Issue273

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issue 273 | 10.06.13 | PAGe 1

Timber goes up and up – and up

THIS ISSUE • US regulations to reduce emissions • CHH re-opens Caboolture sawmill

Windy city considers a 42-storey wooden tower with much smaller carbon footprint

revolutionary structural solution when it was designed by Skidmore in 1965. The new prototype is a hybrid system that uses the most efficient structural combination of mass timber, concrete and steel to reduce the carbon footprint of the resulting design by between 60% and 75% when compared to the concrete benchmark.

Managing partner Richard Tomlinson says the genesis of the project lies in the fact that a tall building’s embodied carbon footprint is significantly higher relative to low-rise buildings on

AN American architectural and engineering firm has released a timber tower research project to establish the structural viability of a 42-storey mass timberframed building in Chicago.

Described as a ‘structural solution’, the project has been initiated by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill and sponsored by the US Softwood Lumber Board.

The plan is benchmarked against the existing concreteframed DeWitt Chestnut Apartments in Chicago – a Structural solution .. design plan for Chicago’s 1200 m high mass timber tower.

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issue 273 | 10.06.13 | PAGe 1

industry news

Carter Holt Harvey to re-open sawmill

Good news for Caboolture IT is .. it isn’t. It will .. it won’t.

Conjecture over the re-opening of the Carter Holt Harvey sawmill at Caboolture, 50 km north of Brisbane, has been rife every since the mill was severely damaged by a fire in December last year that caused an estimated $1 million damage.

“We never doubted that Carters would start up the mill again and look after us until this happened,” a worker at the mill site said last week.

A CHH spokesman said the pine framing and timber treatment facility would be renovated and ready for a re-start as early as October.

Since the blaze on December 5, CHH has certainly “looked after” the staff; all have been employed during the closure and throughout the re-planning stage.

The fire started in a large planing shed, igniting timber and hydraulic fuel and spreading to a three-storey silo filled with sawdust.

Investigators said both buildings had been extensively damaged. The machinery had been switched off for nearly two hours and mill workers at the time said they were not sure how and why the buildings caught fire.

“The decision to re-open the mill is fantastic news for staff and the industry,” the CHH spokesman said.

“It’s very pleasing to see the employment of mill workers will continue; they have worked very hard to make this a very good mill,” he said.

“We’re on track with the rebuilding program and the mill is expected to be open by mid-

October.”

Timber Queensland CEO Rod McInnes said the decision to re-open the mill was welcome news and would put some solid competition back into the market in southeast Queensland.

“It’s good to have Queensland’s second largest sawmill back in production and hats off to Carter Holt Harvey for maintaining the workers through this and keeping them on the payroll with no significant output.”

The mill previously has processed up to 200,000 cub m of logs, but future output will depend on the number of shifts required to meet market demand.

Carter Holt Harvey Woodproducts is Australia’s most comprehensive wood manufacturing, distribution and sales business manufacturing a range of products including particleboard, mouldings, flooring, low pressure melamine, LVL, plywood as well as treated and untreated timber and decorative wood products.

CHH has transformed the old sawmill in the small Alpine town of Myrtleford, Vic, into a state-of-the-art plywood mill to make it more competitive and sustainable. The new mill ensures production is efficient and reduces the demand for imports, giving a boost to the domestic timber industry.

Meanwhile, CHH is closing two of its mills at Mount Gambier, SA, to consolidate sawmilling operations at one site. These include the Lakeside sawmill and pine mouldings plant.

Around 113 jobs will be created at the company’s new central sawmiling site on the Jubilee Highway.

Improving our industry’s capacity to develop and maintain a skilled workforce ............................

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‘It’s very pleasing to see the employment of mill workers will continue; they have worked very hard to make this a very good mill’ PAgE 2 | issuE 273 | 10.06.13

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TIMBER PROMOTION

TMA is ‘last man standing’ as advisory centre for timber use Ron Caddy proud of association’s achievements

“IT’S time to pass the baton to younger hands – a new generation with new ideas,” says Ron Caddy who has retired as president of the Timber Merchants Association in Victoria.

“And this could well apply to a lot of ‘old codgers’ in other industry oranisations,” he teased.

Mr Caddy has completed many years as a TMA director and six years as president – a period, he says, that started with grim prospects only to forge ahead out of darkness under guiding lights such as the late Peter Roberts [the former CEO] and new chief Eric Siegers.

“TMA is back in the black,” Ron Caddy said, “and membership is growing stronger with more than 100 members.”

Mr Caddy of Lamcal Timbers Building Supplies in Melbourne has stepped aside for new president Richard Hill, who is co-CEO of timber merchant Hazelwood & Hill at Burwood.

Mr Hill has been on the TMA committee for nine years, six of them as vice-president, a position now taken on in a joint role by Peter Alexander of Pueker & Alexander, and Garrie James of Outdoor Timber Products.

“The Timber Merchants Association is 130 years old this year, which is a magnificent achievement – and it would not have survived if not for one thing, relevance to its members,” Richard Hill said.

“We thank the out going president Ron Caddy for his

Ron Caddy

tireless determination and hard work over the last six years which has helped secure the future of such an important body.

The Hill family originated from Colac, Vic, and Richard’s grandfather Arthur Hill once travelled up and down the western districts selling timber products to anyone who would buy them.

In 1931, he met up with Mr Hazelwood who had a small timber yard in Dodd Street, South Melbourne, and the Hazelwood and Hill partnership was born.

The company specialised in furniture timber and also the machining and moulding of timbers. The mouldings facility at the company’s Burwood yard is still the lynchpin that drives the company’s success,

‘We’re proud to have the only dedicated timber advisory service in Australia and 30% of inquiries come from interstate – and it’s open six days a week and it’s free’ – Ron Caddy Advertising: Tel +61 7 3266 1429 Email: cancon@bigpond.net.au

Richard Hill

Eric Siegers

just as it did in the early years.

As the company developed, it became a key supplier to all the theatre workshops in the city. As television came into force and the theatres closed their workshops, the TV

industry became the next major customer and Hazelwood & Hill is still a major supplier to this industry.

The company moved from Cont Page 7

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issue 273 | 10.06.13 | Page 3

industry news

Global forum: a united voice for timber on the world stage

Role in helping with anti-illegal timber regulation THE first steps in the formation of a new communication and discussion platform for the international timber industry were taken in Rome last month – the aim, to improve networking and knowledge sharing and strengthen the sector’s worldwide market presence and political profile.

The launch meeting of the Global Timber Forum took place at the headquarters of the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations and was attended by more than 80 industry organisation and private sector delegates from 40 countries.

The event was co-convened by the UNFAO, the Forest Trust/ Timber Trade Action Plan and the European Timber Trade Federation.

It followed the unveiling of the global timber forum during the Global Wood Mart in Kuala Lumpur in October last year.

European Timber Trade Federation secretary-general André de Boer said the inspiration behind the initiative was the growing number of issues, from climate change, sustainable development and construction, to anti-illegal timber measures, where the timber sector needs to speak with a single voice.

“Facing a range of key challenges and opportunities worldwide, there has never been a more important time for our industry to present a united front,” Mr de Boer said.

“At the launch achievable goals were put forward which we can now work towards.”

Jukka Tissari, forestry officer trade and marketing at the FAO Forest Products Service, said that the forum could also support the organisation’s mission to encourage a “common vision” across the industry in efforts to

PAgE 4 | issuE 273 | 10.06.13

The Global Timber Forum commitment panel .. Andreas von Möller (Europe), Robbie Weich (South America), Francoise van de Ven (Africa), Sheam Satkuru-Granzella (Asia) Cindy Squires (North America), Liu Nengwen (China), John Halkett (Oceania).

end illegal logging.

“We expect it to propose deeper collaborative action to foster responsible timber trading,” he said.

Several other speakers developed the theme of the GTF’s possible role in helping the industry cope with antiillegal timber regulation. By promoting greater coordination between different national and regional rules, they said, it could make them easier to work with and ultimately more effective.

Delegates also saw the global forum as a channel for sharing marketing expertise, developing common international promotional messages, and underlining the contribution timber can make in the drive to sustainable ‘green building’, as the ultimate renewable construction material.

In addition, it was suggested

André de Boer .. forum goal to secure wider industry sponsorship.

that it could highlight the part sustainable timber production can play in maintaining the forest resource.

“Realising forest values, and sustaining local livelihoods, can play a key role in their restoration and sustainable management worldwide,” UNFAO assistant director-general forestry

Facing a range of key challenges and opportunities worldwide, there has never been a more important time for industry to present a united front

Eduardo Rojas-Briales said.

Proposed next steps for the forum include the development of its structure, appointment of an advisory board and formulation of a communications and media strategy. This could include the creation of a website and a newsletter, organisation of meetings and participation in other industry events.

André de Boer said the ETTF would underwrite the initial development of the forum. The goal would then be to secure wider industry sponsorship in the form of “small amounts from a large number of supporters”.

The launch event closed with the selection of a seven-strong panel, representing the different continents and China, to draft a letter of commitment for disseminating to the global timber forum’s potential backers and participants worldwide.

“It is very exciting that so many people have come together from as far apart as Guatemala and Indonesia to support the launch of the forum,” ETTF president Andreas von Möller said.

“It highlights the appetite in our industry for greater communication and cooperation,” he said.

“Now we must ensure we make this a constant worldwide dialogue.”

Studies used by the Centre for International Economics estimate that between 20% and 80% of timber is illegally sourced in high risk countries.

It is estimated that illegal logging undercuts global prices for legally produced timber by between 7-16%. The World Bank (2006) estimates financial losses to the global market from illegal logging of more than US10 billion a year and losses of government revenues of about $US5 billion a year

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WHAT’S ON?

June

15: Melbourne Hoo-Hoo Club 217 50th anniversary dinner The Point, Aquatic Drive, Albert Park Lake. Accommodation: Bayview Eden Melbourne, 6 Queens Road.

Tel: (03) 9250 222. Special deal for Hoo-Hoo members – $140 room plus $20 p.p. for a full buffet breakfast. Car parking included.

Dinner bookings to Trish Waters on (03) 9799 6790. Email: bookings@ hoohoo.com.au RSVP Before June 7. Please book early.

18, 19: CLT and massive timber building seminars.

Timber products and systems for the commercial building market.

Massive timber buildings made from CLT, LVL and glulam have revolutionised the use of structural timber in commercial buildings across the world.The seminars are a ‘must’ for those in the design and development industry and guests will be welcome to stay for networking drinks and canapés at the conclusion of the events.

Sydney June 18 at Sydney Masonic Centre. Melbourne June 19 at the Engineers Australia Auditorium. Cost: There is no cost for design professionals. RSVP before Friday, June 14 to Jane Letteri on (02) 8424 3702 or email jane.l@tdansw.asn.au 30-July 3: The New Zealand Institute of Forestry conference and awards dinner– Taranaki.

Venue: The Devon Hotel, New Plymouth. Visit NZIFConference. co.nz website for more detail and registration

AuGust 24: (Saturday): The Cat Goes Gold.

Brisbane Hoo-Hoo Club 218 50th

anniversary celebration. Fratelli Italian Ristorante, 103 Crosby Road, Albion, Brisbane. Contact 0401 312 087 or 0428 745 455 for bookings.

SEPTEMBER 3-5: WoodEXPO 13 – Albury, nsw.

11-13: WoodEXPO 13, Rotorua, NZ. World leaders in wood processing, manufacturing and new product technologies will speak at the region’s first ‘business-tobusiness’ wood industry show.

The new expo will provide local companies – management as well as production staff – exposure to new technologies that can improve their own efficiencies and productive capability. Leading technology providers from Europe, North America and Asia will join with each of the main equipment and product suppliers from New Zealand and Australia. Full details on the expo, summit and technology workshops are available on www.woodexpo2013.com

OCTOBER 11: Forest and wood Products Australia (FWPA) AGM and research forum. Time: 8:30-10:30 am. Venue: Novotel Rockford Darling Harbour Hotel, Sydney.

Inquiries to Ric Sinclair, FWPA (03) 9927 3200 or ric.sinclair@fwpa. com.au 11: Building stronger value chains – Australian timber industry seminar. Time: 10.30 am-5 pm.

Venue: Novotel Rockford Darling Harbour Hotel, Sydney. Joint hosts: Forest and Wood Products Australia (FWPA); the Australian Timber Importers Federation (ATIF) and Timber Merchants and Building Material Association (TABMA). This

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eVents will be the industry’s ‘must-attend’ event for 2013. Inquiries to John Halkett, ATIF (02) 9356 3826; Colin Fitzpatrick, TABMA (02) 9277 3100 Ric Sinclair, FWPA (03) 9927 3200 or Eileen Newbury, Leading Edge Events International (03) 9597 0948.

Seminar sponsorship inquiries to John Halkett.

11: Australian timber industry annual gala dinner and awards presentation. Time 7:30 pm onwards. Timber and Building Material Association (TABMA) Doltone House, Pyrmont, Sydney.

Pre-dinner drinks 6:30 pm.

Inquiries to Colin Fitzpatrick, TABMA (02) 9277 3100 or colin@tabma. com.au

dECEMBER 4-5. Focus on improving transport and logistics in the forestry sector. It will build on the

excellent program designed by the Forest Industry Engineering Association.

Visit www.foresttechevents.com

FEBRUARY 2014 17-21: Gottstein Wood Science Course, Melbourne. Inquiries to Dr Silvia Pongracic (Gottstein Trust), 0418 764 954 or secretary@gottsteintrust. org or www.gottsteintrust.org

MARCH 2014 19: ForestWood 2014 Conference.

Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, Wellington. A panindustry conference jointly hosted

by Forest Owners Association, the Wood Processors Association, Pine Manufacturers Association , Forest Industry Contractors Association and supported by Woodco, NZ Farm Forestry Association and the Frame and Truss Manufacturers Association.

Australia’s forest, wood, pulp and paper products industry now has a stronger voice in dealings with government, the community and in key negotiations on the industry’s future, as two peak associations have merged to form a single national association.

The Australian Forest Products Association (AFPA) has been formed through the merger of the Australian Plantations Products and Paper Industry Council (A3P) and the National Association of Forest Industries (NAFI).

AFPA was established to cover all aspects of Australia’s forest industry: - Forest growing; - Harvest and haulage; - Sawmilling and other wood processing; - Pulp and paper processing; and - Forest product exporting.

For more information on the Australian Forest Products Association (AFPA) or to enquire about membership , please call (02) 6285 3833.

issue 273 | 10.06.13 | PAGe 5

industry news

Sawmilling by-products vital to make NZ businesses profitable A MAJOR study released by the New Zealand Wood Council says by-products from established industries such as sawmilling are needed to develop profitable businesses, based on emerging technologies, like bio-fuels and bio-chemicals.

The WoodScape study is the result of collaboration between the forest and wood products industry, the NZ Ministry for Primary Industries and NZ Trade and Enterprise, which together funded the project.

Crown Research Institute Scion, in partnership with FP Innovations and the Wood Council, evaluated wood processing investment opportunities in a New Zealand setting.

The study developed a NZspecific model that can be used to evaluate potential opportunities for investment in traditional and emerging wood processing technologies that have the potential to generate more jobs and increase export earnings from New Zealand’s timber harvest.

Council chairman Doug Ducker says the study has highlighted a single key imperative – viable primary wood processing

PAgE 6 | issuE 273 | 10.06.13

Energy opportunity .. dried woodchips and sawdust from New Zealand mills.

industries like sawmilling are vital to investment in further downstream secondary processing.

“If sawmillers on-sell wood residues to supplement their income this will in turn enable many new and emerging technologies like bio-fuels and bio-chemicals to generate acceptable positive returns on investment,” Mr Ducker said.

“Without the primary wood processing sector, these new opportunities will be less viable.”

Doug Ducker .. positive returns on investment.

‘Without the primary wood processing sector, these new opportunities will be less viable’ – Doug Ducker

The work is an important next step in the Wood Council’s Strategic Action Plan, which aims to increase the sector’s exports from the current $4.5 billion dollars to $12 billion dollars by 2022. The role of the WoodScape study was to analyse future investment options to grow wood processing and manufacturing in New Zealand.

“We are on an exciting journey,” Mr Ducker says. “But it is important to understand that the WoodScape study has been conducted at a very high level and further analysis will need to be undertaken at a regional and individual company level to identify specific investment opportunities.”

A summary of findings of the WoodScape report as well as the detailed study reports can be found on the Wood Council’s website: www.woodco.org.nz The Wood Council of New Zealand is the over-arching body for the forestry and wood processing sector. Its members are forest owners, wood processors, pine manufacturers, and farm forestry and forestry industry contractor associations.

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TIMBER PROMOTION

‘We do what we do best on our own turf’ From Page 3

South Melbourne in 1951 when Arthur Hill’s son Gordon purchased land at McIntyre Street, Burwood.

Today Hazelwood and Hill is comanaged by Richard Hill and Bernie Tighe.

Reflecting on his years as TMA president, Ron Caddy said the association was now firing on all eight cylinders.

“We’re financially stable and we do what we do best on our own turf,” he said.

“As a registered industrial body, TMA represents members at Fairwork Australia and this leads to representation at federal and state government levels.

We are focused on working together with government, unions, business and customers to grow the business opportunities for the merchant sector.

“In our view, the real name of the TMA should be the ‘Industrial Registered Body’ representing our members and the Association of Renewable Sustainable Resources in Victoria.

“A little long, I admit, but that’s what we do.”

As far as direct wood promotion to the general public is concerned, Mr Caddy says TMA is the ‘last man standing’.

“We’re proud to have the only dedicated timber advisory service in Australia and 30% of inquiries come from interstate – and it’s open six days a week

and it’s free,” he said.

“We deal directly with architects, specifiers, designers and builders who want to know all sorts of things about wood – fire ratings, standards, structural use and application, species, the list and the requests go on.”

Mr Caddy said the advisory centre at the TMA HQ at Blackburn was in the hands of three professionals each with solid background knowledge of timber, merchandising and building.

“Meet the three Wilsons,” invited Mr Caddy. Jim Wilson, well known for his long service at Tilling Timber, and brothers

Max and Les Wilson, all with mature know-how about the timber trade and construction.”

Mr Caddy said there had also been a lot of questions about timber and the bushfire ratings.

“The advisory centre is there to guide them through some confusing parts of the standard,” he said, “particularly the relevant Australian standard AS 3959 which comes with a range of bushfire attack levels for proposed construction.”

In many parts of Australia, the construction of new buildings and additions to existing buildings are assessed as being in a bushfire prone area.

Each Level is based on the

assessed threat and as this threat increases, so do the restrictions on the building materials that may be used.

Where there are restrictions on the building materials, timber is permitted in the lower levels provided the timber species meets certain criteria.

Timber species that have been tested and found to meet the required parameters and are not subjected to fire retardant treatment are blackbutt, merbau, red ironbark, river red gum, silvertop ash, spotted gum and turpentine.

– JIM BOWDEN

Wood Protection

Five-year high in NZ housing starts APPROVALS for 1755 new houses and apartments were issued last month in New Zealand, the highest monthly number for five years.

Registered Master Builders Federation CEO Warwick Quinn said it was good the increase.

“But if you take away the growth in Auckland and Canterbury, it’s still a flat environment.”

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Contact the Australian Lonza team for full details of the Lonza value package. phone:1300 650 636 issue 273 | 10.06.13 | Page 7

BUILDING TRENDS

Structural efficiency is the key to success of a tall building system From Page 1

a per square foot basis.

“This is exacerbated by the fact that tall buildings are almost exclusively constructed of concrete or steel – high-strength non-combustible materials that have a high carbon footprint when compared to wood,” Mr Tomlinson said.

“The wood solution for sustainable tall buildings is attractive, but also requires care from the engineering community since few contemporary precedents exists.

“The goal of the timber tower research project is to develop a structural system for tall buildings that uses mass timber as the main structural material and minimises the embodied carbon footprint of the building.”

The 1220 m, 42-storey building documented in the 72-page report and 33 supporting drawings demonstrates the technical feasibility of meeting architectural, structural, interior, and building service requirements.

Systems were developed by Skidmore with considerations of constructability, cost and fire protection in mind, although additional research and physical testing will be necessary to verify the performance of the proposed system.

Contemporary building codes, based on prescriptive rather than performative requirements, generally limit wood-framed buildings to four storeys or less.

Many architects, including Skidmore, are looking for an approach that allows safe, wellengineered large-scale wood buildings that responsibly address sustainable issues in constructed environments.

When Skidmore designed the John Hancock Centre in

PAgE 8 | issuE 273 | 10.06.13

manner that capitalises on the strengths of each.

For the prototype timber tower, the architects developed a ‘concrete jointed timber frame’ structural system.

“The development of this system is a natural extension of our structural legacy,” structural and civil engineering partner William Baker said.

“Building tall creates desirable urban density, but this solution using timber helps us achieve this result with a much smaller carbon footprint.”

City of steel and concrete .. Chicago skyline makes way for tall timber.

the late 1960s, the Chicago building code did not allow for a 100-storey building. The firm’s architects and engineers worked with the building department and elected leaders to develop safe and sensible solutions that set new standards.

The timber tower research report can help inspire forwardthinking municipalities to create large buildings that address today’s concerns about sustainability, say the architects.

Skidmore, Owings & Merrill has been at the forefront of designing and engineering tall buildings for more than half a century.

They say structural efficiency is the key to the success of a

Skidmore’s city design practice partner Philip Enquist says designing sustainable cities is the most important design challenge of the 21st century.

“Mass timber towers like those proposed in the tall timber project will give us another important tool for environmentally responsible development in this century of cities.”

The real work begins now that the report has been issued.

William Baker .. building tall creates desirable urban density, but this solution using timber helps achieve a much smaller carbon footprint.”

tall building system and the structural materials used in a tower must be used in a

Many architects are looking for an approach that allows safe, well-engineered large-scale wood buildings that responsibly address sustainable issues in constructed environments

“We think acceptance of tall timber structures will only continue to grow as the public learns more about the sustainability, fire resistance, and durability of all timber structures.”

Skidmore has acknowledged funding for the timber tower research project from the Softwood Lumber Board.

“This has been a team effort between our organisation and SOM,” says Skidmore CEO Steve Lovett. “Mass timber has the inherently sustainable qualities necessary for contemporary construction and we welcome research that demonstrates its application in a wider variety of structures.”

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industry news

Outreach strategy will follow illegal logging regulation Industry invited to seminars THE Illegal Logging Prohibition Amendment Regulation 2013, registered on the federal register of legislative instruments on May 31, is now available to the public.

The regulation is expected to be tabled in federal parliament this week.

This will be supported by an education and outreach strategy and state and territory specific guidelines developed by the Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry (DAFF).

This strategy includes information sessions in the Asia-Pacific region, in capital cities around Australia and in regional areas where there are concentrations of domestic timber processors.

The international sessions will provide information to overseas governments and suppliers of timber to Australia about the regulation. The domestic sessions focus on the Illegal Logging Prohibition Act 2012 and the new requirements in the regulation.

DAFF has asked worked groups and industry stakeholders to assist with the information seminars by way of inviting participation, suggesting

venues and sharing of relevant Timber & Forestry e-news is the most authoritative information. and quickest deliverer of news and special features Consistent with the broad to the forest and forest products industries in timelines outlines over the last Australia, New Zealand and the Asia-Pacific region. few months, DAFF is proposing Weekly distribution is over 7,000 copies, delivered to hold information sessions every Monday. Advertising rates are the most in June in Sarawak, Malaysia, competitive of any industry magazine in the region.

Canada (via teleconference) Timber&Forestry e-news hits your target market – and Indonesia (Jakarta and every week, every Monday!

Medan, northern Sumatra) and in Papua New Guinea, Malaysia HEAD OFFICE (Peninsula and Sabah) New Custom Publishing Group Zealand (Wellington, Rotorua Unit 23986 Pacific Highway and Christchurch) in July.

Loganholme 4129 Qld, Australia Domestic seminars are scheduled for July in New South Address all correspondence to Wales followed in August by PO Box 330, Hamilton Central, Qld 4007 seminars in Victoria, Tasmania, South Australia and Western Australia, and in September by seminars in Queensland and the Northern Territory. dennis@industrye-news.com Paul McNamara, assistant secretary, forestry branch, PUBLISHER climate change division, DAFF, Dennis Macready said the sessions were based dennis@industrye-news.com on available information on the regulatory environment.

“As materials are further developed over the course of this year, we are planning mAnAgIng EDITOR to hold further information Jim Bowden sessions next year where tel: +61 7 3266 1429 more detailed information will Mob: 0401 312 087 be made available,” he said in timberandforestryenews@bigpond.com a communication in a report distributed to industry.

Bill must be abandoned MASTER Builders Australia has called on the federal government to abandon the Fair Work Amendment Bill 2013 following announcements by Rob Oakeshott MP and Tony Windsor MP that four months from an election is not the time to consider wide-ranging changes to the workplace relations system.

CEO Wilhelm Harnisch says the Bill should be set aside or at least reconsidered once all of the government’s amendments have been properly assessed.

“The Bill puts the cart before the horse, creating enforceable laws about bullying without a fully developed code of practice to help ensure compliance with the law,” he said.

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ADVERTISIng tel: +61 7 3266 1429 timberandforestryenews@bigpond.com

Opinions expressed on Timber & Forestry e news are not necessarily the opinions of the editor, publisher or staff. We do not accept responsibility for any damage resulting from inaccuracies in editorial or advertising.

The Publisher is therefore indemnified against all actions, suits, claims or damages resulting from content on this e news. Content cannot be reproduced without the prior consent of the Publisher- Custom Publishing Group.

issue 273 | 10.06.13 | Page 9

industry news

Royal Assent: Tasmanian forests peace deal legislation now reality THE forest peace deal legislation in Tasmania is now a reality after the Bill was given Royal Assent by the Governor.

Peter Underwood said it was “an occasion of note”, given all the arguments before Tasmania’s lower house finally passed the legislation at the end of April.

“In the name of her majesty the Queen, I assent to this Act,” Governor Underwood said.

The Resources Minister Bryan Green now has fewer than 30 days to define which areas will be protected under the legislation, by tabling an Initial Proposed Reserve Order in both houses of parliament.

Now the Bill has received Royal Assent, the Minister will also establish a special council to advice on the implementation of the Forest Agreement. The council is expected to be formed this month.

The State Opposition has used a parliamentary budget hearing to question the legality of the forestry peace deal legislation.

Opposition forestry spokesman Peter Gutwein says peace deal signatories demanded legislative changes in exchange for their

support for the government’s Bill.

He claims this is illegal under the criminal code.

He has asked the Forestry Minister Bryan Green whether the government sought legal advice on whether the agreement was legal.

“So very clearly, there was an understanding that you wouldn’t have their support publicly for the amended legislation if you didn’t make a commitment to those things in their 21 demands,” he said.

“Minister, I’ll ask you again. Did you have this legalled and do you have advice that you haven’t contravened the criminal code?”

Mr Green says the government’s forest peace deal laws were made legally.

“It is a unique situation .. something that hasn’t occurred in Tasmania in the past,” he said.

“So we’ve committed $33 million over the next four years to help implement it.”

Peter Underwood, Governor of Tasmania.

Meanwhile, an ABC report says the federal Government is close to finalising details for a pre-election ‘cash splash’ in Tasmania.

It is tied to the forest peace deal and will be spent creating new jobs in hard-hit regional communities.

The Prime Minister Julia Gillard has fast-tracked the rollout of $100 million earmarked for regional development and Tasmanians should know by

‘An occasion of note, given all the arguments before Tasmania’s lower house passed the legislation’ – Peter Underwood

next month where some of that cash will go.

Questions were raised in the budget estimates hearing about Jonathan West’s role in determining how Tasmania’s forest peace deal funding will be spent.

Prof. West was appointed by the state and federal governments to head a comprehensive review to guide the forest peace deal.

His 2000-page report handed down last year heavily criticised Forestry Tasmania’s logging practices.

Economic Development Minister David O’Byrne told the hearing Prof. West would provide advice on how the forest deal money was spent.

Deputy Opposition Leader Jeremy Rockliff has accused Labor of using the cash to porkbarrel ahead of the coming state and federal elections.

“Labor will throw around the cash to buy votes. It’s as simple as that,” Mr Rockliff said.

Federal Regional Development Minister Anthony Albanese was in Hobart last Friday to finalise the process to distribute the funding

FPA welcomes public lands management report RECOMMENDATIONS in a NSW government report on the management of the state’s public lands, “with sensible implementation”, have been welcomed by the timber industry The 400-plus page report by the Legislative Council – or Upper House – General Purpose Standing Committee No 5 also includes comprehensive case studies into river red gum forests, native hardwood forests, Yanga and Toorale stations, and the Pilliga forest.

“Clearly, most of these case studies are of interest to Forest Products Association members,” executive director

PAgE 10 | issuE 273 | 10.06.13

Russell Ainley said.

Of the 12 recommendations, three are directly related to the forestry industry: recommendation 4 deals with expansion of thinning trials in river red gum forests; recommendation 5 seeks more research into forest management practices in the context of carbon sequestration; and recommendation 10 deals with reserve areas being released to meet wood supply obligations.

“All but one of the remaining recommendations are peripherally related to this sector, and with sensible implementation would be

more consultative and robust; calls for a moratorium on new or expanded national parks; and that a ‘tenure-blind’ approach to fire management be implemented.

Russ Ainley .. ‘sensible’ implementations welcomed.

“The one recommendation that may be of concern relates to the further investment in promoting and developing tourism especially for recent park declarations,” Mr Ainley said.

welcomed,” Mr Ainley said.

These included calls for a process of converting land to national parks that are much

“FPA can’t yet imagine a scenario where more money will lead to more tourism but we are content to be convinced.”

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BUILDING SAFETY

us regulations aim to reduce emissions in wood composites

Government haunted by hurricane toxic trailer bungle THE US federal Environmental Protection Agency has released two proposed regulations to reduce exposures to formaldehyde emissions from composite wood products.

The federal Formaldehyde Standards for Composite Wood Products Act, signed into law in July 2010, required the EPA to develop a new federal regulation to implement the provisions of the Act. The Act mandated the same formaldehyde emission standards, as well as other major regulatory elements, contained in California’s ‘airborne toxic control measure to reduce formaldehyde emissions from composite wood products’ (ATCM).

Condemned .. toxic trailers deadly for victims of Hurricane Katrina.

California’s toxic control measures remain fully in effect.

Later this year, the California Air Resources Board (CARB) will prepare amendments to clarify and refine certain aspects of the ATCM to align with the US EPA regulation where practical.

[The Engineered Wood Products Association of Australasia is a certification body accredited to certify wood panels to US formaldehyde limits].

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wood products using the JIS A 1460 test method (recognised in Japanese Agricultural Standards) for formaldehyde emissions of wood products.

An APA fact sheet addresses the concerns related to structural wood panels and explains that plywood and OSB manufactured to Voluntary Product Standard PS 1-07, Structural Plywood and Voluntary Product Standard PS 2, Performance Standard for Wood-Based Structural-Use Panels, have such low emission levels that they are exempt from the leading formaldehyde emission standards and regulations.

Cont Page 12

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issue 273 | 10.06.13 | PAGe 11

FOREST RESEARCH

US research shows ‘watering the trees’ may be priority for forest management A NEW analysis led by the US Forest Service encourages resource managers to consider a broadened view of forests as consumers of water.

A shift in thinking toward reducing the risk of water stress to vegetation can help forests maintain their resilience and health in a changing climate, according to a paper published online in the journal Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment.

“Our work emphasies how forests primarily need and consume water, and so managing forest health requires thinking about how much water is available for forests, how forests use that water, and how management strategies can mitigate increasing drought stress,” said station research

hydrologist Gordon Grant, who led the analysis.

More than half of the US water supply comes from forest lands where most precipitation falls, filters through soil, and, ultimately, becomes streamflow.

Current research demonstrates that many of the growing threats facing forests, like wildfire and insect outbreaks, are linked to water stress from combinations of drought and a warming climate. Climate change is projected to increase forest water stress in many areas.

Dr Grant reviewed a range of studies – mostly from the western US and in droughtstressed forests – to identify management strategies that may retain water for forests, such as thinning and soil water

Gordon Grant .. a broader view of forests

conservation.

Then, to demonstrate the potential effects of waterenhancing strategies, the researchers used a model of vegetation, water, and carbon cycling on a forest site in

New Mexico, which recently experienced a multi-year drought and associated tree mortality.

Modelling revealed that substantial ponderosa pine mortality during the 20022003 drought might have been prevented by small increases in plant-available water via forest thinning, mulching to reduce evaporation from the soil, or irrigation.

Many of the strategies for addressing increased drought stress are consistent with established forest management objectives and practices, but increasing water availability to forests through specifically designed management activities has not been an explicit goal.

Trailers built from imported plywood condemned From Page 11

Pre–publication version of both rules can be viewed at http:// www.epa.gov/oppt/chemtest/ formaldehyde/.

The new US regulations on emissions return industry attention to the bungled toxic trailer disaster that followed Hurricane Katrina in 2005.

Thousands of trailers, manufactured from imported Asian plywood, were used to

house hurricane victims in New Orleans, Louisiana, but they were condemned and class actions followed when the trailers revealed formaldehyde emission levels 75 times higher than the recommended maximum for US workers.

The US government spent more than $2 billion on the trailers supplied by the federal Emergency Management Agency.

A trail of e-mails obtained by investigators showed that the agency’s lawyers rejected a proposal for systematic testing of the levels of potentially lifethreatening formaldehyde gas in the trailers, out of concern that the agency would be legally liable for any hazards or health problems.

As many as 120,000 families displaced by hurricanes Katrina and Rita lived in the suspect trailers, and hundreds

complained of ill effects.

In a giant ‘fire sale’ auction, the federal government recently agreed to sell most of the toxic trailers it bought for the hurricane victims. Consumer advocates are outraged that the government would re-sell products it deemed unsafe to live in, saying warning stickers attached to the units would not keep people from misusing them.

Opportunity: new engineered product

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This product has the ability to lower the costs of floor and wall framing in modern homes, as well as being ideal for low-cost housing The entire buildings can be erected on site using unskilled labour.

The product has undergone comprehensive testing at the engineering faculty of the University of Technology Sydney under the guidance of internationally renowned timber engineer Prof. Keith Crews.

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PAGe 12 | issue 273 | 10.06.13

The project is keen to establish a plant near a guaranteed resource.

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OPINION

Dollar drop pinprick of light at end of a dark tunnel for manufacturers INDUSTRY observers report some discomfort among timber importers as the Australian dollar tumbles to its lowest level in more than two and a half years amid share market weakness and a stronger greenback.

The dollar had slipped to US94.35c when enews went online and currency strategists such as Bell Potter, Australia’s largest independent stockbroking firm, believe it could go lower. In fact, managing director Charlie Aitken says it is not out of the question that it could sink below 90c by the end of the year.

The greenback is strengthening as the US Federal Reserve plans to wind back its $US85 billion-a-month bond-buying program. Also, the Aussie dollar is becoming increasingly unpopular among investors because of low interest rates and disappointing domestic and Chinese economic data.

The Reserve Bank of Australia cut the cash rate to a record low of 2.75% in May and has indicated it has room to cut further.

Senior currency dealer Francisco Solar says job losses could be attributed to the high dollar and added that, from the perspective of Australian industry, a competitive value was about US88c “If the dollar were to drop

Will the Australian dollar drop further?

significantly, Australian industry would be exceptionally wellplaced to take advantage of that,” he said.

Zurich-based Credit Suisse is the most bearish on the outlook for the Australian dollar, with the global investment bank predicting it to shift to a low of US85c by next May. Credit Suisse said it had been “too timid” in its previous forecasts, noting that the structural fall in the dollar had happened more quickly than expected. The investment bank forecasts the Australian dollar to fall to US92c within three months.

The Australian dollar, cheap imports and the carbon tax have been blamed for reduced shifts at sawmills, the closure of a number of timber yards

and frame manufacturers over the past 12 months and the mothballing of production plants.

Builders stretching out – and even abandoning – payment demands by timber merchants has not helped either.

To this can be added the uncertainty of what the real Treasury deficit figures might reveal after the September 14 election.

With less than 14 weeks to the poll, Opposition Leader Tony Abbott has re-affirmed he will abolish the carbon tax if elected Prime Minister because he says that’s the quickest way to reduce power prices for manufacturers and families.

Meanwhile, April building approvals figures released by the Australian Bureau of Statistics have made up lost ground following a disappointing fall in March.

The total number of dwellings approved seasonally adjusted in April 2013 rose 9.1%, with private sector houses rising 2.5% and ‘other dwellings’ including units, townhouses and apartments rising 18%.

Master Builders Australia’s chief economist Peter Jones says the lift in the building approvals forward indicator has restored optimism that was not evident in recent data on construction work completed. It should, in

the

Watchdog

time, lead to stronger residential building activity.

“Looking through the bounceback in multi-unit approvals and solid lift in house approvals in April, it is encouraging to see that in trend terms dwelling approvals are up 6.3% from the corresponding figure in April 2012.

“The residential building industry is looking for a sustained run of positive approvals figures to help the fledgling housing recovery over the next few months.

“Low interest rates should continue to encourage cautious new home buyers into the market and allow a housing recovery to gain momentum.”

Scholarship winner .. from sheep to forests FIRST-year student Cameron Alderton has been awarded the Southern Wood Council Forest Products Scholarship for 2013 in New Zealand.

Cameron, who is starting his first professional year at the University of Canterbury, is from sheep and beef farm in West Otago.

After completing a building apprenticeship five years ago, he is pursuing his keen interests in timber products and design and wood harvesting operations

by studying for the four-year Bachelor of Forest Engineering course at the School of Forestry.

The annual scholarship is one of the most prestigious and valuable awarded to forestry students in New Zealand. In any one year, three SWC scholarships are together valued at $13,500.

“The annual scholarship is an opportunity for forestry and wood products companies in the lower South Island to put

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back something into the industry and to support outstanding students studying towards either the forestry science or forest engineering courses at the School of Forestry,” SWC chairman, Grant Dodson said.

“The SWC is delighted to award this year’s scholarship to Cameron and the industry is keen to continue to support all of the current scholarship recipients, both in their study – and in their future employment,” he said.

In addition to this scholarship, the SWC also provides an annual award for the most promising modern apprentice employed in the forestry and wood products industry in the Otago/Southland region. This year’s award winner is to be announced at the 2013 Southern Wood Council Regional Graduation which runs in conjunction with Competenz in Balclutha on June 14.

issue 273 | 10.06.13 | Page 13

eVents

Hoo-Hoo pioneers’ lunch rekindles long friendships TWENTY-FIVE pioneers of Brisbane Hoo-Hoo Timber Industry Club 218 gathered at Fratelli Restaurant at Albion last week to rekindle long friendships and celebrate an approaching golden anniversary.

Organised by John Crooke of Queensland Sawmills, the lunch marked the club’s foundation on August 28, 1963, which will be celebrated at a function in Brisbane on August 24.

For close to 26 years now the club’s founders have met for an afternoon of fraternalism to exchange memories and anecdotes about an industry that has changed dramatically over the past 50 years.

Sixteen past presidents, among them four past and present Hoo-Hoo International JIV presidents from Club 218, gathered under a crop of eucalypts at the restaurant for a photo.

Custodian of Club 218 memorabilia Alfred Chapple brought along the club’s original framed charter which was signed at the Hoo-Hoo International Convention in Minneapolis in the state of Minnesota, USA, on September 3, 1963.

Signing the document on that day were Ed Wade, Snark of the Universe (#55904), supreme nine officer John Hickey (#60300) and HII secretary Ben

Past club presidents get together at Fratelli Restaurant .. standing, from left, Tom Donohue (1988-89), Les Clark (1973-74), John Crooke (1984-85), Frank Withey (1974-75), David McIntyre (1995-96), Alan Jones (2010-13), Peter Mort (1987-88), Pieter Verlinden (2008-10), Charlie Henry (1980-81), Alfred Chapple (1991-93), Colin Galley (1978-79), Tim Evans (president NE NSW Club 241 – 1978-79), and Malcolm Powell. Kneeling, from left, Ron Bell (1998-99 and 2006-08), Ian Patterson (1994-95), and Jim Bowden (2001-03).

Foundation member of Hoo-Hoo Club 218 and pioneers’ lunch organiser John Crooke (left) catches up with former 218 presidents Don Bell, Les Clark, and Peter Mort.

PAgE 14 | issuE 273 | 10.06.13

Club 218 projects this year include participation in the Variety Club Bush Bash for children’s charities, contributions to the Men’s Shed Organisation, a Timber United Group all-industry lunch on July 19, and the Hoo-Hoo golden anniversary dinner in August.

Forester Dick Pegg (centre) chats with Mark Kapper (left) and Pieter Verlinden, Club 218 past president and Hoo-Hoo Jurisdiction IV president.

Alan Jones, Brisbane Hoo-Hoo Club 218 president (third from left) chats with club pioneers Ian Patterson, Colin Galley and Malcolm Powell.

Pioneers three .. Alfred Chapple, Charlie Henry and Tom Donohue, up from the Gold Coast.

Springer who held one of the lowest numbers in Hoo-Hoo at that time – #34265.

David McIntyre (right) explains the value of money to Chris Hall while Tim Evans looks on.

Friends and pioneers .. Frank Withey, Don Towerton, Noel Griffiths, and Charles Achilles.

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Growing forests on sludge

Biosolids enhance soil and retain water WHILE the poop is literally hitting the fan up at Vancouver Island University’s 1700-ha forest woodlot, the trees and their value in terms of lumber are growing in leaps and bounds.

The university has partnered with environmental consulting firm Sylvis to manage 4000 tonnes of biosolids produced annually at the pollution control centres in the region.

Originally used for cover at the regional landfill, the biosolids – a nutrient-rich, humus-like sludge that results from the treatment of liquid waste – has been applied to the university’s woodlot since 2002 to enhance tree growth.

Silvis became part of the project in February and Mike Van Ham, company president, calls it the ultimate in recycling.

“So often we’re told we have to stop doing this or that .. we simply have to discontinue something and that doesn’t solve anything,” he said.

“What we’re doing is capturing the inherent value of the biosolid material and putting it

with not a lot of nutrients in the soil. On top of that, 10,000 years ago glaciers scraped this pretty smooth and left shale and sandstone soil.”

Marise Wickman, silviculture forester for the woodlot, said the biosolids enhanced the soil and created a substantial increase in growth by helping retain water on the moisturestressed site.

Biosolids and tree growth .. Mike Van Ham, president of Sylvis, displays two cuts of 10-year-old poplar trees – one (left) fertilised in biosolids after three years and one left to nature.

back into the environment to solve problems.”

But the effect on a forest lacking quality conditions for growth is what is amazing university researchers, who documented

tree growth from 50 to 400%.

“We’re right near the top of two watersheds,” Paul Lucas, university woodlands superintendent, said.

“It’s known as a shedding site

The effect on a forest lacking quality conditions for growth is what is amazing university researchers, who documented tree growth from 50 to 400%.

Mr Lucas said since the introduction of biosolids the university has tripled its tree growth from 244 cub m / ha to 760 cub m. ha. That increases the value of the forest from $15,000 per hectare to $45,000 per hectare.

Fifty hectares a year is covered in 20 dry tonnes of biosolids using a modified side discharge manure spreader with a threepaddled hydraulic fan. The spreader throws the biosolids up to 30 m under and over the canopy of trees.

– Nanaimo News Bulletin

China slows log imports, but NZ share increases CHINA’S hunger for wood was less acute in 2012 than in the previous year. In particular, importation of softwood logs fell substantially from the record levels of 2011.

Importation of lumber was also lower in 2012, but the decline was much less than that of logs. The biggest changes in log and lumber imports between 2011 and 2012 were the sharp decline of Russian log volumes crossing the Chinese border and the reduced lumber

shipments from the US to Chinese ports, says the Wood Resource Quarterly.

During the first four months of 2013, import volumes of both logs and lumber picked up and were 12 percent and 19 percent higher, respectively, than in the first quarter 2012.

The housing sector, a major consumer of imported lumber, has been strong in early 2013, and prices for new houses in 70 cities rose on average by more than 4% in April, up from 3.1%

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in March 2013, according to national statistics.

New Zealand’s log-exporting companies continue to expand their presence in China. In 2012, New Zealand was the only country that expanded shipments when total Chinese log imports fell by 15%. Russia has for many years been the major log supplier to China, but in the first quarter this year, Russia and New Zealand both had a market share of close to 33%. Year-over-year shipments

were up almost 50% from New Zealand and down by 18% from Russia, WRQ says.

The biggest change in the Chinese buyers’ sourcing of lumber has been the doubling of importation from Chile and the almost tripling in shipments from Sweden and Finland.

Although these three countries still account for less than 10% of all imports, it is likely that their presence in China will expand in the coming years.

issue 273 | 10.06.13 | PAGe 15

INTERNATIONAL FOCUS

Scientists take an in-depth peek into a hidden world of tree roots

There’s something weird going on under the soil WHEN you think of a tree, you probably think of the trunk and all those parts you see above ground. But there’s a whole lot more going on under the soil than meets the eye.

Scientists are now digging into the hidden world of tree roots in an effort to illuminate some unexplained mysteries.

“This is something really weird,” says tree scientist Dr Nalini Nadkarni, professor of biology at the University of Utah, USA. “This is something like a mystery for forest ecologists,” she says.

Observing a strange looking tree stump in the Washington state capital of Olympia that’s been cut off about a foot above the ground, she notes that instead of a flat surface covered in tree rings, the stump is different – it’s scabbed over completely with thick bark.

Bark needs a living tree to grow. So, somehow, this longdead stump has found a way to produce new living tissue.

Scientists like Dr Nadkarni believe the secret lies under our feet. Down there, hidden under the surface, lies a vast network of tree roots. These networks are often called neighbourhoods.

“They really are sort of like neighbourhoods,” Dr Nadkarni says. “I have neighbours, and I communicate with them. I borrow sugar from them. Well, trees are really the same way.”

Tree roots can leak out sugars and other compounds into the soil. Those sugars are then sucked up by neighbouring roots.

“So it’s literally exchanging sugar just like I do in the neighbourhood,” Dr Nadkarni says.

Tree roots can also share nutrients with far-away

PAgE 16 | issuE 273 | 10.06.13

neighbours by transporting them across thin threads of fungi. These threads, called fungal hyphae, spread through the soil like giant underground spider webs. They penetrate the roots of neighbouring trees, creating pathways that exchange hormones and other material. Very little is known about the role of fungal hyphae in forests, which is one reason Dr Nadkarni calls soil one of the “last biotic frontier”.

But fungi can’t account for the mysterious stump in downtown Olympia. To explain that Dr Nadkarni points to something called root grafting. It happens when tree roots rub against each other and physically fuse together. When this occurs, neighbouring trees – even different species - share one big circulatory system.

“It’s like connecting blood vessels of two different people; one tree gives the other tree a permanent transfusion,” Dr Nadkarni says. “That’s exactly what happened with this cut-off stump. The neighbouring tree that had grafted its roots to it continued to provide minerals and nutrients.”

But there’s also a downside to this kind of life-support system.

Trees can also transfer diseases to their neighbours; sometimes to catastrophic effect. This leaves scientists wondering why exactly trees do this.

“There are a million questions that remain to be answered,” Dr Nadkarni says, “and they’re still cloaked in this mystery of the soil.”

Scientists like Dylan Fisher are beginning to crack open that mystery. Dr Fisher works

Dr Dylan Fisher .. world of tree roots has more questions than answers.

Dr Nalini Nadkarni .. a mystery for forest ecologists.

in the Ecosystem Ecology Lab at Evergreen State College in Olympia. The lab is a jumble of high- and low-tech equipment; satellite images and specialty microscopes sit next to muddy shovels and duct tape.

“One of the things we’ve learned a lot about is how individual tree growth can be affected by who its neighbours are,” Dr Fisher says. But he

It’s like connecting blood vessels of two different people; one tree gives the other tree a permanent transfusion

admits that when it comes to understanding the underground world of tree roots, there are still more questions than answers.

Dr Fisher is using a tool, a black cylinder called a minirhizotron camera. It’s made from soupedup parts from a home desktop scanner. It’s designed to give scientists a clearer picture of what’s going on under the soil.

Dr Fisher has buried 44 of them – clear plastic tube that goes down into the soil sometimes as far as a metre.

We can put a scanner down there and take pictures,” he said.

Images show hundreds of tiny roots crisscrossing each other.

Dr Fisher points to a whitish root on the screen. “Here we’re looking at the big leaf maple, and then the Douglas fir roots are going to look a little bit darker in character.”

These images are shedding light on a little-understood aspect of USA’s northwest forests; almost all trees are connected in some way at the root level.

“Trees are horribly intermingled,” Dr Fisher says.

He points to the example of cottonwood trees. “Below ground, they’re connected by a network of large roots that make them one genetic individual. You can think of a trunk as really fingertips on a buried hand.” So what looks like a whole forest is really just one single, sprawling organism.

Scientists are also beginning to get a clearer picture of how just how active roots are under the soil.

“More than 50%, or even as high as 70%, of that tree’s energy may go into what goes on below ground,” Dr Fisher says.

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issue 273 | 10.06.13 | PAGe 17

To donate, please post your donation to: The Secretary, Brisbane Timber Industry Hoo-Hoo Club 218 PO Box 3236 Sunnybank South QLD 4109 Bank: Suncorp BSB: 448-799 Account No.: 50-297900-4 Ref.: Car253, with your phone number and we will call for your address to post a receipt.

PAGe 18 | issue 273 | 10.06.13

Cont Page 17

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