〠ѻѪĀ公āㅹDŽ 䊑ᖒᆇ‫ޣ‬ҾӪⲴᙗ䍘 䊑ᖒᆇ䘈ਟԕṩᦞĀӪāⲴᙗ䍘ᶕⴻˈ‫ޣ‬ҾӪᙗ䍘Ⲵ᜿

/:+2:+ =!/< *: ƹ #ā =L aa 2< 3: ) bef`

Namonrut Yamwong

159

ѹˈᵜ᮷ᕅ⭘㣿ᇍ㦓 lj䈤᮷䀓ᆇNJӺ⌘Ѫส⹰ˈྲл˖ Āབྷāᱟᴹ↓䶒ㄉ・ⲴӪ˗ Āቨāᱟᴹ䓪‫ق‬൘ൠкⲴӪ˗ Ā䮯āᱟᴹ䮯ਁⲴӪ˗ Ā䓛āᱟᴹ䓛ᘰ‫Ⲵ⭢ޝ‬Ӫ˗ ĀᐣāᱟᴹቊᵚᡀᖒⲴႤ‫ ˗ݯ‬ Āᆀāᱟᴹቊ൘㽱㽃ѝⲴႤ‫ ˗ݯ‬ ĀҶāǃ Āᆁāᱟᴹ↻⯮‫ ˗ݯ‬ Ā⇽āᱟ䊑⇽ӢᴹңѻᖒㅹDŽ 䊑ᖒᆇ‫ޣ‬ҾӪⲴࣘ֌ ᵜ᮷ਁ⧠൘䊑ᖒᆇࣘ֌Ⲵ࠶㊫ˈަѝᴹᖸཊᆇ‫ޣ‬ҾӪⲴࣘ ֌ˈਟ࠶Ѫ ㊫˖оӪⲴ䜘Ԧ⴨‫֌ࣘⲴޣ‬ǃӪⲴ‫ޣ‬㌫ᴹ‫֌ࣘⲴޣ‬ ઼⾎ጷᤌᴹ‫ޣˈ֌ࣘⲴޣ‬Ҿ䘉 ㊫Ӫࣘ֌Ⲵ᜿ѹˈᵜ᮷ᕅ⭘㣿ᇍ 㦓 lj䈤᮷䀓ᆇNJӺ⌘Ѫส⹰ˈྲл˖ оӪⲴ䜘Ԧ⴨‫ ˖ྲˈ֌ࣘⲴޣ‬ Ā‫ޛ‬āᱟ⴨㛼࠶ᔰˈ䊑࠶ᔰ⴨㛼Ⲵṧᆀ˗ Ā‫ޕ‬āᱟ䘋ᶕǃ䘋৫Ⲵ᜿ѹˈ䊑њቆཤಘާǃቆཤಘާᇩ ᱃䘋‫ ˗ޕ‬ Ā৽āᱟ᡻ᗳ㘫䖜˗ Āᖣāᱟធ↕㹼䎠˗ Āትāᱟ䒢⵰ˈ䊑Ӫᴢ㜛䒢䑎ᖒ˗ Ā⅐āᱟᢃથ⅐Ⲵ᜿ѹ˗ Āⲫāᱟк䖖Ⲵ᜿ѹDŽ

/:+2:+ =!/< *: ƹ #ā =L aa 2< 3: ) bef`

160

᱗㯖㸥ㆃ䓷᱘㼔㾯䓷䁱㈠

ӪⲴ‫ޣ‬㌫ᴹ‫ ˖ྲˈ֌ࣘⲴޣ‬ ĀҎāᱟੁӪ≲䇘DŽ ⾎ጷᤌᴹ‫ ˖ྲˈ֌ࣘⲴޣ‬ Āঌā䊑嗏⭢✗䗷ਾࠪ⧠Ⲵ㻲㓩ᖒˈᱟĀঐঌāⲴ᜿ѹ˗ Āྐāᱟ䇮䞂伏ԕ⾝ˈл䶒䊑᭮ь㾯Ⲵส⢙ㅹDŽ ṩᦞк䘠Ⲵ޵ᇩˈᡁԜਟⴻࠪ‫≁ݸ‬ሩӪ⢙਴њᯩ䶒ᖸ␡‫ޕ‬ ൠҶ䀓ˈྲ˖Ӫփ‫ޘ‬փǃӪփ䜘Ԧ˄Ӫփཤ䜘ǃӪփഋ㛒˅ǃӪ Ⲵ〠䉃ǃӪⲴᙗ䍘˄ᴹ↓䶒ㄉ・ⲴӪǃᴹ䓪‫ق‬൘ൠкⲴӪㅹ˅ǃ ӪⲴࣘ֌ㅹˈ䘉ਟփ⧠ࠪ‫≁ݸ‬ሩĀӪā䜭㓶㠤ൠ‫ࡠ⌘ޣ‬DŽ ˄Ҽ˅ ӪⲴᰕᑨ⭏⍫֯⭘ᐕާ‫Ⲵ⌘ޣ‬ᙍ㔤 ṩᦞᵜ᮷䊑ᖒᆇⲴ࠶㊫ˈӪ֯⭘Ⲵᐕާփ⧠൘ಘ⢙㊫Ⲵᮠ 䟿ᱟᴰཊˈᵜ᮷ਁ⧠བྷ䜘࠶ᱟ伏ಘǃ䞂ಘ઼‫ޥ‬ಘᯩ䶒DŽ‫≁ݸ‬ሩ伏 ಘᖸԄ㓶Ⲵ‫ˈࡠ⌘ޣ‬ഐѪᴹᖸཊ਴⿽਴ṧⲴ伏ಘˈྲ˖侞伏࣐ᐕ ᐕާǃ侞伏✩侚ಘާǃⴋ䞂㚹Ⲵ⽬ಘǃਆ伏ⲴಘާㅹDŽ䊑ᖒᆇҏ ᴹᖸཊ‫ޣ‬Ҿ䞂ಘˈབྷཊᮠᱟⴋ䞂ಘDŽਖཆˈᵜ᮷ਁ⧠䘈ᴹᖸཊ䊑 ᖒᆇ‫ޣ‬Ҿᡈһˈབྷཊᮠᱟ‫ޥ‬ಘ㊫ˈ䈖㓶Ⲵ޵ᇩྲл˖ 䊑ᖒᆇ‫ޣ‬Ҿ伏ಘ 䊑ᖒᆇ‫ޣ‬Ҿ伏ಘਟ࠶Ѫ ㊫˖侞伏࣐ᐕᐕާǃ侞伏✩侚ಘ ާǃⴋ䞂㚹Ⲵ⽬ಘǃਆ伏Ⲵಘާ઼⳶ѻ㊫Ⲵ伏ಘˈ䊑ᖒᆇⲴ䘉 ㊫伏ಘˈᵜ᮷ᕅ⭘㣿ᇍ㦓 lj䈤᮷䀓ᆇNJӺ⌘Ѫส⹰ˈྲл˖ 侞伏࣐ᐕᐕާ Ā㠬ā䊑㠲㊣ಘާᖒ ѝ䰤Ⲵഋ⛩㺘⽪ᴹ㊣ˈᱟѝ䜘лࠩⲴ 㠲㊣ಘާDŽ

/:+2:+ =!/< *: ƹ #ā =L aa 2< 3: ) bef`

Namonrut Yamwong

161

侞伏✩侚ಘާ Ӿlj䈤᮷䀓ᆇNJ䇠䖭Ⲵ✩侚ಘާⴻ ਔӪѫ㾱Ⲵ✩侚ᯩᔿᱟ ➞Ⲵˈ㺘⧠൘➞ಘˈྲ˖ Ā唾āᱟਔԓ✩➞⭘Ⲵಘ⢙ˈᱟ⭢僘᮷ᆇᖒ к䶒Ⲵ䜘࠶䊑 唾Ⲵᐖਣ㙣৺唾㞩 л䶒䊑唾䏣DŽ唾ᴰᰙᱟ䲦ࡦⲴˈ⇧ઘԕਾᔰ ࿻⭘䶂䬌ࡦ֌˗ Ā兢ā䊑侞伏ಘާᖒˈᱟਔԓ⚺ಘˈ⭘Ҿ✗➞ᡆ✩⛂Ⲵ 䬵ˈ⢩ᤷ㊫լҾ唾⣦Ⲵ⚺ާDŽĀ兢ā઼Ā唾āಘާᱟ➞ಘⲴԓ 㺘ˈ䘉ӋಘާⲴਁ᰾оᲞ৺ˈ৽᱐Ҷԕ➞Ⲵᯩ⌅ѪѫⲴ㗩ǃ㋕ㅹ 伏૱ትҾѫሬൠսDŽ ⴋ䞂㚹Ⲵ⽬ಘ Ā䉶āᱟਔԓ㻵䞂㚹Ⲵ⾝ಘDŽᖒլ儈䏣ⴈˈབྷཊᴹⴆDŽཊ Ѫ䲦䍘ˈҏᴹ⭘䶂䬌ǃᵘǃㄩࡦᡀⲴDŽ ਆ伏Ⲵಘާ Āॅāᱟਔԓपᆀˈᱟਆ伏Ⲵ⭘ާDŽᴰࡍ⭘ᆳӾ唾ᡆ䮜ѝ ৹ਆ㚹ඇ᭮ࡠ‫׾‬кˈ❦ਾ⭘࠰ࢢ伏ˈҏ⭘ᶕⴋ㊣依DŽ ⳶ѻ㊫Ⲵ伏ಘ Ā⳯ā⌋ᤷ⻇⻏ᶟⴈа㊫侞伏⭘ާDŽ 䊑ᖒᆇ‫ޣ‬Ҿ䞂ಘ 䲔Ҷ侞伏⭘ާˈ䘈ᴹᖸཊ‫ޣ‬Ҿ䞂ಘⲴ䊑ᖒᆇˈਟ࠶Ѫ ㊫˖ⴋ䞂ಘ઼㠰䞂ಘˈ䘉 ㊫䊑ᖒᆇ䞂ಘⲴ᜿ѹˈᵜ᮷ᕅ⭘㣿ᇍ 㦓 lj䈤᮷䀓ᆇNJӺ⌘Ѫส⹰ˈྲл˖ ⴋ䞂ಘ

/:+2:+ =!/< *: ƹ #ā =L aa 2< 3: ) bef`

162

᱗㯖㸥ㆃ䓷᱘㼔㾯䓷䁱㈠

ĀѠāᱟਔԓⴋ䞂ಘⲴᢈⴈˈ᭵Ā䊀āᵜᱟⴋᴹ䍥䟽⢙૱ Ⲵ⽬ಘ˗ Āওāᱟਔԓа⿽䞂ಘˈὝശᖒˈ⭘䶂䬌ࡦˈὝശਓǃ␡ 㞩ǃസ䏣ǃᴹⴆ઼ᨀằ˗ Ā⡥āᱟਔԓ䞂ಘˈ⭘䶂䬌ࡦⲴ˗ Ā㕦āᱟ⬖ಘ ശ㞩ሿਓ ⭘ԕⴋ䞂⍶DŽ 㠰䞂ಘ Āपāᱟਔԓ㠰䞂ⲴಘާDŽ ᡁԜਟⴻࠪlj䈤᮷䀓ᆇNJ䇠䖭Ҷᖸཊ‫ޣ‬Ҿ伏ಘ઼䞂ಘⲴ䊑 ᖒᆇˈབྷ䜘࠶Ⲵ伏ಘǃ䞂ಘ䜭⭘䶂䬌઼⬖ࡦⲴˈ䘉ਟԕ㺘᰾䛓њ ᰦԓ䶂䬌઼⬖ᱟᖸ䟽㾱Ⲵǃᇎ⭘ⲴಘާDŽ ਖཆˈᵜ᮷ਁ⧠䊑ᖒᆇ‫ޣ‬Ҿ侞伏઼䞂㊫Ⲵᮠ䟿∄伏ಘ઼䞂 ಘቁᗇཊˈ侞伏ਚᴹĀ᱄āᱟᒢ㚹Ⲵ᜿ѹ˗Ā⿮āᱟ䉧㊫֌⢙Ⲵ ᙫ〠˗Ā丝āᱟ丝㨌ㅹDŽ䞂㊫ਚᴹĀ䝹āᱟа⿽䞂˗Ā兟āᱟਔ ԓ⾝⽰ǃᇤ侞⭘Ⲵ俉䞂ㅹDŽ䘉ਟⴻࠪਔԓᰦĀ伏ಘā઼Ā䞂ಘā ∄Ā侞伏ā઼Ā䞂āᖸ䟽㾱DŽ䜝㔤἞˄ ˅൘ljਔԓ᮷ॆ⸕䇶 㾱㿸NJᤷࠪĀ㖾伏нྲ㖾ಘā䘉ਟ㺘᰾ѝഭਔԓⲴ侞伏ಘާ૱⿽ 㑱ཊˈᱟѝഭ侞伏᮷ॆⲴ䟽㾱䜘࠶DŽ 䊑ᖒᆇ‫ޣ‬Ҿ‫ޥ‬ಘ 䊑ᖒᆇᮠ䟿ᖸཊоᡈһᴹ‫ˈޣ‬བྷ䜘࠶փ⧠൘‫ޥ‬ಘ㊫ˈ䘉ਟ 㺘⧠ࠪਔԓⲴᰦ‫ى‬ᡈһሩ‫≁ݸ‬ᶕ䈤ᱟ↓ᑨਁ⭏ⲴᛵᲟˈ‫≁ݸ‬㾱‫ڊ‬ ਴⿽਴ṧⲴ‫ޥ‬ಘѪҶ‫؍‬ᣔ㠚ᐡⲴ䓛փDŽ䊑ᖒᆇ‫ޣ‬Ҿ‫ޥ‬ಘਟ࠶Ѫ ㊫˖‫ޥ‬ಘ਽ǃ䱢䓛Ⲵ‫ޥ‬ಘǃ㇝䶦ǃ㇝ǃ⴮⡼ǃሴ㇝ᡆᢃᕩⲴಘ

/:+2:+ =!/< *: ƹ #ā =L aa 2< 3: ) bef`

Namonrut Yamwong

163

Ỡǃ䮯ᷴ‫ޥ‬ಘǃ䮯⸋઼ᐎ䟼ᡰᔪᰇᑌˈ䘉 ㊫‫ޥ‬ಘⲴ᜿ѹˈᵜ᮷ ᕅ⭘㣿ᇍ㦓˄ ˅ lj䈤᮷䀓ᆇNJӺ⌘Ѫส⹰ˈྲл˖ ‫ޥ‬ಘ਽˖Ā࠰āᱟሿㇶᆇᖒˈ䊑࠰ᖒ˗ Āӻā䊑Ӫ䓛кク⵰䬐⭢ᖒDŽѝ䰤ᱟǃє 䱢䓛Ⲵ‫ޥ‬ಘ˖ 䗩Ⲵഋ⛩䊑㚄൘а䎧Ⲵ䬐⭢⡷˗ ㇝䶦˖Ā‫ן‬ā䊑ሴ‫ן‬ᕐᐳ㪇⸒ѻᖒ˗ ㇝˖Ā⸒ā䊑䮍ᤜ㗭ѻᖒ˗ ⴮⡼˖ Āᒢā⭘Ҿ䘋᭫Ⲵˈਾᶕ⭘Ҿ䱢ᗑ˗ Ā⴮āк䶒䊑⴮ᖒ л䶒ᱟĀⴞā 㺘⽪ԕ⴮㭭ⴞ 䓛փ ˗ ሴ㇝ᡆᢃᕩⲴಘỠ˖Āᕃā䊑ᕃᖒˈᴹᕃ㛼઼ᕃᕖˈਾ ⴱ৫ᕃᕖˈਚ࢙лᕃ㛼˗ 䮯ᷴ‫ޥ‬ಘ˖ĀᠸāᱟѝഭਔԓⲴѫ㾱‫ޥ‬ಘ˗ 䮯⸋˖Ā⸋āᱟਔԓ⭘ᶕࡪᵰ᭼ӪⲴ䘋᭫ᙗ↖ಘ˗ ᐎ䟼ᡰᔪᰇᑌ˖Āयāᱟਔԓབྷཛǃ༛ᡰᔪᰇᑌǃॺ䎔 ॺⲭǃ⭘ᶕ哮䳶ӪՇDŽ 䊑ᖒᆇ‫ޣ‬Ҿࣣࣘᐕާ ࣣࣘᐕާᴹ‫Ⲵޣ‬䊑ᖒᆇˈᵜ᮷ਁ⧠བྷ䜘࠶䐏ᵘᐕ઼ߌާᴹ ‫ˈޣ‬ᵜ᮷䇔ѪਔԓⲴᰦ‫Ⲵ≁ݸى‬㙼ъਟ㜭ᱟоᵘᐕ઼ߌъᴹ‫ޣ‬ ⲴDŽ䊑ᖒᆇ‫ޣ‬Ҿࣣࣘᐕާਟ࠶Ѫ ㊫˖䪹ᆀǃᐕॐⲴᴢቪǃᯗ ᆀǃ⭫ⴤ䀂ᯩᖒ⭘Ⲵᐕާ઼ߌާˈ䘉 ㊫ࣣࣘᐕާⲴ᜿ѹˈᵜ᮷ ᕅ⭘㣿ᇍ㦓˄ ˅ lj䈤᮷䀓ᆇNJӺ⌘Ѫส⹰ˈྲл˖ 䪹ᆀ˖Āбā䠁᮷䊑‫؟‬㿶ᡰ㿱Ⲵ䪹ཤѻᖒˈሿㇶ䊑‫ח‬㿶

/:+2:+ =!/< *: ƹ #ā =L aa 2< 3: ) bef`

164

᱗㯖㸥ㆃ䓷᱘㼔㾯䓷䁱㈠

Ⲵ䪹ᖒ˗ ᐕॐⲴᴢቪ˖Āᐕā䊑ᐕާᖒ˗ ᯗᆀ˖ Āᠹāᱟབྷᯗˈ䊑བྷᯗѻᖒ˗ Āᯔāᱟᯗᆀа㊫Ⲵᐕާ˗ ⭫ⴤ䀂ᯩᖒ⭘Ⲵᐕާ˖Āᐘā䊑Ӫᤱ⸙ᖒㅹDŽ Ā㙂āᱟਔԓⲴа⿽ߌާˈᖒ⣦‫ۿ‬ᵘ৹DŽ ߌާ˖ ᡁԜਟⴻࠪ‫≁ݸ‬ሩᰕᑨ⭏⍫֯⭘Ⲵᐕާ䜭‫ˈࡠ⌘ޣ‬փ⧠൘ 伏ಘǃ䞂ಘǃ‫ޥ‬ಘ઼ࣣࣘᐕާˈ䘉Ӌ䜭ᱟਔԓĀӪāⲴᰕᑨ⭏⍫ ѝ൘⭏⍫઼ࣣࣘᯩ䶒ᖸ䟽㾱ⲴಘާDŽ ˄й˅བྷ㠚❦‫⌘ޣ‬ᙍ㔤 བྷ㠚❦ᱟӪ㊫䎆ԕ⭏ᆈⲴᇒ㿲ᶑԦDŽ‫⌘≁ݸ‬᜿ࡠҶሩ㠚❦ ⭼Ⲵ㿲ሏˈ㺘⧠൘䊑ᖒᆇѝDŽਢ⧕˄ ˅ljᑨ⭘≹ᆇ㺘ᖒ༠ᆇ ᖒㅖѹ㊫࠶ᐳ࠶᷀NJᤷࠪ䊑ᖒᆇᴹаӋᱟ‫ޣ‬Ҿཙ᮷ൠ⨶⴨‫ˈⲴޣ‬ ྲ˖ ཙオᆈ൘ѻ⢙˖Ӂǃ≄ǃᰕǃᱏǃᲃǃᴸǃ䴘˗ ᰐ⭏ભⲴࣘ⢙ѻ࣏˖ᐒ˗ ཙൠкᆈ൘ѻ⢙˖൏ǃึǃ⚛ǃኡǃ≤ㅹDŽ 䲔Ҷᵜ᮷к䘠Ⲵ࠶㊫ԕཆˈlj䈤᮷䀓ᆇNJѝ䘈ᴹаӋ޵ᇩ ‫ޣ‬ҾĀᰕā઼ĀᴸāⲴᖒ䊑ǃ Āᰕ⾎āⲴጷᤌǃĀᴸ⾎āⲴጷᤌ ઼Ā仾āⲴ〠䉃DŽᵜ᮷ᕅ⭘哴ᆷ呯˄ ˅Ӿlj䈤᮷䀓ᆇNJⴻѝ ഭਔԓᇇᮉጷᤌⲴ⹄ウѪส⹰ˈྲл˖ ˊĀᰕā઼ĀᴸāⲴᖒ䊑˖‫ࡠ⌘ޣ≁ݸ‬Āᰕā઼ĀᴸāⲴ

/:+2:+ =!/< *: ƹ #ā =L aa 2< 3: ) bef`

Namonrut Yamwong

165

ᖒ䊑ˈĀᰕāѪശᖒˈĀᴸāѪॺശᖒˈ䈤᰾ӪԜᐢӾ㿲ሏѝ⌘᜿ ᒦਁ⧠ҶᴸӞⲴઘᵏᙗਈॆˈ᡽㜭ਆоᰕн਼ѻ䊑ᶕ㺘䗮DŽ ˊĀᰕ⾎āⲴጷᤌ˖ᱟӪ㊫ᴰਔ㘱Ⲵ㠚❦ጷᤌDŽ㣿ᇍ㦓 lj䈤᮷䀓ᆇgᰕ䜘NJӺ⌘˄ㅜ 亥˅ᤷࠪ Āᰕ ᇎ ҏDŽཚ䱣ѻ㋮нҿDŽӾਓа 䊑ᖒDŽāਟ㿱ਔӪ䇔Ѫཚ䱣ᱟањ ᇎփ ԓ㺘⵰‫ݹ‬᰾ⴋᇎ ᱟཙփⲴ㋮ॾ ≨нҿᦏDŽljቊҖg቗ ިNJ䀓䈤˄ㅜ 亥˅ᴹĀ䗾ᇮࠪᰕāǃĀ䗾侟㓣ᰕā⽬ᤌᰕ ⾎Ⲵ䇠䖭ˈণሩᰕࠪ㹼Āᇮā⽰ ሩᰕ㩭㹼Ā侟ā⽰DŽ ˊĀᴸ⾎āⲴጷᤌ˖ਔӪҏᴹ⾝ᤌᴸ⾎ⲴԚᔿˈ൘lj䈤 ᮷䀓ᆇNJѝਟԕራ᢮ࡠ‫⾝≁ݸ‬ᤌᴸ⾎Ⲵ㓯㍒DŽ㣿ᇍ㦓 lj䈤 ᮷䀓ᆇgཅ䜘NJӺ⌘˄ㅜ 亥˅ᤷࠪĀཉ ᰙᮜҏDŽāĀཉā ᆇ⭢僘᮷ǃ䠁᮷൷‫ۿ‬Ӫᰙ䎧䐚ᤌቊᵚ㩭৫ཅᴸѻᖒ ᵜᤷᰙᲘ㚳 ᮜҾһ ਾ⌋ᤷĀᰙāⲴ᜿ᙍDŽ ˊĀ仾āⲴ〠䉃˖㣿ᇍ㦓˄ ˅lj䈤᮷䀓ᆇg仾䜘NJӺ ⌘˄ㅜ 亥˅ᤷࠪĀ仾䉃‫ޛ‬仾āˈᒦф‫ڊ‬䘋а↕᰾⺞䀓䟺˖ Āьᯩᴠ᰾ᓦ仾ˈьইᴠ␵᰾仾ˈইᯩᴠᲟ仾ˈ㾯ইᴠ߹仾ˈ㾯 ᯩᴠ䰺䱆仾ˈ㾯ेᴠнઘ仾ˈेᯩᴠᒯ㧛仾ˈьेᴠ㶽仾DŽāᡁ ԜਟⴻࠪਔӪሩҾ仾Ⲵ〠䉃ާփ㘼㓶ॆⲴ⢩⛩DŽ ˄ഋ˅ߌъ‫⌘ޣ‬ᙍ㔤 lj䈤᮷䀓ᆇNJѝᴹᮠ䟿ՇཊⲴоߌъᴹ‫Ⲵޣ‬䊑ᖒᆇˈਟ࠶ Ѫ ㊫˖ᦅࣘ⢙Ⲵᐕާǃᒴぬᴹ‫ޣ‬ǃߌъⲴᐕ֌ᴹ‫ޣ‬ǃߌъ֯⭘ Ⲵ㠚❦⢙઼ߌ⢗㊫Ⲵࣘ⢙ˈ䘉 ㊫ߌъ䊑ᖒᆇⲴ᜿ѹˈᵜ᮷ᕅ⭘ 㣿ᇍ㦓 lj䈤᮷䀓ᆇNJӺ⌘Ѫส⹰ˈྲл˖

/:+2:+ =!/< *: ƹ #ā =L aa 2< 3: ) bef`

166

᱗㯖㸥ㆃ䓷᱘㼔㾯䓷䁱㈠

ˊᦅࣘ⢙Ⲵᐕާ ‫ࣘᦅ≁ݸ‬⢙ᰦˈቡ⭘Ā㖁ā઼Ā⦷āˈĀ㖁āᱟᦅ劬匆呏 ޭⲴᐕާˈ Ā⦷āᱟᦅ呏Ⲵэ㖁DŽ ˊᒴぬᴹ‫ ޣ‬ Ā⿻āᱟ᭦ᡀˈᡀ⟏Ⲵᒴぬ˗ Ā⬌āᱟ㥹ᵘ㭃⭏Ἵ⢙਽ˈ⿽㊫ᖸཊˈ᷌ᇎҏ〠⬌˗ Ā᷌āᱟ᷌ᆀ ᷌ᇎ˗ Ā⿮āⲴᆇཊоߌ֌⢙ᴹ‫ˈޣ‬Ā⿮ā䊑඲ょⲴ⿮ᵜ、ߌ֌ ⢙ˈᱟ䉧㊫֌⢙Ⲵᙫ〠˗ Ā⭛ā䊑⭠ѝᴹ㨌㤇ѻᖒˈᱟ㤇Ⲵ᜿ѹ˗ Ā喀ā䊑⿮哖ょཤ䮯ᗇᒣᮤⲴṧᆀˈᱟ⿮哖ੀょкᒣᮤ˗ Ā丝ā䊑丝㨌䮯൘ൠкⲴᖒ⣦ˈᱟ丝㨌Ⲵ᜿ѹDŽ ˊߌъⲴᐕ֌ᴹ‫ ޣ‬ Ā⭠āᱟ⿽⭠Ⲵ᜿ѹ˗ Āԃāᱟ㋞ԃⲴ᜿ѹDŽ ˊߌъ֯⭘Ⲵ㠚❦⢙ ĀӅāཆ䊑Ӆਓˈѝ䰤а⛩㺘⽪Ӆ䟼ᴹ≤ˈᱟ≤Ӆ˗ Ā⭾āᱟ⭠䰤Ⲵ≤⋏DŽ ˊߌ⢗㊫Ⲵࣘ⢙ lj䈤᮷䀓ᆇNJ㺘⽪Ā⥚āⲴ᜿ѹ∄䖳ཊˈྲ˖ Āӕāǃ Āᖈāǃ Ā䊅āˈ䘉ਟԕ㺘⧠ࠪĀ⥚āᱟਔӪᖸ䟽㾱Ⲵߌ⢗ࣘ⢙DŽ ަԆߌ⢗ࣘ⢙ˈྲ˖Ā傜āǃĀ⢋āǃĀ㖺āㅹDŽ 㔬кᡰ䘠ˈ䊑ᖒᆇᱟ≹ᆇ㌫㔏ѝᴰ㜭փ⧠≹≁᯿᮷ॆ઼ᙍ

/:+2:+ =!/< *: ƹ #ā =L aa 2< 3: ) bef`

Namonrut Yamwong

167

㔤⁑ᔿˈֻྲ˖Ӫփ‫⌘ޣ‬ᙍ㔤ǃӪⲴᰕᑨ⭏⍫֯⭘ᐕާ‫⌘ޣ‬ᙍ 㔤ǃབྷ㠚❦‫⌘ޣ‬ᙍ㔤ǃߌъ‫⌘ޣ‬ᙍ㔤ㅹDŽ 䊑ᖒᆇᱟѝॾ≁᯿ॳ ᒤ᮷᰾ⲴḷᘇDŽӾ䊑ᖒᆇᡁԜਟԕⴻࡠ‫ݸ‬ӪⲴᲪភǃᙍᜣоᙍ㔤 ᯩᔿǃᇑ㖾䘭≲DŽ䊑ᖒᆇᱟ‫ݸ‬Ӫ⮉㔉ᡁԜⲴᇍᓃˈ٬ᗇᡁԜн៸ ൠ␡ӪᆖҐǃ⹄ウDŽ ৲㘳᮷⥞ ⊸㡌Ү lj䈤Ā䊑ᖒāᆇNJ ৖䰘˖╣ᐎᐸ㤳ᆖ䲒ᆖᣕ 䜝㔤἞ ljਔԓ᮷ॆ⸕䇶㾱㿸NJ 䮯⋉˖⒆ইӪ≁ࠪ⡸⽮ 哴ᆷ呯 Ӿlj䈤᮷䀓ᆇNJⴻѝഭਔԓᇇᮉጷᤌⲴ⹄ウ ᒯ 㾯˖䫖ᐎᐸ㤳儈ㅹу、ᆖṑᆖᣕ ‫ן‬䵎 lj⭢僘᮷о⧋䳵᮷䊑ᖒᆇਆ䊑ᯩᔿ∄䖳NJ ኡь˖ ѝഭ⎧⌻བྷᆖᆖᣕ ਢ⧕ ljᑨ⭘≹ᆇ㺘ᖒ༠ᆇᖒㅖѹ㊫࠶ᐳ࠶᷀NJ 䟽ᒶ˖䟽ᒶ、ᢰᆖ䲒ᆖᣕ 㣿ᇍ㦓 lj䈤᮷䀓ᆇNJӺ⌘ 䲅㾯˖䲅㾯Ӫ≁ࠪ⡸⽮ ୀ‫ ޠ‬ljѝഭ᮷ᆇᆖNJ к⎧˖к⎧ਔ㉽ࠪ⡸⽮ ୀ‫ ޠ‬ljѝഭ᮷ᆇᆖNJ к⎧˖к⎧ц㓚ࠪ⡸䳶ഒ ᕐ⾕嗉 ljቊᴨg቗ިNJ䀓䈤 ेӜ ⭏⍫͌䈫Җ͌ᯠ⸕й㚄 Җᓇࠪ⡸⽮ ljᯠॾᆇިNJ㖁 KWWS [K HGX FRP

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174

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↓ྲ㤡䈝ѝⲴӻ䇽ĀWRāˈ⌠䈝Ⲵӻ䇽ĀNDHā WR Ⲵ ᆈ൘փ⧠ҶоṬⲴ᜿ѹˈ⢩࡛ᱟᇮ䈝ĀOHWWHUāⲴ〫ࣘᯩੁDŽ㘼 єњ㔃ᶴ൘䈝ѹкҏᴹᗞ࿉Ⲵᐞ࡛˖˄ ˅ᕪ䈳ሩᇮ䈝ᡰ኎‫ޣ‬㌫ Ⲵ䖜ᦒˈ㘼˄ ˅ᕪ䈳㻛䖜ᦒⲴᇮ䈝Ⲵս㖞᭩ਈDŽєњ㔃ᶴѻ䰤 Ⲵਖањ४࡛ᱟ䈝⭘ᆖDŽа㡜ᶕ䇢ˈ൘䶎↓ᔿ൪ਸᖰᖰ֯⭘ㆰ⌱ Ⲵ㺘䗮DŽৼᇮ㔃ᶴˈަ⢩⛩൘Ҿӻ䇽Ⲵⴱ⮕˄㕪ཡ˅ˈ䘉⿽ৼ৺ ⢙㔃ᶴ㻛䇔Ѫᴤн↓ᔿˈ˄⌠䈝˅⇽䈝㘵ᖰᖰௌ⅒൘䶎↓ᔿ൪ਸ ֯⭘ৼᇮ㔃ᶴDŽ ⭡ԕк㤡⌠ৼᇮ䈝㔃ᶴⲴሩ∄ᡁԜਟԕ⸕䚃ˈ≹⌠䈝Ⲵ ৼᇮ㔃ᶴⲴᇮ䈝亪ᒿᱟ⴨৽Ⲵˈণ 9 1 1 ᖒᔿлˈ⌠䈝ѝⲴ㤳ത UDQJH

13 ࿻ 㓸 ൘ 㓸 ⛩ JRDO 13 Ⲵ ࡽ 䶒 ˈ ণ ˖

YHUE UDQJH JRDO ˗ 㘼 ≹ 䈝 Ⲵ ਇ һ ࿻ 㓸 ൘ ሩ 䊑 Ⲵ ਾ 䶒 ˈ ণ ˖ YHUE JRDO UDQJHDŽ≹䈝ѝⲴṬḷ䇠ᱟĀ㔉āˈ1DSDVUL 7LP\DP ˄ ˅䇔Ѫ⌠䈝ѝⲴ㓸⛩Ṭḷ䇠ᱟĀNDHāDŽ 㠚❦䈝ᯉѝⲴ‫ٿ‬䈟㊫ර৺࠶᷀ 㠚❦䈝ᯉᱟᤷᆖҐ㘵൘㠚❦⣦ᘱлᡰӗ⭏Ⲵ䈝䀰ᶀᯉDŽ䘉 ㊫䈝ᯉ䖳㜭㠚❦ൠ৽᱐ᆖҐ㘵֯⭘ㅜҼ䈝䀰ⲴᛵߥDŽ

㠚❦䈝ᯉѝⲴ‫ٿ‬䈟㊫ර

䛃ᆸؑ˄ ˅ሶ䈝ѹṬ࠶Ѫє㊫ˈṨᗳṬ઼ཆതṬDŽṨᗳṬवᤜ˖ᯭһ DJHQW ǃਇһ SDWLHQW ǃሩ䊑 UHFLSLHQW ǃ㤳ത UDQJH ˗ཆതṬ˖ᐕާ LQVWUXPHQW ǃᯩս ORFDWLRQ ǃ䎧⛩ VRXUFH ǃ㓸⛩ ⴞḷ JRDO ǃ䲚դ DFFRPSDQLPHQW ǃਇᜐ EHQHIDFWLYH ǃ䙄ᖴ SDWK ǃ㠤һ ֯ᖩ㘵 FDXVHU DŽ

/:+2:+ =!/< *: ƹ #ā =L aa 2< 3: ) bef`

ⲭ㣜

175

ㅄ㘵൘⌠ഭㅜҼ䈝䀰ᆖҐ㘵Ⲵ䙐ਕ઼֌᮷ѝ᭦䳶ࡠаӋ ‫ޣ‬Ҿৼᇮ‫ٿ‬䈟Ⲵֻਕˈṩᦞ -DPHV˄ ˅ሶ‫ٿ‬䈟࠶ӄ㊫˖䈟 ԓǃ䈟࣐ǃ䚇┿ǃᵲ㋵ǃ䭉ᒿˈާփࡇ㺘ྲл˖ 㺘 㠚❦䈝ᯉѝⲴ‫ٿ‬䈟㊫ර৺৏ഐ

‫ٿ‬䈟

ਕර

‫ٿ‬䈟৏ഐ

㊫ර 䈟࣐ ⡨⡨੺䇹㔉ᆙᆀDŽ

н䈕࣐Ā㔉ā㘼䈟࣐

ᡁቡ੺䇹㔉ྸ​ྸੜDŽ 䈟ԓ Ӻᒤᡁᝏ߂Ҷй⅑ˈ㾱৫ ५䲒㔉५⭏ⴻ⯵DŽ

Ā㔉āԓᴯ֯ࣘ​ࣘ䇽Ā䇙āᡆ Ā䈧ā

㘱ᐸ㔉ᡁԜк䖖DŽ ᡁᜣ㔉ᆳаཙᴹ ሿᰦ 㔉ᡁ⧙DŽ 䭉ᒿ ᷇㘱ᐸᮉҖ⌅ᡁԜDŽ

䰤᧕ᇮ䈝оⴤ᧕ᇮ䈝Ⲵս㖞

䚇┿ ⇿њӪ㔉⽬⢙DŽ

н䈕ⴱ䰤᧕ᇮ䈝㘼ⴱ⮕

㘱ᐸ੺䇹аԦһDŽ ᡁⲴᴻ৻ୡⅼ㔉ᡁDŽ ᵲ㋵ ᡁ㔉କକ➗㔉ᡁаᕐ⴨

䚇┿ࣘ䇽 䈟ԓ 䈟࣐

⡷DŽ ᤹➗䈝ᯉѝⲴ‫ٿ‬䈟㊫ර࠶᷀ྲл˖ а 䈟࣐㊫ ⡨⡨੺䇹㔉ᆙᆀDŽ

/:+2:+ =!/< *: ƹ #ā =L aa 2< 3: ) bef`

176

⼛㲊㯌⢗Ⱀ⪫䁱㈠ゑ㠌㹔⳷㹗

᭩Ѫ˖⡨⡨੺䇹ᆙᆀDŽ ᡁቡ੺䇹㔉ྸ​ྸੜDŽ ᭩Ѫ˖ᡁ੺䇹ྸ​ྸDŽ ᡁ䇢㔉ྸ​ྸੜDŽ ԕкєਕн䈕࣐㘼䈟࣐ҶĀ㔉āDŽĀ੺䇹āо Ā䰞ā਼ ㊫ˈ኎Ҿؑ᚟Ր䙂㊫ ˈ䘉 ㊫ࣘ䇽䲔Ҷ Āᮉāԕ ཆ䜭 н㜭ਾ࣐ Ā㔉ā㓴ᡀĀ9 㔉āᔿDŽĀ⡨⡨੺䇹ᆙᆀā䘉ਕ㘫䈁ᡀ⌠䈝Ѫ˖

óŠĂïĂÖĔĀšúĎÖāˈ3KR ERN KDL OXN

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ণĀ ⡨⡨੺䇹㔉ᆙᆀāDŽ

ഐ↔Ā੺䇹āਾ࣐кĀ㔉āҏᱟ⇽䈝䍏䗱〫Ⲵ֌⭘DŽĀ ᡁቡ੺ 䇹㔉ྸ​ྸੜDŽāĀ੺䇹ā䈟࣐Ҷєњࣘ䇽ˈ֯ਕᆀਈᗇᖸ㑱ᵲˈ 㔃ᶴнਸ⌅DŽ Ҽ 䈟ԓ㊫ Ӻᒤᡁᝏ߂Ҷй⅑ˈ㾱৫५䲒㔉५⭏ⴻ⯵DŽ ᭩Ѫ˖Ӻᒤᡁᝏ߂Ҷй⅑ˈ⇿⅑䜭㾱৫५䲒䈧५⭏ⴻ⯵DŽ 㘱ᐸ㔉ᡁԜк䖖DŽ ᭩Ѫ˖㘱ᐸ䇙ᡁк䖖DŽ ᡁᜣ㔉ᆳаཙᴹ ሿᰦ㔉ᡁ⧙DŽ ᭩Ѫ˖ᡁᐼᵋаཙᴹ ሿᰦਟԕ⧙DŽ ԕк਴ਕⲴ‫ٿ‬䈟൘Ҿˈ֯⭘Ā㔉āԓᴯ֯ࣘ​ࣘ䇽Ā䇙ā

ᡆĀ䈧āDŽ൘䇘䇪Ā㔉āⲴ࣏㜭 ᱟᡁԜᐢ㓿ᨀࡠˈӻ䇽Ā㔉āㅜ йњਜ਼ѹ㺘⽪㻛ࣘᡆ㠤֯ˈਟԕᕅࠪᯭࣘ㘵DŽնнᱟᡰᴹⲴᯭһ

⭣֣လ˄ ˅Ā㔉āսҾࣘ䇽ਾ䶒ˈᕅӻһ⢙Ⲵ᧕᭦㘵˗Ā㔉āսҾࣘ䇽ࡽ 䶒ˈᕅӻਇ⢙㘵ǃਇᜐ㘵઼ਇᦏ㘵ˈҏਟᕅӻᯭһ㘵ѻ֯ᡀࣘ䇽DŽ ‫ڵ‬䴘䍔ㅹ˄ ˖ ˅˖ ˅ᕅ䘋ᯭһ㘵Ⲵӻ䇽Ā㔉ā˖ྩ㔉Ӫ僇蘖DŽ

/:+2:+ =!/< *: ƹ #ā =L aa 2< 3: ) bef`

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177

䜭ਟԕ⭘Ā㔉āᶕᕅӻDŽ䘉䟼փ⧠ѪⴞⲴ䈝㿴ࡉⲴ⌋ॆDŽণ䗷ᓖ ֯⭘Ā㔉ā֌Ѫ֯ࣘ⭘⌅䘉њ㿴ࡉˈഐ㘼ࠪ⧠Ҷᖸཊ⭘Ā㔉āԓ ᴯĀ䇙āᡆĀ䈧āⲴᛵߥDŽ⌠䈝ѝⲴࣘ䇽 Ā

ĔĀšā˄KDL˅ˈ൘≹

䈝ѝ࠶ॆѪࣘ䇽ӻ䇽ެ㊫ⲴĀ㔉āǃ㺘֯ԔⲴĀ䇙ā˄㺘֯ԔⲴ Ā䈧ā൘⌠䈝ѝਟሩᓄѪ

đßĉâĔĀšˈFKRHQ KDL ⴤ䈁ѪĀ䈧㔉ā˅

઼㺘㠤֯ⲴĀ֯ 䇙āDŽ⭡Ҿ㺘⽪Ā㔉Ҹā઼㔉Ҹሩ䊑Ⲵࣘ䇽 ӻ 䇽Ā㔉ā઼⌠䈝 Ā

ĔĀšāสᵜሩᓄˈнቁᆖҐ㘵ԕѪࠑᱟ ĀĔĀšā

㜭㺘䗮Ⲵ᜿ᙍˈĀ㔉ā䜭ਟԕ㺘䗮DŽഐ↔ˈԆԜབྷ䟿ൠሶĀ㔉ā 䈟ԓ‫ޕ‬㺘֯Ԕ઼㠤֯ⲴਕᆀѝDŽ޽ྲĀ㘱ᐸ㔉ᡁԜк䖖āˈ䈕ਕ ѝⲴĀ㔉āᓄ䈕⭘Ā䇙āDŽĀӺᒤᡁᝏ߂Ҷй⅑ˈ㾱৫५䲒㔉५ ⭏ⴻ⯵ā䘉ਕнਸ⌅Ⲵ৏ഐ൘Ҿ㻛䈅֯⭘Ҷ⌠䈝䈝⌅ˈ⌠䈝ѝⲴ ⭘ĀKDLāԓᴯਕѝⲴĀ㔉āӗ⭏Ⲵਕᆀᱟㅖਸ⌠䈝䈝⌅Ⲵˈণ 䈧५⭏㔉Ԇⴻ⯵DŽ㘼൘≹䈝ѝⲴ᜿ѹতᱟĀᡁ㔉५⭏ⴻ⯵āˈ䘉 ᱟнਸ䈝ѹⲴਕᆀDŽĀᡁᜣ㔉ᆳаཙᴹ ሿᰦ㔉ᡁ⧙ā䘉ਕѝ ᰦ䰤Ā ሿᰦāнᱟĀᡁ⧙āⲴሩ䊑ˈഐ↔⭘Ā㔉āнਸ⌅DŽ䈕 ਕਟ㜭Ⲵ᭩⌅ᱟ˖ᡁᐼᵋаཙᴹ ሿᰦਟԕ⧙DŽ й 䭉ᒿ㊫ ᷇㘱ᐸᮉҖ⌅ᡁԜDŽ ᭩Ѫ˖᷇㘱ᐸᮉᡁԜҖ⌅DŽ ൘ᮉᆖⲴࡍ㓗䱦⇥ˈ䭉ᒿ㊫Ⲵ‫ٿ‬䈟ࠪ⧠ᗇ∄䖳仁㑱ˈ㘼 ѝ㓗≤ᒣ䱦⇥ⲴᆖҐ㘵ਁ⭏䘉⿽‫ٿ‬䈟Ⲵᛵߥ䖳ቁˈഐѪࡍ㓗䱦⇥ ⲴᆖҐ㘵ަ⇽䈝䈝⌅ሩⴞⲴ䈝Ⲵ䍏䗱〫䘈䖳བྷDŽྲ㺘ѝᡰࡇⲴਕ

/:+2:+ =!/< *: ƹ #ā =L aa 2< 3: ) bef`

178

⼛㲊㯌⢗Ⱀ⪫䁱㈠ゑ㠌㹔⳷㹗

ᆀ˖᷇㘱ᐸᮉҖ⌅ᡁԜˈቡᱟਇҶ⌠䈝䈝⌅Ⲵᖡ૽DŽ䈕ਕᓄ᭩ Ѫ˖᷇㘱ᐸᮉᡁԜҖ⌅DŽ ഋ 䚇┿㊫ ⇿њӪ㔉⽬⢙DŽ ᭩Ѫ˖⇿њӪ䜭㔉ᡁ⽬⢙DŽ ⇿њӪ䜭㔉Ԇ⽬⢙DŽ 㘱ᐸ੺䇹аԦһDŽ ᭩Ѫ˖㘱ᐸ੺䇹ᡁԜаԦһDŽ ԕкєਕ䜭䚇┿Ҷ䰤᧕ᇮ䈝ˈণࣘ֌Ⲵ᧕ਇ㘵DŽ䘉єਕ 㘫䈁ᡀ⌠䈝ᱟ↓⺞Ⲵਕᆀˈ⌠䈝ѝĀKDLā઼ĀERNā䜭ਟԕⴱ⮕ 䰤᧕ᇮ䈝ˈєਕ䜭ㅖਸ䈝⌅ˈնᱟؑ᚟䟿н䏣ˈ൘⋑ᴹкл᮷Ⲵ ᛵߥлˈੜ䈍ⲴӪՊᆈᴹ⯁䰞DŽਖཆˈĀ⇿њӪ㔉⽬⢙āᴹє⿽ 䀓䈫ˈਟ㜭㔉Ҹ࡛Ӫ⽬⢙ҏਟ㜭ᱟ㧧ᗇ⽬⢙DŽԕкєਕ䜭ᱟਇ⇽ 䈝ᖡ૽ˈ⌠䈝ѝĀKDLā઼ĀERNā䜭ਟԕⴱ⮕䰤᧕ᇮ䈝ˈєਕ䜭 ㅖਸ䈝⌅DŽ ᡁⲴᴻ৻ୡⅼ㔉ᡁDŽ ᓄ᭩Ѫ˖ᡁⲴᴻ৻ୡⅼ㔉ᡁੜDŽ ᓄ䈕൘оṬਾ޽࣐ањࣘ䇽DŽഐѪĀୡⅼā䘉њࣘ䇽㲭 ❦ᱟࣘ֌ࣘ䇽ˈնᱟᒦнާᴹᯩੁᙗˈᡰԕᓄ䈕᭩߉ѪањⴞⲴ ᆀਕDŽᡁԜਟԕ䘉ṧ䀓䈫䘉њਕᆀ˖ᡁⲴᴻ৻ୡҶа俆ⅼˈфᡁ Ⲵᴻ৻㔉ᡁੜ䘉俆ⅼˈҏ᜿ણ⵰ѫ㾱ࣘ䇽Āୡāሬ㠤ҶĀੜā䘉 њࣘ֌Ⲵӗ⭏DŽ䘉аਕ਼ṧᱟਇ⌠䈝⇽䈝Ⲵᖡ૽䙐ᡀⲴˈ⌠䈝ѝ ⋑ᴹࣘ䇽Āੜāਕᆀҏㅖਸ䈝⌅DŽ

/:+2:+ =!/< *: ƹ #ā =L aa 2< 3: ) bef`

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179

ӄ ᵲ㋵㊫ ᡁ㔉କକ➗㔉ᡁаᕐ⴨⡷DŽ ᭩Ѫ˖ᡁ䈧କକ㔉ᡁ➗Ҷᕐ⴨⡷DŽ ᵲ㋵‫ٿ‬䈟ࠪ⧠Ⲵ∄⦷䖳վˈᵜ䇪᮷䇔Ѫкਕᱟ䈟ԓо䈟 ࣐㋵ਸⲴ‫ٿ‬䈟DŽㅜа њĀ 㔉āᓄᱟ㠤֯Ⲵ᜿ѹ ˈᓄ Ѫ Ā䇙ᡆ 䈧āDŽㅜҼњĀ㔉ā኎Ҿ䈟࣐DŽĀ➗āѪࣘ֌ࣘ䇽ˈնᱟ⋑ᴹ Ā9 㔉āᔿˈ㘼ᓄ䈕᭩ѪĀ㔉 13 ➗āDŽণሶ㓸⛩ᨀ㠣ࣘ䇽ࡽˈ ਈᡀĀ㔉ᡁ➗Ҷᕐ⴨⡷ā᡽ᱟਸ䈝⌅ⲴਕᆀDŽᵲ㋵ਕᔿࠪ⧠Ⲵ∄ ֻվⲴ৏ഐᱟᆖҐ㘵൘ᆖҐ䗷〻ѝ䟷ਆҶഎ䚯Ⲵㆆ⮕ˈণሩ䖳䳮 Ⲵਕᔿ䘋㹼എ䚯ˈањ䮯ਕᖰᖰ࠶ᡀєњᡆ㘵ᴤཊ⸝ਕᶕ㺘䗮ˈ ഐ↔ᵲ㋵㊫а㡜ࠪ⧠൘ѝ儈㓗䱦⇥DŽ ‫ٿ‬䈟ᡀഐ ᵜ᮷ѝⲴ‫ٿ‬䈟ᡀഐѫ㾱ᱟ⇽䈝䗱઼〫ㆰॆєབྷ㊫DŽ ⇽䈝䗱〫 ⇽䈝䗱〫˄ઘሿ‫˅ ޥ‬ᱟㅜҼ䈝䀰ࡍᆖ㘵ᑨ⭘ⲴᆖҐ ㆆ⮕ˈᱟԕᆖҐ㘵ѻࡽⲴ䈝䀰⸕䇶˄䙊ᑨᱟ⇽䈝˅ᶕ⨶䀓ᯠⲴ䈝 䀰DŽഐѪᆖҐ㘵ሩㅜҼ䈝䀰ⲴҶ䀓ᴹ䲀ˈӖণ㕪ѿㅜҼ䈝䀰Ⲵ䍴 Ⓚˈਚ㜭Ӿ⇽䈝ѝራ≲⴨‫Ⲵޣ‬䖵ࣙ䍴Ⓚˈഐ↔⇽䈝㛼Ჟ⴨਼Ⲵㅜ Ҽ䈝䀰ᆖҐ㘵ᑨࠪ⧠㊫լⲴ‫ٿ‬䈟DŽ ⇽䈝䗱〫⧠䊑⢩࡛ᇩ᱃ࠪ⧠ҾㅜҼ䈝䀰ҐᗇⲴࡍᵏˈഐ Ѫ䈕䱦⇥ⲴᆖҐ㘵ަㅜҼ䈝䀰⸕䇶ᴰᴹ䲀DŽ ሩᵜ䇪᮷ᶕ䈤ˈ⇽䈝䍏䗱〫ѫ㾱ⴤ᧕փ⧠൘ৼᇮ㔃ᶴѝ єњᇮ䈝Ⲵս㖞DŽഐѪ⌠䈝Ⲵৼᇮ亪ᒿѪ YHUE UDQJH JRDOˈഐ

/:+2:+ =!/< *: ƹ #ā =L aa 2< 3: ) bef`

180

⼛㲊㯌⢗Ⱀ⪫䁱㈠ゑ㠌㹔⳷㹗

↔ࠪ⧠ҶĀᡁԜ䰞Ҷањ䰞仈㘱ᐸāᡆ Ā᷇㘱ᐸᮉҖ⌅ᡁԜā ㊫ⲴਕᆀDŽ ਖཆ䘈ᴹĀ ሿᵾ੺䇹ҶаԦһā઼Ā ሿᵾ੺䇹ā㊫Ⲵ ਕᆀˈ㻛䈅䇔Ѫєਕᱟਸ䈝⌅Ⲵਕᔿҏᱟ⇽䈝Ⲵ䍏䗱〫Ⲵᖡ૽ˈ ⌠䈝ѝĀ੺䇹āਟԕᑖєњᇮ䈝ˈਟԕԫ᜿ᑖަѝањᇮ䈝ˈҏ ਟԕнᑖᇮ䈝DŽഐ↔䈕㊫ਕᔿҏᱟ⇽䈝䍏䗱〫Ⲵ֌⭘DŽ ㆰॆ ㅜҼ䈝䀰ᆖҐ㘵ᑨ⭘Ⲵਖа⿽ᆖҐㆆ⮕ᱟㆰॆDŽᡰ䉃Ⲵ ㆰ ॆ ѳ ᱟ ᆖ Ґ 㘵 Ա മ ߿ 䖫 ᆖ Ґ 䍏 ᣵ Ⲵ а ⿽ ㆆ ⮕ ˄ 5LFKDUGV ˅DŽণᆖҐ㘵൘ᆖҐᡆ֯⭘ㅜҼ䈝䀰ᰦˈ䈅മӾа㌫ࡇⲴ‫ٷ‬ 䇮ѝˈ䘹ਆ䖳᱃䘋㹼ф㜭‫׳‬䘋⋏䙊Ⲵ‫ٷ‬䇮DŽᆖҐ㘵䙊ᑨ൘ㅜҼ䈝 䀰֯⭘ѝⴱ⮕Ҷ࣏㜭䇽˄ᡆ〠㲊䇽˅઼ӻ䇽ㅹ䈝䀰ᡀ࠶ˈԕ߿䖫 䈝䀰༴⨶кⲴ䍏ᣵˈ֯ԆԜ㜭ሶ⌘᜿࣋䳶ѝ൘ᡰ㾱ᆖҐⲴᯠᖒᔿ ᡆ㺘䗮Ⲵ᜿ѹкDŽ ൘ᵜㄐࠪ⧠Ⲵ䚇┿‫ٿ‬䈟Ⲵਕᆀ䜭ਟⴻ֌ᱟ㻛䈅֯⭘Ҷ Āㆰॆāㆆ⮕ᡰሬ㠤ⲴDŽĀ ⇿њӪ㔉⽬⢙ 㘱ᐸ੺䇹аԦһā єਕ䜭ⴱ⮕Ҷ䰤᧕ᇮ䈝ˈ൘⌠䈝ѝ㲭Ѫਸ䈝⌅Ⲵਕᆀˈնؑ᚟䟿 ᱟн䏣Ⲵˈഐ↔䇔ѪᆖҐ㘵Աമ߿䖫ᆖҐ䍏ᣵˈ䘹ᤙㆰॆㆆ⮕DŽ ྲᵜㄐ≹⌠䈝ਕᔿሩ∄䜘࠶ᡰ䇘䇪Ⲵˈ≹䈝ਕᔿ 6 9 13 13 ઼ 6 9 13 㔉 13 єњਕᔿѝˈ⌠䈝⇽䈝㘵൘䶎↓ ᔿ൪ਸᖰᖰ֯⭘ 6 9 13 13 ⲴᛵߥᴤཊDŽ㘼൘ᆖҐ≹䈝ৼᇮᰦ ҏᖰᖰᴤᑨ֯⭘ 6 9 13 13 ਕˈ⭡ҾĀ㔉ā䇽㓴Ⲵ༽ᵲᙗሬ㠤

/:+2:+ =!/< *: ƹ #ā =L aa 2< 3: ) bef`

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181

ᆖҐ㘵ӗ⭏ ᜗ᗳ⨶ˈ֯⭘ 6 9 13 13 ਕਟԕབྷབྷⲴ߿䖫ᆖҐ 䍏ᣵˈ䘉ҏᱟสҾㆰॆⲴᆖҐㆆ⮕DŽ

ᮉᆖㆆ⮕ lj≹䈝ᮉ〻NJㅜҼ޼˄ेӜ䈝䀰བྷᆖࠪ⡸ˈᶘᇴ⍢ѫ㕆 ˅ㅜ 亥ˈሩৼᇮ䈝‫ڊ‬Ҷྲл䀓䟺˖ৼᇮ䈝ਕˈ≹䈝ᴹӋ ࣘ䇽ਟԕᑖєњᇮ䈝ˈㅜањਛ䰤᧕ᇮ䈝ˈа㡜ᤷӪDŽㅜҼњਛ ⴤ᧕ᇮ䈝ˈа㡜ᤷһ⢙DŽն㜭ᑖৼᇮ䈝Ⲵࣘ䇽∄䖳ቁˈཊᮠࣘ䇽 н㜭ᑖৼᇮ䈝DŽਟԕᑖৼᇮ䈝Ⲵࣘ䇽ᴹ˖ᮉǃ㔉ǃُǃ䘈ǃ䰞ǃ എㆄǃ੺䇹ㅹDŽ ˄ ˅⦻㘱ᐸᮉᡁԜ䈮᮷઼䈝⌅DŽ ˄ ˅⧋ѭ㔉ᡁаᵜ㤡᮷ᵲᘇDŽ ˄ ˅ᡁ䰞㘱ᐸањ䰞仈DŽ ԕк䇪䘠оᵜ䇪᮷Ⲵ㿲⛩ᴹ⵰ṩᵜⲴ४࡛ˈᲲф᪷ᔰ䘉 ⛩ˈӵӾ䀓䟺ᓖᶕⴻˈ䈕ᮉᶀᱟㅜа⅑ࠪ⧠ৼᇮ䈝ਕˈᵜ䇪᮷䇔 Ѫԕк䀓䟺Ⲵ␡ᓖᐢ㓿䏣ཏDŽն‫޼ޝޘ‬ѝӵ↔а༴ӻ㓽Ҷৼᇮ 䈝ˈѻਾ㲭ᴹнቁৼᇮ䈝ਕࠪ⧠ˈ⭊㠣൘ࠪ⧠ᯠⲴ㔃ᶴ㊫රⲴᰦ ‫ى‬ᮉᶀѝҏᵚ‫ڊ‬䈤᰾ˈҏᰐ⴨ᓄⲴ㓳Ґˈ䘉⿽༴⨶ᯩ⌅᰾ᱮн㜭 ┑䏣ᮉᆖⲴ䴰㾱DŽ਼ᰦᑖєњᇮ䈝ᒦнᱟৼᇮਕⲴᑨᘱˈᐢ⸕Ⲵ ᰗؑ᚟ᑨ㻛ⴱ⮕ˈӾ㘼փ⧠Ѫৼᇮࣘ䇽ӵᑖањᇮ䈝Ⲵ⧠䊑DŽ਼ ᰦˈᴹӋৼᇮࣘ䇽ⴱ⮕䰤᧕ᇮ䈝ਾᱟਸ⌅Ⲵਕᆀˈྲ˖ᡁ䘈аᵜ ҖDŽնᴹӋৼᇮࣘ䇽ⴱ⮕䰤᧕ᇮ䈝ਾࡉѪнਸ⌅Ⲵਕᆀˈֻྲ˖

/:+2:+ =!/< *: ƹ #ā =L aa 2< 3: ) bef`

182

⼛㲊㯌⢗Ⱀ⪫䁱㈠ゑ㠌㹔⳷㹗

Ԇ੺䇹ᡁаԦһDŽėγԆ੺䇹аԦһDŽ䈨ྲ↔㊫ⲴৼᇮਕᔿⲴ⿽ ⿽䲀ࡦᶑԦˈᮉᶀ䘈䴰㾱޽‫ڊ‬䘋а↕Ⲵ䈤᰾઼䀓䟺DŽ 䪸ሩৼᇮ䈝Ⲵᮉᆖㆆ⮕䴰㾱Ӿৼᇮ䈝ਕ䈝䀰⛩Ⲵ⢩↺ᙗ ࠪਁˈѫ㾱Ӿ䈝ѹⲴ䀂ᓖᶕ䇢䀓ৼᇮਕᔿˈ㔃ਸ⨶䇪⹄ウⲴᡀ

᷌ˈ൘ᮉᆖѝ䟷⭘䈝ѹ⢩ᖱ࠶᷀⌅ ࠶᷀ਕᆀ㔃ᶴˈᒦሩ∄ᆖҐ㘵 ⇽䈝ˈ߿ቁ⇽䈝Ⲵ䍏䗱〫֌⭘ˈ䪸ሩ⇽䈝㕆߉ᮉᶀ઼㓳ҐDŽ ሩҾৼᇮਕᔿⲴᮉᆖާփㆆ⮕ྲл˖ ᕅ⭘ৼᇮ⨶䇪⹄ウⲴᡀ᷌ ‫ޣ‬Ҿৼᇮ䈝ᡆৼ৺⢙Ⲵ᮷ㄐ䶎ᑨཊˈнӵ㤡᮷᮷⥞ˈѝ᮷ ᮷⥞ҏᱟᮠ䟿ѠᇼDŽ䘉Ӌ᮷⥞Ӿн਼Ⲵ䀂ᓖ઼␡ᓖሩৼᇮਕᔿ䘋㹼 Ҷ᧒䇘ˈӾһҼ䈝ᮉᆖⲴᮉᐸਟԕᕅ⭘⹄ウ㔃᷌ѝᴹԧ٬Ⲵ䜘࠶ᶕ 䖵ࣙᮉᆖˈ⢩࡛ᱟҐᗇ઼‫ٿ‬䈟㊫Ⲵ᮷ㄐDŽ䙊䗷䘉⿽ᯩᔿᡁԜਟԕ䚯 ‫ݽ‬䎠ᕟ䐟ˈᮉ㔉ᆖ⭏ᴹ᭸ⲴᆖҐ઼䇠ᗶⲴᯩ⌅ˈ⭊㠣ᦧᖴDŽ ‫⌠≹ྭڊ‬䈝䀰ሩ∄࠶᷀ˈ‫ݻ‬ᴽ⇽䈝Ⲵ䍏䗱〫 ࡍ㓗≤ᒣⲴᆖ⭏ӗ⭏Ⲵ‫ٿ‬䈟ཊਇަ⇽䈝䗱〫Ⲵᖡ૽ˈᮉ ᆖѝ㾱⌘䟽ᆖ⭏⇽䈝о≹䈝ৼᇮ㔃ᶴᖒᔿⲴ∄䖳ˈ᢮߶ᮉᆖⲴ䟽 ⛩઼䳮⛩ˈৈ␵਴⿽‫ٿ‬䈟ӗ⭏Ⲵ৏ഐˈԕ↔ሩ⯷л㦟DŽࡠҶѝ儈 㓗䱦⇥ˈᮉᐸ䘈ᓄሩаӋ䈝ѹ‫ޣ‬㌫∄䖳༽ᵲⲴ㔃ᶴ֌у䰘Ⲵ䇢 䀓ˈᕪ䈳ৼᇮ㔃ᶴⲴᶴᡀ⢩⛩઼㿴ᖻˈԕᨀॷᆖ⭏⨶䀓઼䘀⭘䈝 䀰Ⲵ㜭࣋DŽሩҾৼᇮਕᔿˈᵜ䇪᮷䇔Ѫ䴰㾱⌘᜿Ⲵᱟєњᇮ䈝Ⲵ

)LOOPRUH˄ ˅ᤷࠪˈਕᆀ൘ส⹰㔃ᶴѝवਜ਼ањࣘ䇽ᡆࠐњ਽䇽⸝䈝ˈ ⇿ањ਽䇽⸝䈝ԕаᇊⲴṬ‫ޣ‬㌫઼ࣘ䇽ਁ⭏䈝ѹ‫ޣ‬㌫DŽṩᦞ䘉⿽䈝ѹ‫ޣ‬㌫ᶕ࠶᷀ ਕᆀᡀ࠶Ⲵᯩ⌅ቡᱟ䈝ѹ⢩ᖱ࠶᷀⌅DŽ

/:+2:+ =!/< *: ƹ #ā =L aa 2< 3: ) bef`

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183

ս㖞䰞仈ˈ‫ٿ‬䈟ᑨࠪ⧠൘ᆖҐⲴࡍ㓗䱦⇥DŽਖཆᱟӻ䇽Ā㔉āо ĀKDLāĀNDHāⲴሩᓄ‫ޣ‬㌫DŽ ṩᦞഠ䳮ᓖㅹ㓗ᶕሩৼᇮਕᔿ䈝⌅⛩ᧂᒿ ӾৼᇮਕᔿⲴ㔃ᶴǃ䈝ѹ઼䐘䈝䀰ഠ䳮ᓖⲴ亪ᒿᶕሩৼᇮ ਕᔿ䘋㹼ᮉᆖᇊਟԕਆᗇһॺ࣏‫Ⲵؽ‬᭸᷌ˈ਼ᰦҏㅖਸҐᗇ㿴ᖻDŽ 䪸ሩᆖҐ㘵Ⲵ⇽䈝ᶕ㕆߉ᮉᶀ઼㓳Ґ 㾱㕆߉ࠪ䪸ሩ⌠ഭᆖ⭏ᮉᆖⲴᮉᶀ઼㓳Ґˈ䴰㾱ᣅ‫ޕ‬㋮ ઼࣋ᰦ䰤ˈнᱟ⸝ᰦ䰤ਟԕ䗮ࡠⲴⴞḷˈᮉᶀ㕆߉⎹৺ࡠᖸཊᯩ 䶒Ⲵ⸕䇶઼ᢰᐗˈ䴰㾱Ӿһሩཆ≹䈝ᮉᆖⲴᆖ㘵઼ᮉᐸ‫਼࣋ࣚޡ‬ ᡽㜭䗮ᡀDŽ

ᵜ᮷㔃䇪 ᵜ᮷൘ሩ∄࠶᷀ǃѝӻ䈝ԕ৺‫ٿ‬䈟࠶᷀⨶䇪ส⹰кˈሩ ≹䈝઼⌠䈝Ⲵ㊫ර䘋㹼Ҷሩ∄ˈᒦሩ≹⌠䈝ৼᇮ㔃ᶴⲴᛵߥ䘋㹼 Ҷሩ∄ˈ䇔Ѫ≹⌠䈝ৼᇮ㔃ᶴѝєњᇮ䈝Ⲵս㖞ࡊྭ⴨৽ˈ≹䈝 Ⲵ䈝ᒿѪ YHUE JRDO UDQJHˈ㘼⌠䈝Ⲵৼᇮ㔃ᶴѝᇮ䈝Ⲵս㖞 Ѫ˖YHUE UDQJH JRDODŽਖཆ≹䈝ৼᇮ㔃ᶴѝԕĀ㔉āѪ㓸⛩Ṭ ḷ䇠ˈᕅӻ㓸⛩ǃਇ ᜐ઼ ᯭһ˗㘼⌠䈝ѝⲴӻ 䇽Ṭ ḷᴹєњ ĀNDHā઼ĀKDLāˈަѝĀNDHāĀKDLā䜭ਚ㜭ᕅӻ㓸⛩ˈє㘵 䜭н㜭ᕅӻਇᜐ㘵઼ᯭһˈ⋑ᴹ㠤֯⭘⌅DŽ⧠ԓ⌠䈝䈝⌅ѝˈ ĀNDHāᑨоĀKDLā䘎⭘ˈ㓴ᡀĀKDL NDHāᔿDŽ ᵜ᮷䘈ሩ㠚❦䈝ᯉ䘋㹼Ҷ࠶᷀ˈ䰞ধѝࠪ⧠Ⲵ‫ٿ‬䈟‫ޡ‬ᴹ ࠐ㊫˖䈟࣐ǃ䈟ԓǃ䚇┿ǃ䭉ᒿ઼ᵲ㋵ˈަѝоĀ㔉āӻ䇽㓴ᴹ

/:+2:+ =!/< *: ƹ #ā =L aa 2< 3: ) bef`

184

⼛㲊㯌⢗Ⱀ⪫䁱㈠ゑ㠌㹔⳷㹗

‫ٿⲴޣ‬䈟∄ֻ䖳儈DŽ⴨ሩᶕ䈤ˈ㻛䈅ሩ޵ੁࣘ䇽ⲴҐᗇ∄ཆੁࣘ 䇽ⲴҐᗇ⮕ᐞDŽ‫ٿ‬䈟Ⲵ৏ഐᴹ⇽䈝䗱〫ǃ䗷ᓖ㊫ॆǃㆰॆԕ৺ަ Ԇྲᮉᶀǃᮉᐸㅹ৏ഐDŽަѝਇ⇽䈝䍏䗱〫֌⭘䖳བྷˈ䍏䗱〫ѫ 㾱ᶕ㠚⌠䈝䈝⌅Ⲵᖡ૽ ᵜ䇪᮷Ⲵᴰਾ䜘࠶䇔Ѫᓄ䈕Ӿ䈝ѹᯩੁࠪਁ䪸ሩৼᇮਕ ᔿᵜ䓛Ⲵ⢩↺ᙗ䘋㹼ᮉᆖˈᕅ⭘ഭ޵ཆৼᇮਕᔿ⹄ウⲴ⨶䇪ˈ㔃 ਸሩ∄࠶઼᷀‫ٿ‬䈟࠶᷀ᯩ䶒Ⲵ⹄ウᡀ᷌ˈ‫⌠≹ྭڊ‬䈝䀰ሩ∄࠶ ᷀ˈ‫ݻ‬ᴽ⇽䈝Ⲵ䍏䗱〫ˈ䪸ሩᆖҐ㘵Ⲵ⇽䈝ᶕ㕆߉ᮉᶀ઼㓳ҐDŽ ⭡Ҿᰦ䰤ǃ㋮࣋ǃњӪ㜭࣋ԕ৺ᇒ㿲ᯩ䶒ⲴаӋ৏ഐˈ ᵜ᮷䘈ᆈ൘䘉ᖸཊнཚѕ䉘Ⲵൠᯩˈҏ䳮‫ݽ‬ᴹн䏣઼⮿┿ˈᐼᵋ ൘ԕਾⲴ⹄ウѝᗇࡠᆼழDŽ

৲㘳᮷⥞

Fillmore, Charles J. 1971. Some problems for case grammar. In R. J. O’Brien, editor,ǰ OEǰBOOVBMǰ3PVOEǰ 5BCMF ǰ-JOHVJTUJDT ǰEFWFMPQNFOUTǰPGǰUIFǰTJYUJFTǰıǰ WJFXQPJOUTǰPGǰUIFǰTFWFOUJFT, pp. 35-56. (.POPHSBQIǰ 4FSJFTǰPOǰ-BOHVBHFǰBOEǰ-JOHVJTUJDT, vol. 24). Washington D.C.: Georgetown University Press. Napasri Timyam.2003. A comparative study of doubleobje ct construction in English and Thai:

/:+2:+ =!/< *: ƹ #ā =L aa 2< 3: ) bef`

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The minimalist program and construction grammar. Manoa: University of Hawaii. Richards, Jack C. (editor).1974. &SSPSǰBOBMZTJT ǰ1FSTQFDUJWFTǰ POǰTFDPOEǰMBOHVBHFǰBDRVJTJUJPO Essex, England Carl James.2001. lj䈝䀰ᆖҐ઼䈝䀰֯⭘ѝⲴ䭉䈟NJ ेӜ˖ཆ 䈝ᮉᆖо⹄ウࠪ⡸⽮ 䛃ᆸؑ ≹䈝৺⢙ᙗ‫ޣ‬㌫Ⲵ䈝ѹ⹄ウ ૸ቄ┘˖唁嗉⊏Ӫ≁ ࠪ⡸⽮ 䛃ᆸؑ ljሩཆ≹䈝ᮉᆖ䈝⌅NJ ेӜ˖ेӜ䈝䀰བྷᆖࠪ⡸⽮ ߟ䶂 䈸≹䈝ⲴĀ㔉ā઼⌠䈝Ⲵ

“ĔĀš” ᰶ᰾˖Ӂইᐸ㤳བྷᆖ

䇪උ օᲃ⛌ ৼᇮ䈝㔃ᶴⲴਕ⌅⹄ウ ᒯь˖⧠ԓཆ䈝 ㅜ ᵏ ᷇俕㰻 ѝ᮷ৼᇮࣘ䇽Ⲵ⇽䈝Ґᗇ ਠे˖ਠ⒮ᐸབྷབྷᆖ⺅ ༛䇪᮷ ࡈѩ䶂 ≹䈝㔉Ҹ㊫ৼ৺⢙㔃ᶴⲴ㊫රᆖ㘳ሏ ेӜ˖ѝഭ 䈝᮷ ㅜ ᵏ ᆏ⾕㣣 ࡍ㓗䱦⇥ཆഭᆖ⭏≹䈝ৼᇮ㔃ᶴҐᗇ‫ٿ‬䈟Ⲵ࠶᷀о ⹄ウ ৖䰘˖৖䰘བྷᆖ⺅༛䇪᮷ 㼤ᲃ⶯ lj⌠䈝䈝⌅ᯠ㕆NJ ेӜ˖ेӜབྷᆖࠪ⡸⽮ ⊸ᇦ❺ Ā൘āᆇਕ઼Ā㔉āᆇਕ ेӜ˖ѝഭ䈝᮷ ㅜ ᵏ

/:+2:+ =!/< *: ƹ #ā =L aa 2< 3: ) bef`

186

⼛㲊㯌⢗Ⱀ⪫䁱㈠ゑ㠌㹔⳷㹗

⭣֣လ ⧠ԓ≹䈝Ā㔉āਕ⌅ǃ䈝ѹ࠶᷀оᮉᆖᧂᒿ ਠ े˖ਠ⒮ᐸབྷ⺅༛䇪 㣿㢣伎 ༞≹⌠ৼᇮ䈝ਕሩ∄⹄ウ ᒯ㾯˖ḣᐎ㙼ъᢰᵟᆖ 䲒ᆖᣕ ㅜ ᵏ亥 ⊔ᔧ⊐ ⴤ᧕ᇮ䈝о䰤᧕ᇮ䈝 ਠे˖ਠ⒮ᆖ⭏Җተ ੤㍐‫ ޠ‬Ӿѝ⌠ሩ∄ⴻ⌠ഭᆖ⭏≹䈝ᑨ⭘ӻ䇽ⲴҐᗇоᮉᆖ ⊏㣿˖㣿ᐎབྷᆖ ᔦ‫׺‬㦓 ৼᇮਕ⹄ウ䘠䇴 ेӜ˖lj䈝᮷⹄ウ ㅜ ᵏNJ 亥 ᕐᮼ 䈅䇪ࣘᇮᔿࣘ䇽 ljሩཆ≹䈝ᮉᆖ⹄ウㅜаᵏNJ ेӜ ୶࣑ঠҖ侶 ઘሿ‫ ޥ‬ཆഭӪᆖ≹䈝䈝⌅‫ٿ‬䈟⹄ウ ेӜ˖ेӜ䈝䀰བྷᆖ ઘዊ䪺 สҾ +6. ࣘᘱ֌᮷䈝ᯉᓃⲴ⮉ᆖ⭏ৼᇮ㔃ᶴ‫ٿ‬䈟⹄ ウ ेӜ˖ेӜ䈝䀰བྷᆖ

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187

On the Double-Object Construction in Modern Chinese and Analysis of Errors by Thai Learners Bai Fen ABSTRACT This article focuses on the issues related with the double-object construction in modern Chinese. It gives a brief comparison on the double-object constructions in Chinese and Thai language. Meanwhile with questionnaire surveys in Thailand, I obtain the errors of Thai learners. It also probes into the presentation of double-object construction grammar and hierarchy of difficulty. I combined with theories related to pedagogical grammar. I put forward some teaching and learning suggestions concerning the pedagogy of the double-object construction for Thai learners. Keywords: EPVCMF PCKFDUÇ°DPOTUSVDUJPO Ç°DPOUSBTUJWFÇ°BOBMZTJTÇ° CFUXFFOÇ° $IJOFTFÇ° BOEÇ° 5IBJÇ° MBOHVBHF Ç° FSSPSÇ° BOBMZTJT Ç° QFEBHPHJDBMÇ°HSBNNBSÇ°

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192

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2003:3) îĆ ÖõćþćýćÿêøŤ ñĎš đÿîĂĒîüìćÜÖćøýċ ÖþćĂč ð úĆ ÖþèŤ Ĕî õćþćýćÿêøŤðøĉßćîǰĂíĉïć÷üŠćǰĂčðúĆÖþèŤĕöŠĕéšđðŨîđóĊ÷ÜđÙøČę ĂÜöČĂìĊę ߊü÷ÿøšćÜÙüćöÜćöĔîõćþćđìŠćîĆĚîǰĒêŠđðŨîÿĉę ÜìĊęđÖĊę÷üךĂÜēé÷êøÜÖĆï øąïïðøĉßćî×ĂÜöîčþ÷ŤǰĂčðúĆÖþèŤđðŨîÖćøĀ÷ĉï÷ÖÿĉęÜĀîċęÜöćđðøĊ÷ïÖĆï ĂĊÖÿĉęÜĀîċęÜǰߊü÷ÿČęĂÙüćöĀöć÷ÿĉęÜìĊęđðŨîîćöíøøöĔĀšöĊÙüćößĆéđÝîöćÖ ÷ĉęÜ×ċĚîǰēé÷ÖćøĀ÷ĉï÷ÖÿĉęÜîĆĚîĕðđðøĊ÷ïÖĆïÿĉęÜìĊęđðŨîøĎðíøøööćÖÖüŠćǰ ÝćÖïìÙüćö×ĂÜǰđÝĉÜǰÞüćîúĎŠ ˄ᴮՐ⾴ˈ ˅đøČęĂÜǰ ≹䈝䟿 䇽䈝ѹⲴ䇔⸕䱀䟺ǰ+iQ\ OLiQ Fo \ \n GH UkQ]Ky FKiQVKn ǰ ÖćøĂíĉïć÷ÙüćöĀöć÷×ĂÜÙĞćúĆÖþèîćöÝĊîêćöĒîüðøĉßćî ǰÖúŠćüëċÜ ĂčðúĆÖþèŤĕüšǰēé÷÷ÖÙĞćĂíĉïć÷×ĂÜ Lakoff ĒúąǰJohnson ìĊęĂíĉïć÷üŠćǰ ĂčðúĆÖþèŤđðŨîÖøąïüîÖćøđßČęĂöē÷ÜöēîìĆýîŤÿĂÜüÜǰÙČĂüÜöēîìĆýîŤêšî đÙšćǰ(source domain) ÖĆïǰüÜöēîìĆýîŤđðŜćĀöć÷ǰ(target domain) üÜ öēîìĆ ýîŤêšîđÙšćđðŨ îÿĉę ÜìĊęöîčþ÷ŤđøćÙčšîđÙ÷ǰĒúąöĊÙüćöđðŨîøĎðíøøö öćÖÖüŠćǰüÜöēîìĆýîŤđðŜćĀöć÷öĊÙüćöđðŨîîćöíøøöĒúąàĆïàšĂîǰöîčþ÷Ť đøćđøĉęöđøĊ÷îøĎšÿĉęÜìĊęđðŨîîćöíøøöĕéšǰñŠćîÿĉę ÜìĊęđðŨîøĎðíøøöĀøČĂÿĉęÜìĊęđøć ÙčšîđÙ÷ÖŠĂîǰúćÙĂôǰĒúąÝĂĀŤîÿĆîǰ(Lakoff and Johnson, 2003: 4) ÷ÖêĆüĂ÷ŠćÜĂčðúĆÖþèŤĕüšéĆÜîĊĚ ARGUMENT IS WAR ÖćøēêšĒ÷šÜÙČĂÿÜÙøćö

Your claims are indefensible. ÙĞćÖúŠćüĂšćÜ×ĂÜÙčèĕöŠÿćöćøëēêšĒ÷šÜĕéš

ǰ He attacked every weak point in my argument. đ×ćēÝöêĊìčÖÝčéĂŠĂîĔîÖćøēêšĒ÷šÜ×ĂÜÞĆî

His criticisms were right on target. ÖćøüĉÝćøèŤ×ĂÜđ×ćîĆĚîêøÜđðŜć

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193

I demolished his argument. ÞĆîìĞćúć÷ךĂēêšĒ÷šÜ×ĂÜđ×ć

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194

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×ĂÜ đÝĉÜǰÞüćîúĎŠ˄ᴮՐ⾴ˈ ˅ đøČęĂÜǰÖćøĂíĉïć÷ÙüćöĀöć÷ ×ĂÜÙĞćúĆÖþèîćöÝĊîêćöĒîüðøĉßćîǰüŠćǰÙĞćîćöǰ㓯 [LiQǰ đßČĂÖǰéšć÷ ǰ 劬 \t ðúć ǰ㼔ᆀ Ns]Lǰ ÖćÜđÖÜ ǰöĊúĆÖþèąìĊęđéŠîßĆéÙČĂǰđðŨîÿĉęÜìĊęöĊ øĎðìøÜ÷ćüǰ˄㓶䮯 [nFKjQ ˅ÝċÜđúČĂÖĔßšÙĞćüŠćǰᶑ WLjR àċęÜđðŨîÙĞćìĊęöĊ ÙüćöĀöć÷ïĂÖúĆÖþèąǰ÷ćüǰöćđðŨîÙĞćúĆÖþèîćö×ĂÜÙĞćîćöìĆĚÜ ÿćöÙĞć ìĆĚÜîĊĚǰîĂÖÝćÖðŦÝÝĆ÷ìĊęđÖĊę÷üךĂÜĔîÖøąïüîÖćøÝĆéðøąđõììĊę Ăíĉïć÷ךćÜêšîĒúšüǰüĉíĊÖćøĂĊÖĂ÷ŠćÜĀîċęÜìĊęđðŨîĂÜÙŤðøąÖĂïĔîÖćøüĉÝĆ÷ǰ ÙČĂǰÖćøüĉđÙøćąĀŤĂøøëúĆÖþèŤǰàċęÜÝąĂíĉïć÷đðŨîúĞćéĆïêŠĂĕðǰ ǰ ÖćøüĉđÙøćąĀŤĂøøëúĆÖþèŤǰ (componential analysis) đðŨî üĉ íĊ Ĕ îÖ ćøüĉ đÙøćąĀŤ Ù üćö Āö ć÷ ×ĂÜ ÙĞ ć ǰ àċę Ü đÖĉ éÝć ÖÖćø ìĊę îĆÖõćþćýćÿêøŤöĊÙüćöđĀĘîüŠćǰÙüćöĀöć÷×ĂÜÙĞć ÙĞćĀîċęÜĕöŠÿćöćøë đÖĉé×ċĚîĕéšēé÷ĂĉÿøąǰĒêŠđÖĉéÝćÖÙüćöÿĆöóĆîíŤÖĆïÙüćöĀöć÷×ĂÜÙĞć ĂČę î ėǰìĊę Ă ÷ĎŠ Ĕ îðøĉ ï ìđéĊ ÷ üÖĆ î ǰÖćøüĉ đ ÙøćąĀŤ Ă øøëúĆ Ö þèŤ öĊ Ē îüÙĉ é óČĚîåćîüŠćÙüćöĀöć÷×ĂÜÙĞćÿćöćøëĒ÷ÖĂĂÖđðŨîÙüćöĀöć÷÷ŠĂ÷ė ĕéšǰĒúąÙüćöĀöć÷÷Š Ă÷êŠćÜėǰîĆĚîǰðøąÖĂïÖĆî×ċĚîđðŨîÙüćöĀöć÷ ×ĂÜÙĞćÙĞćĀîċęÜǰ öĀćüĉì÷ćúĆ÷íøøöýćÿêøŤ ǰÙèąýĉúðýćÿêøŤ ǰ2554: 175-179)ǰúĎŠǰđÝĊę÷îĀöĉÜ˄䱶‫؝‬᰾ˈ ˅÷ÖêĆüĂ÷ŠćÜÖćø üĉđÙøćąĀŤĂøøëúĆÖþèŤǰéĆÜîĊĚ ǰ óĊęßć÷ǰ[+ÿć÷êøÜ ǰ+đóýßć÷ ǰ-đóýĀâĉÜ +øčŠîóĊę ǰ-øčŠîîšĂÜ ǰ+ Ăć÷čöćÖ ǰ-Ăć÷čîšĂ÷] éČęö [+ÖćøÖøąìĞćǰ+ÖøøöđðŨî×ĂÜđĀúüǰ-ÖøøöđðŨî×ĂÜĒ×ĘÜǰ +Ĕßšõćßîąǰ+ìĞćĔĀšÿĉęÜîĆĚîĀć÷ĕð ǰ ] ǰ ÝćÖêĆüĂ÷ŠćÜךćÜêšîđðŨîÖćøüĉđÙøćąĀŤÙüćöĀöć÷÷ŠĂ÷êŠćÜėǰ ìĊęðøąÖĂïÖĆîđðŨîÙüćöĀöć÷×ĂÜÙĞć ÙĞćĀîċęÜ×ċĚîöćǰÿĞćĀøĆïÖćøüĉÝĆ÷îĊĚ ÝąĔßšÖćøüĉđÙøćąĀŤĂøøëúĆÖþèŤ ĔîÖćøüĉđÙøćąĀŤÙüćöĀöć÷×ĂÜÙĞć /:+2:+ =!/< *: ƹ #ā =L aa 2< 3: ) bef`

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195

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203

5.1.3 Öćø×÷ć÷×Ăïđ×êÝćÖÿĉęÜìĊęđðŨîøĎðíøøööćÿĎŠÿĉęÜ ìĊęđðŨîîćöíøøöǰ îĂÖÝćÖÿĉę Ü ìĊę đ ðŨ îøĎ ð íøøöǰÝĆ ï êš Ă Üĕéš Ă ÷Š ć Üÿĉę Ü ìĊę đ ðŨ î ÿöćßĉÖêšîĒïïĒúą×ĂÜđĀúüĒúšüǰÙĞćúĆÖþèîćöøüöĀöĎŠĀᢺāE~ ÷ĆÜ ÿćöćøëĔßšÖĆïÿĉęÜìĊęđðŨîîćöíøøöĕéšǰàċęÜÖćø×÷ć÷×Ăïđ×êÝćÖÿĉęÜìĊęđðŨî øĎðíøøööć÷ĆÜÿĉęÜìĊęđðŨîîćöíøøöǰđðŨîÖøąïüîÖćøìĊęđðŨîĕðêćöøąïï ðøĉßćî×ĂÜöîčþ÷Ťǰēé÷öîčþ÷ŤÝąđøĉęöđøĊ÷îøĎšÝĆ ÖÿĉęÜêŠćÜėǰìĊęĂ÷ĎŠĔÖúšêĆüǰ ĒúąđĀĘîđðŨîðÖêĉĔîßĊüĉêðøąÝĞćüĆîÖŠĂîǰĒúšüÝċÜÙŠĂ÷öĂÜĕð÷ĆÜÿĉęÜĕÖú êĆüǰĀøČĂÿĉęÜìĊęđðŨîîćöíøøöĔîõć÷ĀúĆÜ ˄⦻ᇵˈ ˅ǰàċęÜ Öćø×÷ć÷×Ăïđ×êÝćÖÿĉęÜìĊęđðŨîøĎðíøøööć÷ĆÜÿĉęÜìĊęđðŨîîćöíøøöîĆĚîǰ đðŨîÖøąïüîÖćøēé÷ìĆęüĕð×ĂÜÙĞć úĆÖþèîćöĂ÷ĎŠĒúšüǰÝćÖÙüćöđĀĘî ×ĂÜǰÝÜǰēÞŠü÷ďĀüĉî˄ᇇᆸӁˈ ˅öĂÜüŠćǰÿĞćĀøĆïÙĞćúĆÖþè îćöĒúš ü ǰĕöŠ öĊ ÙĞ ć úĆ Ö þèîćöĔéìĊę Ĕ ßš ÖĆ ï ÙĞ ć îćöìĊę đ ðŨ î îćöíøøö ēé÷đÞóćąǰêšĂÜĂćýĆ÷ÙĞćúĆÖþèîćöìĊęĔßš ÖĆïÿĉęÜìĊęđðŨîøĎðíøøööćߊü÷ǰ ĒêŠÝąđúČ ĂÖĔßšÙĞćúĆ ÖþèîćöĔéǰÖĘêšĂÜéĎÙčèÿöïĆêĉĀøČ ĂúĆÖþèą×ĂÜ ÙĞ ć îćöìĊę đ ðŨ î îćöíøøöîĆĚ î ėǰüŠ ć öĊ Ù üćöĔÖúš đ ÙĊ ÷ ÜǰĀøČ Ă ÿćöćøë đßČęĂöē÷ÜđךćÖĆïÙĞćîćöøĎðíøøöÙĞćĔéĕéšǰ ēé÷đ×ć÷ÖêĆüĂ÷ŠćÜÙĞćîćö Ā㌫㔏ā[nW Q øąïï ǰđðŨîÿĉęÜìĊęöĊÖøąïüîÖćøǰöĊúĞćéĆï×ĆĚîêĂîǰöĊ ÙüćöĔÖúšđÙĊ÷ÜÖĆïÙĞćúĆÖþèîćö Ā྇āWiR ßčé ǰÞąîĆĚîĀ㌫㔏ā [nW Q øąïï đךćðøąđõìđéĊ÷üÖĆîÖĆï Ā⋉ਁāVKvIv ēàôć Ā㺓 ᴽā\yIX đÿČĚĂñšć ÝċÜĔßšÙĞćúĆÖþèîćöÙĞćđéĊ÷üÖĆîĕéš ìĞćîĂÜđéĊ÷üÖĆîǰ ÙĞćúĆÖþèîćöøüöĀöĎŠ ĀᢺāE~ǰîĂÖÝćÖĔßš ÖĆïÿĉę ÜìĊęđðŨîøĎ ðíøøöĕéš Ēúšüǰ÷ĆÜ ÿćöćøëĔßšÖĆï ÙĞćîćöìĊęđðŨîîćöíøøöĕéšéšü ÷ǰÙĞćîćöìĊęđðŨ î îćöíøøöìĊęÿćöćøëĔßšÖĆïÙĞćúĆÖþèîćöøüöĀöĎŠĀᢺāE~ ĕéšǰÙČĂǰĂć÷čǰ ĒúąĒøÜÖĞćúĆÜǰéĆÜêĆüĂ÷ŠćÜðøąē÷ÙêŠĂĕðîĊĚ /:+2:+ =!/< *: ƹ #ā =L aa 2< 3: ) bef`

204

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6) ᡁ㿹ᗇ㠚ᐡᖸ⾿≄ˈ㜭⍫ࡠ䘉аᢺ኱ᮠDŽ : MXlGH ]nM KxQ ItTn QlQ KXq GiR ]Kk \y E~ VXnVKs

ǰǰǰǰÞĆîøĎšÿċÖüŠćêĆüđĂÜēßÙéĊöćÖǰìĊęöĊßĊüĉêĂ÷ĎŠöćĕéšÝîĂć÷č ðĎîîĊĚ 7) ᡁⲴཆၶаᢺᒤ㓚䘈㾱ᢃᢞᗇ࿆䟼࿆≄DŽ : GH ZiLSq \y E~ QLjQMn KjL\iR G~EiQ GH \vRO \vRTn

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Ēúą ᒤ㓚 QLjQMn Āöć÷ëċÜĂć÷čǰĂć÷čđðŨî ÿĉęÜìĊęöćÖ×ċĚîêćöÖćúđüúćǰĕöŠĔߊÿĉęÜ×ĂÜìĊęÝĆïêšĂÜĕéšǰîĂÖÝćÖĂć÷čĒúšüǰ ÷ĆÜÿćöćøëĔßšÖĆïđøĊę÷üĒøÜǰÖĞćúĆÜǰàċęÜÝĆéđðŨîÙĞćîćöìĊęđðŨîîćöíøøöéšü÷ǰ éĆÜðøąē÷ÙêŠĂĕðîĊĚ 8) օ㘱ᐸ啃࣡ྣ‫ݯ‬㾱޽࣐аᢺ࣋ˈ䰟䗷䶒䈅‫ޣ‬DŽԆ ኱ᮠ VXnVKs

ҏੁྣ‫ݯ‬㺘⽪Պቭ‫࣋ޘ‬ᑞࣙྩ䘋㹼߶༷DŽ +l O~RVKy On Q lU \iR ]iL MLv \y E~ On FKX~Q Xp PLiQVKn XvQ 7v \x [LiQ Q ÿlU EL~RVKn KXn MnQ TXjQOn EvQ ]Ks Wv MnQ[oQ ]K QEkL

ĂćÝćø÷Ťđ ĀĂĔĀšÖĞćúĆÜĔÝúĎÖÿćüüŠćĔĀšÿĎš êŠĂĂĊÖĀîŠĂ÷ǰ ÿĂïĔĀšñŠćîéŠćîÿĆöõćþèŤǰđ×ćđĂÜÖĘĒÿéÜĂĂÖêŠĂúĎÖÿćüüŠćݹߊü÷đíĂ đêøĊ÷öêĆüĂ÷ŠćÜÿčéÖĞćúĆÜ 9) 䎥༞༛儈༠䚃˖Ā‫ݴ‬ᕏԜˈ޽࣐аᢺ࣢ˈᡁԜቡ ᴹ㋞伏ҶDŽā

=KiR =KXiQ VKn vRVKwQ GiR Ā;L|Q GnPHQ ]iL MLv \y E~ MnQ Z PHQ MLs \ X OLjQ VKL OH ā

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205

ǰ ìĆĚÜǰîĊĚ Ăć÷čǰ ĒúąĒøÜÖĞćúĆÜđðŨîÙĞćîćöìĊęĒÿéÜÙüćöđðŨî îćöíøøöēé÷êøÜǰîĂÖÝćÖîĆĚ î ÷Ć Ü öĊ ÙĞ ć îćöìĊę đ ðŨ î øĎ ð íøøöǰĒêŠ ÿČę Ă ÙüćöĀöć÷đßĉÜîćöíøøöǰéĆÜðøąē÷ÙêŠĂĕðîĊĚ 10) 䘉㘱ཤ‫ݯ‬㘱⋑↓䖫ˈаᢺ㜑ᆀҶˈ䘈ௌ⅒൘უ ྷԜⲴ㜨ࡽቱ㛑к᪨аᢺˈᤗалDŽ =Kk O~RWqXU O~R PlL ]KkQ MyQ \y E~ Kt]L OH KjL [ KXDQ ]iL [oIsPHQ GH [L|Q TLjQ Sn VKiQ P| \y E~ QoQ \y[L

ßć÷ÿĎÜĂć÷čÙîîĊĚöĆÖĕöŠøĎšÖćúđìýąǰĂć÷čđ÷ĂąĒúšü÷ĆÜ ßĂïÝĆïîĉéïĊïĀîŠĂ÷ïîĀîšćĂÖĒúąÖšî×ĂÜõøø÷ćĂ÷ĎŠđú÷ 11) ԆԜнᱟᡁԜ୺ˈᡁԜᱟаᢺ㘱僘ཤˈ伎нࣘˈ ҏ⋑ᴹ䫡ˈਚྭ↫ᆸ൘ᇦ䰘ࡽDŽ 7vPHQ EsVKn Z PHQ Z PHQ VKn \y E~ O~R WRX IwL EsGpQ \x PlL\RX TLjQ ]K K~R V VK X ]iL MLvPlQ TL~Q

óüÖđ×ćĕöŠĔߊóüÖđøćîĊęǰóüÖđøćđðŨîÙîĂć÷čöćÖĒúšüǰ ĕðĕĀîöćĕĀîĕöŠĕéšǰđÜĉîÖĘĕöŠöĊǰÙÜĕéšĒêŠêć÷đòŜćĀîšćïšćî 12) ᵾ㠚ᡀं㍗傜ཤˈᨀ儈༠丣䈤˖Ā㾱‫ڊ‬а⮚㤡 䳴һъˈቡᗇᴹаᢺ⺜僘ཤˈнॳ䗋з㤖ˈнᙅॳ䳮з䲙ˈнᙅ ᪄䐏ཤˈࣷᖰⴤࡽˈⲮᣈнᥐāDŽ / =nFKlQ OwLM Q P~WqX Wo vR VKwQ \yQ VKX| Ā\iR ]Xp \y IvQ \yQ [LqQ VKn\k MLs GxL \ X \y E~ \nQ WRX Es Si TLvQ[yQZiQN Es Si TLvQQjQZiQ[L~Q Es Si VKXvL wQ WqX \ Q Z~Q ]Ko TLjQ E~L ]Kl Es QjR ā

ǰǰǰǰǰǰǰĀúĊę ǰ ÝČĚ Ă đÞĉÜ ǰñĎ Ö ïĆ ÜđĀĊ ÷îìĊę ĀĆ ü öšćĒîŠ î ǰóĎé ×ċĚî éšü ÷ đÿĊ÷ÜéĆÜüŠć:ǰĶÙĉéÝąìĞćÖćøĔĀâŠǰêšĂÜöĊÙüćöĂéìîǰĕöŠÖúĆüÙüćöìčÖ׍ ÷ćÖúĞćïćÖǰĕöŠÖúĆüõĆ÷ĂĆîêøć÷ĔéėǰĕöŠÖúĆüÙüćöúšöđĀúüǰÖšćüĕðéšü÷ ÙüćöÖúšćĀćâǰĕöŠ÷ŠĂìšĂêŠĂĂčðÿøøÙķ

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206

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ÙĞćüŠć 㜑ᆀ Kt]L Āîüé ǰđðŨîÖćøÿČęĂÙüćöĀöć÷đßĉÜ ÿĆâúĆÖþèŤǰÖúŠćüÙČĂǰÙîìĊęöĊĂć÷čöćÖĒúšüöĆÖÝąöĊĀîüé×ċĚîǰĀîüéàċęÜ đðŨîÿĉęÜìĊęđðŨîøĎðíøøöǰĒúą 㘱僘ཤ O~R WRX ÿČęĂÙüćöëċÜñĎšìĊęÿĎÜüĆ÷ǰ Ăć÷čđðŨîÿĉęÜìĊęđðŨîîćöíøøöǰĒÿéÜĔĀšøĎšëċÜøą÷ąđüúćìĊęöĊßĊüĉêĂ÷ĎŠǰÙĞćüŠć ⺜僘ཤ \nQ WRX ĀćÖĒðúÙüćöêćöêĆüĂĆÖþøÙČĂǰÖøąéĎÖĒ×ĘÜǰĒêŠ ĔîïøĉïìîĊĚǰĀöć÷ëċÜǰÙüćöĂéìîǰàċęÜöĊÙüćöĀöć÷ĔîđßĉÜîćöíøøöǰ ÖćøìĊę 㜑ᆀ Kt]L Āîüé ⺜僘ཤ \nQ WRX ÖøąéĎÖĒ×ĘÜ ÿćöćøë ĔßšÖĆïÙĞćúĆÖþèîćöøüöĀöĎŠ ĀᢺāE~ ĕéšǰđðŨîÖøąïüîÖćøđßČęĂöē÷Ü ĒïïîćöîĆ÷ǰÖúŠćüÙČĂǰĔßšĀîüéǰÖøąéĎÖǰÿČęĂÙüćöëċÜñĎšìĊęöĊĂć÷čöćÖĀøČĂ ñĎšìĊęöĊÙüćöĂéìîêŠĂÙüćö÷ćÖúĞćïćÖǰǰđÖĊę÷üךĂÜÖĆîĔîéšćîìĊęĒÿéÜ ÝĞćîüîöćÖǰêćöÙüćöĀöć÷×ĂÜúĆÖþèîćöøüöĀöĎŠ ĀᢺāE~ ĒêŠ öćÖĔîéšćîøą÷ąđüúćÖćøĔßšßĊüĉêǰðøąÿïÖćøèŤìĊęóïđÝĂǰĕöŠĕéšĀ÷ĉï ÝĆïöćĕüšĔîöČĂĕéšđĀöČĂîÿĉęÜ×ĂÜĂČęîėǰìĊęđðŨîøĎðíøøöǰǰ ìĆĚÜîĊĚǰÝćÖÖćøøüïøüöךĂöĎúǰîĂÖÝćÖĔîēÙøÜÿøšćÜìĆęüĕð ×ĂÜÙĞćúĆ ÖþèîćöÙČĂĶÙĞćïĂÖÝĞ ćîüîǰ+ǰÙĞćúĆ Öþèîćöǰ+ǰÙĞćîćöķǰ Ēúš üǰÙĞćîćöìĊęđðŨîîćöíøøö÷Ć ÜÿćöćøëĔßšÖĆïÙĞćúĆ ÖþèîćöøüöĀöĎŠ ĀᢺāEӽ ĕéšǰđöČęĂđðúĊę÷îēÙøÜÿøšćÜðøąē÷Ùǰēé÷ÿúĆïêĞćĒĀîŠÜ×ĂÜÙĞ ć ïĂÖÝĞćîüîĒúąÙĞćúĆÖþèîćöøüöĀöĎŠöćüćÜĕüšĀúĆÜÙĞćîćöǰéĆÜêĆüĂ÷ŠćÜ ðøąē÷ÙêŠĂĕðîĊĚ 13) ⋑ᴹᜣࡠˈㄏ❦ᴹᒤ䖫Ⲵ䈫㘵ௌ⅒䘉њ丣Ҁ ⴂˈн䗷ˈᡁᴹӋ⯁ᜁˈ㾱ੜ丣Ҁˈ㖁㔌каབྷᢺ୺ˈҏ⋑ᴹᗵ 㾱ࡠᡁঊᇒੜ੗˛ 0lL\RX [L~Q GiR MnQ UjQ \ X QLjQTyQ GH Gt]Kx [ KXDQ ]Kk H \yQ\Xk Kl Es Xp Z \ X [Lw \oKXp \iR WyQ \yQ\Xk Z~Q OXp VKiQ \y Gi E~ \x PlL\RX En\iR GiR Z EqNk WyQ ED"

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207

ǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰÙĉéĕöŠëċÜüŠćöĊñϚÊćîüĆ÷øčŠîßĂïÖúŠĂÜéîêøĊîĊĚéšü÷ǰĒêŠ ÞĆ î ÿÜÿĆ ÷ üŠ ć ǰëš ć Ă÷ćÖôŦ Ü đóúÜĔîĂĉ î đêĂøŤ đ îĘ ê ÖĘ öĊ êĆĚ Ü đ÷ĂąîĊę ǰ ĕöŠ ÝĞćđðŨîêšĂÜđךćĕðôŦÜĔîïúĘĂÖ×ĂÜÞĆîÖĘĕéšöĆĚÜ ÝćÖêĆ ü Ă÷Šć Üך ć Üêš î ĒÿéÜĔĀš đ ĀĘ î üŠ ćÙĞ ćúĆ Öþèîćö øüöĀöĎŠ ĀᢺāE~ ÿćöćøëĔßšÖĆï ÙĞćîćöìĊęđðŨîîćöíøøöĕéšìĆĚÜĔî ēÙøÜÿøšćÜìĆęüĕðǰĒúąĔîēÙøÜÿøšćÜìĊęöĊÖćøÿúĆïêĞćĒĀîŠÜÙĞćúĆÖþèîćöǰ ìĆĚÜîĊĚךĂÿĆÜđÖêĂĊÖðøąÖćøĀîċęÜÙČĂǰÝćÖÖćøøüïøüöךĂöĎúǰĕöŠóïÖćø ĔßšÙĞćúĆÖþèîćöøüöĀöĎŠĀᢺāE~ ÖĆïÙĞćîćöìĊęđðŨîöîčþ÷ŤǰđöČęĂĂ÷ĎŠĔî ēÙøÜÿøšćÜìĆęüĕð×ĂÜÙĞćúĆÖþèîćöǰÙČĂǰĶÙĞćïĂÖÝĞćîüîǰ+ ÙĞćúĆÖþè îćö + ÙĞćîćöķǰĒêŠđöČęĂÿúĆïêĞćĒĀîŠÜ×ĂÜÙĞćúĆÖþèîćöǰēé÷üćÜĕüš ĀúĆÜÙĞćîćöǰÖúŠćüÙČĂǰöĊÖćøđðúĊę÷îĒðúÜēÙøÜÿøšćÜðøąē÷ÙđúĘÖîšĂ÷ǰ ÙĞćúĆÖþèîćöĀᢺāE~ ÖĘÿćöćøëĔßšÖĆïÙĞćîćöìĊęđðŨîöîčþ÷ŤĕéšǰéĆÜ êĆüĂ÷ŠćÜêŠĂĕðîĊĚ 14) ྩ䘈ᒤ䖫ˈ৸䊼㖾ˈጷᤌྩ兵࣋ⲴӪ䘈ᱟᴹа བྷᢺDŽ

7v KjL QLjQTyQJ \pX PiRPxL FKqQ EiL Wv PkLOn GH UlQ KjLVKn \ X \y Gi E~

ǰǰđ×ćĂć÷č÷ĆÜîšĂ÷ǰĒúšü÷ĆÜĀîšćêćÿü÷ĂĊÖéšü÷ǰÙîìĊę ßČęîßöĔîđÿîŠĀŤ×ĂÜđ×ćöĊöćÖöć÷îĆÖ 15) Ԇ⴨ྭⲴྣӪᴹаᢺDŽ

7v [LvQ K~R GH Q UlQ \ X \y E~

ǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰñĎšĀâĉÜìĊęđ×ćÿîĉìÿîöéšü÷öĊöćÖöć÷ 16) ᦞ傜Ӂ㠚ᐡӻ㓽ˈᔪ・㘫䈁⽮Ⲵᜣ⌅ᱟഐѪ䛓

њᰦ‫ى‬㋮䙊㤡䈝ⲴӪ⺞ᇎᴹ䲀ˈն䴰㾱㘫䈁ⲴӪ৸аབྷᢺDŽ -s 0~ <tQ ]nM MLkVKiR MLiQOn IvQ\nVKk GH [L~Q I~ VKn \yQZkL Qi H VKoKRX MyQ W|Q \yQ \ GH UlQ TXkVKo \ X[LiQ GiQ [}\iR IvQ\n GH UlQ \pX \y Gi E~

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ïøøèćîčÖøö ÖĞćßĆ÷ǰìĂÜĀúŠĂ ǰ 2554 ǰĀúĆÖõćþćĕì÷ ǰóĉöóŤÙøĆĚÜìĊęǰ53 ǰÖøčÜđìóĄ: øüöÿćÿŤî ìĆýîĊ÷ŤǰđöÛëćüøüĆçîć ǰ 2553, ÖøÖãćÙö – íĆîüćÙö). ÙüćöÿĆöóĆîíŤøąĀüŠćÜõćþćǰðøĉßćîǰĒúąüĆçîíøøö ǰüćøÿćø ýĉúðýćÿêøŤ ǰ2 2), Āîšćǰ151-167.ǰ îüüøøèǰóĆîíčđöíć ǰ 2553 ǰĕü÷ćÖøèŤĕì÷ ǰÖøčÜđìóĄ: ÝčāćúÜÖøèŤ öĀćüĉì÷ćúĆ÷ ǰ øćßïĆèæĉê÷ÿëćî ǰ 2556 ǰóÝîćîčÖøöÞïĆïøćßïĆèæĉê÷ÿëćî ó ý ǰģĦĦĥ ǰóĉöóŤÙøĆĚÜìĊęǰ2. ÖøčÜđìóĄ: îćîöĊïčŢÙÿŤóĆïúĉđÙǰ ßĆęîÿŤ ǰ öĀćüĉì÷ćúĆ÷íøøöýćÿêøŤ ǰÙèąýĉúðýćÿêøŤ ǰõćÙüĉßćõćþćýćÿêøŤ ǰ ǰõćþćýćÿêøŤđïČĚĂÜêšî ǰÖøčÜđìóĄ ǰöĀćüĉì÷ćúĆ÷ǰ íøøöýćÿêøŤ đöíćüĊǰ÷čìíóÜþŤíćéć ǰ(2555). Öćø×÷ć÷ĀîšćìĊęĒúąÙüćöĀöć÷×ĂÜ ÙĞćüŠćǰĶêĆüķǰêĆĚÜĒêŠÿöĆ÷ÿčē×ìĆ÷ëċÜǰó ý 2551. üĉì÷ćîĉóîíŤ ðøĉââćéčþãĊïĆèæĉê ǰÖøčÜđìóĄ: öĀćüĉì÷ćúĆ÷đÖþêøýćÿêøŤ ÿčîìøĊǰßĆ÷ÿëćñú ǰ 2543). ÖćøýċÖþćđðøĊ÷ïđìĊ÷ïÙĞćúĆÖþèîćöĔî õćþćÝĊîÖúćÜÖĆïõćþćĕì÷ǰ üĉì÷ćîĉóîíŤðøĉââćöĀćǰ ïĆèæĉê ǰÖøčÜđìóĄ:ǰÝčāćúÜÖøèŤöĀćüĉì÷ćúĆ÷ øćßïĆèæĉê÷ÿëćî ǰ 2549) ǰĀúĆÖđÖèæŤÖćøìĆïýĆóìŤõćþćÝĊîĒúą õćþćăĉîéĊ ÝćÖǰhttp://www.royin.go.th/wpcontent/uploads/ _ pdf

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A Comparative Study of Chinese Collective Classifiers and their Thai Equivalents: A Case Study of Chinese Collective Classifier “ba�(kam) Pornsomsuang Satjaakkaramontri ABSTRACT Classifier is a word that accompanies the other noun to describe feature, size or amount of nouns. (Kamchai Thonglor, 2011: 197) Chinese and Thai both are the languages that have classifiers. It is good for learners to know and use classifiers correctly and appropriately for the nouns. This article aims to study Chinese collective classifier, “ba�, and its Thai equivalents. The theory that is used in this study is the Prototype Theory of categorization of cognitive linguistics. The result shows that Chinese collective classifier “ba� can be used with many kinds of nouns. 1) The noun that can be picked up, grabbed and held in one hand, 2) liquid substances, and 3) abstract nouns. In Thai, Chinese collective classifier “ba� is equivalent to “kam� when it is used with things that can be grabbed and held in one hand such as seeds, powder and things that have long feature. In addition, it can also be interpreted to another word that shows a great amount such as “pun�, “tem�, etc., which depends

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on the context. Lastly, in some case, it does not give any meaning in Thai. Keywords: Chinese-Thai Comparative study, collective classifier “ba�, classifier “kam�, prototype theory

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