How ‘processional’ movement moulds how users experience of architecture
TOWNSCAPE & CHANGE john counsell PriceCullen I grant any entity the right to use this work for any purpose, without any conditions, unless such conditions are required by law. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/63/ScannedImage-7.jpg A typical drawing by Gordon Cullen, showing the use of perspective
2003 TCPA REPORT • “the current regulatory system, taking planning polices and design guidance together with the various building and environmental health regulations, is currently failing to address sustainability issues effectively. • Delivery of sustainable homes and communities requires a holistic approach. This is hampered by the lack of synergy between the three sets of controls resulting in confusion”
The TCPA in 2003 www.wwf.org.uk/filelibrary/pdf/buildingsustainably.pdf
accessed 11/11/11
2014 2B.1 The greatest failure of focusing on development control is the quality of the public realm, and we must strengthen the critical contribution of landscape, urban design and public art in making great places. Appropriate funding for landscape and public art should be demanded from developers by local authorities requiring wider contextual plans and financial commitments.
Of the 22.5 million dwellings in England in 2006 approximately one-ďŹ fth were built before 1919.
HOUSING IN WALES
“More than one third of the housing stock (34.5%) is pre-1919, with another 12.1% built between the first and second world wars, so that approaching half (46.6%) is pre1945.�
Current and possible future impacts and vulnerabilities associated with climate variability and climate change for Africa. Source: Adapted from IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (2007), Working Group 2: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability, Chapter 9, Figure 9.5 From http://media.csag.uct.ac.za/faq/qa_3impacts.html Accessed 11/11/11
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
•
DTI Sustainable Construction Strategy Report 2006
GORDON CULLEN AND “TOWNSCAPE”
Townscape Processional Movement through Space(s)
GORDON CULLEN AND “TOWNSCAPE”
• Oxford Townscape…. • Revelations - as you are drawn through narrow dark openings that limit your vision into the large bright open spaces beyond….
GORDON CULLEN AND “TOWNSCAPE”
“The various aspects of an object fall into two broad categories.
Form Space & Vision, an introduction to drawing and design, Graham Collier, Prentice Hall, 1985
ome rights reserved by Paulus Maximus! http://www.flickr.com/photos/supergolden/2554627688/sizes/o/in/photostream/ who refers to Cullen in his caption at http://www.flickr.com/photos/96424614@N00/2554627688
GORDON CULLEN AND “TOWNSCAPE” “There are those that cannot be seen from one particular viewing position, but which become visible as we look at the thing from all sides, either by walking around it or by turning the object. (Both movement and time are involved, whichever we do.) Form Space & Vision, an introduction to drawing and design, Graham Collier, Prentice Hall, 1985
GORDON CULLEN AND “TOWNSCAPE”
“Secondly, there are those aspects of an object which are not externally visible: the hidden, internal aspects of the object. We may be able to deduce or to intuitively sense the interior shape of a thing from its surface appearance.”
Form Space & Vision, an introduction to drawing and design, Graham Collier, Prentice Hall, 1985
GORDON CULLEN AND “TOWNSCAPE”
Everson in his blog, no2self.net quotes Cullen and illustrates it in this scene
“Arising out of this sense of identity or sympathy with the environment … we discover that no sooner do we postulate a HERE than automatically we must create a THERE, for you cannot have one without the other. Some of the g reatest townscape effects are created by a skillful relationship between the two…”
Some rights reserved by eversion http://www.flickr.com/photos/eversion/13737161/sizes/o/in/photostream/ see also blog at http://no2self.net/category/drawing/
GORDON CULLEN AND “TOWNSCAPE”
Serial Vision ”is to walk from one end of the plan to another, at a uniform pace, will provide a sequence of revelations which are suggested in the serial drawings opposite, reading from left to right.” Naziaty Mohd Yaacob urban design blog
URBAN DESIGN – BAES 4136 Lecture 1 : Week 1 In Uncategorized on July 8, 2008 at 8:44 am Introduction to Urban Design Theories by Naziaty Mohd Yaacob http://rekabentukbandar.wordpress.com/2008/07/08/lecture-1-week-1/ “Illustration above of Cullen’s Serial Vision theory taken from” Roger Trancik’s “Finding Lost Space”
“A GOOD LOOKING TOWNSCAPE IS A PRODUCT OF A HOST OF FACTORS. 1. A workable structure of compatible land-use groupings; 2. Attractive layout and pride in the craftsmanship of buildings old and new; 3. Suitable densities of development; 4. Efficient public utilities services; 5. Convenient routes for Vehicles and pedestrians; 6. Open spare inappropriate amounts and locations; 7. Clearly defined urban rural boundaries; 8. Space for expansion; 9. And, above all, a viable economy�. Burke (Gerald). 1976 Townscapes, Penguin Book
TOWN CENTRES PROVIDE 1. Civic identity 2. architectural assets 3. neutral public territory 4. cosmopolitan multicultural values 5. key transport hubs 6. services that need critical mass 7. focus for evening economy 8. key centres for Visitors & tourists Ken Worpole 1992 Towns for People: Transforming Urban Life OU Press
STREETS
• “give access to buildings, they provide an outlook from buildings, they give light and air, they are the setting for architecture, and they are the backbone of the everyday surroundings for many people.”
Buchanan Keith, Wheels of fortune transport in the South East, South East Economic Development strategy London 1988
CLEAR ENTRANCES
http://farm1.static.flickr.com/101/295662832_77c3073784.jpg?v=0
http://lh6.ggpht.com/_uxCytvbXw-o/RPpNjUGGABI/AAAAAAAAAXk/clxqpVpZOWk/P8280050.JPG
“GARDEN ROOMS” IN LANDSCAPE DESIGN
ANALYSIS OF EXISTING CONTEXT
The Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment have developed 5 key ‘Urban Design Qualities’ which can be used to both analyse existing townscape and to consider the effectiveness and quality of a design proposal within an existing context
Permeability: movement and connection Vitality: exciting places Variety: diversity Legibility: Where am I? How do I get there? Robustness: change and adapt as required
LEGIBILITY?
LEGIBILITY
LEGIBILITY?
Dead Town Centres At Night
Lost-relationships between: • people and places; • citizenship and public space; • values of cultural diversity and cosmopolitanism. Ken Worpole 1992 Towns for People: Transforming Urban Life OU Press
ANALYSIS OF EXISTING CONTEXT
Legibility - A successful and legible development is a place that has a clear image and is easy to understand.
PUBLIC ART AND LANDMARKS
• “Public Art can express community values, enhance our environment, transform a landscape, heighten our awareness, or question our assumptions.”
New landmarks: public Art, community I and the meaning of place Fairmount Park Art Association Ed, Penny Balkin Bach 2001
PUBLIC ART AND LANDMARKS
• In the 19th Century the Philadelpia “Art Association became the nation’s first Public Art organisation. “ • Philadelphia “published the Trailblazing’ percent for art’ ordnance in 1959.” • “public art that functions as a landmark identifies an area in a unique and recognisable way.” New landmarks: public Art, community I and the meaning of place Fairmount Park Art Association Ed, Penny Balkin Bach 2001
PUBLIC ART AND LANDMARKS
• “public Art is a reflection of how we see the world -the artists response to our time and place combined with our own sense of who we are. Public Art is not an “art form”. Its size can be huge or small. It can tower fifty feet high or call attention to the paving beneath your feet..” New landmarks: public Art, community I and the meaning of place Fairmount Park Art Association Ed, Penny Balkin Bach 2001
PUBLIC ART AND LANDMARKS
• “Its shape can be abstract or realistic (or both), and it maybe cast, carved, built, assembled or painted. It can be site specific, or stand in contrast to its surroundings. What distinguishes public art is the unique association of how it is made, where it is and what it means..” New landmarks: public Art, community I and the meaning of place Fairmount Park Art Association Ed, Penny Balkin Bach 2001
PUBLIC ART AND LANDMARKS
• “set out to invert the traditional public art process” . . “We asked communities to volunteer their participation and to think about What they wanted to leave to future generations. As the program progressed, artists were selected on the basis of how their ongoing Inquiry addressed the stated interests of the-community group.” New landmarks: public Art, community I and the meaning of place Fairmount Park Art Association Ed, Penny Balkin Bach 2001
ANALYSIS OF EXISTING CONTEXT
Path Landmark Edge
Node
District
ANALYSIS OF EXISTING CONTEXT
Vitality - Places that are vibrant, safe, comfortable, varied, fun, and active
ANALYSIS OF EXISTING CONTEXT Permeability - A desirable characteristic of a place is the ease with which one can move through and get to other locations. Such places are therefore integrated physically or connected to their surrounding areas
ANALYSIS OF EXISTING CONTEXT Permeability
ANALYSIS OF EXISTING CONTEXT Permeability A successful movement system: • provides the maximum choice of how people will make their journey • takes into full account all modes of movement; by foot, by cycle, by public transport and by car (in that order of importance) • makes clear connections to existing roads and facilities.
Vitality
ANALYSIS OF EXISTING CONTEXT
Places are more active when they have windows and doors which connect to the street rather than blank facades. Places feel safer with buildings overlooking them. Living spaces above shops will encourage evening activities on city streets because the streets are overlooked and feel safer.
ANALYSIS OF EXISTING CONTEXT Variety - A successful place also offers a mix of activities to the widest range of possible users
ANALYSIS OF EXISTING CONTEXT
To avoid a formulaic design response analysis of the context is vital if new design is to be effective. A successful project will relate-to & respect existing: Geography and historical context of the site Pattern of development and routes through/to it Views & scale of its neighbours Materials & methods, using ones which are as high a quality
EVALUATION OF VISUAL IMPACT
http://www.cabe.org.uk/pdf/ PublicationsByDesign.pdf
48
TOURIST VS LOCAL – DIFFERENT NEEDS?
THE URBAN JUNGLE
URBAN AND TALL BUILDINGS CREATE MICROCLIMATES
http://urbanmicroclimates.com/id30.html
IN THE SHADOW OF TALL BUILDINGS
i5.photobucket.com/.../msolboogie/Picture601.jpg
ADAPT VS FLEX “Steven Groak.. Defines adaptability as ‘capable of different social uses’ and flexibility as ‘capable of different physical arrangements’ ”
P5 of Flexible Housing, T Schneider & J Till, Architectural Press, 2007
http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_pS5sho5ku7o/SDCKhHF2JLI/AAAAAAAABbM/STRLW4rowco/S660/pplecollage.jpg
SUMMERTIME MOBILE LOUVRES?
•
PARAVANT ARCHITEKTURin Los Angeles, CA is proposing it's second house using the European Passive House Technology. The home is a two bedroom & two bath residence with a detached garage/carport. During the hot summer month a movable louver screen is shading the double-skin winter garden.
•
http://paravantarchitects.blogspot.c om/
SUMMER TIME GREEN COVER?
http://collections.infocollections.org/ukedu/en/d/Jsk02ce/3.4.html
http://aedesign.wordpress.com/category/built/page/2/
LOCAL MICROCLIMATE INFLUENCES PEOPLE S OUTDOOR THERMAL COMFORT Air temperature and humidity Ground surfaces especially in the case of
urban areas, can be uncomfortable due to evaporation or heat loss of ground materials in hot climates and uncomfortably cold in cold climates. Wind
Buildings, trees and other obstacles can be wind barriers and can reduce or increase the wind speed and even force wind to change directions
Wind Velocity profile for three different types of terrain. The roughness is highest at a dense city with large builings (source: Kang et al., RUROS, 2004)
OUTDOOR THERMAL COMFORT solar radiation -Directly emitted from the sun -Emitted from people -Emitted from objects in the landscape[indirect]
When radiation hits a surface, some of it may be absorbed, some may be transmitted and some reflected.
What happens in a dense urban area?
shading Trees Other buildings
A Green Vitruvius, principles and practice of sustainable architectural design, James & James, 1999
GORDON CULLEN AND “TOWNSCAPE”
now… “WAR” FROM OUR ENVIRONMENT
http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRd7Z6 OQSIEgVA_K_9yW1XScFL4SExaiKMODU8gA2ra2aAFBY&t=1&u sg=__PQ671U0Vc48h7pOJT9_nj9ndFg0=
http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcS6WFeIr othQNuhdLfUXc4WwSyhWZ4to07QozqP6yjLRtHozE&t=1&usg=__W_xPYoMRq170g1oig sXNhqj681A=
http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQUPO9 uPqPTmtvfcKuX6cB_3hI_fC3KcDtHbXqhNYxG_GT VsI0&t=1&usg=__2aScwQqdUw687S0mD1CM2KK pz9Y=
GORDON CULLEN AND “TOWNSCAPE”
“PLANNING FOR REAL” COMMUNITY ENGAGED IN MAKING PLANS
67
& ALSO VIRTUAL PLANNING FOR REAL Complementary
Immediate (synchronous)
Deferred (asynchronous)
Physically present (co-located) Planning for real
Virtual collaboration
Plans and comments
Video Conferencing Virtual messages and modelling 68
QUESTIONS?
TCPA ENVIRONMENTAL CRITERIA •
ecology . wildlife habitats and biodiversity;
•
energy . reduce energy consumption/CO2 emissions, promote use of renewable energy;
•
health and wellbeing . internal air quality, thermal comfort, daylight, sound insulation;
•
land use. appropriate use and reuse of sites, decontamination;
•
materials . reduce environmental impact, resource depletion and waste;
•
pollution . air, water, climate change, ozone depletion;
•
transport . implementation of a sustainable transport policy to increase alternative
•
transport provision and to reduce car use and the need to travel;
•
water . improve water management centrally and in buildings to reduce water demand and flood risk.
The TCPA in 2003 www.wwf.org.uk/filelibrary/pdf/buildingsustainably.pdf
accessed 11/11/11
TCPA SOCIAL ISSUES
• access . people with mobility or sight problems, deaf people; • community . consultation, employment; • equity . gender, race, religion; • safety and security . reduce crime, increase personal safety.
The TCPA in 2003 www.wwf.org.uk/filelibrary/pdf/buildingsustainably.pdf
accessed 11/11/11
TCPA ECONOMIC ISSUES •
flexibility . prevent obsolescence, increase future flexibility;
•
procurement . procurement route, partnering, materials and so on;
•
value for money . best value not lowest cost, whole life costing. • community empowerment; • environmental awareness of residents; • local strategic partnerships; • mix of tenure and community; • resident involvement in management; • service design and delivery; • tackling social exclusion; • tenant support (existing and new)
These bullet points are detailed in the appendix to the document.
The TCPA in 2003 www.wwf.org.uk/filelibrary/pdf/buildingsustainably.pdf
accessed 11/11/11