共产主义

COMMUNISM 共产主义先驱们的手稿

Marx, Engels, Lenin, Stalin and Mao Zedong: an Outstanding Collection of Original Manuscripts and the First Published Works of the Pioneers of Communism

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Impending Revolution: Eastern Europe’s international politics and the domestic policy of Russia Engels, Friedrich, political theorist (1820 – 1895). Autograph letter signed (“F. Engels”). London, 28 October 1876. 4 pages on bifolium. € 380,000 A highly remarkable and extensive letter with political content to the English stockbroker and author Thomas Allsop (1795 – 1880), particularly on the international and the political situation in Eastern Europe whose key issue lies in the domestic policy of Russia: the impending revolution in his own country is threatening to drag Tsar Alexander II into war with Turkey. “[…] As you say, this Eastern affair is exceedingly complicated, but as Russia is the only moving & acting power in it, so are her internal necessities the only thread that can lead through all these complications & render them intelligible. Russia has the choice between a revolution & a war of conquest; there is no third outlet open to her; and as Alexander certainly will not have a revolution, war he must make. Besides, there is only one war which might avert revolution: a war with Turkey. What Mayence & the boundary of the Rhine was to Louis Napoleon, that is Constantinople & the Nosporus to Alexander: the only conquests capable of rousing national chauvinism to an extent sufficient to overcome all other shapes of public feeling, & to crush any opposition by new popularity. And, as Louis Napoleon would have been satisfied with a small slice to begin with, & the constitution of the remainder of the coveted territory in an independent state, to be swallowed hereafter, so would it perfectly suffice to Russia to reannex to small strip only which she lost in 1856, if at the same time the rest of Turkey in Europe were transformed into Christial vassal states of the Porte, in reality outposts of Russia [...] As to Austria, the inherent stupidity of that government makes its policy incalculable [...] As to Poland, never fear. She is less Russianized now than a hundred years ago [...] The Poles in Prussia are equally indestructible; Germanization proceeds very slowly except in those portions which were settled & inhabited before 1772. In Austria the Poles are not only not interfered with, but so placed that they can perfectly take care of themselves & make of Galicia the headquarters of Polish agitation. What the Russian government think of Poland was plainly shown in the Crimean war: they rather sacrificed all their armies in the long marches to the Crimea than to allow the war to take place near the Polish frontier […]”. On 6 December 1876, the first social revolutionary demonstration should arise in St. Petersburg.

Shortly after Russia had signed a secret agreement with the Austro-Hungarian Empire and Romania, it declared war on Turkey on 24 June 1877. – Small traces of folding, but overall in mint condition. Extremely rare.

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The most extensive original manuscript of the philosopher in private hands Feuerbach, Ludwig, philosopher and anthropologist (1804 – 1872). Autograph manuscript signed (“L. F.”). No place, 1 June 1850. (184 × 225 mm). 33 ½ pages. € 480,000 Autograph manuscript, in German, on “Natural Science and the Revolution”: the strongly revised setting copy of his essay about the effects of scientific progress on philosophy and politics, inspired

by Jacob Moleschott’s book “Lehre der Nahrungsmittel. Für das Volk” (“Doctrine of Food. For the People”, 1850). – Some dust- and gluestaining; a few insignificant edge defects. With editorial notes (in red ink and crayon) for publication in the “Blätter für literarische Unterhaltung” (nos. 268 – 271, 8 – 12 Dec. 1850), of which a copy is included. – Feuerbach’s philosophy had an enormous and direct impact on that of Karl Marx, who not only wholeheartedly accepted his criticism of religion (which he radicalised politically), but also, particularly, his anthropological materialism. “Das Kapital” has its foundation in Feuerbach’s “theoretical revolution” which views material reality as the primary truth and thus sets idealist philosophy “on its feet”. Ultimately, Marx was to arrive at different conclusions than the much-admired Feuerbach: while the latter saw anthropology as the only viable scientific conclusion, the practical consequence for Marx was criticism of the economy and to overthrow the social conditions. ¶ Published in: Gesammelte Werke, ed. by W. Schuffenhauer, vol. 10, pp. 347 – 368 (with departures).

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“What contradictions are not in this America!”

Feuerbach, Ludwig, philosopher and anthropologist (1804 – 1872). Autograph letter signed (“L. Feuerbach”). Bruckberg, 18 December 1855. 3 pages on bifolium. € 30,000 Long, unpublished letter in German, to his friend, the just-naturalised American lawyer, writer, abolitionist, and politician Friedrich Kapp (1824 – 84) in New York, asking him for advice in financial and family matters, inquiring after Socialist friends, discussing a publication on slavery which Kapp had sent him and remarking on the character of the United States: “With happiness I see from your treatise on slavery, which I read only this autumn, that America’s perceived shortcomings did not keep you from appreciating the underlying principle of freedom. What a pity that the people, the individuals do not realize this principle differently. Your writings, in particular the Atlantic studies, are thus of the greatest interest to the anthropologist. What contradictions are not in this America!

What could they be with our striving and substance, and what could we be with their principle!” – Feuerbach had met the student Kapp in Heidelberg in 1843. He had renewed his relationship with his old friend only in May after Kapp had sent him several of his recently-published works.

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The Birth of Bolshevism Lenin (Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov). Zadachi russkikh sotsialdemokratov/S predisloviem P. Akselroda; Izd. Rossiiskoi Sotsialdemokraticheskoi Rabochei Partii [i.e., Goals of Russian Social Democrats / With introduction by P. Axelrod; Published by Russian Social Democratic Labour Party]. Geneva, Tip. Soyuza Russkikh Sotsialdemokratov, 1898. Small (155 × 107 mm). 32 pages. Original red printed wrappers. € 65,000 First edition; rare. – In this brochure Lenin generalized the work experience of the League of Struggle and substantiated a programme and tactics of Russian Social Democrats. The key idea of the program was proletariat’s leading role in revolutionary movement. Basically, this was the first programme of the future party that would change Russian history. 1898 was the year when the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDRP) was formed in Minsk, the party which later split into Bolsheviks and Menscheviks and eventually became the party in power in Russia for 70 years. This brochure was compiled by Lenin to gather the like-minded activists around him, and was written in exile in Siberia. It was printed anonymously in Geneva by the “Emancipation of Labour” group (Osvobozhdeniye truda) – the first Russian Marxist organization formed in Switzerland among revolutionaries from Russia. The brochure was banned in the Russian Empire but found its way to readers and was widespread among progressive workers in Russia. According to the police department it was being found in the course of searches and arrests in St. Petersburg, Moscow, Smolensk, Kazan, Kiev, and Irkutsk. Two more editions of this brochure were printed in 1902 and 1905, but without the proclamation “To workers and socialists of St. Petersburg from the League of Struggle” originally included in the manuscript and at the end of this present first edition (pp. 29 – 32). The proclamation was later also included in Lenin’s collected works. The author’s manuscript of the “Zadachi” is lost; all that survives is a ms. copy by an unknown hand which must have served as setting copy: it contains a few spelling errors which are also found in first edition and which Lenin corrected in subsequent editions. The introduction to the brochure was written by Pavel Borisovich Axelrod (1849 – 1928), a Russian Social Democrat who was co-founder and member of the Emancipation of Labour group.

In time, the brochure became an important instrument for the development of the party’s programme, strategy, and tactics. Lenin’s first book, containing an overview of his ideas, would come out the next year. – Exceedingly rare; OCLC locates no more than five copies in U. S. libraries. – Vertical crease down the middle of the brochure; spine reinforced with transparent archival tape. Occasional pencil marks on wrappers, some slight soiling and stains. In all, a very good copy from the library of Marcel Bekus (1888 – 1939), historian of Revolution and of Socialism (his ownership stamp on verso of front cover; label on recto). Born in Warsaw, Bekus participated in the Russian Revolution of 1905, after which he lived in France, where he was known for his immense collection of Russian revolutionary literature. ¶ Svodnyi katalog russkoi nelegal’noi i zapreshchennoi pechati XIX veka, no. 947. OCLC 38768070.

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Lenin’s first book Lenin (Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov). Ekonomicheskie etiudy [i. e., Economic Studies and Essays]. St. Petersburg, A. Leifert, 1899 [but: October 1898]. 8vo. (4), 290 pages. Modern blue half cloth with marbled covers and gilt lettering to red spine label; original upper wrapper cover bound within. € 150,000 Very rare first edition of Lenin’s first published book, the seminal miscellany of his economic papers, which constitutes the first outline of his revolutionary ideas. The work consists in five economic essays/ studies, four of which are published here for the first time, and one of which had been published the previous year, in instalments, in the magazine “Novoye Slovo”, April – July 1897. Before the present publication, only very few of Lenin’s papers and articles had been published, and none of them in book form.

The present publication brings to light Lenin’s elaboration of the tasks of the Russian Marxists (both as to their programme, their tactics, and the organization as such) (“The Heritage We Renounce”) and gives us the basis for his take on Marxism. Much of the original material published here was used by Lenin, both directly (e. g., the “Handicraft Census”) and indirectly (forming a basis for the work) in his later published book “The Development of Capitalism in Russia” (1899), which established his reputation as a Marxist theorist. Furthermore, the present publication comprises Lenin’s earliest economic writings directed against the Narodniks. As a whole, the present publication gives us the first rounded picture of Leninist thought and provides us with the basis for Leninist economics and politics. – Slight browning and staining, mainly limited to the title and final page (with some edge chipping to title); old Kiev library stamp. An excellent, untrimmed copy with the original printed wrapper cover present. ¶ Khronologicheskii ukazatel’ proizvedenii V. I. Lenina 134. OCLC 83891462.

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The first Marxist journal published in Russia Lenin (Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov) et al. (ed.). “Iskra” (“Spark”). 42 issues, with 15 supplements. Leipzig, Munich, Stuttgart, London, and Geneva, 1900 – 1905. Folio. 2 vols. € 75,000 The political newspaper of Russian socialist emigrants, founded by Lenin as the official organ of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party, was the first general Russian Marxist newspaper. Printed on lightweight Bible paper, it could, with great difficulty, be smuggled into Russia. The first issue was published in Leipzig on December 24, 1900, the second in Munich, later issues in Stuttgart. To evade the Tsarist secret police, the printing of the newspaper was moved to London in April 1902. In 1903, after the split of the RSDLP, Lenin left the staff, and the paper was seized by Mensheviks and published (now in Geneva) under the control of Plekhanov until 1905. “The years of its publication are referred to as the ‘Iskra years’ of the revolutionary movement” (cf. Kluge). The editors were Lenin, Plekhanov, Martov, P. B. Axelrod, Vera Zasulich, and A. N. Potressov. Lenin penned more than 50 articles for “Iskra”, developed its political slant, planned the issues and found the authors. While the average circulation was 8,000, it is today very difficult to find copies – which is little surprise in view of its illegal production and distribution. The present collection comprises nos. 1 (1900/1901, including “Ot Redaktsii”), 4, 6, 8 – 10, 15, 20, 21, 22, 25, 26, 64, 37, 39, 40, 46, 49 – 58, 62, 64, 77 – 80, 82 – 87, 89, 93, 94, and 112 as well as the supplements to nos. 43, 44, 52, 53, 56, 62 – 64, 67 – 70, 77, 101, and 112. – Slight paper defects restored. ¶ E. E. Kluge, Die russische revolutionäre Presse in der zweiten Hälfte des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts.

1855 – 1905. Zurich, Artemis, 1948.

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With autograph corrections in Lenin’s hand Lenin (Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov), revolutionary, Marxist thinker, founder of the Soviet Union (1870 – 1924). Zaiavlenie i dokumenty o rozryve tsentral’nykh uchrezhdenii s partiei. Izdatel’stvo “Vpered” 13. Geneva, Kooperativnaja Tipograf., 1905. 8vo. 13, (1) pages, final blank.

Revised throughout in pencil and signed. In modern half morocco slipcase. € 85,000 Extremely rare pamphlet by Lenin concerning the party’s split into Bolshevik and Menshevik factions, titled in German: “Parteibeho[e]rden gegen die Partei” (the Russian title is: “Declaration and documents concerning the schism between central institutions and party”). Author’s corrected copy, with Lenin’s autograph pencil underlinings and margin lines, deletions, and a few annotations; signed at the end: “Lenin”.

The pamphlet was printed in January 1905 by the Russian Social Democatic Workers’ Party. A suggestion voiced by Vpered that the work be translated into all European languages as soon as possible never materialized. – Traces of old folds; occasional slight brownstaining. From the collection of Marcel Bekus with his small oval stamp on the reverse of the title page. ¶ OCLC 85287907.

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The first publication of America’s communist party, exceedingly rare Lenin (Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov). Proletarskaia revoliutsiia i renegat Kautskii. [New York], izdanie tsentrispolkoma R. F. K. P. A., 1920. 8vo. 144 pages. Publisher’s original green cloth, title in gilt on upper cover, gilt title to spine. € 15,000 Rare first American edition of the first book published by the R. F. K. P. A. (the Russian Faction of the Communist Party of the USA), a small group of American communists of Russian origin. The work is a response to Kautsky’s polemical work “Diktatur des Proletariats” (The Dictatorship of the Proletariat, Vienna 1918), which Lenin regarded as an almost personal insult. Kautsky’s work was banned, while the present work was distributed free of charge to all of Russia’s libraries and reprinted in every possible language from 1920 onwards. The present edition was printed in a press-run of about 1000 copies and distributed by Max Maisel, a Russian-born bookdealer who specialized in Russian radical literature, and Karl Marx’s first American publisher. Maisel was unsuccessful in selling most of his stock – almost the entire run was still in his warehouse in the early 1950s. After his death his company’s entire stock was sold to Nicholas Martianoff, a prominent Russian bookdealer and former associate of Kerensky. Martianoff considered Maisel’s backlist of radical literature worthless and sold it to a paper mill in New York; hence, very few copies survive. – The Czech-Austrian philosopher and theoretician Karl Kautsky (1854 – 1938) was recognized as among the most authoritative promulgators of orthodox Marxism from the death of Friedrich Engels in 1895 up until the coming of WWI in 1914. Following the war, the “Pope of Marxism” was an outspoken critic of the Bolshevik revolution and its excesses, engaging in polemics with Lenin and Trotsky. – Insignificant foxing to endpapers; a good copy from the library of the Swedish antiquarian bookseller Björn Löwendahl (1941 – 2013). ¶ OCLC 6072923.

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Signed by Chairman Mao Mao Zedong, Chinese statesman (1893 – 1976). Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-Tung. Beijing, Foreign Languages Press, 1966. 12mo (93 × 131 mm). (12), 311, (3) pp. With half-tone portrait frontispiece and facsimile plate of inscription by Lin Pao. Original red vinyl over paper boards, titled and stamped with a star in blind on the upper cover. € 500,000 First English edition, signed by Chairman Mao alongside his portrait. While it is estimated that five billion copies of the “Little Red Book” were printed by the close of the 20th century, merely a handful were actually signed by Mao. According to a document included with the book, the volume was likely signed in December 1967, towards the beginning of the Cultural Revolution, when a delegation of the China-Albania friendship association visited Beijing. As the owner writes, “My father was one of the delegation members. Later on, my father asked some associated person if Chinese could present a signed ‘Quotations From Chairman Mao Tse-Tung’ as a souvenir. Afterwards, my father was much honored to receive this present. I have been preserving this book till now.” The undated letter (probably 1980s) to Mr. Michael Moore of 1 Cromwell Place, London, is signed “Maskat” (?). Only three other signed copies appear in book auction records, all signed on 2 July 1967 for a delegation of journalists from the leftist New Zealand weekly “People’s Voice”.

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10 To the publisher Heinrich Brockhaus Marx, Karl, philosopher and economist (1818 – 1883). Autograph letter signed. London “28, Deanstreet, Soho”, 19 August 1852. 8vo. 1 page. € 150,000 To the publisher Heinrich Brockhaus in Leipzig, offering articles for his journal “Die Gegenwart”. “Your Excellency, I hereby inquire whether you […] are in need of an article concerning ‘the modern national economical literature in England, 1830 – 1852’. To my knowledge, no similar work, not in German nor in English, has so far been published. It would include 1) general works on political economy, 2) specialized writings published at the time, in so far as they treat epochal controversies, such as population, the German colonies, banking issues, protective duties and free trade, etc. […].

Another work, very topical at this moment, is ‘The present state of the parties’ – those which will face one another in the next parliament […]”. – Note on letterhead (27 August). In his letter to Engels of 8 September 1852, Marx describes his desperate situation: he is unable to call a doctor for his wife and daughter “because I have no money for medicine […] I have been trying everything, all in vain. […] I applied to Brockhaus and I am offering him an article for the ‘Gegenwart’ with harmless content. He turned me down by a very kind letter […]” (MEW 28, 58). ¶ Marx/Engels Werke vol. 28, no. 29.

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11 On the Polish question Marx, Karl, philosopher and economist (1818 – 1883). Autograph manuscript. A leaf of notes on the Polish question, taken from the notebook labelled “Exzerpte. Heft No 2”. [London, 1863].

4to (202 × 166 mm). 2 pages. Preserved in a custom-made chemise. € 220,000 A rare opportunity to acquire a leaf of an original Karl Marx manuscript, his research notes towards a planned joint publication with Engels following the uprising in the Russian part of Poland in January 1863. “When in 1863 the January uprising broke out in the Russian part of Poland and a Prussian intervention on the side of the Tsar with the Russo-Prussian Alvensleben Convention (February 8th) appeared probable, Karl Marx saw a new era of European revolutions opened and a statement necessary. He and Friedrich Engels planned to write a manifesto on behalf of the London based German émigré Bildungsgesellschaft für Arbeiter as well as a more comprehensive and elaborate pamphlet to be titled ‘Deutschland & Polen. Polit[isch]. milit[ärische]. Betrachtungen bei Gelegenheit des polnischen Aufstands von 1863’” (Götz Langkau, IISG). Though ultimately abandoned due to poor health and, implicitly, the waning revolutionary prospects of the insurrection, Marx spent the early months of 1863 filling a notebook with extracts from the daily press, and two exercise books with extracts and notes from a variety of diplomatic sources, historical surveys and political pamphlets covering Polish-Prussian-Russian relations from the early 18th century, and various drafts of the intended historical survey, more or less elaborated and covering mainly events of the 18th century up to the Congress of Vienna. The present leaf, removed from the second exercise book headed “Exzerpte, Heft No 2 (Politischer, nicht zum Heft gehöriger Dreck)”, approximately 750 words in length, contains notes about Russia’s German policy between Austerlitz and the Vienna congress. – Final line of page 51 very slightly smudged, the inner edge of the leaf unevenly trimmed, in very good condition. We are indebted to Götz Langkau of the International Institute of Social History in Amsterdam for his report on this leaf, available upon request.

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12 A review of the electoral system in the German states 手稿

Marx, Karl, philosopher and economist (1818 – 1883). Autograph letter signed. London, “1 Modenas Villas Maitland Park”, 26 September 1866. 8vo. 3 ½ pages on bifolium. € 165,000 To the Chartist Collet Dobson Collet, a review of the electoral system in the German states. Marx, evidently responding to an enquiry from Collet, lists ten significant points about the German electoral and parliamentary systems, beginning with the facts that members of the Prussian lower house are paid, but those of the electoral colleges are not, that election costs are paid out of provincial exchequers (adding an observation on the division of electoral districts: “Aliquot parts of the population choose each one member for Parliament”), and that there is no qualification for becoming a member of parliament or of the electoral colleges. A substantial paragraph is devoted to explaining the income-based composition of these electoral colleges: “The primary voters include all men from the age of 25 years who pay any direct tax. Certain direct taxes are paid by almost everybody, even servants”; these voters are divided into three electoral classes, depending on how much tax they pay, and “Each of the three electoral classes so formed elects the same number of secondary electors who form the electoral body that finally nominates the members of Parliament”. After explaining two other details of the Prussian system, Marx explains that “The modes of election throughout Germany are far from uniform. Generally, however, the system of double elections prevails”, though he notes that in Bavaria there is not the Prussian division into classes; in terms of probity and discipline, “Cases of electoral bribery are absolutely unknown in all German states”, “The daily attendance of members of Parliament is rigorously enforced” and there exists no equivalent of the British “count-out”; finally, “ministers can take part in parliamentary debates even if not members, but cannot of course vote”. – Remnants of paste to blank lower half of page 4, minor soiling to page 1, puncture to vertical centre fold.

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13 The Most Powerful Book of the Century Marx, Karl. Das Kapital. Kritik der politischen Oekonomie. Erster Band. Buch I. Der Produktionsprocess des Kapitals. Hamburg, Verlag von Otto Meissner, 1867. 8vo. XII, 784 pp. Contemporary half green morocco over marbled boards; yellow coated endpapers. All edges marbled. In custom-made blue morocco-backed clamshell case. (Includes): Zweiter Band. Ibid., 1885. XXVII, (1), 526, (2) pp. Contemp. half cloth with giltstamped spine title. All edges marbled. (And:) Dritter Band (erster, zweiter Theil). Ibid., 1894. 2 vols. XXVIII, 448 pages. IV, 422 pages. Contemp. half calf with marbled covers and giltstamped spine labels. In custom-made blue leather entry slipcase. € 200,000 First edition: a magnificent copy of one of the most influential books ever published. The exceedingly rare first volume was the only one to be completed by Marx in his lifetime, while the second and third volumes – also included here in their first editions – were completed posthumously by Engels from Marx’s papers (1885 and 1894). “The history of the twentieth century is Marx’s legacy [...] Within one hundred years of his death half the world’s population was ruled by governments that professed Marxism to be their guiding faith. His ideas have transformed the study of economics, history, geography, sociology, and literature” (Wheen). “Marx himself modestly described ‘Das Kapital’ as a continuation of his ‘Zur Kritik der politischen Oekonomie’, 1859. It was in fact the summation of a quarter of a century’s economic studies, mostly in the Reading Room of the British Museum” (PMM). – Tiny ownership stamp (“Ex coll.

J. R. K.”) on the rear pastedown. Professional repair to title page. Volume 2 shows a tiny flaw to the top of the outer hinge Text very clean and without the usual foxing and staining. Volume 3, which appeared in two parts, is bound as a two-volume set in matching half calf, removed from the famous “International Institute of Social History” with their stamp (“Int[ernationaal] Instituut [voor] Soc[iale] Geschiedenis Amsterdam”) on front flyleaf. ¶ PMM 359. Rubel 633, 635, 636. Wheen, Marx, p. 1.

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14 The first and most influential translation of “Das Kapital” Marx, Karl. Kapital’. Kritika Politicheskoi Ekonomii. St. Petersburg, N. P. Poliakov, 1872. (2), XIII, (2), 678 pages. 8vo. Contemporary half calf with gilt title to spine. In custom-made green morocco-backed clamshell case. € 50,000 First edition in Russian, the first translation into any language of “Das Kapital”. Because of the unexpected popularity of the book, and the subsequent ban in the 1890s, this edition of 3000 copies was soon exhausted and the book became very rare. Later, Marx noted the excellence of the Russian translation. In 1880, he wrote to F. Zorge saying that of all countries, the “Capital” had been read and appreciated most fully in Russia. ¶ Marx-Engels Erstdrucke, p. 33.

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15 First French edition Marx, Karl. Le Capital. Traduction de M. J. Roy, entièrement revisée par l’auteur. Paris, Maurice Lachatre/Librairie du Progrès, [1872 – 1875]. Small folio (204 × 292 mm). 351, (1) pages, including wood-engraved half title, title page, portrait, and facsimile; vignette illustrations throughout. Early 20th century red half morocco with giltstamped spine title; original 1875 yellow wrappers bound within.

In custom-made red morocco-backed clamshell case. € 8,500 First French edition, published in instalments between 1872 and 1875 (cf. Marx-Engels Erstdrucke). Includes the wrapper covers issued in 1875 when the volume was complete. – Occasional mild foxing (more pronounced in wrappers); insignificant inch-long tear to lower edge of upper wrapper cover as well as 1872 half title and title page. ¶ Marx-Engels Erstdrucke, p. 33. Stammhammer I, p. 145.

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16 About the missing proofs for “Le Capital”

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Marx, Karl, philosopher and economist (1818 – 1883). Autograph letter signed (”Karl Marx”). [London], 20 January 1875. 4to. 1 page. €250,000 In French, to the Parisian printer Louis Justin Lahure (ca.

1850 – 1878), who was supposed to be producing the French edition of “Das Kapital” but had lately been trying the author’s patience: “Dear Sir, You receive today two packets containing pp. 982 – 1033.

Only 28 pages, forming the conclusion of the manuscript, are outstanding. There remains the afterword, as well as table of contents and the errata, which I cannot prepare without having before me all the as yet unpublished livraisons. As you apparently do not wish to answer my letters nor send proofs, nor seem desirous so far to make up your mind, I advise you that my time is not absolutely at your disposition [...]”. On the same day, Marx wrote to Max Oppenheim in Prague, describing his preoccupation with the French translation to his “Capital” and noting that he has introduced many changes and additions to the final parts of the French edition. Ten days later, Marx wrote to his publisher Lachâtre in Brussels, announcing his having finally completed the manuscript. He explains once more that he cannot go ahead with the table of contents, errata or afterword without the unpublished fascicles and complains that Lahure has stopped printing altogether three months previously: “He has not even returned the proofs of livraisons 34 and 35, and I am now beleaguered with other work [...] As I do not wish again to write to this gentleman, I would request you to communicate to him your instructions” (cf. MEW 34, p. 120, no. 4). According to the contract with Lachatre, “Le Capital” was to appear in 44 livraisons of one print sheet each. In fact, five such instalments were combined into a series, so that the French edition was published between September 1872 and November 1875 as livraisons I through IX.

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17 “the present conditions of my corpus delicti” Marx, Karl, philosopher and economist (1818 – 1883). Autograph letter signed (“Dein Mohr”). [London], 26 January 1880. 8vo. ¼ page. € 75,000 In German and English, to a young friend, the archaeologist Charles Waldstein (later: Walstone, 1856 – 1927) in London, whom he intended to visit. “Dear Waldhorn, I leave these lines with you in case you should not be at home. I am willing to come on Wednesday at 7 p.m., wind and weather permitting, that is to say, if it be not too cold for the present conditions of my corpus delicti. All this world’s promises are, after all, but relative [...]”. – Mounted on backing paper at the left edge. Very rare. ¶ Marx/Engels, Collected Works, vol. 46, no. 3 (in English translation). Not in MEW.

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18 First English edition of “Das Kapital” Marx, Karl. Capital: A Critical Analysis of Capitalist Production. London, Swan Sonnenschein, Lowrey, & Co., 1887. 2 volumes, 8vo. Half-titles. Printer’s device on title pages. Original brown cloth, covers stamped in blind, spine gilt. € 18,000 First English edition of “Das Kapital”, overseen by Engels and translated by Samuel Moore and Marx’s son-in-law Edward Aveling. This edition only contains book I. Although Engels had already published the German edition of Volume II in 1885, he states in the preface, that a translation of it without volume III would be incomplete; the German edition of volume III did not appear until 1894. Based on the German edition of book I, this translation also takes account of substantial changes Marx made for the French translation of 1872 – 1875. ¶ Rubel 633. Stammhammer I, p. 145. Draper II, M129.

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19 “one of the outstanding political documents of all time” Marx, Karl/Engels, Friedrich. Manifest der Kommunistischen Partei. Veröffentlicht im Februar 1848. London, Hirschfeld, “1848” [i. e., 1861]. 8vo. 24 pages. Blue unprinted original wrappers. In blue custom-made morocco-backed slipcase with chemise. € 350,000 One of three variants, all dated 1848, of the first edition of “one of the outstanding political documents of all time”. Of the utmost rarity; the last copy in the trade was auctioned in 1976, offered as a “nearly unknown issue published in the year of the first edition” (cf. Hauswedell, 28 April 1976, lot 574, DM 45,000) and commanding a higher hammer price than the genuine first edition in its green original wrappers (same sale, lot 574, DM 36,000). While two other copies of this latter variant are listed in book auction records of the past decades, the present copy, in its original blue wrappers, of the later and apparently rarest variant of the first edition remains the sole specimen ever to have appeared in the trade since 1976.

The bibliography of first printings (“Erstdrucke”, published by the Marx-Engels-Lenin-Stalin-Institute of the SED-ZK, as was later the MEGA) states the year of publication as “1848” for all three variants; Kuczynski, however, provides a terminus ante quem non of 17 November 1860 for the Hirschfeld edition, with a terminus post quem non of 4 December 1861. – “Admitted by every serious student of society to be one of the outstanding political documents of all time [...] the ‘Manifesto of the Communist Party’ outlined the main positions of Marxism as a theory of history, a criticism of Socialist doctrine and a program of revolutionary action” (PMM). – Slightly browned due to paper; mild foxing near beginning and end. Upper right corner slightly wrinkled. Minute edge defects and browning to blue original wrappers, but very well preserved altogether. ¶ Kuczynski p. 97f., nos. 177 – 182. Marx-Engels Erstdrucke, p. 14.

Rubel 70, 3. MEGA I/6, p. 684. Cf. PMM 326.

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20 First Russian edition Marx, Karl/Engels, Friedrich. Manifest Kommunisticheskoj partii. [Geneva, Louis Czerniecki, 1869]. 8vo (117 × 186 mm). 23, (1) pages.

With original printed title label on front flyleaf. Contemp. red half cloth with gilt title to cloth on front board. In green custom-made morocco-backed slipcase with chemise. € 185,000 First edition of the first Russian translation of the Communist Manifesto, Marx and Engels’ groundbreaking work of communist propaganda, “undoubtedly the most widespread, the most international production of all Socialist literature, the common platform acknowledged by millions of working men from Siberia to California” (preface to the 1888 edition). The Manifesto constitutes an early sum of Marx’ and Engels’ ideas, later to become known under the heading of “scientific socialism”. – This first Russian translation was prepared by the anarchist Mikhail Bakunin, “who despite being one of Marx and Engels’ most pronounced opponents in the working class movement, saw the great revolutionary importance contained within the Manifesto” (note to the preface of the 1882 Russian translation). Due to state censorship, publication in Russia was out of the question. The printer, Louis (Ludwik) Czerniecki, was a Polish emigré who had come to Switzerland via London with the Russian revolutionary democrat Alexander Herzen. His Polish printing press served the Free Russian Press, in especial Herzen’s paper “Kolokol” (“The Bell”), the Russian emigrants’ leading organ of the time. Prior to this translation, the only bits of the Manifesto to reach Russian readers were a single sentence in the radical St. Petersburg journal “Sovremnik” (12/1858), and a paraphrase of the beginning of Section I that appeared as an introduction to a German-translated article in “Zagranicnij Vestnik” (6/1864). Unbeknownst to either author, it would be Russia where the Revolution heralded by the Manifesto would finally take place, under the leadership of their disciple Lenin who did not discover Marxism until after Marx’s death (but who was later to prepare his own translation of the Communist Manifesto). – Engels, in his preface to the 1888 English edition of the Manifesto, stated in twofold error that “the first Russian translation, made by Bakunin, was published at Herzen’s ‘Kolokol’ office in Geneva, about 1863; a second one, by the heroic Vera Zasulich, also in Geneva, 1882”. In fact, Bakunin’s version appeared in 1869, and the 1882 translation, with a preface by the authors, is by Georgi Plekhanov. Neither Marx nor Engels appears ever to have owned a copy of this Russian translation. Shrewdly, it was issued without wrappers or title page, with no mention of place or year, editor, printer, or translator. The printed title label present in our copy is also confirmed in the single other copy available for comparison (Geneva).

Extremely rare: the only known copy in private hands; only three other copies are known in libraries worldwide (Bibliothèque de Genève; Institute of Marxism-Leninism of the Central Committee of the CPSU; Russian State Library/Gos. Biblioteka Imeni Lenina; photocopies in the Andréas and Feltrinelli collections). – A bit of wear to extremities. Binding very slightly loosened; gutter of flyleaf and first leaf inconspicuously reinforced. All in all very well preserved. ¶ Andréas 54. OCLC 717010404 (Bibliothèque de Genève, BGE Brsl 954/10). Rubel 70 (note, “1859” in error). Marx-Engels Erstdrucke p. 15, note 1. Cf. PMM 326.

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21 André Bréton’s Manifesto Marx, Karl/Engels, Friedrich. Manifeste du Parti Communiste. Paris, (Em. Pivoteau for) Ère Nouvelle, [1895]. (2), 36 pages. Original printed wrappers. Stored in red morocco-entry papered slipcase with red half morocco chemise, gilt lettering to spine, custom-made for André Bréton. € 45,000 Extremely rare first separate French edition of this seminal historical document. Published by “L’Ère Nouvelle”, the first French journal devoted to Marxist philosophy and analysis, this is a revision (by Engels) of the translation, by Marx’s daughter Laura Lafargue, which had first appeared in “Le Socialiste” (29 August through 7 November, 1885). It constitutes the monumental first independent publication in French of Marx’s and Engels’s groundbreaking work of communist propaganda, “undoubtedly the most widespread, the most international production of all Socialist literature, the common platform acknowledged by millions of working men from Siberia to California” (Preface to the 1888 edition). The present copy has an outstanding provenance: it is from the personal library of André Breton, the founder of surrealism, who from this present work drew much inspiration for his own Manifesto – the “Manifeste du Surréalisme” (1924), his magnum opus with which he founded the movement that came to dominate art, literature, and politics of the following decades. This first publication in book form of the “Manifesto” was immensely influential in spreading Communist thought throughout France and plays a dominant role in the history of French Marxist thought. – Spine repaired; some slight edge and corner defects as well as chipping to first and last few leaves (restored in places). ¶ Andreas 331. MEGA I/32, p. 1414, D8; I/30, p. 998 (text: pp. 343 – 368). Cf. Rubel 70. Cf. PMM 326. Not in Marx-Engels Erstdrucke.

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22 First printings of the earliest socialist works by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels Marx, Karl/Ruge, Arnold. Deutsch-französische Jahrbücher.

Herausgegeben von Arnold Ruge und Karl Marx. 1ste und 2te Lieferung. Paris, im Bureau der Jahrbucher, au Bureau des Annales, 1844. 8vo. (2), 237, (3) pp. Later marbled boards with ms. label to spine. Marbled endpapers. € 145,000 The first journal co-founded by Marx, complete with all issues ever published. Contains Marx’s earliest socialist publications: “Ein Briefwechsel von 1843”, “Zur Judenfrage”, and “Zur Kritik der Hegel’schen Rechts-Philosophie”. Also includes contributions by Friedrich Engels (“Umrisse zu einer Kritik der Nationalökonomie”; “Die Lage Englands”) and Moses Hess (“Briefe aus Paris”), poems

by Heinrich Heine and Georg Herwegh, etc. The introduction is by Marx himself. The plan for the journal had been conceived as early as early 1843; the two editors Marx and Ruge clashed after only a year of collaboration, for which reason no more than two issues appeared. – Some browning; a few pencil markings and underlinings; contemp. ownership to title page. Extremely rare; OCLC cites only eight copies of the present original edition in libraries worldwide. ¶ Rubel 36 – 38. Stammhammer I, 113. Friedländer collection 6.

Keller, Polit. Verlagsanstalten 62f. Kirchner 6661. Estermann 6.201 (providing a detailed list of contents and an evaluation).

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Stalin, Josef, Russian dictator (1878 – 1953). Autograph note signed. Moscow, no date. Small 4to. 1 page. € 75,000 Autograph note by Stalin, boldly written in pencil, to the upper left corner of a clipped typed letter, partially over the typed text.

Stalin instructs “C[omrade] Sorin”: “personally get this published, I remember quite well – and C. Drodt’s letter confirms it – that this 1912 May Day flyer [proclamation] was written by myself personally in Moscow. I, Stalin”. The typed text is a letter from Stalin’s correspondent, Comrade Sorin, to Stalin, stating in part: “Dear Comrade Stalin! We send you two documents scheduled for publication in ‘Pravda’, May Day issue: 1. Lenin’s article ‘Then and Now’ from ‘Pravda’ 191... – The manuscript of the article has not been preserved, but Lenin’s authorship is unquestionable. We have already given evidence to the press in support of this article being Lenin’s.

We are so late in delivering the documents for Pravda’s May Day issue because we [could] not find any unpublished article by Vladimir Ilyich that would suit the issue’s content – the article ‘Then and Now’ suits best. – 2. May Day leaflet dated 1912. Of those of your works listed by Comrade Tolstuhova, we notice that the proclamation is written by you, and Comrade Tolstuhova assigned?” – The letter has been clipped and trimmed, saving Stalin’s annotation in full. A few very small tears not affecting Stalin’s written text.

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24 With Stalin’s autograph dedication to his comrades Stalin, Josef, Russian dictator (1878 – 1953). Stalin’s signature on the book: Neft [i.e. Oil]. Tbilisi, 1937. € 48,000 Signed during his days in Baku, with dedication to his “Baku mentors” Vatsek, Saratovets and Fioletov. Ivan Prokofievich Vatsek (1870 – 1951) was one of the leaders of the workers’ strikes in Baku in 1903. After the revolution he held various leading positions in the Azerbaijani wing of the party. Vasily Frolov Efimov (called “Saratovets”, 1885 – 1912), party member since 1903, and Ivan Timofeevich Fioletov (1884 – 1918), party member since 1900, were already dead when the book was published. Efimov was one of the editors of Bolshevik newspaper “Baku worker”; he was arrested and died in prison in Moscow. Fioletov was very active during the revolution of 1905 and one of the organizers of workers’ unions. He was executed as one of 26 Baku commissars by the Centrocaspian Dictatorship in 1918.

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25 “If the Divine Destiny of the Human Races is liberty and equality we will bound to succeed”

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Sun Yat-sen, Chinese revolutionary, first president and founding father of the Republic of China (1866 – 1925). Autograph letter signed.

[London], 24 June 1897. 8vo. 3 pp. on bifolium. € 350,000 To the Russian revolutionary, journalist and writer Feliks Volkhovsky: “I shall be off at 1st of July, it would be most improbably that I could see you before my departure. But that will be a matter of no important, the only thing I hope is that you will be prospered and succeeded in the work of your national cause. The Chinese officials who have the right to study geography and sciences &c., I think, are those above the sixth grade. But such law or usage is pratically abolished in the recent years when China open to foreign intercourse. I could not tell you what is the number of members in the secret societies of China. It is very flourishing over all parts of China. But I was told especially in the two central provinces, Hunan and Hupek are more than three quarters of their population are enlistened as members; and the provinces in south east of China are also very numours of the same. As regard to what part of them is ready to take up arms in a revolt is a question of very hard to tell.

All of them seem to ready but there is always something or other is wanted. And at present the Tartar government is greatly threatened and taking great precaution to prevent any uprising, and at the same time acquire foreign assistance by yielding, unconditionally, any demand of the great powers especially that of Russian French. It is most probably that your government would render any assistance to the Chinese government to put down any uprising in case of need. This would be the most stumbled to our movement. So we have to prepare not only to match with the Tartar but also to avert all the selfish and injustice intervention of the European Powers. I do not know when we could strike a effective blow but we will not be daunted. If the Divine Destiny of the Human Races is liberty and equality we will bound to succeed. At any occasion if anything is happened we hope we will gain your sympathies in our cause [...]”. – The critical state of affairs in China between 1896 and 1898 was characterized by reform and upheaval, both of which the Tartar (Manchu) government tried to control. The Chinese had been shockingly defeated in the Sino-Japanese war of 1894 – 95, and the ensuing peace treaty had called for recognition of Korea’s independence, an indemnity of 200,000,000 taels, and the cession of Taiwan, the Pescadores Islands, and the Liao-tung Peninsula. However, Russia Germany, and France forced Japan to restore the peninsula. “Gaining China’s favour by this intervention, the three powers suddenly began to press China with demands, which gave rise to a veritable scramble for concessions. Immediately after the triple intervention, Russia succeeded in 1896 in signing a secret treaty alliance with China against Japan, by which Russia gained the right to construct the Chinese Eastern Railway across northern Manchuria. A second concession – the right to build two railways in Shantung – was granted to Germany in 1897. Others followed, forcing China into various leases and grants to Britain, France and Japan. China was therefore placed on the brink of partition, a crisis which set the stage for the Hundred Days of Reform in 1898, followed by a furious and inevitable antiforeign uprising in Shantung – the Boxer Rebellion – in 1900” (Enc. Britannica). Sun Yat-sen’s fears expressed in this letter, regarding the uprising that would hinder the progress of his movement, and the “selfish and [unjust] intervention of the European Powers”, were thus not allayed, as one crisis followed another in quick succession.

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