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2 0 1 4

W W W. I N D I A P E R S P E C T I V E S . I N

Kd;Ndw;wk;

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2 0 1 4

rpf;fyhd mirTfs; > Mj; khHj; jkhd ,ir khw;wj;j pid Vw;Wf;n fhz;L> jq;fspd; kw;Wk; xUq;fpize; j Jbg; G … ,J jhd; jdpg;g l;l ghzp kw;Wk; tpsf;fq;fis ,e;j pa ghuk; g upa eldj; jpd; ,jDld; ,izj;J tbtq;fshf eP z ; l fhykhf tpl;l dH. ,e;j GJikfis ,Ue;J tUfpwJ. ,it ,izf;Fk;NghJk; mz; i l nghOJNghf;f pd; xU tbtk; cz;ikahd eaj;ij ehLfspy; kl;Lky;y> mtw; W f; Fs; ngUk;g hyhd eldk; ,Uf;Fk; kf;fSk; xU fyhr;rhuk; cs; s J> MLgtHfs; cWjpnra;j dH. $l ,e;jpahtpw;F topghl;b d; xU tbtk; > ,J kl;Lk; my;y . mz;il te;J ghuk;gupa flTSld; ,ize; jpUf; Fk; ehLfspy; ,Uf;Fk; fiytbtq;fis xU top NkYk; ,e; jpa kf;fSk; ,e;j pahtpw;F ghuk;gupaj;j pd; cl; g FjpAk; te;J ,e;j ghuk;g upa fw;Wf; $l. khwf;$ ba Neuq; f spy; > eld tbtj;ij fw;Wf; nfhs;fpwhHfs; ,e;j gioa eldkhdJ nfhz;l dH. nrhy;y g;Nghdhy;> khWgl;l tbtq; f s; fhuhzkhf mtHfspy; rpyH; ,q;NfNa jiykiwthfp tpl; lJ. Nghfpw Nghf; f py; > ,Ue;J ,e;j pa ghuk;g upa eldj;j pd; ngUk;ghyhd gapw; r pahsHfs; ,e; j Kd;Ndw;wj;j pw;fhd Ntiyfisr; nra;j dH.

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2 0 1 4

ARplay vd;gij cq;fs; I/Nghd; my;yJ Mz;l;nuha;l; rhjdj;jpy; jutpwf;fk; nra;J> njhlHghd fhnzhspiag; ghHf;f ,e;j glj;ij ];fhd; nra;aTk;

W W W. I N D I A P E R S P E C T I V E S . I N

Kd;Ndw;wk;

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2 0 1 4

a+iy-Xf];w;

2 0 1 4

W W W. I N D I A P E R S P E C T I V E S . I N

Kd;Ndw;wk;

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2 0 1 4

rl;lupah eldf; fiyQH md;Nt\h k`d;jh

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W W W. I N D I A P E R S P E C T I V E S . I N

Kd;Ndw;wk;

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xbrp gpujpepjp \Nuhd; Nyhntd; mnkupf;fhtpd;> nll;nuha;L gFjpapypUe;J 1973 Mk; tUlk; ,e;jpahtpw;F jpUk;gp te;jJk;> kdpg;g+up eldj;ij \ Nuhd; fw;Wf; nfhz;l gpwF> mtH jpUk;gtpy;iy> ghuk;gupaj;ij filgpbj;jy; kw;Wk; Kd;Ndhf;fp nfhz;L nry;tjpy; Kf;fpa gq;F tfpg;gjw;fhf ,e;j gFjpapy; ,Uf;Fk; kf;fs; vd;id Vw;Wf; nfhz;ljd; fhuzkhfTk; ‘,e;j tpaf;fj;jf;f mutizg;G kw;Wk; epiy fhuzkhf ehd; ,q;NfNa jq;fp tpl;Nld; vd;W Nyhntd; $WfpwhH. xbrp eldj;ij fw;Wf;nfhs;s mtH nrd;whH ,g;NghJ ghuk;gupa ,e;jpa eld tbtq;fspy; rpwg;ghdtuhf ,Ug;gtuhf mwpag;gLfpwhH.

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W W W. I N D I A P E R S P E C T I V E S . I N

Kd;Ndw;wk;

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2 0 1 4

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W W W. I N D I A P E R S P E C T I V E S . I N

Kd;Ndw;wk;

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fwp)> NrhsH gUg;G (tq;fhs gUg;Gf; fwp)> ,why; khiyf; fwp> muprp czTfs;> gUtfhyj;Jf;Fupa kPd; czTfs; kw;Wk; igfd; ghah (fj;jup Njhirfs;) Nghd;w kuf;fwp Urpfisr; nra;Aq;fs;. mLj;jJ nlNrHl;fs;: fPH> khy;Gth kw;Wk; ghahrk;.

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Xy; ,e;jpah NubNah (Mfhrthzp my;yJ ngUk;ghyhd Njrpa kw;Wk; rHtNjr rpf;fy;fis VIMH) vd;gJ ,e;jpahtpd; Njrpa nghOJNghf;fhff; nfhLf;fTk; ,e;jpahtpd; xypgug;ghsH kw;Wk; cyfk; KOtjpYk; gy;NtW r%fk; %yKk; mjd; fhl;rpfs; nrd;wilaf;$ba tifapy; ,Uf;Fk; %yKk; fw;Wf;nfhLf;fTk; Nghuhb NubNah new;NtHf;Ffspy; xd;W. Xy; tUfpwJ. 1984 xf;NuhgH khjk; 25 ,e;jpahtpd; ntspg;Gw Nritfs; Mk; jpfjpapypUe;J> ntsptptfhu gpuptpd; %yk; cyfshtpa mikr;rfk; %yk; mnkupf;fh> fdlh xypgug;G Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. kw;Wk; ,q;fpyhe;jpy; cs;s ,e;jpa 108 ehLfspy; 27 nkhopfspy; (15 kf;fSf;fhf thuhe;j epfo;r;rpfs; mz;ilehL kw;Wk; 12 ,e;jpad;) jahupf;fg;gl;L toq;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,J xypgug;G nra;fpwJ. muhgpak;> cUJ> GOS/Mq;fpyk;. `pe;jp> ghYr;rp> gHkpak;> rPdk;> jhup> gpnuQ;R> ngq;fhyp kw;Wk; jkpo; Kjypa Ie;J ,e;NjhNdrpad;> ghurPf> G\;Njh> Kf;fpa ntspg;Gw Nritfs; u\;ad;> rpd;`yh> Rthyp> jha;> cs;sd. elg;G epfo;Tfs;> jpngj;jpad; kw;Wk; Mq;fpyk; cly;eyk;> tpisahl;L 108 ehLfspy; 27 Nghd;w nghJ ntspehl;L Nritapy; kw;Wk; fy;tpay; epfo;r;rpfs; nkhopfspy; - 15 tUk; mz;ilehl;L nkhopfis vd;W xypgug;gg;gLk; ESD mz;ilehl;L nkhopfs; cs;slf;fpaJ. ngq;fhyp> F[uhj;jp> epfo;r;rpfspd; jiyg;Gfs; khWk;> kw;Wk; 12 ,e;jpa `pe;jp> fd;dlk;> kiyahsk;> ,tw;Wld; jdpegH ciuahly;fs;> nkhopfspy; ,e;jpahtpd; Neghsp> gQ;rhgp> ruhfp> rpe;jp> jkpo;> NubNah ,af;fq;fs;> ghly; Njhw;wj;ij khw;Wk; njYq;F kw;Wk; cUJ Kjypait rhHe;jit kw;Wk; gy mlq;Fk;. tifapyhd ,e;jpa nkhopfs;. ,e;jpa fpuhkg;Gw ,iria epfo;rr ; pfSld; Xy; khwpf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; ,e;jpah thuhe;j epfo;r;rpfs; cyfpd; ,e;jpah NubNahtpd; gw;wpAk;> ehl;bd; fiy kw;Wk; kw;w gFjpfSf;Fk;@ xt;nthU xypgug;G ele;J fyhr;rhuk; gw;wpAk; midtUf;Fk; ehSk; ,e;jpa ,irapd; tUfpwJ njuptpg;gNj ntspg;Gw mk;rq;fis njuptpf;Fk; Nritfs; gpuptpd; Nehf;fkhFk;. Fwpg;gpl;l rpwg;G mk;rq;fSk; cyfk; KOtjpYk; mjpfupj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; toq;fg;gLfpd;wd. cyfk; KOtjpYk; cs;s Gyk;ngaH kf;fs;> ,e;jpahtpy; mz;ilehl;ltupd; Kf;fpa egHfspd; fye;Jiuahly;fSk; epfo;r;rpapd; mjpfupj;JtUk; MHtk; Mfpatw;why;> ,J kw;nwhU Kf;fpaj;JtkhFk;.

AIR -,d; ntspg;Gw Nritfs; gpuptpd; epfo;r;rpfs; gw;wpa tpsf;fkhd tptuq;fSf;F> cq;fs; ];khHl;/Nghdpy; ,e;j QR FwpaPl;il ];fhd; nra;aTk;.

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W W W. I N D I A P E R S P E C T I V E S . I N

gpuahzk;

kiof;fhy mjptpiuT;

Gifapujk

kiof;fhyj;jpy;> 3>711 fpkP J}uk; gpuahzk; nra;J xd;gJ ,e;jpa khepyq;fs; kw;Wk; 72 Gifapuj epiyaq;fspy; epd;W nry;Yk; `pk;rhfH vf;]g ; pu]py; gpuahzk; nra;AkhW mwpTWj;JfpNwhk;

,e;jpa juprdk;

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,e;jpahtpy; kiof;fhyj;ij mDgtpg;gJ vd;gJ jdpj;Jtkhf ,Uf;fyhk; Mdhy; [k;K jhtp Kjy; fd;dpahFkup tiuapyhd ePz;l Gifapuj jz;lthsq;fspy; gpuahzk; nra;tJ cz;ikapNy kwf;f Kbahj xd;whf ,Uf;Fk;. `pk;rhfH vf;];gpu]; Ruq;fq;fs;> %ba RtHfs;> %Lgdp jz;lthsq;fs;> njhlHr;rpahf ,Uf;Fk; J}wy;fs;> ePNuhilfs;> fhLfs;> kiyfs; vd;W midj;jpd; topahfTk; J}ukhd tlf;F gFjpapypUe;J ,Wjpapy; ,Uf;Fk; njw;F gFjp tiu RkhH 3>711 fpNyhkPw;wHfis xU kzpj;jpahyuj;jpw;F 53 fpNyhkPw;wH vd;w Ntfj;jpy; RkhH 70 kzpj;jpahyq;fshf Xb tUk;.

gjd;Nfhl;> gQ;rhg; gQ;rhg;> `pkhr;ry; gpuNjrk; kw;Wk; [k;K fh\;kPH Nghd;w %d;W ,e;jpa khepyq;fspd; re;jpg;G gFjpahf gjd;Nfhl; cs;sJ> NkYk; ,J [ . fh> \k;gh kw;Wk; fq;fuh Nghd;w %d;W kiyg; gFjpfSf;Fs; Eiotjw;F Kd;G Xa;ntLf;Fk; gFjpahfTk; cgNahfpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

fz;bg;ghf ghHf;f Ntz;bait nj w;NghJ moptpy; ,Ue;jhYk;> 1505 Mk; tUl uh[;Gl; jiytH [h];ghy; rpq; vd;gtuhy; fl;lg;gl;l \hg+Hfz;b Nfhl;il (20 fpkP) n, e;jpahtpd; kpfg;ngupa epyg;gug;Gs;s mizfspy; xd;whd uQ;[pj; rhfH miz (20 fpkP) nk ypf;g+upy; (7 fpkP) cs;s ,e;jpahtpd; Kd;dzp ePupay; Ma;T epiyak; nf q;fuhtpd; muR uh[;Gl; FLk;gj;jhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l fq;fuh Nfhl;il (90 fpkP). ,J jhd; ,e;jpahtpd; kpfg; goikahd Nfhl;ilahf ,Uf;fyhk;.

Mf;uh> cj;jpugpuNjrk; jh[; k`hy; kw;Wk; kw;w Kfyha fl;llf;fiy mjpraq;fSf;F gpugykhdJ> Mf;uhthdJ Ngjh (rhk;gy; jiuapy; cUthf;fg;gl;l ,dpg;G czT) vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ. jh[; kN`hj;rt; kw;Wk; jh[; ,yf;fpa tpoh Nghd;wit xt;nthU tUlKk; cyfk; KOtjpYk; cs;s iftpidQHfs; kw;Wk; ,yf;fpa gpugyq;fis xd;W jpul;LfpwJ.

fz;bg;ghf ghHf;f Ntz;bait n 1 6 Mk; E}w;whz;by; Kfyha muruhd mf;guhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l cyf ghuk;gupa ,lq;fshd Mf;uh Nfhl;il kw;Wk; /gNjf;g+H rpf;up (35 fpkP) nk d;fhNk\;tH Nfhtpy;> rptd; flTSf;F mHgzpf;fg;gl;l goikahd ehd;F rptd; Nfhtpy;fspy; xd;W> NkYk; re;ijfshy; #og;gl;Ls;sJ> Kfyha fhyj;jpd; ehl;fis fhl;LfpwJ. nK fyha murH ghHgH cUthf;fpa goikahd Kfy; Njhl;lk;> uhk; gh`;.

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W W W. I N D I A P E R S P E C T I V E S . I N

gpuahzk;

5 ehf;g+H> k`huh];buh vjpHfhyj;jpy; cyf efuq;fspy; xd;whf fUjg;gLfpwJ. Njhlk;goq;fspd; Kf;fpa tpahghu ikakhf ,Ug;gjhy; xNuQ;R efuk; vd;W ehf;g+H miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,e;jpahtpd; ngUk;ghyhd Gyp Gfyplq;fis ,izg;gjhy;> ,e;jpahtpd; Gyp jiyefuk; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ehl;bd; kj;jpapy; g+r;rpa iky; FwpaPl;Lld; ,Ug;gjhy;> ehf;g+H ,e;jpahtpd; Gtpapay; ikakhfTk; ,Uf;fpwJ.

,e;jpa juprdk;

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2 0 1 4

fz;bg;ghf ghHf;f Ntz;bait pupl;b\; kw;Wk; kuhj;jpfSf;F ,ilNa ng

NghH epfo;e;jij Fwpf;Fk; tifapy; 1757 Mk; tUlk; cUthf;fg;gl;l \pjhGy;jp Nfhl;il ,q;Fs;sJ. ne fuj;jpd; kpfg;ngupa Vupfshd 275 tUl goikkpf;f Rf;Uthup Vup kw;Wk; mk;gh\ hup Vup ,q;Fs;sJ. nj Nlhgh me;jhup Gyp fhg;gfk; (150 fpkP)> ngd;\; Njrpa g+q;fh (160 fpkP) kw;Wk; NghH Gyp fhg;gfk; (75 fpkP)

vHzhFsk;> Nfush fw;fhyj;jpd; njhlf;fj;jpy;> fy;jpl;il kw;Wk; ghiw Fiffs; Nghd;w epidT rpd;dq;fs; efuj;jpd; gy;NtW gFjpfspy; ,Ue;j fhuzj;jpdhy;> kdpj tho;iff;F Vw;w gFjpia vHzhFsk; nfhz;bUe;jJ. nfhr;rpd; (jw;NghJ nfhr;rp) murpd; jiyefuj;jpy; xd;whf ,Ue;jJ. nrhy;yg; Nghdhy;> goq;fhyk; kw;Wk; ,ilf;fhyq;fspy; Nfush kw;Wk; cyfpd; kw;w ,lq;fSf;F tHj;jfk; eilngWtjw;fhd Kf;fpa ,lkhfTk; ,Ue;jJ.

fz;bg;ghf ghHf;f Ntz;bait fhr;rp (8 fpkP)> muhgpa flw;fiuapd; nn

uhzp vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ> cyfpd; mofhd ,aw;if JiwKfq;fspy; xd;W. NkYk; ,e;jpa Vupfspy; kpfTk; ePskhd kw;Wk; ngupa Vupahd Ntk;gehld; Vup. nN ghHj;Jf;Nfa kf;fshy; cUthf;fg;gl;L uh[h tPu Nfus tHkhtplk; 1555 tUlj;jpy; guprhf toq;fg;gl;l kl;lQ;Nrup my;yJ lr;R muz;kid. ,e;J Nfhtpy; fiy> nfhr;rp uh[hf;fspd; ngUikfis tpsf;Fk; Xtpaq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw ,J nfhz;Ls;sJ. na +j my;yJ ghuNjrp n[gj;jyq;fs;> nghJeytha ehLfspy; kpfTk; gioikahdJ> 1568 Mk; tUl nfhr;rp murhq;fj;jpd; a+jH r%fj;jhy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. fd;dpahFkup> jkpo;ehL ,e;jpahtpd; njw;fpy; filrp gFjpapy; cs;sJ> ePupdhy; ngUk;ghYk; #og;gl;Ls;sjhy; mofhd #upa cjak; kw;Wk; #upa kiwtpw;F fd;dpahFkup kpfTk; Gfo;ngw;wJ. Gdpj ahj;jpiu kw;Wk; Rw;Wyhtpw;F cyfstpy; gpugykhd efukhd Nfg; Nfhkupd; vd;W Kd;G miof;fg;gl;lJ.

fz;bg;ghf ghHf;f Ntz;bait w;Wyh <Hg;G ,Ug;gjw;Fk; nR

Nkyhf> Md;kpf jiytH Rthkp tpNtfhde;jUf;F mHg;gzk; nra;ag;gl;l tpNtfhde;jh ghiw kpfTk; mofhd QhgfhHj;j ,lkhFk;.;L uh[h tPu Nfus tHkhtplk; 1555 tUlj;jpy; guprhf toq;fg;gl;l kl;lQ;Nrup my;yJ lr;R muz;kid. ,e;J Nfhtpy; fiy> nfhr;rp uh[hf;fspd; ngUikfis tpsf;Fk; Xtpaq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw ,J nfhz;Ls;sJ. n “Njhy;tpailahj thHj;ij” vd;W jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;jpw;F mspj;j jpUts;Stupd; rpiy tpNtfhde;jh ghiwf;F mUfpy; cs;sJ. ,e;j rpiyf;fhd mbf;fy; 1979 Mk; tUlj;jpy; ehl;lg;gl;L> 1999 Mk; tUlk; Ntiy Kbf;fg;gl;lJ.

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W W W. I N D I A P E R S P E C T I V E S . I N

rhjid

,e;jpahtpd; vuprf;jp

ghJfhg;gpw;F Mjutspj;jy; xU kpdpuj;dh gpupT “V” nghJj;Jiw ifahSk; Xvd;[prp tpNj\; ypkpw;nwl; jhd; ,e;jpahtpd; kpfg;ngupa ,uz;lhtJ ngw;Nwhypa epWtdkhFk;. ehl;bw;F ntspapYk; vz;nza; kw;Wk; vupthA fpilg;gjw;fhd Ma;T> mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; jahupg;G Kjypatw;iw Nkw;nfhs;tNj ,e;epWtdj;jpd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fkhFk;

,e;jpa juprdk;

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2 0 1 4

ehl;by; ntw;wpfukhf 741 fpkP J}uj;jpw;F jahupg;gpw;fhd igg;iyd; jpl;lj;ij ntw;wpfukhf Kbj;jJ. jw;NghJ Xtpvy; epWtdk; vz;nza; kw;Wk; vupthA jahupg;Gfis u\;ah> rpupah> tpal;ehk;> nfhyk;gpah> #lhd;> njw;F #lhd;> ntdpRyh> gpNurpy; kw;Wk; mirHig[hd; Nghd;w 11 ehLfspy; ngWfpwJ. 2012-13 Mk; tUlj;jpy; nfhyk;gpahtpy; ,U Ma;T gFjpfis Xtpvy; ifg;gw;wpaJ. gpshf; [pa+vX/g;-2 nfhyk;gpahtpy; gpl; uTz;L-2012 Mk; Mz;bYk;> ,&gp xg;ge;jk; 2012 Mk; Mz;L brk;gH 3 Mk; jpfjp md;Wk; ifr;rhj;jplg;gl;lJ.

r%f nghWg;Gfis epiwNtw;Wjy; xd;Wgl;l ek;gpf;if kw;Wk; kjpg;gspj;jy; %yk; ntw;wpfukhd xj;Jiog;Gfis cUthf;Ftjd; %yk; rhjfkhd r%f tpisit cUthf;Ftjw;F Xtpvy; cWjpg+z;Ls;sJ. tupj; njhiffis nrYj;JtJ> fy;tp kw;Wk; gapw;rpapy; $Ljyhf KjyPL nra;tJ Nghd;w gaDs;s gq;fspg;Gfis epWtdk; Nkw;nfhz;L tUfpwJ.

cyfstpy; mikj;jpUj;jy; N`hrp kpd;`; rpw;wp (tpal;ehk;)> a+];Ndh \fhypd;\;f; (u\;ah)> ghf;jhj; (<uhf;)> nj`;uhd; (<uhd;)> biuNghyp (ypgpah)> `thdh (fpa+gh)> fhuhfh]; (ntdpRyh)> m];lhdh&ml;iaU (f[f];jhd;)> NghNfhuh (nfhyk;gpah)> jhkh];f]; (rpupah)> fhy;Nfup (fdlh) kw;Wk; ghF (mirig[hd;) vd;W ntspehLfspy; 22 mYtyfq;fis Xtpvy; nfhz;Ls;sJ. Xvd;[prp iey; fq;fh gptp jdJ gjpTnra;ag;gl;l mYtyfj;ij mkH];Nlk; (nejHyhe;J)> `hHNjhk; (#lhd;)> [_gh (njw;F #lhd;) gFjpfspYk;> upNah b n[dhupNah (gpNurpy;) kw;Wk; epNfhrpah (irg;u];) vd;w gFjpfspy; fpis mYtyfq;fisAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

& 200 Nfhb tiu KjyPL KbTfis vLg;gjw;fhd rpwg;G mjpfhuj;ij Xtpvy; epWtdj;jpw;F 2000 Mk; tUlj;jpy;; murhq;fk; toq;fpAs;sJ

Nghl;b gyq;fs; <uhdpy; ,Uf;Fk; vz;nza; epyq;fspy; Ma;T kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jpia Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhf 1965 Mk; tUlk; khHr; khjk; 5 Mk; jpfjp IjNuhfhgd;]; ,e;jpah gpiuNtw; ypkpw;nwl;Lld; xvd;[prp tpNj\; ypkpw;nwl; Kjypy; ,izf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. 1989 Mk; tUlk; a+d; khjk; 15 Mk; jpfjp Xvd;[prp tpNj\; ypkpw;nwl; vd;W khw;wp mikf;fg;gl;lJ. 1990 Mk; Mz;Lfspy;> vfpg;J> Nakd;> Jdprpah kw;Wk; tpal;ehk; Nghd;w ehLfspy; Ma;T eltbf;iffis ,e;epWtdk; Nkw;nfhz;lJ. gbg;gbahf> ntspehLfspypUe;J jukhd vz;nza;; kw;Wk; vupthA %yq;fisf; fz;lwptJ Fwpj;J epWtdk; ftdk; nrYj;j Muk;gpj;jJ. Xtpvy; -,d; jahupg;ghdJ 2002-03 Mk; tUlk; gpshf; 06.1 ,ypUe;J njhlq;fpaJ. [dtup 2003 ,y; tpal;ehkpy; xd;Wk;> #lhdpy; fpNuw;wH iey; Xapy; Gnuhn[f;w; xd;iw 2003 Mk; Mz;L khHr; khjj;jpYk; njhlq;fp> nkhj;jkhf 0.25 vk;vk;bX, vd;W kpff;Fiwe;j msNt fpilj;jJ. kj;jpa gFjpfspy; %jyPL nra;J 2005 ,y; #lhd;

vf;Nrhd;nkhgpy;> gpupl;b\; ngw;Nwhypak;> n\y;> ,vd;I> Nuhl;ly;> nug;Nrhy;> ];uhnuhapy;> n\t;Nuhd;> ngw;Nwhg;uh];> nrhNlNfh> NrhfH> Nuh];ne/g;l;> Njt+> f`{ikNdf]; (Nfvk;[p)> ngw;Nwh tpal;ehk;> rpvd;gprp> rpNdhngf;> gpbtpv];v> ngw;Nwhd;]; kw;Wk; vNfhngw;Nwhy; Nghd;w IXrp kw;Wk; vd;Xrp epWtdq;fSld; xtpvy; epWtdk; $l;lzp itj;Js;sJ. kjpg;gpLjy;> juk;gpupj;jy;> nghUshjhu khjpup> /gPL> vz;nza; kw;Wk; vupthA jpl;lq;fis tbtikg;G kw;Wk; nrayhf;fk; nra;tjw;fhd trjpfis epWtdk; Nkw;nfhz;Ls;sJ.

Kd;Ndhf;fp nry;Yjy; rPuhd vz;nza; kw;Wk; vupthA Ma;T kw;Wk; jahupg;G eltbf;iffs; %yk; ,e;jpahtpd; vz;nza; kw;Wk; vupthA ghJfhg;G epiyf;F Mjutspf;f Xtpvy; Kide;Js;sJ. jpl;lk; 2030 ,d; gb> Xtpvy; epWtdj;jpd; vz;nza; kw;Wk; vupthA jahupg;ghdJ jw;NghJ ,Uf;Fk; 7.26 vk;vk;bX, vd;w epiyapypUe;J 2017-18 Mk; Mz;bw;Fs; 20 vk;vk;bX, vd;w epiyf;Fk; 2029-30 Mk; Mz;bw;Fs; 60 vk;vk;bX, vd;w epiyf;Fk; fz;bg;ghf caUk;.

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W W W. I N D I A P E R S P E C T I V E S . I N

GJik GFj;jy

,e;jpa juprdk;

a+iy-Xf];w;

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jtw tplhjPu;fs; cy;yhrg; gazpfs; ngUe;njhifahd flw;fiufSf;Fk; jPTfSf;Fk; nry;yTk; Rthrf; Foha;fSldhd ePr;rypYk; glF Xl;lj;jpy; <LglTk; KbAk;. mj;Jld; ,e;jpaj; Jizf; fz;l kw;Wk; gu;kpa ,dpg;Gg; gyfhuq;fisr; Ritf;fTk; KbAk;. Nghu;l; gpNsu; ,e;jpa flw;gilapdJk; ,e;jpa fiuNahug; ghJfhg;Gg; gilapdJk; Kf;fpakhd xU jskhfTk; tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.

kPuj;> cj;ju; gpuNjrk; by;ypapypUe;J 72 fpkP njhiytpYs;s kPuj; ,uhZt efuj;jpy; 1857 Nk khjk; 10 Me; jpfjp ,e;jpahtpd; Rje;jpuj;jpw;fhd KjyhtJ Nghu; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. gpupj;jhdpa ,uhZtj;jpypUe;j ghjpf;fg;gl;l ,e;jpag; giltPuu;fs; ,e;efuj;jpd; fl;Lg;ghl;ilf; ifg;gw;wpajd; %yk; Vfhjpgj;jpar; rf;jpfSf;F vjpuhd jq;fsJ Nghuhl;lj;ij Muk;gpj;jhu;fs;. mjd; gpd;du; mtu;fs; by;ypapYs;s nrq;Nfhl;ilia Nehf;fp Cu;tykhfr; nrd;W mLj;j ehs; mjidf; ifg;gw;wpdhu;fs;. kPuj; efupy; Muk;gkhd ,j;jPg;nghwp ,e;jpah KOtJk; gutp Rje;jpuj;jpw;fhd Njrpa Nghuhl;lkhf cUg;ngw;wJ.

jtw tplhjPu;fs; ru;ri ; rf;Fupa Njhl;lhf;fisg; gad;gLj;j kWj;jjw;fhd jz;lidahf gpupj;jhdpau;fshy; 85 ,e;jpag; giltPuu;fs; rpiwitf;fg;gl;bUe;j my;yJ ,e;jpahtpd; KjyhtJ Rje;jpug; Nghupy; capu; ePjj ; tu;fSf;fhd epidTr; rpd;dk; itf;fg;gl;Ls;s tpf;Nlhupah G+q;fhTf;Fr; nry;yj; jtwhjPuf ; s;. ifj;jwp Ntiyg;ghLfs;> fj;jupf;Nfhy; cw;gj;jpf; ifj;njhopy; vd;gtw;Wf;Fg; ghuk;gupakhf Ngu; Nghd ,lkhd kPuj; efuk; rPdp my;yJ fUg;gl;br; rhw;wpy; vs;S tpijfisr; Nru;j;Jj; jahupf;fg;gLk; f[f; vdg;gLk; vs;SUz;ilfSf;Fg; gpugykhd ,lkhFk;.

jpahfpfs; epidTr; rpd;dk;

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W W W. I N D I A P E R S P E C T I V E S . I N

tuyhW mk;hpj;ru;> gQ;rhg; 1919 Mk; Mz;L Vg;uy; 13 Me; jpfjp [y;ypad;thyh Ngf; G+q;fhtpy; xd;W$bapUe;j mikjpahd Mu;g;ghl;lf;fhuu;fisAk; itrf;jp ahj;jpupfu;fisAk; Nehf;fp Jg;ghf;fpg; gpuNahfk; nra;AkhW gpupNfbau; nu[pndhy;l; ilau; jdJ JUg;Gf;fSf;F fl;lisapl;lhu;. E}w;Wf; fzf;fhNdhu; nfhy;yg;gl;lJld; Mapuf; fzf;fhNdhu; fhakile;j ,e;epfo;T fjpaw;w ,e;jpau;fs; kPJ njhLf;fg;gl;l kpfTk; fhl;Lkpuhz;bj;jdkhd jhf;Fjy;fspy; xd;whf tu;zpf;fg;gLfpwd;wJ. ,g;gFjp jw;NghJ mg;ghtp ,e;jpau;fspd; jpahfj;ij epidTgLj;Jk; Xu; milahskhf khw;wg;gl;Ls;sJ. mk;upj;ru; nghw;Nfhapy; vdg; gpugykile;Js;s `u;ke;jpu; rh`pg; ,e;efuj;jpy; jhd; mike;Js;sJ. ,J ,e;jpahtpy; thOk; rPf;fpa r%fj;jpd; Md;kpfk; kw;Wk; fyhrhuj;jpw;fhd kj;jpa epiyakhf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.

jtw tplhjPu;fs; cy;yhrg; gazpfs; /guPl;Nfhl; my;yJ Nfhtpe;fhu; Nfhl;ilfSf;Fk; nry;y KbAk;. my;yJ rd;dh]{ld; (mtpf;fg;gl;l nfhz;ilf; fliy) gpugykhd mk;upj;ru; Fy;rhit (Gspf;fitf;fg;gl;l cnuhl;b) rhg;gpl;Lf; fspg;gilAq;fs;. ,e;jpahTf;Fk; ghfp];jhDf;Fk; ,ilapyhd xNu vy;iyf; flitg; ghijahd thfh vy;iyf;Fr; nry;yj; jtwhjPu;fs;.

[py;ypad;thyh Ngf;fpy; cs;s epidTr; rpd;dk; ,e;jpa juprdk;

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2 0 1 4

Nfrhupah jhJNfhgk; tuyhw;Wr; rpwg;Gkpf;f xU mk;rkhFk;

rhk;gud;> gP`hu;

jtw tplhjPu;fs;

kfhj;kh fhe;jp 1916 Mk; Mz;by; KjyhtJ rj;jpahf;fpuf ,af;fj;ij rhk;gud; khtl;lj;jpy; Muk;gpj;jhu;. Mapuf; fzf;fhd fhzpaw;w mbikfSk; xg;ge;jj; njhopyhsu;fSk; Vio tptrhapfSk; jhq;fs; capu;tho;tjw;F mtrpakhd czT gapu;fisg; gapupLtjw;Fg; gjpyhf ehty; kw;Wk; Vida gzg; gapu;fisg; gapupLkhW epu;g;ge;jpf;fg;gl;ldu;. mj;Jld; tptrhapfSf;F kpf mw;gkhd Cjpaq;fNs toq;fg;gl;ld. Mrpukk; xd;iw epWtpajd; gpd;du; rj;jpahf;fpuf ,af;fj;ij Muk;gpj;j kfhj;kh fhe;jp rhk;gud; efuj;Jf;Fr; nry;y Ntz;Lk; vd ehty; gapu;r; nra;ifahsuhd uh[; Fkhu; Rf;yh tw;GWj;jpdhu;. ,Wjpahf> gpupj;jhdpa murhq;fk; jdJ epiyg;ghl;bypUe;J ,wq;fp te;J mjpf Cjpak; toq;Ftjw;Fk; tptrhaj;jpd; kPJ mjpf fl;Lg;ghl;L mjpfhuj;ij toq;Ftjw;Fkhf xg;ge;jnkhd;wpy; ifr;rhj;jpl;lJ.

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,e;jpahtpYs;s kpfg;ngupa jhJNfhgkhd Nfrhupa jhJNfhgk; mNrhfr; rf;futu;j;jpapdhy; fl;lg;gl;ljhFk;. ,J fp.gp. 200 ,w;Fk; fp.gp 750 ,w;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l fhyg;gFjpf;FupajhFk;. my;yJ 15 jhJNfhgj; jpl;Lf;fs; mike;Js;s nysupah ee;jfhu; efUf;Fr; nry;Yq;fs;. my;yJ 52 Nfhl;ilfspd; ,bghLfisg; ghu;g;gjw;F gthd;fhu;`p efUf;Fr; nry;Yq;fs;. rhk;gdu; efuk; Nfrhupah Nglh> fh[h> ky;G+th> Fu;kh> upy;Fl;> njf;Fth Nghd;w thA+Wk; ,dpg;Gg; gyfhuq;fSf;Fg; gpurpj;jp ngw;w ,lkhFk;.

W W W. I N D I A P E R S P E C T I V E S . I N

tuyhW

,e;jpahtpd;

mgpg;gpuhak;

jhd; njd;dh;gpupf;fhtpy; jq;fpapUe;j NghJ> ,e;jpa tplaj;ij |thjhLtjw;fhf| gd;nkhop gj;jpupif xd;iw Nkhfd;jh]; fuk;re;j; fhe;jp njhlq;fpdhH ciu | uhkre;jpuh F`h

,e;jpa juprdk;

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2 0 1 4

(,lJ Nky; kw;Wk; ,lJ fPo;) k`hj;kh fhe;jpapd; ikj;JdHfs; \hq;fd;yhy; kw;Wk; kq;fd;yhy; (tyJ) fhe;jpapd; Kf;fpa cj;jpNah];fj;jH jk;gp ehAL> 1913 Mk; Mz;L rj;jpahfpufj;jpd; NghJ lHgd; mUNf cs;s $l;lj;jpy; NgRfpwhH

,e;jpa Nfs;tpfis njd;dhgpupf;fhtpy; Nfl;gjw;fhf Ntiyahf ,Ue;jJ. xt;nthU ntspaPli ; lAk; 1897-98 ,y; ehlhypy; ,Ue;jNghJ> nra;jpj;jhs; xd;iw jpl;lkpLtJ> fl;Liufs; kw;Wk; nkhopngaHg;Gfis njhlq;FtJ Fwpj;j vz;zk; fhe;jpaplk; ,Ue;jJ. xUq;fpizg;gJ> efiyj; jpUj;JtJ> gj;jpupf;ifia ,g;NghJ> 1903 Mk; tUlj;jpd; Nfhilf;fhyj;jpy;> jdJ gpu]py; ghHg;gJ Nghd;wit ehrupd; Ntiyahf vz;zj;ij mtH kPzL ; k; nray;gLj;jpAs;shH> NkYk; ,Ue;jJ. N[hfd];ngHf;fpypUe;J fhe;jp mwpTrhHe;j jdf;F cjtp nra;a tpUg;gj;Jlk; ,Uf;Fk; ,uz;L kw;Wk; xOq;fnewp Kiwfis toq;FthH> ,jpy; egHfisAk; fz;lwpe;Js;shH. KjyhtJ> kd;#`hy; ngUk;ghyhdit mtH vOjpa fl;Liufshf ,Uf;Fk;. ùpyhy; erhH> ,tH mjpfkhf gazk; 1903 ,y; lHgdpy; gjpdhd;F nra;Ak; F[uhj;jp> ghk;Ngapy; kUj;Jtk; mr;rfq;fs; ,Ue;jd. tpahtùpf; gbj;Jtpl;L> njd;dhg;upf;fhtpw;F ,af;fpa gj;jpupifiaj; jtpu kw;w 1903 Mk; Mz;by; efUk; Kd;dH yz;ldpy; tzpfk; midj;Jk; nts;isf;fhuHfs; njd;dhgpupf;fhtpy; nra;J te;jhH. ,uz;lhtJ> kjd;[pj; nrhe;jkhfTk;> mtHfs; Ntiy nra;jpj;jhs; tpahtùpf;> Kd;G gs;sp MrpupaH nra;tjhfTk; ,Ue;jJ. Mq;fpyj;jpy; njhlq;f Ntz;Lk; ,g;NghJ lHgd; fpNu tPjpapy; gpupl;bq; kl;Lk; gpupz;l; nra;ag;gl;L gpu]; xd;iw itj;jpUf;fpwhH. jpUkz gbf;fg;gl;bUe;j thuhe;jpu vOj;J vd;w fhe;jpapd; ml;ilfs;> tHj;jf ml;ilfs;> nra;jpfSf;F khw;whf gd;nkhopapy; vz;zj;ij kPzL ; k; nkDf;fs;> fzf;F gbtq;fs;> epidT ntspte;j Gjpa gj;jpupiffs; ,Ue;jd. nray;gLj;jpatH Fwpg;Gfs;> Rw;wwpf;iffs;> ,urPJ Ntiy nra;tjtHfSk; gy;tifahf kd;#`hy; Gj;jfq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw F[uhj;jp> ,Ue;jdH – Nfg; epwk; Nghd;w nkhuùpyhy; ehrH jkpo;> `pe;jp> cUJ> `_g;&> kuhj;jp> prpa]; ehl;bypUe;J xUtH> gy rk];fpUjk;> gpnuQ;R> [_Y Nghd;w F[huhj;jpfs; kw;Wk; Fiwe;jgl;rk; vd;gtH jhd; nkhopfspy; me;j gpu]py; gpupz;l; ,uz;L jkpoHfs;. nra;J ntspapl;lJ. ,jw;fhf Vw;fdNt gj;jpup;ifahdJ ,e;jpahtpd; fUj;J thuhe;jpu fUj;J gj;jpupif xd;Wk; NrHf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. vd;W ngauplg;gl;lJ. KjyhtJ gjpg;ghdJ a+d; 4> fhe;jpapd; xj;Jiog;ghsHfs; njd;dhgpupf;fhtpd; 1903 Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpa r%fj;jpd; Fuy; vd;W jd;id ika gFjpahd lHgdpy; ,e;jpa tho;fi ; fia mwptpj;Jf; nfhz;Lk;> njd;dhgpupf;fhtpd; murpaypy; tho;gtHfshf ,Ue;jhHfs;. Mq;fpyk;> F[uhj;jp> Vw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba fhuzp vd;Wk; ntspaplg;gl;lJ. `pe;jp kw;Wk; jkpo; vd;W ehd;F nkhopfspy; thuhe;jpu mtHfSf;F vjpuhd ghugl;rk; fhydpj;JtHfspd; gj;jpupifia mr;rpLtjw;fhd tif kw;Wk; njhiepiyik Mfpait gpupl;b\hH nfhbapd; fPo; jha; fia tpahghupfsplkpUe;J ngWtJ tpahtùpf;fpd; ehl;il rkHg;gzk; nra;jJ njhlf;fk; ,e;jpah nra;j

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W W W. I N D I A P E R S P E C T I V E S . I N

tuyhW

,lJGwj;jpypUe;J tyQ;Ropahf: fhe;jpapd; ngw;NwhHfs; fuk;re;j; fhe;jp kw;Wk; Gl;lyp gha;@ uh[;Nfhl;by; ,Uf;Fk; mtuJ ghlrhiyapy;@ (fPNo) NghHge;jupy; ,Uf;Fk; fhe;jp tPl;bd; fhl;rp

rpwe;j Nritfspy; kfpo;rr ; papy;yhky; kwf;fg;gl;lJ gf;fq;fisf; nfhz;bUe;jJ. gj;jpup;ifapd; ngaH kw;Wk; njhlHghdJ. ,e;j tpRthrj;ij epahag;gLj;JtJ mr;rplg;gl;Ls;s nkhopfspd; vz;zpf;if njhlHghd njhlHghd mNj fl;LiuAk;> INuhg;gpad; xU Fw;wk; gl;bay; xd;W ml;ilg; gf;fj;jpy; nfhLf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. my;yJ ey;nyhOf;f tpjpia kPwpnjhlHe;J tpsk;guq;fs; tUk;. lHgdpy; dhy;> mJ jdpg;gl;l nray; vd;Wk; ,Uf;Fk; xU epWtdk; jdJ uhNyahf; mJNt ,e;jpad; vd;why; Njrk; vd;Wk; irf;fps;fis fLikahdJ> tpiuth,e;jpahtpd; njd;dhg;upf;fhtpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;lJ. dJ kw;Wk; ek;gpf;ifahdJ vd;W fUj;J ,e;jpahtpd; fUj;J gj;jpupf;ifapy;> nfhLj;jpUe;jJ@ kw;nwhU epWtdk; jdJ gj;jpup;ifapd; mwpTrhHe;j fUj;Jf;fis gq;Ffis Xupad;uy; [_ty;yup vd;W xt;nthU toq;FgtuhfTk;> ,ilntspia khw;wpapUe;jJ. elhy; efuj;jpy; ,Ue;j gjpg;Gk; vl;L ,izg;gtuhfTk; fhe;jp jd;id tpahghupfs; rpfnuw;fs; kw;Wk; Jzpgf;fq;fisf; mikj;Jf; nfhz;lhH. ,e;jpahtpypUe;J fis toq;Fk; rpwg;G filfs; gw;wpa njd;dhgpupf;fhtpy; ,Uf;Fk; jq;fs; ,izg;Gfis toq;fpapUe;jdH. nfhz;bUe;jJ. ,e;jpaHfs; gw;wpa nra;jpfis ,e;j kw;w tpsk;guq;fs; nra;jpj;jhspNy mr;rplg;gl;bUe;j gj;jpupif njuptpf;Fk;> NkYk; r%fk;> toq;fg;gl;bUe;jd@ rpwe;j ,ae;jpu nkhopfspd; ey;nyhOf;fk;> kw;Wk; mwpTrhHe;j ,af;Fk; igaid Nfl;fpwhHfs;> Kjy; gl;baiy nghJthd fl;LiufSk; ntsptUk;. tFg;G jkpo; njhFg;ghsH Ntz;Lk;> `pe;jp ml;ilg; ,e;jpa fhuzq;fis ,J njuptpf;Fk;> kw;Wk; Mq;fpyk; ,uz;Lk; gbf;f njupe;j gf;fk; xd;W ,e;jpaHfspd; vz;zq;fs; kw;Wk; xUtH Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ Nghd;wit. nfhz;bUe;jJ fUj;Jf;fs; gw;wp INuhg;gpaHfSf;F ,it jhd; Kjy; gf;fkhf ,Ue;jJ@ njuptpf;Fk;. gj;jpupifapd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fspy; njhlHe;J nra;jp kw;Wk; Mq;fpyj;jpy; ,e;j thf;fpak; tpLgl;bUf;Fk;k; NkYk; tpsf;fTiu. gpd;dH gf;fq;fs; njd;dhg;upf;fhtpy; ,Uf;Fk; ngUk;ghyhd kf;fs; F[uhj;jp nra;jpfisAk;> KbT gf;fk; `pe;jp gw;wpAk; Mgpupf;fHfs; gw;wpAk; njuptpf;Fk;. kw;Wk; jkpo; nkhopiaf; nfhz;bUe;jJ. elhypy; ,e;jpahtpd; fUj;jpd; xt;nthU gjpg;Gk; vl;L tUlhe;jpu rhe;jhtpw;F 12 \py;yq;Ffs; kw;Wk;

,e;jpa juprdk;

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2 0 1 4

,lJGwj;jpypUe;J tyQ;Ropahf: ,e;jpahtpd; fUj;J> k`hj;kh fhe;jpahy; epWtg;gl;l xU gj;jpupif@ murpay;thjp Nfhghy fpU\;z NfhfNy (,lJ) nfhilahsp uj;jd; lhl;lhTld;> fhty;Jiwapd; Jg;ghf;fp #l;by; kuzkile;j ,e;jpa Nghuhl;lthjpfspd; ,wg;gpw;fhf fhe;jp Jf;fk; mD\;bf;fpwhH> fhe;jpapd; MNyhrfH gpuhd;[ptd; Nkj;jh> lHgd; tpahghup ghHrp u\;Njhk;[p

MW ngd;]_k; kw;w ,lq;fspy; 17 \py;yq;Ffs; F[uhj;jp gpupTfs; ,uz;Lk; fhe;jpapd; gq;fspg;Gfis (Kd;dNu nrYj;jf;$baJ) vd;Wk; ,Ue;jJ. xw;iw (ngaH ,y;yhky; ngUk;ghYk; mr;rbf;fg;gLk;) efy;fs; xt;nthd;Wk; %d;W ngd;]_fs; vd;W ek;gpNa ,Ue;jJ. rpwpa Fwpg;Gfs; kw;Wk; gy;NtW tpw;gid nra;ag;gl;lJ. jiyg;Gfspy; jiytHfs; gw;wpAk; mtH elhypy; ,Ue;j Gjpa rl;lq;fs; vOJthH. NkaHfs; kw;Wk; MSeHfs; ,e;jpahtpd; my;yJ buhd;];thy; ,e;jpaHfisg; gw;wpa thf;fpaq;fs; kPzL ; k; vOjg;gLk;. ghjpj;jJ> jha;ehl;bypUe;J murhq;fk; ntspapLk; Mtzq;fs; fUj;J Nghuhl;lq;fs;> gpur;ridfs; kw;Wk; njhFg;ghf mspf;fg;gl;ld. Jd;GWj;jy; gj;jpupifapd; rpwe;j Njrpathjpfs; gw;wp - ,e;jpahtpd; kw;Wk; ghFghL njhlHghd tof;Ffs; Mq;fpyk; fUj;J gj;jpup;ifapd; midj;J Ma;T nra;ag;gl;lJ. kw;Wk; F[uhj;jp nkhopfspYk; kPz;Lk; mr;rbf;fg;gl;lJ. fhe;jpiag; nghWj;j tiuapy;> ,e;j gpupTfs; kw;w fl;Liufs; jdpg;gl;l r%fq;fs; fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; mtupd; vOj;Jf;fspy; njhlHghf ,Ue;jJ. njd;dpe;jpahtpy; nghJ eltbf;iffs; gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fs; ,uz;Lk; eilngWk; jpUtpohf;fs; gw;wpa mjpfkhf ,Ue;jd. ,e;jpahtpd; fUj;J fhe;jpapd; nra;jpfs; jkpo; gpuptpy; ,Ue;jJ. gj;jpupiff;fhf E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd gq;fspg;Gfisg; ngz;fSf;fhd ghlrhiyfs; gw;wpa fl;Liufs; kw;Wk; mwpf;iffs;> mjpngUk;ghYk; $Ljy; nra;jpfs; ,Ue;jd> mg;Nghija fhupfs; kw;Wk; cWg;gpdHfs; kPrhHe;jpUe;jd epiyapYk; $l F[uhj;jpfis jhd kDf;fs;> rl;lf; Fwpg;Gfs; tpl jq;fsJ ngz; Foe;ijfis kw;Wk; ,q;fpyhe;J kw;Wk; ,e;jpahtpy; gbf;f itg;gj;jpy; jkpoHfs; kpfTk; mDjhgpfSf;fhd fbjq;fs;> jdJ MHtkhf ,Ue;jdH. nrhe;j tho;fi ; f gw;wpa mupjhd> tpsf;fkhd> ,e;jpahtpd; fUj;J gj;jpup;ifapd; Mq;fpyk; kw;Wk; fhl;rpfisAk; ,ilapy; toq;fpAs;shH. uhkre;jpuh F`h vOjpa ,e;jpahtpw;F Kd;G fhe;jpia jdpahf vLj;jy; (mnyd; NyNd> ngd;Fapd; Gj;jfq;fspd; Kj;jpiu) vd;w Gj;jfj;jpypUe;J vLf;fg;gl;lJ

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W W W. I N D I A P E R S P E C T I V E S . I N

Ma;Tg; gazk;

kio nghopAk

NghJ...

gUtg; ngau;r;rp kio ,e;jpahtpd; kPJ jdJ ,wf;iffis tpupf;Fk; NghJ mil kioapd; cd;dj mofpid ,urpg;gjw;F ehk; kpfr; rpwe;j ,lq;fisj; njupT nra;Nthk; ciu | fy;ahzp gpuh\h;

,e;jpa juprdk;

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2 0 1 4

ePq;fs; ,aw;ifia Nerpg;gtuhf ,Ue;jhy;> ,aw;ifapd; Njhw;wj;ij jz;zPu; vt;thW gRikahdjhf khw;Wfpd;wJ vd;gij ghu;j;J urpf;f tpUk;gpdhy;> xU fhdfj;jpd; eLg;gFjpapy; cq;fisr; Rw;wp mil kio nga;J nfhz;bUf;Fk; NghJ ePq;fs; R+lhd NjePu; mUe;j tpUk;gpdhy;... gUtg; ngau;r;rp kio tpLKiwf; fhyj;jpy; ePq;fs; ,e;jpahTf;F tUif juj; jtwkhl;Bu;fs;.

a+iy-Xf];w;

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W W W. I N D I A P E R S P E C T I V E S . I N

Ma;Tg; gazk;

,e;jpa juprdk;

a+iy-Xf];w;

2 0 1 4

m]hk; khepyj;jpd; jpg;Ufhh; Njapiyj; Njhl;lq;fs; tUlj;jpd; vy;yhf; fhyq;fspYk; ghu;gg ; jw;Fg; gRikahf ,Uf;Fk;. Mdhy; mtw;Wf;F Nkyhy; fUNkfq;fs; xd;Wld; xd;W Nkhjp ,b kpd;dYld; kionghoptpf;Fk; NghJ gr;ir kuq;fSf;F vt;thW capu; fpilf;fpd;wJ vd;gij vz;zpg; ghUq;fs;. ehl;bd; kpfg;ngupa Njapiy Vw;Wkjp efukhfg; gpugy;akile;jpUf;Fk; ,e;efuk; gUtg; ngau;rr ; p kiof; fhyj;jpy; vopy;kpFe;j fhl;rpfisf; nfhz;l xU efukhf khWk;. ,e;jpahtpd; fpof;Fg; gFjpapy; mUs;kpF gpuk;kGj;uh ejpf;F mUfpy; mike;Js;s ,e;efuk; ek;g Kbahj msTf;Fg; gRikahdjhf cs;sJ. Njapiyj; Njhl;lq;fs; kl;Lkd;wp ,uz;L Njrpa G+q;fhf;fSk; xU kiof; fhLk; mq;F mike;Js;sd. xU Filia vLj;Jf; nfhz;L Njapiyj; Njhl;lnkhd;iwr; Rw;wpg; ghu;ff ; j; jahuhFfs;. xU kio ehspy; cq;fs; Njapiyj; Njhl;l gq;fshtpd; xU gFjpapy; mku;eJ ; m] hk; khepyj;jpd; rpwe;j NjePiug; gUfpakhW kioia urpj;Jg; ghUq;fs;.

,e;jpahtpd; kpfg;ngupa Njapiy Vw;Wkjpg; gpuNjrkhd jpg;Ufhu; khtl;lk; ,aw;iff; fhl;rpfs; epuk;gpa kiof; fhLfisAk; Njrpa G+q;fhf;fisAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ

a+iy-Xf];w;

2 0 1 4

W W W. I N D I A P E R S P E C T I V E S . I N

Ma;Tg; gazk;

cj;jufhe;j; khepyj;jpd; kyh;g; gs;sj;jhf;F

,J jdpj;Jtkhd kyu; tifSk; mupa jhtu tiffSk; mope;J NghFk; mghaj;ij vjpu;Nehf;fpAs;s tpyq;FfSk; gwit ,dq;fSk; epuk;gpf; fhzg;gLk; xU gs;sj;jhf;fhFk;. kyu;g; gs;sj;jhf;F Njrpa G+qf ; h ,aw;ifia Nerpg;gtu;fSf;F cz;ikahd fspg;igj; juf;$ba Xu; ,lkhFk;. ,g;G+qf ; hTf;Fr; nry;tjw;F cj;jufhe;j; khepyj;jpd; nj`;uhJd; my;yJ `upj;thu; efupypUe;J 17 fpkP J}uk; gazk; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. kyh;g; gs;sj;jhf;fpw;Fr; nry;fpd;w ghij fpuhkq;fisAk; fhl;Lg; G+ff ; s; epuk;gpa tay;fisAk; fle;J nry;fpd;wJ. ,g;G+ff ; spypUe;J tUk; eWkzk; fhw;Wld; fye;J KOg; gpuNjrj;jpYk; thriziag; gug;Gfpd;wJ. kioapd; gpd;du; ePqf ; s; ele;J nry;Yk; NghJ fhl;L Nuh[hf;fis Kfu;eJ ; me;j vopypd; gRikia mDgtpj;Jg; ghUq;fs;. ,g;gs;sj;jhf;F gy tz;zg;G+ff ; shy; epuk;gpf; fhzg;gLk; Mf];l; khjj;Jf;Fg; gpd;duhd fhyk; ,g;gpuNjrj;Jf;Fr; Rw;Wyhr; nry;tjw;Fr; rpwe;j fhykhFk;.

gUtg; ngau;r;rp kiof; fhyj;jpy; Rkhu; 300 Nkw;gl;l my;igd; GSk; tiffs; cq;fis fz;L tho;j;Jj; njuptpf;f fhj;J epw;fpd;wd. ,it cq;fSf;F fz;ftu; fhl;rpahf mikAk;

,e;jpa juprdk;

a+iy-Xf];w;

2 0 1 4

nfk`huh~;lu; h khepyj;jpd; nfha;dh efuk; ,e;jpahtpd; Nkw;F kiyj; njhlu;> gUtg; ngau;rr ; p kiof; fhyj;jpy; cyfpy; kpfTk; moF epuk;gpa xU gpuNjrkhf nropg;Gld; fhzg;gLk;. nfha;dh efuk; gpugy;ak; Fiwe;j xU efukhFk;. ,J rpg;Yd;> fuhj; Mfpa efuq;fSf;F ,ilapy; mike;Js;sJ. nfha;dh ePuj ; N; jf;fk; fz;ftu; ,aw;iff; fhl;rpfis nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,e;efuj;jpy; ePut ; o P r ; r ; pfSk; ePu; epiyfSk; gutpf; fhzg;gLtJld; nfha;dh tdtpyq;Ffs; ruzhyaKk; mq;Nf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,r;ruzhyaj;jpy; tq;fhsg; Gyp ,dq;fisAk; Mrpa Njtij thdk;ghb Nghd;w gy;NtW gwit ,dq;fisAk; ghu;jJ ; f; fspg;gila KbAk;.

,J xg;gPl;lstpy; gpugy;ak; Fiwe;j xU efukhf ,Ug;gjdhy; ,q;F vq;Fk; mikjpAk; rhe;jKk; gutpf; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. nfha;dh ePu;j;Njf;fj;ij mz;kpj;j gpuNjrq;fspy; mjpf vz;zpf;ifahd cy;yhr tpLjpfSk; jq;Ftjw;fhd tPLfSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd

a+iy-Xf];w;

2 0 1 4

W W W. I N D I A P E R S P E C T I V E S . I N

Ma;Tg; gazk; Nfhth khepyk; ,e;jpahtpd; Nkw;Fg; gpuNjrj;jpYs;s Nfhth khepyj;jpd; gpugykhd Rw;Wyhj; jsq;fis kio fhyq;fspy; rdneupry; ,d;wp mikjpahd Kiwapy; ghu;itpl KbAk;. ePqf ; s; flw;fiufSf;Fk; ,aw;iff; fhl;rpfs; cs;s gpuNjrq;fSf;Fk; nry;yhtpl;lhYk; kio fhyj;jpy; Nfhth khepyj;jpd; Clhf thfdj;jpy; gazk; nra;jthNw ,aw;if moif urpg;gJk; cq;fSf;F kfpo;rr ; pfukhd mDgtj;ij jUk;. gpukpf;fj;jf;f ke;Njhtp ejpapYs;s Jj;rhfu; ePut ; o P r ; r ; pia ghu;jj ; hy; epr;rakhf ePqf ; s; tpag;giltPuf ; s;. ,it jtpu thfdj;jpy; gazk; nra;jthNw nropg;ghd thridj; jputpaj; Njhl;lq;fisAk; my;yJ ehl;Lg;Gwj;ijAk; ghu;jJ ; urpg;gJk; kwf;f Kbahj nghOJfshf mikAk;.

kioapd; moif mDgtpg;gjw;F thfdj;jpy; gazk; nra;jthNw nropg;ghd thridj; jputpaj; Njhl;lq;fis ,urpj;Jg; ghUq;fs; my;yJ Nfhthtpd; ,aw;if vopy; kpFe;j ,lq;fisr; Rw;wp ele;J cyh thUq;fs;

,e;jpa juprdk;

a+iy-Xf];w;

2 0 1 4

fu;ehlfh khepyj;jpd; FlF khtl;lk; gUtg; ngau;rr ; p kio njd; ,e;jpahtpy; Muk;gpj;J mq;NfNa Kbtilfpd;wJ. ,J njd; ,e;jpahTf;Ff; fpilj;j xU ghf;fpakhFk;. ,e;jpahtpy; mjp$ba kio tPor ; r ; piag; ngWk; ,lq;fspy; FlF khtl;lKk; xd;whFk;. ,k;khtl;lk; Nfhg;gpg; ngUe;Njhl;lq;fs; %yKk; kio fhyj;jpy; eWkzk; tPRk; gRikf; fhLfs; %yKk; gpugy;akile;Js;sJ. ePuhtp gwf;Fk; /gpy;lu; Nfhg;gpiag; gUfpathW nts;is epwg; gLf;if tpupg;igg; Nghd;W gr;ir kuq;fis %ba gdp cUz;L nrd;W fPNo tpOtij ,urpj;Jg; ghUq;fs; fhNtup ejp Muk;gpf;Fk; ,lj;jpw;F my;yJ ehfu;N`hy; tdtpyq;Ffs; ruzhyaj;jpw;F gazk; nra;J ghUq;fs;. ePut ; o P r ; r ; pfs;> kiyfs;> thA+Wk; rikay; tiffs; vd;gd cq;fis kPzL ; k; FlF khtl;lj;jpw;F gazk; nra;a ehl;lk; nfhs;sr; nra;Ak; vd;gjpy; re;Njfkpy;iy.

Nfhg;gpj; Njhl;lq;fSf;Fg; Ngu; Nghd FlF khtl;lkhdJ fz;ftu; kiyfisAk;> ePu;tPo;r;rpfisAk;> ney; tay;fisAk; fhLfisAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ a+iy-Xf];w;

2 0 1 4

W W W. I N D I A P E R S P E C T I V E S . I N

Ma;Tg; gazk;

rkaKk;

ek;gpf;ifAk;

rkaf; fhuzq;fs; kl;Lkd;wp fspg;g+l;Lk; moF> gpukpf;f itf;Fk; fhk;gPukhd Njhw;wk; vd;gdTk;; cyf KOtjpYk; cs;s Nfhapy;fis Nehf;fp ngUe;njhifahd gf;jh;fs; <h;f;fg;gLtjw;Ff; fhuzkhf mikfpd;wd

mUs;kpF etrf;jp tpehafu; Nfhapy; khN`> rPnry;]; rPnry;]; ehl;bYs;s xNu ,e;Jf; Nfhapyhd mUs;kpF etrf;jp tpehafu; Nfhapy; 1992 Mk; Mz;by; fl;lg;gl;ljhFk;. ghJfhg;Gf;Fk; tskhd tho;Tf;Fk; nghWg;ghd ,e;Jf; flTshd tpehafupd; ngau; mjw;Fr; R+l;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. tpehafu; flTs;fspd; jiytuhf cs;shu;. KUfd;> eluh[h> Ju;fh> ];uPdpthr ngUkhs;> iguth> rq;fNl];tuu; MfpNahupd; rpiyfSk; ,q;F itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. flTs;fspdJk; ngz; flTs;fspdJk; cUtq;fs; gytu;zr; rpw;gq;fs; %yk; kpfr; rpwg;ghf myq;fupf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,f;Nfhapypd; NfhGuk; ghu;g;Nghiu tpaf;f itf;fpd;wJ. tpNrlkhd re;ju;g;gq;fspy; ntt;NtWgl;l flTs;fSf;fhf Muhjidfs; elhj;jg;gLfpd;wd. rPnry;]; ehl;by; ijg;G+rk; fhtb jpUtpoh 1993 Mk; Mz;by; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. Muk;gj;jpy; mJ Nfhapypd; cs;Kw;wj;jpy; elhj;jg;gl;lJ. jw;NghJ mJ ntspKw;wj;jpy; elhj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;j Cu;tyj;jpd; NghJ gytu;zq;fspy; myq;fupf;fg;gl;l Nju; ,Of;fg;gLk;. ,j;jpUtpoh kpfTk; gpugykhdjhfTs;sJ. mjdhy; jhd; rPnry;]; murhq;fk; 1998 Mk; Mz;L Kjy; ,e;ehis ,e;Jf;fSf;F tpLKiw ehshfg; gpufldg;gLj;jpAs;sJ.

,e;jpa juprdk;

a+iy-Xf];w;

2 0 1 4

Rthkp ehuhad; Nfhapy; yPnr];uu;> If;fpa ,uhr;rpak; nts;isg; gspq;Ffshy; nra;ag;gl;l ,g;gpukhz;lkhd NfhapyhdJ yPnr];uupy; thOk; Gyk;ngau; ,e;jpau;fspd; epjpapd; %yk; xU gioa nldpk; njhopw;rhiyia khw;wpaikj;J epu;khzpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. F[uhj;ijr; Nru;ej ; rpw;gpfshy; rpw;gq;fs; nrJf;fg;gl;L 2011 Mk; Mz;by; yPnr];uUf;F nfhz;Ltug;gl;L nghUj;jg;gl;l fy;Ntiyg;ghLfis ,f;Nfhapy; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,r;nraw;jpl;lk; G+u;jj ; pailtjw;F fpl;lj;jl;l %d;W tUlq;fs; vLjjd. ,f;Nfhapypy; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;s kapy;fs; kw;Wk; jhkiug; G+f;fspd; rpw;gq;fs; cs;spl;l rka kw;Wk; fyhrhu tbtikg;Gf;fs;> rkhjhdj;ijAk; moifAk; ntspg;gLj;Jk; rpd;dq;fshf mike;Js;sd.

a+iy-Xf];w;

,f;Nfhapypy; (,kakiy cr;rpfisg; gpujpgypf;Fk;) $iuf;F ntspNa ePzL ; nry;Yk;; jq;f Kyhk; G+rg;gl;l nky;ypa mikg;Gf;fisf; nfhz;l %d;W “rpfhu;” NfhGuq;fs; cs;sd. ,f;Nfhapy; nja;tkhd Rthkpehuhadpd; 15 kPww ; u; caukhd ghu;gN ; ghiu trPfupf;Fk; rpw;gk; xd;W ,f;Nfhapypy; Kd;thry; gFjpapy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,f;fl;llj; njhFjpapy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s Nthy;Nl[; Fiwe;j xspA+l;ly; Vw;ghLfs; kw;Wk; rf;jpiar; Nrkpf;Fk; mirTfis czUk; rf;jpAs;s Mspfs; vd;gd ,f;Nfhapy; “nghWg;Gzu;T” nfhz;l xU fl;likg;G vd;gijf; fhl;Lfpd;wd. cz;ikapy;> ,jd; tpidj;jpwd;kpf;f thd; el;Gwthd ,uT Neu xspA+l;lYf;fhf gpupj;jhdpa thdtpay; rq;fj;jpd; “rpwe;j xspA+l;ly;” tpUJ toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

2 0 1 4

W W W. I N D I A P E R S P E C T I V E S . I N

Ma;Tg; gazk;

lhf;Nf];tup Nfhapy; lhf;fh> tq;fhsNjrk; tq;fhsNjrj;jpd; jiyefuhd lhf;fhtpy; mike;Js;s lhf;Nf];tup NfhapYf;F tq;fhsNjrj;jpd; Njrpa Nfhapy; vd;w me;j];J toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,f;Nfhapy; Nrdh mur tk;rj;ijr; Nru;e;j gy;yhy; nrd; murdhy; 12 Mk; E}w;whz;by; fl;lg;gl;ljhFk;. lhf;Nf];tup vd;gjd; nghUs; lhf;fhtpd; flTs; vd;gjhFk;. mjdhy; jhd; ,e;efuj;jpw;F lhf;fh vd;w ngau; R+l;lg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;Wk; $Wth;. ,f;Nfhapy; mjd; ePz;l tuyhw;wpy; gy;NtW jpUj;j Ntiyfs;> GJg;gpj;jy;fs;> kPs; epu;khzk; vd;gtw;Wf;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,d;W ,J ehl;bd; fyhrhug; ghuk;gupaj;jpd; jtpu;f;f Kbahj Xu; mq;fkhf fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. xt;nthU tUlKk; xf;Nuhgu; khjj;jpy; ,f;Nfhapypy; tUlhe;j Ju;if mk;kd; topghL elhj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J tq;fhs ,e;Jf;fspd; kpfg;ngupa jpUtpohthFk;. Nfhapy; tsTf;Fs; eilngWk; Ju;if G+i[

,e;jpa juprdk;

a+iy-Xf];w;

2 0 1 4

= fhsp mk;kd; Nfhapy; aq;$d;> kpad;khu; kpad;khupd; = fhsp mk;kd; Nfhapiy capNuhl;lk; kpf;f gytu;z Xtpaq;fSk; ,jkhd eWkzq;fSk; nfhz;l Nfhapy; vd tu;zpf;f KbAk;. aq;$d; khfhzj;jpy; mike;Js;s ,f;Nfhapy; kpad;khu; gpupj;jhdpa- ,e;jpahtpd; xU gFjpahf ,Ue;j fhyj;jpy; Gyk;ngau; jkpou;fshy; fl;lg;gl;ljhFk;. fhsp mk;kDf;Nf cupa ,f;NfhapyhdJ> mjd; cr;rp Kjy;

fPo; kl;lk; tiu E}w;Wf; fzf;fhd ,e;Jf; flTisg; gpujpgypf;Fk; fl;llf; fiyapd; fhuzkhf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpd;wJ. fhsp mk;kd; thof;ifapd; KOikj; jd;ikiag; gpujpgypf;Fk; khw;wj;jpw;fhd tprpj;jpukhd rf;jp tha;e;j flTshthu;. ehshe;j Muj;jpfs; kw;Wk; gpurhjq;fs; vd;gtw;Wld; xt;nthU ehSk; mq;F nfhz;lhl;lq;fs; eilngWfpd;wd. jpUtpohf; fhyj;jpy; mofhfj; Njhw;wkspf;ff; $bajhf ,f;Nfhapy; myq;fupf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

a+iy-Xf];w;

2 0 1 4

W W W. I N D I A P E R S P E C T I V E S . I N

Kjw;gb

cyif Mw;Wg;gLj;Jk; kfspu;

mikjpfhf;Fk; gilapdu;

mikjpfhf;Fk; gzpfspd; Gjpa fUg;nghUshf fUiz khwpAs;s epiyapy; ,e;jpag; ngz;fs; jhq;fs; Kf;fpakhdtu;fs; vd;gij ep&gpj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;fpwhu;fs ciu | Rke;jh uNjhu;

iygPupahtpYs;s If;fpa ehLfs; gzpafj;jpd; ,e;jpag; gzpg;gpuptpd; xoq;fikf;fg;gl;l nfsutpf;Fk; Kfkhf elhj;jg;gl;l gjf;fk; mzptpf;Fk; mzptFg;gpy; gq;Nfw;w fhl;rp ,e;jpa juprdk;

a+iy-Xf];w;

2 0 1 4

nghyp]; myfpd; cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; jq;fsJ Nritia

iygPupahtpYs;s ngz; cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs;

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