2.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK – ASSESSING MULTIPLE DIMENSIONS OF INEQUALITY
We use various dimensions and metrics to describe and measure inequality. For the purpose of this report, we will be evaluating different dimensions of inequality based on the capability approach taken to the multidimensional inequality framework (explained later in the text) typically used in the broader Human Development context.2 While the exact dimensions of any multidimensional framework can vary somewhat, we opted to interpret typical dimensions presented in the literature in a way that allows for more concrete analysis given limitations on data availability.
“Through the capability approach the Human Development approach redefines the concept of well-being instead of on survival means.” (Bucelli and McKnight, 2021) 2 Figure 1: Framework for assessing multiple dimensions of inequality using a capability approach 2 Economic
Health
Education
Living conditions
Social & cultural
Environment
Political
Physical security and legal
The framework provides a systematic approach to evaluating eight dimensions of inequality, while emphasising the interconnection between all dimensions.2 These interconnections are based on Sen’s capability approach. The capability approach distinguishes between conversion factors (drivers of multidimensional inequality), capabilities and functionings.2 Conversion factors influence the degree to which advantage or disadvantage can move between the individual domains of inequality, some of these being capabilities (e.g. learning and education) and other functionings (outcomes – e.g. health). An environmental factor such as pollution is an example of a conversion factor that can drive the degree to which inequalities are transferred between domains – for example, from health to economic, if individuals are no longer able to work due to ill health because of pollution exposure. The progress (or lack thereof) made in each dimension of the multidimensional inequality framework will be explored using a variety of metrics to provide a comprehensive understanding of inequality in South Africa.
2
TRENDS IN MULTIDIMENSIONAL INEQUALITY AND SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGE IN SOUTH AFRICA DURING 27 YEARS OF DEMOCRACY
