CONSTRUCTION BITE
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CONSTRUCTION BITE The determination of the proper construction bite is critical for a functional appliance to succeed. More failures result from incorrect posturing of the mandible The Vertical Opening of the Mandible: The amount of vertical opening of the construction bite is still a subject of some considerable controversy despite long clinical experience. The vertical opening of the mandible is dependent on three major considerations. (1) the kind of dysgnathic or dysplastic problem (sagittal and vertical relationships, morphogenetic growth pattern); (2) the developmental state, sex, and age of the patient (potential incremental changes); andwww.indiandentalacademy.com (the type of functional appliance).
Types of Malocclusion:
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The Horizontal Posturing of the Mandible: There are four possibilities for posturing the mandible in the sagittal or anterioposterior dimension for the functional orthopedic appliance. 1. The original sagittal jaw relationship may be maintained, as in a neutroclusion. 2. The mandible may be postured forward to change the sagittal relationship equally on both sides when the problem is a bilaterally symmetrical Class II condition. 3. The bite is changed on one side but is maintained as much as possible on the other side, as with a unilateral class II, Division I malocclusion, Class II, Division 2 malocclusion, or a Class III malocclusion. www.indiandentalacademy.com
Analysis of the Construction Bite Maneuver:
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Functional retrusion, with the path of closure upward and backward from postural rest to occlusion, sagittal correction compensation will be less.
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It is good treatment planning to allow the mandible to come forward a bit, even in a Class I deep bite malocclusion.
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Class II malocclusion may be a mesial position of the maxilla.
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Class I case with an inverted bite (cross bite) of individual or all incisors.
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The Magnitude of Horizontal Correction for Class II, Division 1 malocclusions is another controversial question. The construction bite is shifted as far as the occlusion allows without the creation of a cross bite condition anteriorly or posteriorly for single teeth or groups of teeth. If large width differences exist between the maxillary and the mandibular arches, the shifting, especially in the permanent dentition, is possible only so far that the canines are opposing each other cusp tip to cusp tip. Further mandibular posturing is not to be until the maxillary arch is expanded to prevent cross bite.
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Relapse Potential: Relapse after shifting the bite sagitally with an functional appliance is extremely rare. Danger of relapse – after transverse widening of dental arches.
Maxillary Protraction Cases: • Class I, Division I malocclusions that are the result of mandibular underdevelopment. • Prognathic maxilla • Cases that are in between the cepahlometric and the cast analysis. • Excessive labial position of the incisors • The forward position of the maxilla is being treated in mixed dentition. www.indiandentalacademy.com
Fabrication of Construction Bite:
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Wax Bite Visualization: • Mixed dentition – the middle of the upper deciduous canine should fit into the embrasure between lower deciduous canine and the first deciduous molar. • Permanent dentition – the tip of the buccal cusp of the upper first premolar serves well as a guide point. It should fit precisely into the embrasure between the lower first and second premolars.
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The Transverse Posturing of the Mandible: • The upper and lower midlines are coincident in habitual occlusion and the sagittal relationship is bilaterally symmetrical, there is no need to make any transverse compensations. • The midlines should line up in the forward posturing in the same relationship as in habitual occlusion. Midline Considerations: •The upper and lower midlines do not coincide, a determination must be made as to the fault-maxillary or mandibular. • The patient is observed in the postural rest to full habitual occlusion. If there is any shift from one side to another, the occlusal interference should be checked. www.indiandentalacademy.com
• Dental midline discrepancies – corrected later with fixed appliances. • If the teeth in each jaw line up with the respective basal midlines but are not coincident in habitual occlusion with the midline of the other jaw. The clinician must use the jaw midlines to determine the construction bite relationship. • Cross bite • Tooth size discrepancy
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The Construction Bite Technique: • Patient compliance is essential • Patient motivation compliance • Instant correction • Clinical maneuver Study Model Analysis: •The first permanent molar relationship in habitual occlusion is determined. • The nature of the midline discrepancy, if any, is determined. If the midlines are not coincident, a functional analysis should be made on the patient to determine the path of closure from postural rest to occlusion. www.indiandentalacademy.com
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The symmetry of dental arches is determined.
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Curve of spee
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Crowding and any dental discrepancies are checked and measured.
Functional Analysis: The functional analysis is performed before taking the construction bite to obtain the following information: 1. The precise registration of the rest position is made. The vertical opening of the construction bite depends on this. 2. The path of closure from postural rest to habitual occlusion is analyzed. Any sagittal or transverse www.indiandentalacademy.com deviations are recorded.
3. Prematurities, point of initial contact, occlusal interferences, and resultant mandibular displacement, if any, are checked. Some of the dysfunctions can be eliminated with the activator, but some require other therapeutic measures. 4. The TMJ is carefully palpated for clicking, crepitus, and so forth, which might be characteristic of a functional abnormality or indicative of the need for some modification of the design of the appliance. 5. The interocclusal clearance or freeway space is checked severaltimes, and the mean amount is recorded. 6. Respiration www.indiandentalacademy.com
Cephalometric Analysis: The most important information required for planning for the construction bite includes the following:1. The direction of growth 2. The differentiation between the position and the size of the jaw bases. 3. The morphological characteristics 4. The axial inclination and the position of maxillary and mandibular incisors. www.indiandentalacademy.com
Anterior Positioning of the Mandible: The usual intermaxillary relationship for the average Class II problem is that of an end to end incisal relationship. However, it should not exceed 7 mm to 8mm or three quarters of the mesiodistal dimension of the first permanent molar. Anterior positioning of this magnitude is contraindicated in following instances. 1. If there is severe labial tipping of the maxillary incisors. 2. If overjet is too large. 3. If one of the incisor usually the lateral incisor erupted markedly to the lingual. www.indiandentalacademy.com
Opening of the Bite: There are some guiding principles in maintaining the proper horizontal vertical relationship in determining the height of the bite. • The mandible must be dislocated from the resting position in at least one direction sagitally or vertically. • If the magnitude of forward position is great 7 to 8mm, the vertical opening should be minimal. • If the vertical opening must be extensive, the mandible must not be anteriorly positioned. If the bite opening is more than 6mm, the mandibular protraction must be very slight. www.indiandentalacademy.com
General Rules for Construction Bite: 1. If the forward positioning of the mandible is 7mm to 8mm, the vertical opening must be slight to moderate (2mm4mm). 2. If the forward positioning is no more than 3mm to 5mm, the vertical opening should be 4mm to 6mm. 3. Lower midline shifts
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The construction bite prepared on casts has the following disadvantages: 1. The appliance does not fit. 2. There is asymmetrical biting on the appliance. 3. The patient is not really comfortable and there are more frequent disturbances during sleep. 4. The likelihood of unwanted lower incisor procumbency is greater because the appliance exerts undue stress on these teeth.
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Technique for the Low Construction with a Marked Forward Positioning of the Mandible: • Class II functional retrusion cases. • The mandible moves mesially to engage the appliance, the elevator muscles of mastication are activated. • The horizontal “H” activator. • The indication for anterior posturing of the mandible is not only an original posterior position but also the likelihood of a favorable growth pattern.
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Technique for a High Construction Bite with Slight Anterior Mandibular Positioning: Depending on the magnitude of the interocclusal space, the vertical dimension is opened 4 to 6mm, a maximum of 4mm beyond the postural resting vertical dimension registered. The appliance induces activation of myotactic reflex in the muscles of mastication. The stretch reflex activation with increased vertical dimension may well influence the inclination of maxillary base. This appliance is indicated in vertical growth patterns. The Class II, Division I malocclusion with a vertical growth direction cannot be significantly improved sagitally by anterior positioning of the mandible. There is danger of dual bite. www.indiandentalacademy.com
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The Technique for Construction Bite without Forward Positioning of the Mandible: Such appliances are primarily used in vertical dimension problems (deep overbite and open bite) and in selected cases of crowding. • Dentoalveolar overbite problems • Deep overbite cases caused by supraocclusion of the incisors • The skeletal deep overbite • Open bite Arch Length Deficiency Problem: The malocclusions with crowding can sometimes be treated with activators. In these cases, low construction bite is used since jaw positioning and growth guidance by selective www.indiandentalacademy.com eruption of teeth are not desired.
Constructing Bite with Opening and Posterior Positioning of the Mandible for Class III Malocclusions: The construction bite is taken by retruding the lower jaw. The extent of the vertical opening depends on the amount of retrusion that is possible. • Tooth guidance or functional protrusion Class III malocclusion • Pseudo Class III malocclusion • Skeletal Class III malocclusion
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Myodynamic Appliances: The development of the myodynamic appliances is due to ingenuity of H.P. Bimler. I. Petrovic, McNamara substantiate the Andressen-Haupl concept: • Myotactic reflex activity and isometric contraction induce musculoskeletal adaptation by introducing a new mandibular closing pattern. • Muscle function with kinetic energy and intermittent forces. • Stimuli from the activator and muscle receptors and periodontal mechanoreceptors promote displacement of mandible. www.indiandentalacademy.com • LPM play the most important role in adaptations.
Myotonic appliances II. Selmer-Olsen, Herren, Harvold and Woodside: • Viscoelastic properties of the muscles and stretching of soft tissues are decisive for activator action I.e. skeletal adaptation. • During each application of the force, secondary forces arise in the tissues, introducing a bioelastic process. • Depending on the magnitude and duration of the applied force, the viscoelastic reaction can be divided into the following stages: - Emptying of vessels - Pressing out of interstitial fluid - Stretching of fibers - Elastic deformation of bone - Bioplastic adaptation •Skeletal adaptation in the vertical plane alone according to www.indiandentalacademy.com Woodside.
The vertical displacement of the mandible was increased first in order to prevent the loss of appliance during the sleep. The gradual increase in the interocclusal distance during the years apparently was due to clinical experience. Thus, the myodynamic activator of Andresen become the myotonic appliance of Andersen-Haupl-Petrik. • The effect of muscular pressure is increased by immobilizing the activator. • The construction bite dislocates the mandible in a vertical and sagittal direction. Additional pressure is obtained by increase of dislocation in either direction.
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Functional Regulator of Frankel: • The Frankle’s approach differ from other methods because he makes the oral vestibule the “operational basis” for his treatment. • According to Kraus, the physiological development of the motor stereotype in muscular action in the orofacial system is interrupted by the results of a substitute, thumb, or tongue sucking, leading to a functional disturbance in the formation of the skeletal components. • Frankel is in agreement with Kraus that malocclusion, especially that caused by crowding of the teeth, may result from a disturbance of the tonus as well as of the function of the perioral muscles, and this is the keyproblem for successful treatment. www.indiandentalacademy.com
• Widening of dental arches achieved by Frankle • The stability of results achieved by FR, therefore, interpreted as connected with a change in the original muscular balance and the establishment of a new balance.
The Functioning Space: •S.F. Fish – denture study • Surgical repositioning of mandible
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Head Posture and Craniofacial Morphology: The comprehensive system of associations between the varieties expressing the size, shape and position of the craniofacial components and those expressing the postural relationships of the head and cervical column, clearly indicates a relationship between craniofacial morphology and head posture. Moss and Young have emphasized that morphology of craniofacial skeletal is determined by surrounding functional matrix. The treatment with functional appliances was based on a simple concept of influencing muscle activity in this region, learning a lesson from morphological adaptability seen with aberrant muscle patterns and changing head www.indiandentalacademy.com posture.
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