IAD 5.4 - Corn, Cake and Barley INDIA CORNISH
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Setting the Scene
Project Introduction 4 Brief 5
Subject Research 8
Research
Historic Study 10 Ste Maps 13 Future Development 15 Site Analysis 18 Environmental Analysis 24
Analysis
Building Analysis0 32 Site Context 38 Case Studies 42 Design Precedents 60
Moving Forward
User Requirements 64 Conclusion 66
C O N T E N T S P A G E 3
I N T R O D U C T I O N 4
This report is providing research to aid the design of a new Sea Cadets Centre within Wakefield. Relocating the Cadets from their shared dilapidated wooden shacks further up the river, which have over the years been hit by floods, destroying some of the buildings to disrepair. The cadets share their building with the Royal Yachting Association power-boat training centre, and due to the growing number of cadets, they are out growing this space rapidly. The site that I am researching is the Old Corn, Cake and Barley Factory, situated on Thornes Lane in the South-East of Wakefield. The building itself sits on the banks of the River Calder, with the rear of the building dropping down into the river, which intern makes this location extremely prone to flooding. However due to this close proximity to the River Caulder it makes it the perfect location for a Sea Cadet Centre, as the partial flooding of the building could be used as a design advantage, turning a environmental and structural problem into a design element, utilising something that is normally seen as disastrous. Not only this the building is of an adequate size to house a growing number of cadets, this 4 story building has huge potential and could provide outstand facilities for a wide range of activities for the cadets to learn key skills from. The Old Corn, Cake and Barley factory was built in the 18th Century and was home to John Hirst & Co, Corn, cake and barley Merchants. The Hirst family were prestigious corn merchants in the 18th century. In 1912 Edwin Long Hirst became Mayor of Wakefield. Now it is home to Mark Hempsell’s Kitchen and Bedroom furniture manufacturing company. The building has no listed status which makes it a perfect site to redevelop.
The Corn, Cake and Barley Building currently lacks a clear new sustainable purpose. I am going to design a Sea Cadet Centre for the Wakefield unit, as they lost their unit in 2015 to extreme flooding. This cadet centre will provide a safe and fun place for children to go to, learning key life skills. This design project is being partially funded by the Reserve Forces’ and Cadets’ Associations (RFCA), who offer support where needed to the Sea Cadets, as well as private funding. The Sea Cadet Corps helps young people towards responsible adulthood by encouraging valuable personal attributes and high standards of conduct, using a nautical themes based on the customs of the Royal Navy. Through this they will learn; respect, loyalty, self-discipline, commitment and honest & integrity, as well as a number of skills such as cooking, map reading, and basic engineering. The main aim of my project is to connect the Hepworth Gallery and its surrounding developments on the opposite side of the Caulder River with my site, the Corn, Cake and Barley Building, creating continuity and flow as you move down the river. Expanding the cultural area within Wakefield. Although the users will not be the same, connecting the two will create a greater audience for the Sea Cadets which could benefit them financially. Essentially the attraction will not be a profitable organisation, as the Sea Cadets are a charity with no backing from the Ministry of Defence. Therefore, they rely heavily on private funding which could be gained in the form of tourism. It also spreads the main aims of the Sea Cadets, whilst informing people of their history. The Cadets will be aged between 10 - 18 years old. There will be a constant flow of users, with all the cadets coming together three times a week for Parade (19:00 - 21:00). There will also be a number of volunteers both uniformed (previous experience in the ranks) and non-uniformed working on site. Providing a space for both cadet and staff is very important, a close look at their needs should be considered in the design of the new building. Parents and visitors from the general public also need to be considered within the design process, looking at Private and Public areas within the building. Especially if the design incorporates tourism, due to the ‘Child Protection Act’. Within my design I am hoping to incorporate a close connection between the natural outside environment (water), and the inside of the building, as the outdoors and water is fundamental to Sea Cadets. My design must take into consideration the activities they do and the theory they learn, as this will influence not only the key spaces needed but their proportions. The key water based activities I am wanting to teach are; sailing, kayaking, canoeing, lifesaving, and diving. While there will also be indoor activities such as, map reading, meteorology, First Aid, cooking and Drill. Order, hierarchy and tradition are recurring themes that came up within my case study visits this should be reviewed in the design of the interior. The building was previously home to John Hirst & Co.’s, Corn, Cake and Barley Manufacturers until they closed in the 19th Century. More recently it is home to Mark Hempsell’s Kitchen and Bedroom furniture manufacturing company. Due to the scale and open plan floors this building is perfect for re-development into a Sea Cadet Centre, it is a blank canvas with so much potential. The building itself has no listed features and therefore makes it perfect for redevelopment, as there are more possibilities, however there are a number of historic features that could be recycled, re-used and preserved creating a sustainable design, such as; the Corrugate roof, oak floor boards and the Rear façade with ‘John Hirst & Co.’ written on it. To overcome design problems, some structural elements will need to be reconsidered, windows, doors and floors will need to be removed, replace and enlarged and partitions will need to be added so that the space can be utilised properly for a Cadet Centre. Disabled access will need to be considered as well as Public and Private entrances and spaces. My brief has been inspired by my research in Sea Cadets, along with my Case Study visits where I was able to gain an insight into the fundamental elements needed for a Cadet Centre to function, I was also able to find out what they would have done differently if they could redesign there spaces, which included creating a greater connection with the outside.
B R I E F
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R E S E A R C H
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S E A C A D E T S H I S T O R Y 8
June 25th 1899 Naval Lads’ Brigade received Royal recognition when Queen Victoria presented the Windsor unit with £10 for uniforms.
1856 Sea Cadets Established in Whitstable, after the Crimean War. Originally called the Naval Lads’ Brigade, and was set up by returning sailors to help orphans in the back streets of sea ports.
1937 Huge Expansion too place after a donation from Lord Nuffield (£50,000.00). The Sea Cadets Corp went from 34 units to nearly 100 by 1939 (WWII) with 1000 cadets.
1919 Name changed to Navy League Boys’ naval Brigade after gaining admirality recognition.
1942 King George VI became admiral and the name was changed to Sea Cadets Corps. Girls’ navy Training Corps was formed.
1939-1945 Navy league launched a scheme, ‘Bounty Boy Scheme’ in which units trained cadets to be Telegraphists and Signal men for service in wartime. Name was given as each unit was given a bounty for every boy trained.
1955 Marine Cadet section was formed within the Sea Cadet Corps. Their training, whilst essentially similar to the Sea Cadets, includes activities like camouflage and concealment.
1980 Integration of the male and female cadets approved by Ministry of Defence.
1995 The Sea Cadet Association was reconstituted as a company as well as a national charity.
1992 The successful integration of the boy and girl cadets and their adult leaders over the previous 11 years led to identical training, same indignia, rank and pay.
19,500 Cadets aged 10-18 in the UK. Sea Cadet Corps is the largest maritime youth charity in the UK. Admiral of the Sea Cadet Corps His Royal Highness The Duke of York, KG
Sea Cadets Insignia Sea Cadets training on HMS Undine, 1943
Sea Cadets practice semaphore during signalling class, 1943
WHAT THEY DO? Water Based:
Land Based:
• Sailing (Yachts or Dinghes) • Power boating • Canoeing • Kayaking
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• Diving • Rowing
• Wind Surfing
Absaling Rock Climbing Moutain Biking Drill Piping
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S E A
Music Meteorology Shooting First Aid Cadet Leadership
C A D E T S
Qualifications:
• Royal Yachting Association Sailing Power - boating Navigation British Canoeing Union Paddlesports • BTEC Engineering • Teamwork, Personal Skills & Citizenship • Music for Performances • St John’s Ambulance Brigade Youth First Aid Activity First Aid First Aid at Work • Duke of Edinburgh’s Award Bronze, Silver and Gold • British Sub Aqua Club Ocean Diver Sports Diver • Institute of Leadership and Management
Training Centres: • MOD Caledonia - Rosyth Focus on boating at nearby Port Edgar. Learn to sail, drive powerboats and windsurf, courses from beginner level to advanced. • Weymouth Cadet Centre - Dorset A specially built centre close to the harbour. On the water learn to sail, powerboat and windsurf. Off the water you can study marine engineering to BTEC Level. Plus there's a 7.6m high, eight route climbing wall and an indoor shooting range. • TS Neptune - Liverpool A national diving centre offering dive courses accredited by the British Sub Aqua Club.
Camps and Competitions: • Camps run throughout the summer holidays. Its a great way to make new friends and have some fun taking part in a number of team building activities. • Competitions enable cadets to test their skills against others. comepeting for their unit or area for a national trophy. From the Gibraltar Cup to find the best Royal Marines Cadets Detachment, to traditional National Drill, Piping & Colour Party Competition. • They also have 2 huge regattas; the Combined Regatta in boat handling,rowing and canoeing, and the National Sailing Regatta in sailing and windsurfing.
C O R P S
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H I S T O R Y O F W A K E F I E L D 10
Post 1066 Passed to William the Conqueror. Wakefield fell victim to ‘Harrying of the North’ in 1069 when William the Conqueror took revenge on the local population for resistance to Norman rule.
Pre 1066 Borough of Wakefield belonged to Edward the Confessor.
1706 The Aire and Calder Navigation opened to Wakefield
1203 William de Warenne, 5th Earl of Surrey received a grant for a market in the town.
1765 Wakefield’s Cattle Market was established
1758 Calder and Hebble Navigation opened from Wakefield to Sowerby Bridge (near Halifax) to improve the import of wool and corn
1795 St. John’s area to the north of the town was designated to a housing development with St. John’s church to serve the growing population.
1799 The Barnsley Canal was opened, allowing access to the growing coal mining areas to the south of Wakefield.
1810 The first civic building in Wood Street, the court house, was built
Early 1800’s The traditional raw and finished cloth wool trade declined
1880 Westgate
1831 On the outskirts of the town, while coal had been dug since the 15th century the increasing coal industry meant that 300 men were employed in the town’s coal pits
1835 The cattle and livestock market continued to thrive. 170,000 sheep and 13,500 cattle were sold here.
1832 Wakefield became a parliamentary Borough (1 MP)
1840 Kirkgate station was opened, joining onto the Manchester to Leeds line
1837 The Corn Market was still very important to Wakefield’s prosperity, and a new Corn Exchange was built at the top of Westgate
1848 Wakefield was incorporated as a municipal borough
1847 The markets which had previously been spread out around the town were brought together into a centralised site located between Brook Street and Frederick Street.
1869 46Â small mines in Wakefield and the surrounding area
1867 Westgate station was built, increasing transport links to the town from the South (London)
1891 The population of Wakefield according to the census was 33,146.
1888 Wakefield gained city status when Wakefield parish church gained cathedral status
1904 Trams were introduced to Wakefield and ran until 1932 when they were replaced with buses.
H I S T O R Y O F W A K E F I E L D
Tram 41 - Bull Ring
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H I S T O R Y O F W A K E F I E L D 12
1952 1932 Wakefield's trams were replaced with buses.
1911 The population of Wakefield according to the census was 51,511.
1971 The population of Wakefield according to the census was 59,594.
1968 The first motorway, the M1, linked Wakefield to Leeds and London making road access much easier than by river.
1966 Kirkgate Station
1970s and 1980s The glass and textile industries closed due to importing becoming cheaper than production in the United Kingdom
1974 City of Wakefield district was created by a merger of the former county borough of Wakefield, along with the West Riding municipal boroughs of Castleford, Ossett and Pontefract, the urban districts of Featherstone, Hemsworth, Horbury, Knottingley, Normanton and Stanley, Wakefield Rural District and parts of Hemsworth Rural District and Osgoldcross Rural District.
1989 The train lines into Wakefield’s stations were electrified
1979 - 1983 The coal mines around Wakefield were amongst the first in Yorkshire to close under the government of Margaret Thatcher. The pits at Lofthouse, Manor, Newmarket, Newmillerdam, Parkhill and Walton all closed.
2009 10-15 yrs regeneration programme put in place with city
2001 The population of Wakefield according to the census was 79,885.
2011 Hepworth Gallery Completed
S I T E 1850
1900
1950
2015
M A P S
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L A N D U S E
Key:
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Civic Quater
Industrial
River Calder
Residential
Paster Land
F U T U R E
• In 2009 a regeneration plan was put in place for the next 10-15 years. • A 3-4 stage development plan that included: Wakefield’s waterfront, Merchant Gate Development (Westgate Train Station), New circulation traffic system, Kirkgate area, Civic Quarter, Trinity Walk retail centre (NE City) and Key housing/employment sites (Wakefield East and City Fields Area). • The key objective in the CWAAP is for central Wakefield to become within 10 to 15 years a "distinctive and vibrant centre at the heart of the District's economy, making a significant contribution to the prosperity and diversity of the Leeds City Region and the Yorkshire and Humber region". • Development of Wakefield has been successful so far due to ‘First’: They ensure local economic development and coordination between public and private sector, organising evemts and provide support to companies investing within the district.
Trinity Walk
Re-development of Wakefield’s Waterfront – Hepworth Gallery–and Mills Re-development of Wakefield’s Waterfront Hepworth Gallery and Mills
D E V E L O P M E N T 15
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S I T E A N A L Y S I S 17
L O C A T I O N
Wakefield is a city in the North of England, in the county of Yorkshire. It is located 11 miles from Leeds, on the Easter ridge of the Penines. The settlement grew near a crossing place on the River Calder aroud 3 roads; Westgate, Northgate and Kirkgate. Wakefield has a population of 333,759 people (2015) accross the whole district. While the city itself has a population of only 77,978 people (2015).
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My site; The old Corn, Cake and Barley Factory is situated on Thornes Lane, within a industrial area, however redevelopment plans are in place to make the area a cultural hub (Hepworth Gallery).
S I T E
p
Scale 1:1250 Key: Site
Pedestrians/ Foot paths
River Calder
Bridge
Noise
Railway Line
Traffic/ Direction p
Parking
A N A L Y S I S 19
C I R C U L A T I O N + A C E S S
The accessability and circulation within the site needs to be considered and analysed, to understand the flow and movement around the building. Vehicular, Pedestrian and Cycle networks need to be considered as well as parking and drop off sites. There are good transport links within the area, with two major roads; A64 which runs from Thirst to Chester via, Leeds, Wakefield and Sheffield and Key: A638, which runs from Retford to Cleckheaton, via Site Wakefield. Not only this there are a number of minor roads within the area, especially on the industrial Duel Carriageway estate, connecting it to the surround main road links. (Trucks) - A61 Main Road A638 Minor Road Thornes Lane Bus Stop
The Kirkgate trainstation is within walking distance (5mins) of my site, with connections to Leeds, Manchester and Wakefield Westgate. One could also arrive by boat as my building sits direvtly within the water, this is not the easiest option.
Key: Site Vehicular Circulation Pedestrian Circulation Parking Disable Parking Railway Line
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This area has a number of different public transport methods. There are a number of bus routes from the city centre that stop within walking distance of my site. These include; No.119,120 that stop on Thornes Lane Wharf (opposite) and No.119,120,59,96,97,105,1 93,195, 196 and 444 which stop at Hepworth Gallery Bus Station.
There is limited parking (shown in Black)within the area. With only one car park for both my site and the The Hepworth Gellery, therefor this needs to be considered when designing. Currently my site has no drop off zones, this is extremly important to promote the safety of the children and this is somethng that will definatly considered. Running along the front of the site is a narrow footpath that runs all the way along Thornes Lane on both sides of the road. With a number of small prebreaks in the pavement. There is no emergency access to the site. They would either have to access by boat or via Thornes lane. This must be considered, due to health and safety.
V I E W S +
Scale 1:1250
V I S T A S
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E N V I R O N M E N T A L A N A L Y S I S 23
D I R E C T I O N
in d W
N
Di re ct io
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W I N D W
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Scale 1:500 Due to the very open landscape to the North-East, there is very little shelter from the prevailing winds (NE) These blow directly into the side of the building, moving round the whole site. This intern will cause a huge amount of weathering on the surface of the building with the majority being on the side faรงade.
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S U N
Scale 1:1250
P A T H
My site faces due West, this means that with the sun rising in the East and setting in the West, both the front and rear of my building gets very little exposure to natural light during the day. However the rear of my building which backs onto the river will recieve light at dusk, creating amazing eflections off the water. The sun moves gradually throughout the day over the top of my building, which would produce not only beautiful shadows, it is also an excellent opportunity to light the building from above. The sun finally sets in the West, naturally lighting up the front of the building at dawn.
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N O I S E P O L L U T I O N
Scale 1:1250 Due to the location of the building being within close proximity to many transport routes including; two main roads into the city centre (A61 and the A638), as well as the railway line there is a high level of noise supplied by the constant flow of traffic. This noise level is heightened due to the wind direction being from the North-East which means it travels across the intersection of the two main roads towards the building. The main road into the industrial estate which runs directly outside the front facade of the building adding to the noise level coming from traffic. The building is located directly on the river front. The sound of the rapids from the Dam can be heard, however much of this tranquil sound is lost due to the overpowering sound of traffic. The sound of the Dam is much more prominant from the Hepworth Gallery, than from our site. The building is also surrounded by a number of industrial units with; manufacturing, car servicing and warehouses all which generate a huge amount of noise. Not only this but there is a boat repair yard directly next to my building which also generated noise which would add to the surrounding noise pollution.
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The building itself has no surrounding elements that would soften the sounds, such as woodland and tall buildings. It is a very open site to he East, with much of the noise pollution generated in close proximity to the West of the building. The level of noise pollution is not especially important with regards to my Sea Cadet Centre, however it will influence the design of my building.
N
W E
My site is Orientated on the North -South axis. With the main entrance to the buidling being at the Southern end, while there is another entrance on the Western Facade, with access directly off Thornes Lane. The front facade is on the North-South Axis, however it faces due West. The site stands alone, with open space to the north., a marina to the South and the Calder River to the East. However to the West is an industrial thriving industrial estate.
O R I E N T A T I O N
S
Scale 1:500
Eastern Facade (rear) viewed from the North-East. This facade is on the North-South Axis and runs parallel with the river (Caulder)
S I T E
Western facade (front) viewed from the SouthWest. This facade is on the North-South Axis and runs parallel with the road (Thornes Lane)
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R A I N F A L L
Rainfall flutuates from year to year, which you can see from the graphs on the left. The top graph (2009) shows a maximum rainfall of +250mm (Nov), where as in 2016 the maximum rainfall is shown as +125mm (Dec).
Rainfall 2009
Excess rainfall causes flash flooding, especially in cities such as Wakefield. This is due to a huge amount of non-porus surfaces such as tarmac pavements and roads. Although there are drainage systems, they are not able to cope with the extreme amount of run off produced by excess rainfall. There is also increased rainfall in Wakefield due to its Topography. Wakefield and my site site in very low lying land (82 ft.), where as the land to the West is much higher up (171 - 216 ft.) this means that as the cloudes rise up over the mountains, the moist air rises and condenses forming orographic clouds. This later falls as rain in lower lying land down wind. Climate change is also having an impact on rainfall, due to varying temperatures, causing increased humity and moisture in the sky, whithereforee more moist air to rising and condencing into rain. In order to help reduce climate change sustainable living should be considered, this starts with sustainable designing, which should be consideered in my design process.
Rainfall 2016
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Map of Wakefield City Centre, showing the 3 flood zones; 2, 3a and 3b. This map also shows the functional flood plane, this is an area of natural vegetation that has not been built on, therefore water is able to pass through the ground, reducing the risk of flooding (natural flood defence). Scale 1:10,000
These maps show the potential scale of flood inundation for a range of severe overtopping flood events and different standards of flood defence. They do not include the impact of a breach or failure of these defences.
Due to the location of my site, it is extremely prone to flooding. There is a void below water level within my building, which enables the site to flood without causing any major impact. This could be developed to produce a space for the Sea Cadets to train in, turning a dead space into something practicle.
Typical range of defence standards for the Upper and Middle Calder Valley is to protect between a 1:20 year (5%) and a 1:75 year (1.3%)
F L O O D I N G
(S20 = 1 in 20 year Standard of Defence) (Q100 = 1 in 100 year or 1% probability flood event)
Scale 1:15,000
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B U I L D I N G A N A L Y S I S 31
Weathered External Paintwork
F R O N T F A C A D E
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Run Down, almost looks lost
Side Entrance - Off road Parking
12000.0000
Current Main entrance, Located to the South of the site, away from the road. Made from corrugated Steel, Could be re-used ion other aspects of the design
Located next to a huge deseil drum West elevation
Small entrance on the Western Facade. Slightly raised from ground level. Made from corrugated Steel A number of small windows, don;t let much light in.
A large bird box looking hut, where the oullysystem is located, for moving grain around
R E A R
Extremely Weathered North-Easterly Facade, due to constant wind damage and its proximity to water
F A C A D E
12000.0000
canal level East elevation
Steel handrail could be re-used within the new design
Building sits partially in the water. Which means it is extremely prone to flooding
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M A T E R I A L S
INTERNAL
Joists, Rafters, Purlins and Cuff Ties all made from solid wood beams. These are all struictural elements, which hold the roof up.
Interior red brick wall. Could remain, keeping some historic features.
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Modern metal columbs put inplace to support the slowing warping ceiling.
Large original wooded shutter doors. Almost like stable doors, they lead out onto the pully platform.
Oak structural beams and Columbs, running horizonally across the building. These hold the floor above up
Steel and Rope original pully system, used to hoyst material around. Historic feature, could kept as a design element.
Oak staircase and flooring used throughout. Could be used, as either flooring or somewhere else in the design - Sustainable
Steel Steps up to the ground floor mezanine. Hard wearing and could be reused.
SURROUNDING
Steel under light bridge, crossing River Caulder from The Hepworth Gallery to Thornes Lane, where my site is located
Adjacent canal boat yard A range of bright colours, creating a focal point within the environment.
Edge of Hepworth Gallery that has been placed in the river. Made from treated concrete
Steel Fence shielding Boat building Yard from busy road. This runs from the end of the foot path to the Northerly edge of the building
Boys upstream, located by the rapids formed by the dam
Main Entrance at Southern end of site. Made from corrugated Steel, Could be recylced in other aspects of the design.
Rear Facade of site, placed in the river. Made from rendered brick, which is slowing decaying due to weathering
M A T E R I A L S
Surrounding Industrial Estate. Here many of the buildings where made from corrugated steel. This could be looked at.
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C R O S S S E C T I O N
Key:
Lower Ground (Below Water Level): Ground Floor: 1st Floor: 2nd Floor: Structural Elements (Joists, Rafters, Purlins): Floor Depth:
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Key:
Lower Ground (Below Water Level): Ground Floor: 1st Floor: 2nd Floor: Structural Elements ( Joists, Rafters, Purlins): Floor Depth:
S T R U C T U R A L S E C T I O N 37
S I T E C O N T E X T
Steel Bridge Rubbings Buoys near the rapids from the Dam
Cana; Boats
Roof Line of the Hepworth
Represents the Corn, Cake and Barley buildings proximity to water
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Journey from the Hepworth Gallery to our Site, Across the bridge, look much more closely at the water colours
Journey from the Hepworth Gallery to our Site, Across the bridge
Oak Beam Structure
Internal Brick wall and small square window, which lets very limited light in.
Internal Wall - Plaster starting to wear away and bricks crumbeling at edges
Coal Barge and Tree reflection, loctaed next to site
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C A S E
“ I Promise to serve my God, the Queen, my country and the Sea Cadets, and obey the orders of my superior officers. I will be proud of my uniform, and be smart and seamanlike in wearing it, and always do my duty�
S T U D I E S
A Sea Cadets Promise 41
Bradford Sea Cadet Centre: TS Aurora
C A S E S T U D I E S 2
Introduction: Bradford Sea Cadets Centre (TS Aurora) is an excellent example of a sea cadets centre for children aged between 1018 yrs. It has given me a first-hand insight into the running’s of a Sea Cadets Centre, with close consideration to the activities they run and the needs of the Cadets and Staff that participate. It is pertinent to my project as it not only gave me extra knowledge and research material into sea cadets and their role, but it also gave me inspiration and direction for the interior and exterior spaces. The exterior space and the main Hall are two very important areas that closed consideration needs to be taken to make sure they work well for the activates they do. Conceptual Analysis: The building was originally built as a school, however now it acts as a cadet centre, teaching 3 main aims; 1.Providing exciting and challenging training of an adventurous nature. This generates self-confidence, selfreliance, imitative, loyalty and s sense of duty. 2.Encouraging leadership qualities and team work 3.Discouraging behaviour that is not in keeping with the aims of the sea cadets. The site is not purpose built however fits the needs of the cadets well, It provides an adequate amount of space and all the resources need to teach the cadet curriculum, while also providing other training opportunities on the water at Wakefield or within the site in Bradford (artillery training and engineering).
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Location: Located in Feversham St Nursery School in Feversham, within the City of Bradford (popul. 505,000). The property is located on a cut-off road directly off the busy Leeds Road (A647), which is one of the key arterial roads in and out of Bradford. The building is situated about 0.75 miles to the east of central Bradford. It is located within an industrial site, with a Retail Centre directly across the road, this mean very little going on after 5:30pm.
Proportion: Bradford Sea Cadet Centre is located within an Old school. It is a manageable sized for the number of cadets that they have enrolled currently. There are 30 Cadets and 15 voluntary staff members within Bradford Cadets, with both Marines (Greens) and Sea Cadets (Blues) based on site. However, it could be beneficial for the site to be larger to cater for an increase in the number of cadets that enrol. The Class rooms are relatively small but manageable for the number of cadets in each class (12), also the corridor spaces where narrow, these are things that should be looked at when designing my centre. The interior spaces within Bradford’s Cadet Centre could be opened up which would not only brighten up the interior but also make the space much more functional for large groups. The outdoor space is extremely small, and extra space would enable the Centre to provide other activities, in which the cadets can learn from. Context: HMS Aurora fits in extremely well with its surrounding due to it being located within an Old Stone School building similar to the retail site opposite and many of the other buildings within the area. It is located on an industrial estate with no residential houses around it. This means the cadets are able to make as much noise as they want without disturbing anyone. Immediate reaction / Spirit of the Place: My immediate reaction on arrival at the Sea Cadet Centre was that it felt very isolated, desolate and deprived, with little life around the site despite being so close to Bradford City Centre. This is due to the building being situated on an industrial estate and only open from 19:00 to 21:00pm on Wednesdays and Fridays On entering the building, it oozed tradition, with much of the interiors being very dated and dull. We were greeted by a locked door, opened by cadets showing security in what is a pretty run down area. The Cadets show a huge amount of respect by referring to higher ranks or elders as Mam and Sir, which is one of the values they instil. This along with their evening routine, reminded me of school, with order, discipline and respect at the heart of the values. Straight away I was able to see how run down they site is, showing the struggle they face with funding the general up keep of the programme and building due to no backing from the Ministry of Defence, this became a lot more apparent as we walked around the site, with many of the walls crumbling away and the smell of damp due to a poor roof structure and lack of insulation. 43
History of Site: This building was originally a Boys’ school constructed in 1920 and was taken over by Bradford Sea Cadets in 1994. It was previously owned by Bradford Council and rented out to The Sea Cadets for peppercorn rent. In 1996 they built a single storey extension to the North-East and mezzanine floor and staircase to front of the building, housing the 1st floor. In 2015 Bradford Sea Cadets bought the Old School from the council for only £75,000.00. They needed to buy the site to enable them to survey the site to gain funding for a number of major repairs that needed to be done, such as replace windows and re-roof the entire building. Repairs are in progress however it is a slow process due to funds. Bradford Sea Cadets was formed on 7th April 1938. In 1941, after a successful Warship Week National Savings campaign to raise money for the war effort, the city of Bradford adopted the light cruiser HMS Aurora and the Unit took the same name TS Aurora (TS = Train ship). In 1999 a Junior section was added and in 2011 a Royal Marines Detachment was formed.
Views, Vistas and Apporach: Limited views from the windows due to the site being isolated and on an industrial site with a poor orientation, also due to limited windows within the building. The windows at the front of the building look out onto Feversham Street, with views of the Retail Site. While the views from the emergency exit to the rear look out onto the tarmac outdoor space, with roof views of surrounding buildings and a view of a small run down cottage to the in the South-East of the site (owned by the cadets). The small windows, dark exterior and interior meant that there was very little to look at, however from the site you are able to look down on the city of Bradford, with a light up clock tower catching the eye. 44
Transport Links, Connectivity, Drop off and Collection: Close to the Interchange: Coaches, Buses (local and regional) and Trains (Leeds and York, Selby, Halifax, Manchester Victoria, Blackpool North, Preston, Huddersfield and London) Taxis used by many as many cadets come from full time working families, single parent families, or families with ill members. Private Transport: Bikes and Cars, there is limited on road parking around the site, this also includes collection and drop off. Seasonal pedestrians due to the time of day the course is run at (PM) this would not be safe in the winter months, however could be possible in the summer. Internal Spaces: • Quarter Master Lobby • Main Deck Space. For drill practise and other team activities. • Kitchen (opposite Main Deck) • 6 Classrooms • 1 IT Sweet • Engineering Workshop • Separate changing facilities for Male and Female (includes Staff) • Wardroom • General Office space and separate Commanding Officers Office • Storage Space Access: Entrance and Exits There is one main entrance and exit which is a locked door, opened by young cadets. This opens up into the Quarter Masters Lobby, which is a reception space, with notices and a small desk area. This is the central hub, with the central corridor running through it. There are 3 other exits; 2 emergency exits, 1 located in the Male washroom (head), while the other is located in the Main Deck (hall). There are 2 sets of double doors which open up onto the external space to the rear; 1 is located in the main deck (fire door) facing due East, while the other is found in the Engineering Workshop to the North of the site.
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Circulation: The main circulation route within the building consists of one corridor along the centre of the ground floor, which runs through reception (Quarter Masters Lobby) and 1 corridor running along the front of the building on the 1st floor. On arrival at the site you are let in through a locked front door into the reception (Quarter Masters Lobby), where a corridor runs of either side. Off this corridor are a number of offices, classrooms and The Main Deck. At the Northern End there are Female Washrooms, the Armoury and the Engineering Workshop. While the Southern end of the building is where the male washroom and Senior Cadets common room is located. Directly off the Quarter Masters lobby is the Wardroom, with extremely restricted access (Staff and Parents only). The Central Hub of the Centre is the Main Deck, located in the centre of the building to the right of the Wardroom. Light and Lighting: Very limited natural light, due to very small windows. Due to the centre only being open at night, natural light is not possible therefore artificial lighting needs to be used throughout. The artificial lighting within the site was out dated, and harsh in some area. However, The Main Deck (hall) was well lit with artificial halogen lights. External Spaces: Small Tarmac external area to the rear of the site, accessed via the Main Deck and Engineering Workshop. Used for Marine Training, drill practice and social/ fundraising events. This should be reconsidered in my design.
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External Tarmac
Materials: Structure: The old school building is constructed from natural stone walls, plus a small section of render, mullions and transoms with new PVC double glazed windows some of which are arched and circular. The doors are timber, the rain-water goods are a mixture of cast iron, timber and PVC. The Roofs are mainly pitched, natural slates plus a flat, metal roof. Internal: • Ceilings: Plastered, boarded, suspended and exposed deck/ timbers. • Walls: Exposed block/stone, boarded, tiles and plastered. • Floors: Exposed concrete, carpet, vinyl and boarded. Admissions: Sea Cadets and Parents come in for an initial meeting with the commanding Officer, this includes a tour of the site and an introduction to some of the things they will be doing. If they like the programme and its aims, the joining cadet is asked to fill out a ‘joining pack’ which consists of some health and safety questions and an ‘Acknowledgment of Joining’ (legal). A standing order of £9.00 a month is set up; this is the membership cost. There is a £10.00 uniform fee on arrival, however is some circumstances this is reduced or waved. The Unit: • 1 of 8 in West Yorkshire • Around 30 cadets and 15 voluntary staff • They Parade every Wednesday and Friday (19:00-21:00) and spend most weekends aboard TS Aurora (there name) or on the water at Thrapston or Wakefield. • Bradford is also a recognised training centre where cadets, and volunteer staff, visit from all over Yorkshire to attend courses including Communications and First Aid. 47
Cadet Expectations: On joining they are required to attend 4 annual parades; 1. Pre Royal Naval Inspection 2. Royal Naval Inspection 3. Remembrance Sunday 4. Unit Presentation Night They must also attend at least 50% of the time throughout the year. If a cadet is unable to attend parent/carer is responsible for informing the unit.
Routine: The cadets arrive at 19:00 every Wednesday and Friday dressed in their 4s (working uniform), they meet on the Main Deck, and the flag is raised representing the start of the evening). After this they go to the allocated classroom to learn part of the Cadet curriculum, enabling them to move up in the ranks as they get older. At 20:00 a bell is run to represent ‘Stand Easy’ (tea break) the cadets are given a 20 min break where the ‘Nutty Bar’ (snack shop) is opened, the staff relax in the Wardroom. At the end of the break another bell is run and the cadets head back to their activities. At 21:00 they head back to the Main Deck, announcements are given and the flag is lowered, then they are able to go home. This is slightly different on the 1st Wednesday of the Month. They have to where their 1s (smart blues) to the Main deck for the raising of the flag, and the chaplain reads a short prayer.
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Activities: • Canoeing/ kayaking • Rowing • Sailing • Adventure training • Engineering • Boat Repairs • First Aid • Small and full bore rifle training • Sea Cadet Training Programme - Theory • Marine Cadet Training Programme – Theory • Summer Camps, Away weeks/weekends (extra cost) Critical Reflection: This case study has taught me vital knowledge about Sea Cadet Centres. It has given me first hand insight into the key design areas that need to be considered, as well as the key internal spaces my final floor plan must include, whilst uncovering areas that need to be reviewed and improved. The space itself meets all the requirements. This space allows the Sea Cadets to run all the activities they offer with ease, allowing young children the opportunity to extend their knowledge and skills. However, if improvements could be made they would include; Separate washroom facilities for Staff and Cadets (more showers), places for cadets to sleep for weekend stay overs (camp beds on walls), A way of generating an income to sustain the running of the building (renting the space out for other functions, mixed use building), better lighting, a larger social space for cadets to relax and also larger classroom spaces, which could be used for many activities (able to move furniture easily). 49
C a d e t M o d u l e s 50
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BATH SEA CADET CENTRE
C A S E S T U D I E S 2
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Introduction: Bath Sea Cadets Centre is an excellent example of a new purpose built sea cadets centre for children aged between 1018 yrs. It has given me an insight into the running’s of a Sea Cadets Centre, with close consideration to the activities they run and the needs of the Cadets and Staff that participate. It is pertinent to my project as it not only gave me extra knowledge and research material into sea cadets and their role, but it also gave me inspiration and direction for the interior and exterior spaces. Conceptual Analysis: This building was built due to the old sea cadets building being beyond disrepair, which later led to the demolish of the original building to make way for the new building. It is home to the sea cadets, offering a place for children to seek refuge, learn skills and make friends. The SCC has been built with close consideration to the needs of the cadets, the resources required to learn the skills they are teaching and the needs of the staff that work with them. Location: The site is situated in the city of Bath, in the north east of Somerset. Bath is in the Avon Valley near the southern edge of the Cotswolds, a range of limestone hills designated as an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. Bath City Center has been built up on the Avon floodplain. The river Avon, once an unnavigable series of braided streams broken up by swamps and ponds, has been managed by weirs into a single channel. 30 St Johns’ Road is in the Bath Conservation Area on the outside of a bend on St Johns Road and backs onto the river Avon.
Context: Bath Sea Cadets Centre has been aesthetically considered when designed, producing a building which fits in extremely well with the surrounding Georgian Bath, due to a closely matched material pallets and building shapes. However small elements such as timber boarding and large glazed area have been put in place creating a more contemporary feel, producing a new take on classical architecture making the building stand out amongst the unique mix of different scales and architectural styles found on St John’s Road. Transport Links, Connectivity, Drop off and Collection: Bath Sea Cadets Centre is easily accessed due to its close proximity to Bath City Centre. The main transport links within the area are by car, bus or foot. Although you could travel via car to the Cadets Centre, there is no parking on site and limited space for drop off and collection. There is a bus station within walking distance to the Sea Cadets school, with frequent buses to Bath City Centre where there are a number of amenities and also a Train Station with lines all over the country. You are also able to access the site by foot, it is surrounded by footpaths making it safe to walk along the road and the road itself isn’t particularly busy. Public Transport or by foot are the easiest and most sustainable ways to gain access to the site. Admissions: Sea Cadets and Parents come in for an initial meeting with the commanding Officer, this includes a tour of the site and an introduction to some of the things they will be doing. If they like the programme and its aims, the joining cadet is asked to fill out a ‘joining pack’ which consists of some health and safety questions and an ‘Acknowledgment of Joining’ (legal). A standing order of £12.00 a month is set up; this is the membership cost. There is a £20.00 uniform fee on arrival. 53
Access: Entrance and Exits There are three main entrances/exits; 1 for the Sea Cadets, 1 for the student accommodation located on the upper floors and a service entrance. All entrances are on the Eastern Façade and are accessed via two separate gateways, with direct access off St John’s Road. Within the building there are 4 other entrances/exits on the western façade, these consist of 4 large sliding doors; 1 in the Main Hall, and 1 in Classrooms 1,2 and 3. These all open up onto the vast external space and River Avon at the rear of the site. These large rear exits and entrances show the importance of the external environment, bringing the outside in with a constant flow from inside to out. Circulation: Within the Bath Sea Cadets Centre there is a good layout, with a T shaped corridor leading from the main hall through the centre of the building. The main Hall is accessed directly from reception. The hall is the main core of the Cadets Centre and is fundamental within the design. There is one partition door along the corridor, providing a divide between public areas, where guests are able to go (Gallery, hall) and private areas which are for the cadets and staff, these include classrooms and changing facilities. There is no staircase within the Sea cadets centre as the whole site is located on the ground floor this makes the site much more accessible to all, there is also no break in flow within the site. Circulation through the building to the rear open space is easy for both the public and private users. This happens through large sliding doors located within the main hall.
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Light and Lighting: Light was well considered within the design of this building. Natural daylighting has been utilised wherever possible, including the provision of roof-lights and light wells penetrating down into the Main Hall (Main Deck) at ground floor level. Fairly large areas of glazing have been used to give good quality natural lighting to the interiors.
Sea Cadets Entrance, sepeate to Student accomodation entrance
Internal Spaces: • Reception • Main Deck Space (11m x 7m Min). For drill practise • Kitchen (nr. Main Deck) • Minimum of 3 Classrooms • Separate changing facilities for Male and Female • Wardroom and Staff changing facilities • General Office space and separate CO Office • Storage Space • Gallery for Viewing drills
Views, Vistas and Apporach:
Sea Cadet Centre Floor Plans
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Activities: • Canoeing • Rowing • Sailing • Adventure training • Marine Engineering • First Aid • Small and full bore rifle competitions External Spaces: To the west of the building is the River Avon, this building has direct access via large sliding glass doors and decking, there are also pontoons from the building into the river. There is a grass area to the rear, where external land based activities take place. Materials: The use of materials selected has been utilised to help reinforce the architectural style used throughout bath, Georgian. The materials pallet, is a direct reference to the surrounding context with a mix of both Ashlar and Rubble stone predominantly for walls. Certain key areas are highlighted in timber boarding giving a slightly more contemporary feel to the site and linking to both the adjacent buildings to the North and the modern apartments at the north end of St John’s Road. Large areas of glazing provide natural light whilst also reflecting the contemporary feel. The roof has been finished in pre-patinated zinc (grey), which directly references both the contemporary buildings on the opposite bank of the river, and the semi-industrial history of the River Avon through Bath. The colour of this material is also similar to slate, linking to surrounding buildings.
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History of Site: Before the construction of Great Pulteney street (circa 1788) and the surrounding streets, the entire area directly to the East of the River Avon where St John’s Road stands was an open meadow called Boatstall Meadow. This was named after the ferry which had crossed the River Avon at about the place where Pulteney Bridge now stands. This meadow formed part of the 600 acre Bathwick Estate which was inherited by Frances Pulteney in 1767. At that time Bath was in the midst of a building boom, having become a fashionable spa town. Robert Adam was subsequently commissioned to build the now iconic Pulteney Bridge, which was completed in 1773, to link the existing city with the proposed new Palladian Townscape to the East. Most of St John’s Road, appears to have had been rather sparsely developed (apart from the prison), right up until the 1920’s/1930’s when further dwellings were built to the north of the Bath Cadets Centre.
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The main two-storey building on the site appears to have been built around 1840-1850, however prior to this the site appears to have simply been used as open pasture / meadow. This relatively modest two-storey building was for most of its life utilised as a dwelling, until being gifted to the Sea Cadets, in 1953. From this date to the 1990’s various accretions were added to the building to generate the footprint that exists today. Critical Reflection: This case study has taught me vital knowledge about Sea Cadet Centres. It has given me an insight into the key design areas that need to be considered, as well as the key internal spaces my final floor plan must include, whilst uncovering areas that need to be reviewed and improved.
Before Demolishion in 2015
The space itself meets all the requirements. This space allows the Sea Cadets to run all the activities they offer with ease, allowing young children the opportunity to extend their knowledge and skills.
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I N S P I R A T I O N
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D E S I G N P R E C E D E N T 1 60
Location: Periwinkle, Bandar Rimbayu, Selangor, Malaysia Function: A sustainable community centre. The ‘arc’ provides shelter and a central location for social and recreational activities, communal and sports events tightening community dynamics. Identification of Some Materials: Concrete Structure, wire mesh down columns allowing vegetation growth, Wooden slatted walk ways across water, Large glass windows within the community centre and vegetation and planting throughout. Identification of Key Spaces: 2000m2 - green terraces between buildings, roof-deck gardens, covered inter-connected canopy, small shops, public restrooms, sports field and multiple playgrounds, clubhouse with food and beverages, a landscaped parking court at the site’s entrance, community allotments, and an indoor community centre. Qualitative Reaction: I feel that this site is not only sensory stimulating with the surrounding environment being so eco-friendly, with the entire man-made site being carpeted in natural planting. It also provides a safe communal space for the surrounding township, which relates to my brief (Sea Cadets). Huge consideration into the delicacy of the environment has led to an extremely unique and site specific design. For example; dense plant life has been introduce improving air quality, man-made amenities have been balance out by environmentally friendly principles. The site as a whole has been maximised to its full potential, its necessity based philosophy sets a precedent in sustainable architecture, community out-reach and education.
Building Name: The Arc at Banda Rimbayu Architects: Garis Architects Design Team: Ar Tang Hsiao Seak, Ar Steven Ngu Ngie Woon Builder: IJM Construction Sdn Bhd Date of Completion: 2014
Approach of Design Concept: Due to its location, architects had to respond to the environment, considering the extremes of local climate including; intense sunlight, heat, humidity and monsoons. Correspondingly, it takes the form of a tall and wide covered walkway to shelter the intended community activities. The roof solution responds to the desire to keep itself and the space below cool by sustainable means. In doing so it effectively ‘replaces’ the original greenery at ground plane with a new eco-system on elevated deck that not only provides open space for recreation but also offers higher vantage points to enjoy views across a fairly flat town and the activities below. Not only this a storm water drainage and collection system has been place on the roof, this filters and collects rainwater before discharging it to the canal waterways, water also continuously drips down columns that are covered in climbing plants. As water is recycled, it invigorates the natural process of nature and continues on as if human intervention never occurred. This slowly rising ‘man made’ roof structure and green roof-deck is regarded as an expression of humankind’s primal nature of working from and modifying the landscape in response to place-making for a community by putting their mark on the land. Analysis and Reasoning of why the design is Inspirational: I feel that ‘Garis’ design is extremely inspirational because it shows a commitment to the future natural environments in an innovative way. Pushing the boundaries of sustainability, whilst keep an understanding of human requirements with a dedication to artistic design. Throughout the design you are able to see futuristic design elements, with the natural surrounding being pushed to the limit. From rainwater collection systems, to raise parks and a natural green curtain shelters, sustainability is a key element within the design philosophy, reducing the impacts of human intervention in a creative manor.
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D E S I G N P R E C E D E N T 2 62
Location: Rørvik, Norway. The coastal town of Rørvik is situated centrally on the sea route, and the north-bound and south bound Coastal Express (Hurtigruten) ships anchor up. The brand new museum ‘Norveg’ is located near the Coastal Express pier. Function: This Norveg Centre for coastal culture and coastal business in Vikna is a centre for coastal culture and development, with a museum display as a central element. Identification of Some Materials: Galvanised Steel used to produce the Sails, reinforced glass creating huge vantage points, Precast Concrete used as exterior walls, Wood used within the interior as well as Steel Eye beams as structural supports and Corrugated Steel panels as the ceiling. Identification of Key Spaces: 1,730 m2 – Foyer, Administration, Kitchen, exhibition space (housing working boats), Auditorium/ Concert Space, Laundry, Museum space (housing the Norway’s coastal history through the last 10,000 years) and a Café/ Restaurant space. Qualitative Reaction: The striking façade (3 sails) captures you and draws you into the vessel making you want to experience the inside as well as the outside. The design of the building incorporates the history of the site and boats themselves, as well as the future, in a seamless yet aesthetic way. The circulation within the building has been well designed, telling a story as you wonder through the building; with the hull as the spine of the building housing back of house (kitchen and Administration).
Building Name: Norved Coast Cultural Centre Designer: Gudmundar Jonsson Arkitetkontor Client: Vikna Municipality for the Woxeng Collections Date of Completion: 2004
Approach of Design Concept: 3 sails leaning against a modern vessel, is Inspired by the long tradition for fishing combined with the latest in the boatbuilding industry. An afterdeck completes the concept of the ship heritage. The organization follows the architectural elements. The spine of the building, the main central vessel or hull, houses the administration, the kitchen, and technical parts. The big block on one side, symbolizing the shore the ship is docked to, contains the multimedia and concert/auditorium space. Jonsson’s inspiration has been the old fishing villages in Ytre Namdal, where the boats with their sails lay side by side. The three sails of Norveg represent the old, traditional ship, while the three store high hull represents the modern ship. The height between the floor and sails is just 140cm, this is due to the interpretation of the sailboats that have the sail boom low and people have to bend to cross sails. Here the architect wanted people to stop, calm down and have a seat to enjoy the view of the ocean, unless seated you hardly see the sea. The building also acts as a ‘modern lighthouse’ at shore. Analysis and Reasoning of why the design is Inspirational: I feel that Jonsson’s design is inspirational as it provides a good understanding into circulation within a building and how important it is to tell a story on a journey. The close link with the design to the community and its surroundings is extremely important and I should take that into consideration when designing my Sea Cadet Centre. The Striking sail shaped façade, draws people’s attention away from surrounding industry (boat building), making this building a focal point attracting tourists into the area, improving the economy. The use of a striking façade could be used at my site, it would draw people’s attention away from the unattractive surroundings of the ship yard, creating a focal point, emphasising the importance of the Sea Cadets. 63
R E Q U I R E M E N T O F S P A C E 64
BOUNTY HOUSE: Sea Cadet Centre, Wakefield Spaces Required Internal: • Reception • Main Deck Space (11m x 7m Min). For drill practise and other team activities. • Kitcehn (nr Main Deck) • Minimum of 3 Classrooms • Seperate changing facilities for Male and Female • Wards Room and Staff changing facillities • General Office space and seperate CO Office • Storage Space (Highly Important) • Viewing Point • Small indoor water space • Dry Room
Lower Ground Floor Flood = Practice Pool
1st Floor Classrooms/ Armoury
Ground Floor Main Deck/ View Gallery
2nd Floor Classrooms/ Staff Area
External: • Viewing point, allowing visitors to watch regattas and training drills. • Pontune sticking out into the river. Boats could be moored here, providing greater access to the water, bringing the outside in. • Secure storage for water equipment and bikes
WATER BASED: • • • • • • • • • •
Sailing Power Boating Canoeing Kayaking Rowing Scuber Diving Life saving Wind Surfing Paddle Boarding Capsize Training
LAND BASED: • • • • • • • • • •
Nautical Theory Rock Climbing/ Absailing Drill Practice Music Piping Engineering - Car/ Machinery Target Practice Boat maintanence/ building First Aid Catering
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In conclusion the key points within my design report have been addressed throughout. However, during the design stage I need to gather more information on the individual activities as well as the curriculum followed by the sea cadets. Looking closely at their key design elements and spaces required, seeing how these can be improved. I would also like to do more research into how to fund the everyday costs of the Sea Cadet Centre. Within my design stage I am going to be exploring the activities and spaces required in detail, designing spaces which enable the teaching of required topics such as map reading and knot tying, within a well laid out space for both cadet and staff. I would like to look closely at incorporating the outdoors within the building. Merging inside and outside as one creating a smooth transition between the two. I would like to design a space which is bright a modern, whilst maintain some of the historic features within the building. Paying close attention to the history of Wakefield and also the history of the Sea Cadets themselves. I would like to incorporate some of the main aims of a sea cadet into the final design, such as order and rank. Some key spaces that must be remembered when designing include; The Main Deck, Wardsroom, Classrooms, Armoury and plenty of Storage as well as many more space previously stated.
Subject Research: http://www.sea-cadets.org/ Environmental Analysis: https://www.worldweatheronline.com/wakefield-weather-averages/west-yorkshire/gb.aspx http://en-gb.topographic-map.com/places/Wakefield-405785/ http://www.wakefield.gov.uk/Documents/planning/planning-policy/information-monitoring/strategic-flood-risk-assessment/ wakefield-fluvial-flood-extent-depths-map.pdf http://www.wakefield.gov.uk/Documents/planning/planning-policy/information-monitoring/strategic-flood-risk-assessment/ wakefield-flood-zones-map.pdf http://www.wakefield.gov.uk/residents/planning/policy/information-monitoring/flood-risk Site History: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakefield http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~petyt/wakefieldhistory.htm http://www.wakefieldhistoricalsoc.org.uk/WakefieldsHistory.htm http://www.workhouses.org.uk/Wakefield/ http://www.wakefield.gov.uk/ http://www.wakefieldfirst.com/ Case Studies: http://www.bathchronicle.co.uk/bath-sea-cadets-home-redevelopment-plans-to-include-student-accommodation-recommendedfor-approval/story-29722799-detail/story.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bath,_Somerset#Geography http://www.ukconstructionmedia.co.uk/market_leads/bath-sea-cadets-plans-set-for-approval/ http://www.bathnes.gov.uk/WAM/doc/BackGround%20Papers-1069708.pdf?extension=.pdf&id=1069708&location=volume3&co ntentType=application/pdf&pageCount=1&appid=1001 Design Precedents: http://www.designboom.com/architecture/garis-architects-arc-malaysia-04-16-2015/ http://www.archdaily.com/773274/the-arc-at-bandar-rimbayu-garis-architects https://www.dezeen.com/2015/09/10/arc-green-canopy-garis-architects-spans-grounds-community-centre-selangor-malaysia/ https://issuu.com/kevinchoy/docs/when_culture_meets_architecture http://www.erco.com/projects/culture/norveg-cultural-centre-and-coastal-museum-2339/en_us/ http://www.norwaves.com/norveg-national-coast-cultural-heritage-centre-coastal-museum-and-industries.html http://en.trondelag.com/attractions/152263/
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