EXODONTIA
INDIAN DENTAL ACADEMY Leader in continuing dental education www.indiandentalacademy.com www.indiandentalacademy.com
ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY IS THE SPECIALITY OF DENTISTRY THAT INCLUDES THE DIAGNOSIS , SURGICAL AND ADJUNCTIVE TREATMENT OF DISEASES,INJURIES,DEFECTS, INCLUDING BOTH THE FUNCTIONAL AND ESTHETIC ASPECTS OF THE HARD AND SOFT TISSUES OF THE ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL REGION. www.indiandentalacademy.com
EXODONTIA EXTRACTION:THE IDEAL TOOTH EXTRACTION IS THE PAINLESS REMOVAL OF THE WHOLE TOOTH OR TOOTHROOT,WITH MINIMAL TRAUMA TO THE INVESTING TISSUES,SO THAT THE WOUND HEALS UNEVENTFULLY AND NO POST OPERATIVE PROSTHETIC PROBLEM IS CREATED. www.indiandentalacademy.com
BASIC REQUIREMENTS A
GOOD RADIOGRAPH ADEQUATE ANESTHESIA PROPER INSTRUMENTS ADEQUATE ILLUMINATION EFFICIENT ASSISTANCE GOOD SUCTION APPARATUS
www.indiandentalacademy.com
PREPARATION PAIN AND ANXIETY: 1.ANESTHESIA 2.SEDATION PRE SURGICAL MEDICAL ASSESSMENT: 1.SYSTEMIC 2.LOCAL
www.indiandentalacademy.com
INDICATIONS
periodontal disturbances severe caries pulpal necrosis/pathology peri apical pathology orthodontic reasons -therapeutic -malposed -serial extractions prosthetic extractions impactions www.indiandentalacademy.com
INDICATIONS SUPERNUMERARY
TEETH TOOTH IN THE LINE OF FRACTURE ROOT FRAGMENTS PRE RADIATION THERAPY ESTHETIC PURPOSE ECONOMICS
www.indiandentalacademy.com
CONTRA INDICATIONS 1. SYSTEMIC 2. LOCAL
systemic: absolute un controlled metabolic diseases -diabetes -end stage renal disease with severe uremia un controlled leukemias and lymphomas www.indiandentalacademy.com
infection:non functioning white cells bleeding:inadequate number of platelets un controlled cardiac diseases -angina -ischemia -mi cirrhosis of liver www.indiandentalacademy.com
LOCAL CONTRAINDICATIONS -HISTORY OF RADIATION -SITE OF MALIGNANT TUMOR-HASTENS METASTASIS -SEVERE PERICORONITIS -ACUTE DENTO ALVEOLAR ABSCESS
www.indiandentalacademy.com
RELATIVE CONTRAINDICATIONS: PREGNANCY-1ST AND 3RD TRIMESTERS-UNSAFE 2ND TRIMESTER-SAFE DEFER-IF COMPLICATED PATIENTS ON DRUGS-WITH CAUTION -CORTICOSTEROIDS -IMMUNOSUPPRESIVES -CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC AGENTS
www.indiandentalacademy.com
PATIENT AND SURGEON 1.hand gloves 2.mouth mask 3.head cap 4.wash 5.mouth rinses 6.gauze-to prevent aspiration no finger rings,no watches,no bracelets‌. www.indiandentalacademy.com
TYPES OF EXTRACTION 1.CLOSED EXTRACTIONintra alveolar regular conventional method 2.OPEN METHODtrans alveolar extraction if the crown fractures, retained root stumps. www.indiandentalacademy.com
Elevators in oral surgery
Indications:
Removal of teeth: impactions, malposed teeth, decayed , tilted.
Removal of roots: roots fractured at the gingival line, roots left in the alveolus from previous extractions www.indiandentalacademy.com
Complications in the use of elevators Damaging or even extracting adjacent teeth Fracturing the maxilla or mandible Fracture of alveolar process Slipping and plunging the point of the instrument into the soft tissue, with possible perforation of great blood vessels and nerves
www.indiandentalacademy.com
ď Ž
Penetrating into the maxillary antrum
ď Ž
forcing a root or apical third of the root of the lower third molar into the mandibular canal or through the lingual plate of the mandible into the sub maxillary or pterygomandibular space
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Rules when using elevators Never use an adjacent tooth as a fulcrum unless that tooth is to be extracted also. ď Ž Never use the buccal plate at the gingival line as a fulcrum ,except where odontectomy is performed or in the third molar areas. ď Ž Never use the lingual plate at the gingival margin as fulcrum ď Ž
www.indiandentalacademy.com
ď Ž
Always use finger guards to protect the patient in case the elevator slips.
ď Ž
Be certain that the forces applied by the elevator are under control and that the elevator tip is exerting pressure in the correct direction.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Parts of elevator
Handle :this may be a continuation of the shank or at right angles to it
Shank
Blade : the part which engages the crown or root www.indiandentalacademy.com
Classification of elevators
According to the use: Elevators designed to remove the entire tooth Elevators designed to remove roots broken at the gingival margin Elevators designed to remove roots broken off half way to the apex Elevators designed to remove the apical third of the root
www.indiandentalacademy.com
ď Ž
Elevators designed to reflect the mucoperiosteum (periosteal elevators) before forceps or extracting elevators are used
www.indiandentalacademy.com
According to the form: Straight: wedge type (straight apex) Angular: right &left Cross bar (handle at right angles to the shank)
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Work principles in use of elevators Lever principle Wedge principle Wheel &axle principle
www.indiandentalacademy.com
www.indiandentalacademy.com
www.indiandentalacademy.com
www.indiandentalacademy.com
PRE EXTRACTION EVALUATION 1.access to the tooth 2.mobility of the tooth 3.condition of crown 4.radiographic examination -proximity of associated vital structures -configuration roots -condition of surrounding bone
www.indiandentalacademy.com
ORDER OF EXTRACTION FIRST-MAXILLA NEXT-MANDIBLE THIRD MOLAR SECOND MOLAR SECOND PRE MOLAR FIRST MOLAR FIRST PRE MOLAR LATERAL INCISORS CANINE
www.indiandentalacademy.com
CHAIR POSITIONS POSITION: MAXILLA
tipped backward 45 degrees to the floor should be 3 inches below shoulder level.
operatorright front of the patient
www.indiandentalacademy.com
MANDIBLE parallel to the floor on opening. should be 6 inches below elbow level
operatorleft quadrant right quadrant
right front right back
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Position of the dentist 1. Posture 2. Relation to the patient 3. Dentist left hand: A. during forceps application: 1. retraction of lips ,cheeks and tongue www.indiandentalacademy.com
www.indiandentalacademy.com
www.indiandentalacademy.com
www.indiandentalacademy.com
2.Guiding the beaks of the forceps onto the tooth to be extracted. 3.Stabilizing the patients head during operations on the maxillary teeth and stabilizing the mandible during operations on the lower teeth.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
B. During tooth luxation. 1.Supporting the buccal and lingual cortical plates. 2.Estimating the amount of pressure applied and the amount of alveolar bone dilatation.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
3.Counteracting the pressure applied. Unless the mandible is supported, the forces exerted through the forceps to the tooth and hence to the mandible will result in sublaxation of the temporomandibular joint, tearing of the intercapsular fibers and in many cases result in chronic painful dysarthrosis of the temporomandibular joint.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
4. Prevention and protection against slipping of forceps and elevators. 5. Removal of broken fillings, tooth fragments or a whole tooth before it reaches the oropharynx.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
C. After tooth extraction. 1.Compressing the buccal and lingual cortical plates back into position. 2.Examination of the surgical field and detection of sharp, bony edges, bony undercuts or loose bone fragments.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
FUNDAMENTALS OF A GOOD EXTRACTION: 1.adequate access and visualization 2.an unimpeded pathway for the removal 3.the use of controlled force to luxate and remove.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
PRINCIPLES OF FORCEPS EXTRACTION 1.expansion of bony socket 2.removal of the tooth
www.indiandentalacademy.com
5 MAJOR MOTIONS TO LUXATE AND EXPAND 1. apical pressure 2. buccal pressure 3. lingual pressure 4. rotational pressure 5. tractional forces
www.indiandentalacademy.com
GENERAL STEPS OF EXTRACTION
STEP 1: loosening of soft tissue attachment from the tooth
STEP 2: luxation of tooth with a dental elevator
STEP 3: adaptation the forceps to the tooth www.indiandentalacademy.com
STEP 4: luxation of the tooth with forceps
STEP 5: removal of the tooth from the socket
www.indiandentalacademy.com
REASONS OF ROOT BREAKAGE a. improper application of beaks of forceps 1. beaks placed on enamel instead of on cementum 2.beaks not parallel to long axis of tooth b. wrong type of forceps c. extensive caries
www.indiandentalacademy.com
ď Ž
d. brittleness due to age or nonvitality of tooth ,root canal filling indicate the possibility of root fracture
ď Ž
e. peculiar root formation 1. curved roots 2.hypercementosis 3.supernumerery roots
www.indiandentalacademy.com
ď Ž
f. excessive density of surrounding bone due to: 1.condensing osteitis 2.osteopetrosis(marble bone,albersschonberg disease) 3.defensive osteitis 4.isolated tooth, because of extraction of adjacent teeth some years previously
www.indiandentalacademy.com
5.bridge
abutments ,fixed or removable subjected to great stress 6. a coarse diet stimulating osteoblastic activity 7. chewing of tobacco 8.low-grade chronic gingivitis, giving rise to periostitis ,with resultant exostosis of labial cortical plate
www.indiandentalacademy.com
G. incorrect application of force in extraction of teeth 1. wrong direction 2. jerking a tooth (sudden violent application of force in one direction) 4. use of twisting motion when not indicated 5. pulling a tooth
www.indiandentalacademy.com
ODENTECTOMY & TOOTH DIVISION Is the surgical removal of a tooth or teeth by reflection of an adequate mucoperiosteal flap and the removal of overlying bone from between the buccal roots of molars by means of chisels ,burs and or roungers
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Indications for odontectomy and tooth division hypercementosis of the roots widely divergent roots of mandible maxillary molars Locked roots Teeth with apices at right angles to the long axis of the teeth Teeth with post crowns
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Extensively decayed teeth ,particularly those with deep gingival cavities Teeth with root canal fillings When a thick ,dense buccal or labial cortical plate or multinodular exostosis is present When the maxillary alveolar Tuberosity is hollow because the antral cavity extends into this area
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Thin mandibles in which excessive force is required to luxate the teeth .this excessive force may result in the fracture of the mandible Malposed teeth ,impactions,unerupted teeth and supernumerary teeth Ankylosed roots found only in elderly patients)
www.indiandentalacademy.com
When the forces used to remove the mandibular teeth results in dislocation of condyles ď Ž When the customary force fails to produce any luxation. ď Ž
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Steps in odontectomy
Pre operative assessment Administration of local anesthesia Incision Elevation of mucoperiosteal flap Bone removal Delivery of the tooth or root Toileting or debridement of surgical site Suturing or wound closure
www.indiandentalacademy.com
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Principles of mucosal incisions 1.should not be placed on the operative site but on the undisturbed area. 2.incisions should avoid blood vessels 3.maintain good blood supply to the flapso give incisions parallel to major vessels 4.minimize number of side cuts
www.indiandentalacademy.com
www.indiandentalacademy.com
www.indiandentalacademy.com
5.incise to have broader base 6.no incision on thinned mucosa 7.around the teeth in the gingival crevice 8.integrety of the interdental papillae should be maintained (avoid interdental papillae)
www.indiandentalacademy.com
9.releasing incisions should be made if necessary (should be in smooth curve with primary incision) ď Ž 10. single stock (to elevate both mucosa & periosteum for mucoperiosteal flaps) ď Ž
www.indiandentalacademy.com
THE TERM LOCAL FLAP INDICATES: A SECTION OF SOFT TISSUE THAT 1.IS OUT LINED BY A SURGICAL INCISION 2.CARRIES ITS OWN BLOOD SUPPLY 3.ALLOWS SURGICAL ACCESS TO UNDERLYING TISSUES 4.CAN BE REPLACED IN THE ORIGINAL POSITION 5.CAN BE MAINTAINED WITH SUTURES AND IS EXPECTED TO HEAL WITHOUT ANY PROBLEM.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
DESIGN PARAMETERS FOR FLAPS 1. 2.
3.
4.
BASE- BRODER THAN FREE MARGIN SUFFICIENT SOFT TISSUE REFLECTION –TO PROVIDE NECESSARY VISUALIZATION ENOUGH FLAP REFLECTION TO PERMIT THE RETRACTOR TO HOLD THE FLAP WITHOUT TENSION LONG,STRAIGHT INCISION-BETTER THAN-TORN,SHORT INCISION www.indiandentalacademy.com
www.indiandentalacademy.com
FLAP DESIGN CONTD 6.FULL THICKNESS FLAP - MUCOSA - SUB MUCOSA - PERIOSTEUM 7.INCISION ON INTACT BONE ONLY 8.TO AVOID VITAL STRUCTURES MANDIBLE: LINGUAL AND MENTAL N. MAXILLA: NASOPALATINE AND GREATER PALATINE A www.indiandentalacademy.com
www.indiandentalacademy.com
www.indiandentalacademy.com
www.indiandentalacademy.com
www.indiandentalacademy.com
www.indiandentalacademy.com
www.indiandentalacademy.com
www.indiandentalacademy.com
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Needles According to the shape: 1/4circle,3/8circle,1/2circle,3/4circle,straight with curved end, straight According to the shape of the cutting edge: Tapered, cutting, reverse cutting. According to the material: Carbon steel, stainless steel According to presence or absence of eye: Swaged, eyed, spilt eyed.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
www.indiandentalacademy.com
www.indiandentalacademy.com
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Principles of suturing 1.needle holder should be grasped ¾ from the point 2.needle should enter perpendicular 3.needle should be passed following the curve. 4.suture should be placed at equal distance (2-3mm) from the incision &at equal depth.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
www.indiandentalacademy.com
www.indiandentalacademy.com
www.indiandentalacademy.com
www.indiandentalacademy.com
5.needle should be passed from free to fixed. 6.thinner to thicker 7.Deeeper to superficial 8.distance of penetration > distance from the tissue edge.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
www.indiandentalacademy.com
9.tension free closure 10.suture should be tied for approximation not blanched. 11.knot should not be placed over the incision line. 12.sutures should be placed 3-4mm apart. 13.avoid dog ear.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
SUTURE MATERIALS A SUTURE IS A STRAND OF MATERIAL USED TO LIGATE BLOOD VESSELS AND TO APPROXIMATE TISSUES TOGETHER AIM IS TO BRING TISSUES TOGETHER AND HOLD THEM IN POSITION UNTIL HEALING HAS TAKEN PLACE.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Ideal suture material should have:
adequate strength good handling properties knot tying characteristics should be sterilized evoke little tissue reaction. 3-0 to 7-0 ,more number of zeroes –smaller diameter of the strain 5-0&6-0: skin closure in head &neck 3-0&4-0:for intraoral mucosal incisions Sutures can be:monofilament,braided,gut. www.indiandentalacademy.com
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Classification of suture material:
Biologically derived materials:
1.absorbable:eg:plain catgut, chromic catgut 2.non absorbable:eg:silk ,cotton
Synthetic materials:
1.Absorbable;eg;polyglycolic acid,polyglactic 910(vicryl) 2.non absorbable:eg;nylon,dacron,polypropylene stainless steel,tantalum,titanium.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Different types of suturing methods: 1.interrupted suture 2.continous suture 3.locking continuous suture 4.mattress suture 5.figure of 8 suture 6.sub cuticular suture.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
www.indiandentalacademy.com
www.indiandentalacademy.com
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Catgut: derived from sheep intestinal sub mucosa or bovine intestinal serosa Kit gut-string of dancing master’s fiddle Least tensile strength Packed in isopropyl alcohol –to prevent enzymatic degradation(organic material) Quick rinse before use in saline Absorbed by proteolytic degradation &phagocytosis-considerable inflammation 40-6- days –complete absorption intraorally remove- 3-5 days Chromic catgut-chromic salts are added before spunning, grounding& polishing They increase tensile strength ,resistance to absorption &knot retaining capacity, decrease tissue reaction www.indiandentalacademy.com
2.Collagen: grinding the native collagen of deep flexor tendons of cattle ,increase absorption-not widely used 3.polyglycolic acid&glycolactin 910:resorbed by hydrolysis, synthetic polymer decreases reaction Polylgycolic acid: is hydroxyacetic acid in presence of heat &catalyst forms linear chain polymer Polyglactin 910:a copolymer of glycolide &lactide derived from hydroxyacetic acid &lactic acid respectively Strongest absorbable suture Degradation products-decrease tissue reaction Can be used as non absorbable sutures intraorally (5-7 days) Difficult in tying the knot www.indiandentalacademy.com
Have to wet with saline suggested knot of polyglacolic acid &polyglactin 910 is first row- 3 throws,2 &3 rows-two ties in opposite direction Subcuticular area-general usage
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Non absorbable sutures
1. silk: organic substance, resorbs after 2 years, most popular for intraoral use Braided ,moderate tissue reaction ,does not imitate adjacent tissues, excellent handling properties Lowest rank in knot holding cpacvity,2nd –tensile strength
2.nylon:braide ,monofilamentous(skin suture) has memory
3.cotton &linen: fibers twisted into piles
4.metal : stainless steel or titanium, monofilamentous or braided
www.indiandentalacademy.com
KNOT TYING BASICALLY: instrument tie and one or two hand tie TYPES OF KNOTS: 1.square knot:two knots-opposite directions..ex;nylon,poly propelene,pga and gut. 2.surgeon’s knot:two throws in one direction for first knot and one throw for second knot in opposite direction.ex; synthetic and pga 3.granny knot: two knots in the same direction and third in the opposite direction www.indiandentalacademy.com
www.indiandentalacademy.com
www.indiandentalacademy.com
www.indiandentalacademy.com
POST OPERATIVE CARE DEBRIDEMENT COMPRESSION OF THE EXPANDED SOCKET SUTURE IF NEEDED PRESSURE PACK PROPER INSTRUCTIONS ANALGESICS AND ANTI INFLAMMATORY DRUGS ANTIBIOTICS FOR 5 TO 7 DAYS PERIODICAL REVIEW IF NEEDED www.indiandentalacademy.com
Operative complications Fracture
of the tooth:
Causes: Teeth that has been devitalized Mechanical obstruction :hypercementosis, curvature of the root
Decision to leave or remove broken root pieces www.indiandentalacademy.com
Injuries to the adjacent teeth: Loosening of teeth Avulsion of an adjacent tooth Fracture of the crown
Extraction of wrong tooth
Fracture of alveolar bone
Fracture of tuberosity www.indiandentalacademy.com
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Maxillary sinus perforation
Root displaced into the sinus
Root displaced into the submandibular space
Gingival and mucosal lacerations
Injury to the inferior alveolar nerve www.indiandentalacademy.com
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Hemorrhage
Subcutaneous emphysema
Temporomandibular joint trauma
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Postoperative complications Hemorrhage Primary hemorrhage Secondary hemorrhage
Ecchymosis and hematoma
Swelling www.indiandentalacademy.com
Septic periostitis
Alveolar osteitis(dry socket)
Prevention of postoperative pain
infection
www.indiandentalacademy.com
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Healing of extraction wounds
Hemorrhage and clot formation Organization of the clot by granulation tissue Replacement of granulation by connective tissue and epithelialization of the wound Replacement of the connective tissue by coarse fibrillar bone Reconstruction of the alveolar process and replacement of the immature bone by mature bone tissue
www.indiandentalacademy.com
HEMOSTATIC BIOMATERIALS GEL FOAM-GELATIN FOAM OXYCEL-OXIDIZED CELLULOSE SURGICEL-OXIDIZED REGENERATED CELLULOSE BONE WAX-BEES WAX,OLIVE OIL,PHENOL
GELFOAM-MANUFACTURED FROM DENATURED ANIMAL SKIN COLLAGENMECHANICAL SCAFFOLD www.indiandentalacademy.com
OXYCEL AND SURGICEL-WILL REACT CHEMICALLY WITH BLOOD TO FORM AN ARTIFICIAL CLOT -SHOULD BE APPLIED DRY BONE WAX-ONLY TO ARREST BONE BLEEDERS -MECHANICAL OBSTRUCTION
www.indiandentalacademy.com
MECHANICAL WOUND CLOSURE LIGATING CLIPS 2. SURGICAL STAPLE TISSUE ADHESIVES: N-BUTYL CYANO ACRYLATE -EPOXY RESINS -POLY URETHANES 1.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Electro surgery cusel, cushing & bovie 1.medical diathermy: two electrodes are used
Heat is produced when current is passed through the tissues
Large electrodes-dispersive
Small electrode-active (heat is generated at the smaller electrode as the current is uneven) www.indiandentalacademy.com
Its effects:
1.dehydration
2.warming of the tissues
3.coagulation
5.tissue destruction www.indiandentalacademy.com
2.Electrodessication (electrofuluguration):
Oscillations of the current used
When electrode is in contact with the tissue- desiccation occurs)
When away –sparkle causes superficial burn or carbonization
www.indiandentalacademy.com
3. ELECTROCOAGULATION: Heat causes coagulation Promotes coagulation &burns &seals the edges of the blood vessels 4. Electrocautery: high current wire passes heat causes burn Tissue effects: no significant difference between the scalpel
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Techniques
1.The active electrode should passed through the tissues as quickly as possible in a brush stroke movement with no pressure
2.A continuous rapid movement is important because delay in one area will cause tissue burning
3.Allowing time between the strokes will allow heat to dissipate7produce less damage www.indiandentalacademy.com
4.Active electrode should not come into contact with the periosteum or bone
5.When used as a coagulation device it is better to adjust ht machine at low current to avoid necrosis &slough
6.Electrode may be applied directly or indirectly (via a hemostat or forceps) to the bleeding tissue www.indiandentalacademy.com
Complications of electrocautery Explosion of volatile anesthetic gases Burns at sites remote from the surgery Ignition of dry sponges in the mouth Burning of the endotracheal tube Ventricular fibrillation electrocution
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Cryosurgery
Involves application of cold to the tissue to freeze &destroy
Decrease of temperature causes necrosis in vascular &connective tissues
Less cellular –less susceptible to freezing
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Factors effecting damage
1.rate of cooling
2. final temperature
3.time spent at the frozen site
4.rate of thawing
5. the medium it takes place www.indiandentalacademy.com
Effects of freezing 1.formation of extra cellular ice 2.concentration of extra cellular solutes 3.decrease in intracellular water 4.cell shrinkage 5.concentration of intracellular solutes 6.cell membrane damage 7.formation of intracellular ice
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Clinical applications: 1.cancer growth 2.brain tumors 3.vascular anomalies including heamangiomas 4.caracts 5.premalignant lesions 6.mucous membrane tumors 7.intaosseous tumors 8.ameloblastoma 9.aneurysmal bone cyst.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Cryosurgery
units:
Most expensive –liquid nitrogen Carbon dioxide ,nitrous oxide, Freon For tissue necrosis:-20 for 4-5 min.-80 for 4-5 min (intramucosal)
Disadvantage: no specimen for histological examination
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Thank you www.indiandentalacademy.com Leader in continuing dental education
www.indiandentalacademy.com