Biotechnology
Definition: • Biotechnology is the broad area of biology, involving living systems and organisms to develop or make products. • “Any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use“
Artificial Selection = Selective breeding • Is the identification by humans of desirable traits in plants and animals, and the steps taken to enhance and perpetuate those traits in future generations.
• Use in: • Farming and Livestock (pigs, cows, sheep, poultry), dogs, horses, crops
• Stem cells
Induced mutagenesis • Technique that create mutations using environmental chemicals or radiation. • Used to increase to increase genetic variation, which breeders depend on to produce crops with desirable traits, such as resistance to diseases and insects. • Induce infertility in males (mosquito) • Ornamental plants
• A medical procedure whereby an egg is fertilized by sperm in a test tube or elsewhere outside the body. • Surrogate pregnancy • Treatment of human infertility • Use as prevention of inherited diseases. • Cloning • Domestic animals
DNA profiling • Is the process where a specific DNA pattern, called a profile, is obtained from a person or sample of bodily tissue. • Applications: • • • •
criminal identification Paternity testing Mass disaster victim identification Immigration & inheritance dispute • Ancestry & racial identification • Cancer susceptibility (BRCA1 y 2)
Cloning • the process of generating a genetically identical copy of a cell or an organism. • Naturally: • Mitosis • Bacteria replication • Plant propagation
• Possible uses:
• Rapid multiplication of desired livestock rapid spread of superior genotypes. • Production of large number of preferred sires for natural breeding ( alternative to artificial insemination ) • Domestic animals • Stem cells
Human cloning
Stem cell cloning
Genetic engineering • The group of applied techniques of genetics and biotechnology used to cut up and join together genetic material and especially DNA from one or more species of organism and to introduce the result into an organism in order to change one or more of its characteristics.
Genetically modified organisms = transgenic organisms