Hamish Tennent - 08144634 Senior Project Research and Design Report Part 2. Design Oliver Neuland Massey University 2011 198.454 ID Research Project
Table Of Contents
10.0 Introduction 11.0 Concept Scenario 12.0 Ideation and Concepting 13.0 Proposed Concepts 13.1 Concept 1 13.2 Concept 2 13.3 Concept 3 13.4 Concept Evaluation 14.0 Concept Feedback 14.1 Concept 1 Feedback 14.2 Concept 2 Feedback 14.3 Concept 3 Feedback 14.4 Expert Feedback 15.0 Concept Testing 15.1 Concept 1 Testing 15.2 Concept 3 Testing 15.3 Testing Evaluation 16.0 Sustainability Assessment 17.0 Stakeholder Assessment 18.0 Concept Selection 19.0 Concept Matrix 19.1 Matrix Assessment 19.2 Concept Selection and Justification 19.3 Next Steps 19.4 Concept Timeline 20.0 Conclusion 21.0 References
10.0 Introduction
With the research phase completed, I began to push onwards towards designing my bicycle for urban commuting that could be used by a large percentage of the population across the world. My research phase led me to investigate many different areas; from the impending population problem in the increasingly vast urban areas to the reasons why the bicycle industry have failed to produce a truly appropriate and functional commuter bicycle. With my initial concepts and ideas beginning during the latter parts of my design phase, these postit sketches or notes (left) represented ideas that I had and wanted to clear my head of so it didn’t interfere with my research or didn’t start to form concepts.
11.0 Concept Scenario I will be designing a product to be used by people who live or travel within an urban environment on a regular occasion, to work, school or any other destination. The product will offer the user a solution that is a complete urban commuting transportation solution when purchased and offers the ability to use it along with other methods of transportation such as public buses or trains. The end product will address the issues inner-city cyclists have with such things as safety and security whilst being a desirable and functioning bicycle. Looking into how the market demands the user purchase so many extra products to equip themselves with the safety and security equipment needed in the city showed me that a product needs to exist to build all of this cost into the initial purchase, to inform the user the true cost of this option. The map (bottom right) shows the trip journey that my product will be designed for, with high frequency trips (3-4 per day) shown by the inner ring, medium frequency (1-2 per day) shown by the outer ring, and lower frequency trips (3-5 per week) being outside of this area. 4 mi (6.4km)
2 mi (3.2km)
12.0 Ideation and Concepting
My initial concepting phase was done during the final weeks of my research phase, taking the form of notes taken down on post-it notes. These postit’s represented initial thoughts and by the time I had exhausted these initial thoughts and responses to my research they had totalled over 200. These concepts covered a vast array of topics from all areas of my research, covered in these concepts were such things as; mass urban transportation plans, personal rapid transportation vehicles, bicycle products and systems, plus many more different areas.
From the initial post it phase I began sorting and distilling these concepts to eliminate multiples and sort into categories so I could properly group concepts and ideas. The next step was to take each idea and place them on a different page of a 200 page sketchbook and sketch every idea on the page the post-it was on. This process allowed me to look into every idea that I had noted down over the previous month and by sketching or further explaining them, I could quickly identify and eliminate the good and bad ideas. I settled on sorting the concepts and notes into six main categories, which were: Urban Transportation Plans, Urban Transportation Methods, Bicycle Products, Bicycle Systems and Powered Personal Transportation. This process also showed me that I had the most drive to design a bicycle related solution and although I had plenty of ideas to push forward in the other categories, over 60% of my initial concepts were in the Bicycle Product and Bicycle Systems category.
From this sketchbook of categorised concepts, I began to take concepts from the book and use them as starting points for pages of sketching exploration. These pages of sketching exploration allowed me to expand on ideas that I had previously sketched, combine multiple ideas and concepts or explore completely new ideas.
This phase allowed me to explore many of the ideas that I thought were worth while, and through the sketching exploration it provided me a ‘sieve’ that showed me the weak concepts and thoughts from my sketchbook. Although not all weak ideas were disregarded, as the sorting process had helped me group similar ideas and often these ideas could combine to form new concept directions.
Among the heavily popular ideas where hundreds of different bike frame and styles of bicycle that were easier and quicker to sketch out initially inside profiles. Due to the relatively 2d nature of the bicycle frame, this fact didn’t hinder me and allowed me to explore many more ideas and concepts and as I sketched one idea, by the time I had finished I could morph or change the idea into a new one, quickly filling pages. Thinking about the hman interaction with the product was truly important to me, as I began to rethink how we used, sat, interacted and powered the largely unchanged bicycle. These quick sketches and my desire to rethink these interaction points lead me to explore more relaxed seating positions and multiple different pedalling styles. Enclosing the rear of the frame using a belt drive system was a feature that I had begun to notice in bikes that were designed for longevity and keeping this in mind, many of my concepts centred around this idea.
My initial attempts at refining to complete concepts were hugely informative but largely unsuccessful. As I began to combine ideas from the post-it phase with ideas from my sketchbook and ideas from my sketching exploration I quickly began to understand areas that I had not yet thought fully about. These ideas showed me though that I needed to work partly in this refining phase and partly in the previous exploration phase still, as features such as the bike seat style, the fork angles and the swing arm styling began very apparent in the switch to 3D sketching. These concepts did ground me a lot and focused me on creating three solid and original concepts, and without this grounding process my final three would have been much weaker.
13.0 Proposed Concepts
My three proposed concepts represent a broad spectrum in approaches to bicycle design. I aimed to try to explore the different areas that the manufacturers are focusing on with their product lines, but by treating my concepts as completely new ideas as oppose to evolutions from previous models or product lines I will take a fresh ne approach to create true solutions. Concept 1 is a reinvention of the step through bicycle, which is traditionally aimed at the female commuter market due to its typically feminine curves and frame style. Concept 2 looks at the modern trend to create a folding or pivoting bicycle in order to save space when storing or transporting in a different manner that anything on the market today. Finally, Concept 3 looks at how the manufacturing can be simplified in a bicycle, from one large aluminium superformed piece or complex composite shape, it distills it down to a number of simple to manufacture sections.
13.1 Concept 1
13.1 Concept 1 Concept 1 aims to be an all purpose product that is desired and able to be used by both males and females. With an angular and aggressive step through design, the bike doesn’t feature the typical sweeping curves of the step through bikes on the market today. With plastic casings over a super-formed aluminium frame covering the enclosed belt drive system, the bike is built for longevity and ease of feature integration. The injection moulded plastic casings mean that mounting points can easily be integrated for lights, racks and other accessories without high raises in tooling costs for the manufacturer.
13.2 Concept 2
13.2 Concept 2 Designed to provide an easy to ride and sleek solution, Concept 2 uses a smaller wheel size to compress the size of the frame and make storage and integration into public transportation easier. With the frame designed to allow the rear section to slide forward as well as the collapsing handlebars, the frame easily becomes slim-line and can be picked up via the rear section to allow it to be walked around. Featuring an enclosed belt drive system and no exposed mechanical components, the internal driving system can be assembled with grease and high strength roller bearings commonly featured in the motorcycle industry. This extra steps in the construction will greatly extend the longevity of the product.
13.3 Concept 3
13.3 Concept 3 Concept 3 is focused on the combination of individualization for the user and ease of manufacturing. With a frame that can be easily broken down into basic manufacturing sections, Concept 3 aims to lower manufacturing costs and complications by simplifying the parts that need to be made so they can be suited to local markets and industries. Concept 3 also paves the way for a wide range of customising from the user, with the option of offering a number of different sections so they can order larger, smaller or different parts online to suit their bike to their need. Accessory add-ons might include a bike rack, different seat style, handlebar style or a wide range of other options. With the complexity of the frame kept to the connecting ‘shells’ at the cross over points on the frame, these parts can allow for integration of lights or lock storage.
13.4 Concept Evaluation Each concept allowed me to take a lot of the concepts that I was developing individually and combine them into a cohesive overall design. Through my research phase I discovered the wide range of styles of bicycles that are being manufactured by the leading companies in their industry, from folding bikes, to road set-up track bikes, there is a large range of styles that have been proposed to the market. As I surmised in my research report few companies are offering fully set-up commuter bicycles for sale, my concepts aim to be cost effective by implementing all the design features necessary. Although there is a lot of development still to be done to each of the concepts to create an appropriate final solution, I tried to create three very different concepts as to explore different methods for solving the problems I had uncovered.
Concept 1 offers an interesting redesign of the step through bicycle, but I don’t believe it to be innovative in any way. With the enclosed belt drive system and the integrated lighting on the frame and handlebars it offers the user a solution that they will be able to take straight out of the street and use effectively. The frame casings and single piece style design means that tool and lock integration could be added through further concepting and development, but the complications round designing a large super-formed aluminium frame means that the cost of production is going to be very high in comparison to what price point I want my solution to have on the market. The concept is appealing in its simplicity however, stripping back to the pure elements and features that are needed from the commuter bicycle. Concept 2 is an interesting concept as it approaches the ‘fluid frame’ style with a new approach in a market that is being popularised with folding bikes. The front end of the concept will need the most development going forward however, with the issue of the oversize handlebar needing to compress to accommodate storage and usage with public transportation solutions. This concept does have the most promise to become something appealing functionally and aesthetically however, and if the handlebars and pedals compress in horizontally, the footprint of the product could become very small and storage in large number in systems such as a bike share would become feasible.
Concept 3 is my favourite of the 3 concepts as it allows maximum benefit to the 4 major stakeholders (Environment, Society, Client, User). By allowing the user to build a customised bicycle to suit their needs, it will allow them to not only start with a good general frame style but tailor it to their needs. This will also be made easier by the simplification of the manufactured parts, allowing a greater number of option to be made available and not dramatically increase the cost of the product. Problems with this concept would have to be resolved though, including the biggest issue of security. With designing a bike to be easily built and re-built by the user I would have to create a way in which only the user could pull the bike apart and not anyone on the street.
14.0 Concept Feedback
I decided to receive a wide range of feedback from a number of people in the industry, who are sport cyclists and also people who have never used a bicycle to commute before. Presenting my final 3 concepts to people, I asked them a number of questions from getting their initial reactions to asking them how much they would pay for a product like this. Among the people I got feedback from was mentor’s John McCluskey and Jim Shook both of whom are avid and long time commuter bicyclists. Both of these people have also designed public transport systems for major cities like San Jose,, Honolulu, Phoenix and others. I also got feedback from people working in the retail industry, Both McCord Blackwell and Doug Schaller currently work in Trailhead Cyclery in San Jose, California.
14.1 Concept 1 Feedback My initial feedback session were with groups of my peers at San Jose State University and consisted of 25 people, aged 22-38. Concept 1 was liked by more experienced bicyclists who were interested in the way i had taken a step through bike and made it have very aggressive lines that got ride of the typically fanion nature of the stepthrough style frame. They were however hesitant about the bar style as they explained the need for a moustache style bar where the handles turned towards the suer for more comfort. Less experienced cyclists thought the bike looked aesthetically pleasing, but felt it didn’t offer them anything new that a current bike would.
14.2 Concept 2 Feedback My initial feedback session were with groups of my peers at San Jose State University and consisted of 25 people, aged 22-38. Concept 2 was the most popular of the three concepts as people were intrigued by the different style of frame and the new way in which it could be slid to reduce it’s footprint. With this came concerns about how much the seat could extend and how high they were able to sit and whether or not this would be comfortable to ride across town or to work every day. My feedback group also expressed concerns for the stability of the frame, as they said that on first impression, they wouldn’t think that the weight of their person and the items they carry could be supported.
14.3 Concept 3 Feedback My initial feedback session were with groups of my peers at San Jose State University and consisted of 25 people, aged 22-38. The final concept also garnered a large amount of opinion and feedback as my feedback group were curious about the nature of the concept and expressed concerns about whether or not they would have a large enough number of different frame design options to warrant such a product. Females among my feedback group also explained the need for a lower point of contact for the front seat support bar so if they wanted to ride the bike in a skirt they would be able to lift their legs over the frame.
14.4 Expert Feedback I sought in-depth feedback from a number of sources including retail employees in bicycle shops, professional urban transport designers and commuter cyclists who had cities gave feedback primarily on Concept been using their bike to and from work for 1 and loved how I had made a much over 15 years. more universal step--through frame, he did however say that it would need to be much McCord Blackwell and Doug Schaller, smaller as with the current mass, weight employees of Trailhead Cyclery in San Jose would become a major issue for children was most interested in Concept 2, saying and women to easily walk their bikes that ‘it was an interesting way to tackle the around. issue that most of our customers have, that being using their newly purchased I asked Jim Shook to give me feedback bicycle on the train or bus’. They did advise on Concept 3 and he told me that the me that I needed to resolve the issue of idea of simplifying the manufacturing of ‘reducing the width of the bike so it could the components was a ‘good way to lower be stored in a rack easily’. the cost in large manufacturing quantities’ and said that ‘to further lower these costs I John McCluskey, a designer who has should try to make the most complex parts designed mass transit systems in major US the smallest’ (connecting joints).
15.0 Concept Testing
My mock-up and testing phase was to determine primarily the ergonomic interaction between the user and the product. My test rigs were set up to allow me to observe people getting on, sitting/using and getting off the bicycle frame designs that I used in my concepts as I knew this comfort was an incredibly important factor for the end user and changing the angles and geometries of bicycles incorrectly can make them incredibly uncomfortable to ride. Modifying commuter bicycle frames to create the frame shapes from my initial concepts also allowed me the chance to deconstruct the structural integrity of the common frame shapes to find out how much support and strength a bike actually needs.
15.1 Concept 1 Testing
Concept 1 could be tested easily by striping down a common mountain bike frame as the head tube angle and seat height were based relatively around these dimensions. Testing subjects found this concept the easiest to get on as the low down tube meant they didn’t have to lift their legs a lot to get over it. Test subject 1 (pictured above) easily mounted the bicycle despite the fact she was wearing footwear with a heel, which can often cause problems and make it difficult for people wanting to ride to work . Test subject 4 (pictured right) mounted the bicycle in a unique way among my test subjects, lifting his leg over the rear of the bicycle instead of using the step through frame design. When I questioned him about this he told me that was the way he felt most comfortable and explained that it was the way the had mounted the motocross bike and the style had transferred to the bicycle.
15.2 Concept 3 Testing Testing Concept 2 was achieved my modifying an old urban commuter frame by removing and readjusting the tube tube style so it branched out to meet the down tube at half way. This frame design was intended to create a structurally frame style but still allow a lot of the benefits that the step through design enables. Through testing this concept however this showed to still be very hard for women wearing lifted shoes or skirts to mount. This frame had a very ‘slacked out’ head tube angle, which gave it a very relaxed feel, but with the height of the bars equal with the seat, the rider is still put in a very hunched over and uncomfortable position.
15.3 Testing Evaluation
Testing my concept frame designs helped me gain a lot of insight into the way people approached the bike and how they thought to mount it. It tested the frames of 5 different test subjects, 2 females and 3 males and all were in unison that although concept 2 looked nice with the different top tube style, iit still posed problems to mount on. Removing parts of the frame styles also allowed me to test how structural the bike frames need to be and which parts provide the strength needed to support weight. Surprisingly, the top tube doesn’t provide too much structural support but over a period of a few hours use, the bottom bracket begins to twist. With my concepts, this twisting of the bottom bracket can be avoided by strengthening this joint. The rear drop tube that runs from the seat to the back axle is typically put there for structural support. Through testing the removal of this I found that this support transmits ground shock and vibration and if the bottom axle bar was strengthened the ride of the bike could be made much smoother. To improve the posture of the rider the head tube should be heightened to move the shoulder muscles back. Moving the shoulders back will relax the rider and allow them to be more upright and look forward to be more aware of their surroundings.
16.0 Sustainability Assessment In looking at the sustainability of each concept, Concept 3 shows the most advantages for the early part of the cycle, and with the disassembly possible at the end of life, the ability to recycle and reuse is high (dependant on the materials used in manufacturing). Okala highlight the key eco-design strategies represented by the diagram (below right) and list ways in which these strategies can be implemented, for example which concept 3, optimised manufacturing is being implemented. Okala talk about implementing optimised manufacturing by ‘reducing the complexity of the components’ or for Optimised Product Lifetime they say that the designer should; ‘Design for maintenance and easy repair’ and also they should ‘Design for upgrades’ (Philip et all, pg 36) The Okala guide also poses designers the question; ‘how can we design products that people ant to keep forever and pass along to their children’ (Philip et all, pg 41). With concept 1 and 2 i have put a higher emphasis on aesthetics and appealing to my users, whereas concept 3 is a very functional product. Most important for this strategy is longevity, a feature that concept 2 lacks due to the fact that it has more moving parts and is more likely to fail after a number of years of use.
17.0 Stakeholder Assessment Concept 1 focuses on the user and client as a stakeholder and although it isn’t particularly negligent towards the environment and society, it doesn’t offer them anything innovative and exciting. When i’m designing i believe sustainability must be implemented in all designs and that making a product purely sustainable isn’t enough, it has to be completely functional, aesthetically pleasing and desirable as well otherwise it will be a good sustainable product but ultimately a failing one.
costs are able to be kept relatively low, the increase in the number of components means that the Client will ultimately suffer in something they hold dearly, profit.
Concept 2 addressed Society and the User as its key stakeholder interests and this is clear from its obvious bias towards making it easily transportable and improving the average bicycles integration into public transport systems. Concept 3 is aimed at providing the maximum possible to the Environment, Society and the User by offering a long lasts, customisable and sustainable solution, where this concept falls down however is the fact that although the end
diagrams from the Okala 2007 handbook, available online
18.0 Concept Selection
With an adequate amount of ideation, concepting and testing resulting in the proposal of 3 final concepts, I know have to choose one to go froward with and develop into my final solution. This process of selection will be based on the feedback, testing and assessments that I have and will be completely in this design report. With functionality and usability being the number one priorities and the potential to develop the concept as well as the sustainability and other factors influencing my decision, I have created a decision matrix on the following page to help me quantify each fo the design concepts and help me select one. This matrix takes into account my primary 5 factors that i will de judging on, and I have given them a points scaling, with the most important factors getting a larger amount of influence of the final score. This decision matrix will not however be a ‘cut and dry’ guide to selecting my final concept, but will merely help inform me about my perception and which concept I feel strongest about going forward with.
19.0 Concept Matrix
Design Potential / 10
Functionality
Aesthetics
Sustainability
Cost
/ 10
/5
/5
/5
4
6
3
4
4
9
8
4
2
3
8
6
2
5
3
Concept 1.
Concept 2.
Concept 3.
21
26
24
Concept 1. An enclosed belt drive concept with a super formed aluminium casing and shell design
Concept 2. A small wheeled sliding concept that minimises the footprint whilst maintaining the functionality.
Concept 3. A deconstructable bicycle frame that allows the user to customise the style and size of their product.
Total /35
19.1 Matrix Assessment Concept 2 showed to be the highest scoring concept with 26 points, followed by concept 3 with 24 and concept 1 with 21. Concept 2 scored the highest due to its high marks in the design potential and functionality categories but lost marks because of low points in the sustainable category. Low marks in the cost and aesthetics marks hurt Concept 3 whilst concept 1 didn’t show much potential to be developed into a truly innovative and exciting product. From the feedback sessions, Concept 2 has gained the most interest and I believe can be developed into an innovative product that will meet the criteria I have for my final solution. Although the concept scored low in the sustainability and cot category, I believe that these categories can be worked on and improved through the development phase. The second highest scoring concept was concept 3 and scored highly in the design potential and sustainability categories. The concept also gained a lot of interest during the feedback sessions because it is a different way of thinking about how to buy a bicycle and a lot of the experienced cyclists thought it had potential. The concept did however score low in the aesthetics category and the functionality category didn’t score high because of the intricate joining methods. Although concept 1 was a solid concept, it scored low primarily because of the lack of true innovation in the design. The concept itself could be formed into close to a final design from its current standpoint and although it would be an improvement on current market solutions, it doesn’t bring anything new and exciting that will make my design solution a popular one. The concept did inform the next two a lot though and as it was the first complete bicycle concept that i put together, lessons were learnt from it and I don’t think my next two concept would have been as strong if i hadn’t done it first. From this step, I am ready to select a final concept to develop into my final solution.
19.2 Concept Selection and Justification I have chosen to take concept 2 to develop it into my final solution, but will continue to call back to concept 1 and 3 for inspiration. Concept 2 proved to be the strongest of the three and although there are some issues to be worked through, such as the handlebar style and positioning and the structural integrity of the frame join, these things will be resolved in the development phase. Concept 1 and 3 will heavily inform the development of my final concept however, with the way lights and features are integrated into the form of the overall product instead of being added on accessories. The way in which the manufacturing has been simplified in Concept 3 is a strong feature that I will look to implement in the development of my concept. Concept 2’s aesthetics and the way the form is cohesive and strong will be another aspect that I will implement through the development phase of Concept 2 also. Overall I feel due to the new and exciting way in which Concept 2 can be used by someone as a standalone product, with public transport solutions, or even be introduced as a complete bike sharing system makes it the strongest and most exciting concept.
19.3 Next Steps The next steps in my development process are to work through the issues that I have outlined, including resolving the structural issues, improving the sustainability of the design and creating an aesthetically appealing and cohesive solution. The sustainability of the design can be assessed and improved through doing a LCA (Life Cycle Analysis) according to the Okala guidelines, this will force me to think about the ways in which things are made, what they are made form and the processes that will be used to make them.
Using the diagram below, methods from the comprehensive and objective areas must be used to find problems with my design.
Through this assessment phase I will also relate back to the matrix I used to decide Heavy developmental sketching will be one on a concept to I can see when things of the next steps to find new solutions for improve. Through the development phase the components around the enclosed belt I will also refine and redefine this matrix to drive system and the handlebars among provide feedback on more specialist and other things. in-depth features.
19.4 Concept Timeline
Information Gathering
Market Research
Mood & Inspiration Research Market Related Inspiration and Influences
Market Research Interviews Case Studys Profiling Technological Research Mood/Inspiration Research Mindmaps Observation Issue Recognition Metaphor Exploration
Detail Mockups And Final Testing
Initial Research Brief Related Technology
Analysis of Current and Future Market Technologies
Materials and Process Further Research and Justification
Technical Research Market Analysis and Product/System Direction Researched and Set Initial Brainstorms
Final Cad Developments
Prototyping
Prototype Analysis
Final Detail Refinement
CAD Modelling 2D Detail Refinement Prototyping Detailed Model Building Manufacturing Sourcing Materials Sourcing Technical 3D Testing 2D Renders (Hand, CAD) Branding and Marketing
Industry Materials and Processes Testing Materials and Methods Research
Technical Mock-ups and Scale Testing
Concept Sorting and Finalisation
Concept Materialisation
Concept Ideation
Ideation
Scale Mockups, Test Rigs, Full Scale Form Models and Other 3D Exploration
Detail
Ideation Brainstorming Group Ideation Technical Individual Ideation Exploration Brief Re-evaluation Initial Sketching 2D and 3D Detailed Sketching Scale Mockups Foam Form Models Thumbnailing Concept Combining Idea Incubation Detailed Form Development 2D Work
In
Concept Evaluation and Detailing Exploration
Detail and Form Refinement
Detailing and DFMA Concepting Design Around Manufacturing Processes
Form Development Using 2D and 3D Means
This diagram shows a detailed map of my personal design process, with the Information gathering and Ideation Phases complete I will now move into the Development and Prototyping and Testing Phases.
Prototyping and Testing
Development
2D Form Development Scale Mockups Full Size Mockups Foam Scale Testing Detail Sketching Interface Design Material Implementation Manufacturing Implementation DFMA 3D Rough Form Testing Scale Tests Technical Research Industry Studies
Jul 2011
Phase 4
Oct 2011
Phase 3
Sep 2011
Phase 2
Prototyping
Aug 2011
Phase 1
Testing
Technical 3D testing. Prototyping begin.
Nov 2011
Marketing finalisation and branding application
Final Presentation preparation
Final CAD adjustments and modifications
Further prototyping and completion.
Prototyping and Testing
Full scale test mockups and CAD modelling. Final design freeze before the beginning of the CAD modelling phase. Prototyping analysis and planning. Industry analysis and manufacturing planning.
Detail mockups and final testing and materials gathering for prototyping phase.
Development and Refinement Detailing and DFMA to develop in 2D then move into 3D form development. 3D form development through scale mockups, foam core and expanded foam form mock-ups. Further technical research to understand and resolve the final issues before pushing onto the concept freeze stage. Develop branding and marketing.
20.0 Conclusion In conclusion, through heavy ideation, concepting and analysis I have devised a concept with potential to be developed into an innovative and appropriate design solution. The concept, at this time called Concept 2, has been shown interest by everyday users and industry professionals alike, with everyone agreeing tat it has the possibility of being pushed to a good solution. Developing 3 complete concepts that could individually be turned into my final solution helped me develop 3 different trains of thought and different approaches to the same problem. Although I am starting with Concept 2 as my final solution, I will take influence from the other two concepts to help give me a rounded approach to my final product. My aim for the coming 5 months is to finish the developmental phase and push on towards the testing and prototyping phase. With a solid base of knowledge and understanding from the research phase to completely understand my user group, I feel confident I can create a solution that experienced cyclists, young children and business people alike can use in everyday life.
21.0 References
Chertok et al. (2004). Comparison of pollution level for five different commuter modes in Sydney. Retrieved 1st July From: www.austroads.com.au/.../Air_pollutants_exposure_ by_travel_mode.pdf. Austroads.com.au Nolan, Robert B. and Small, Kenneth A. (1998). Travel Time Uncertanty, Departure Time Choice, and The Cost Of The Morning commute. Retrieved 1st July From: http:// pubsindex.trb.org/view.aspx?id=452605. www.pubsindex.trb.org Schlein, Lisa et De Capua, Joe and Krßger, Sven (City Mayors). (2010). Retrieved July 2nd 2010 From: http:// www.citymayors.com/society/urban-population.html. www.citymayors.com Turcotte, Martin. (2004). Like commuting? Workers’ perceptions of their daily commute. Retrieved 1st July From: http://www.statcan.gc.ca/access_acces/archive. action?loc=/pub/11-008-x/2006004/pdf/9516-eng.pdf. www.statcan.gc.ca United State Census Bureau. (2010). Retrieved Jul 2nd From: http://www.census.gov/population/international/ data/idb/informationGateway.php. www.census.gov White, Phillip et St. Pierre, Louise et Belletire, Steve.(2007). Okala, learning ecological design. Retrieved 1st July From: http://www.idsa.org/whatsnew/sections/ecosection/okala. html. www.idsa.org
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