Pathology An Introduction‌.
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Man is the Architect of his life‌
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Epidemiology Etiology - Causes Pathogenesis - Evolution Morphology - Structural Changes Clinical Significance – Functional Changes Management Complications Prevention
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Pathology
Study of Disease:
Pathology Study of what is abnormal or wrong or disease…! “Scientific Study of Disease” Normal Abnormal Treat
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Pathology “Is the foundation of medical science and practice. Without pathology, the practice of medicine would be reduced to myths and folklore� www.indiandentalacademy.com
Diagnosis What is “Diagnosis”? – The formal name(s) used to describe a patient’s disease – The process of identifying a disease based on the patient’s symptoms, the doctor’s findings, and the results of investigations and laboratory tests
What do you need to make a diagnosis? – A system of classification that supplies the necessary names, definitions, and criteria – The means to ascertain the defining characteristics of a disease in the individual patient www.indiandentalacademy.com
History of Pathology “animism” – Philosophies of Plato – God/devil Magic – Primitive thoughts Humors – Phlegm – excess/deficiency – c300 Abiogenesis – Spontaneous – upto c1800 Environmental – Modern – 1850 to present Genetic – Molecular pathology – 20th century www.indiandentalacademy.com
Past and Present….! In the past, .. people mistook magic for medicine…! Now people mistake medicine for magic….! www.indiandentalacademy.com
Scope of Pathology Experimental Pathology Clinical Pathology
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Subdivisions of clinical Pathology: Histopathology Cytopathology Haematology Microbiology Immunology Chemical Pathology Genetics Toxicology Forensic Pathology
Histopathologist Cytologist Haematologist Microbiologist Biochemist Geneticist Toxicologist Forensic Pathologist Molecular Biologist
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Learning Pathology: General Pathology –Common changes in all tissues. E.g.. Inflammation, cancer, ageing.
Systemic Pathology –Specific changes in organs. E.g.. Goiter, pneumonia, breast cancer. www.indiandentalacademy.com
Study of Disease: (Pathology) Epidemiology Etiology - Causes Pathogenesis - Evolution Morphology - Structural Changes Clinical Significance – Functional Changes Management Complications Prevention www.indiandentalacademy.com
Etiology: Environmental agents: – Physical – Chemical – Nutritional – Infections – Immunological – Psychological
Genetic Factors: – Age – Genes www.indiandentalacademy.com
Multifactorial:
Multifactorial Etiology: Diseases are “caused” due to internal or external factors. Multifactorial: No more “one cause to one disease”
Genetic factors affect acquired diseases and environment has profound effect on genetic diseases. www.indiandentalacademy.com
Classification of Diseases: Developmental – genetic, congenital. Inflammatory – Trauma, infections, immune, etc. Neoplastic – tumors cancers Degenerative – ageing.
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Pathogenesis: “Sequence of events in the response of cells & tissues to a stimulus/pathogen” starting from the initial stimulus to the ultimate expression of disease.” Gross and microscopic Structure, Function, Chemistry & molecular mechanisms. www.indiandentalacademy.com
Morphology: Structural and associated functional changes in cells, tissues and organs that are characteristic of the disease or condition.
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Clinical Significance: Functional derangements and its clinical manifestations resulting from the morphologic changes. Signs and symptoms, course and prognosis of disease depend on the morphology.
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Techniques in Pathology: Gross Pathology: Light Microscopy Histochemistry, Biochemical Immunohistochemistry Electron Microscopy Cell Cultures, Medical Microbiology Molecular Pathology www.indiandentalacademy.com
Sample Case:
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Clinical Details: 34 year Fijian male Neck swelling, 2-3 months, Fever, weight loss, no other lymphadenopathy Lymphnode biopsy done
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Right neck mass
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Lymphnode Biopsy •Diffuse tumour •Capsule
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Lymphnode Biopsy •Large cells •Mitotic figures
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Histiocytic/Tcell NHL Diffuse pattern – no follicles. Large cells with moderate cytoplasm Plenty of mitotic figures, Nuclei are vesicular prominent nucleoli Features suggest T-cell NHL – malignant lymphoma. Needs further marker studies for typing & management. cancer Chemotherapy. www.indiandentalacademy.com
Pathology Summary: Etiology: – Carcinogenesis. DNA Damage, Mutation.
Pathogenesis: – Uncontrolled cell division, tumor.
Morphology: – Enlarged lymphnodes, liver, spleen, microscopically – lymphoma cells.
Clinical Features: – Fever, Wt loss, tumor-Ln, Liver, Spleen. www.indiandentalacademy.com
"Never does a man portray his character more vividly than when he is proclaiming the character of another." Winston Churchill 1874-1965, Former British Prime Minister www.indiandentalacademy.com
www.indiandentalacademy.com Leader in continuing dental education
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