Grammar “Looks” for Eso. By Inmaculada Guadix.
Personal Pronouns
Possessive Adjectives
Possessive Pronouns
I You He She It We You They
My ... Your... His... Her... + Noun Its... Our... Your... Their...
Mine Yours His Hers It’s Ours Yours Theirs
I have a book.
This is my book.
This book is mine.
She has a book.
This is her book.
This book is hers. By Inmaculada Guadix.
Possessio n Have got
Inma has got a car.
e v i s s e s s Po e v i t c e j d A
ve i s s se s o P n u o n Pro
r e H Saxon Genitive s i r ca . k c a l Inma’s car b is black.
This s i r ca . s r he
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Saxon genitive
Possessor and possessed object
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Verb to Be means “ser” or “ estar”
Affirmative
Negative
I am You are He is She is It is We are You are They are
I am not You are not He is not She is not It is not We are not You are not They are not
She is Nicole.
She isn’t Spanish.
Contractio ns I’m You’re He’s She’s It’s We’re You’re They’re
Contractions I’ m not You aren’t He isn’t She isn’t It isn’t We aren’t You aren’t They aren’t
She’s British. She isn’t Scottish.
Interrogativ e Am I? Are you? Is he? Is she? Is it? Are we? Are you? Are they?
Is she Irish?
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Be vs have got 1. Definitions & general things:
Edinburgh is in Scotland.
2. Feelings.
We are happy.
3. States.
I’m hungry. I’m thirsty.
4. Professions and nationalities.
She is English. She is teacher.
5. Prices
How much is it? It’s 5€.
6. Age.
How old are you? I am 12.
7. Weather
It’s hot. It is cold. It’s sunny.
8. Measurements
It’s 10 meters long.
1. Possession. 2. Health.
I have a car. I have 2 sisters and a brother. I have a cold. I have a pain. I have stomach ache. I have a headache. 3. Characteristics. She has blue eyes and long hair. By Inmaculada Guadix.
Be: 1. Age: How old are you? I am 12. h s 2. Hungry/ thirsty i n pa S n i r e n I am hungry. e T . d s a o d ñ a E . 2 1 1 d e 3. Cold / hot o s g , n e e r T b . e m r a b H m . I am cold. a 2 oh r g o l n a e c T , o í r 3. F o frío. g n e T
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Present Simple A) Form I, you, we, they
He, she, it
Base Form/ infinitive Base Form/ infinitive
Likes, dances, wants, reads, loves, lives
Verbs ending in Sybilant sound: s, ss, x, sh, ch Verbs ending in -o Verbs ending in constant + y
Watches, goes, does, studies
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Pronunciation The pronunciation will depend on the previous sound:
/z/ /s/
If it is voiced If it is unvoiced
Third person singular
/Z/ S
/S/ /IZ/
If it is a Sybililant sound
/IZ/
Plays, studies, listens, reads, answers, copies, loves, leaves
Likes, hates, walks, completes, asks, stops, wants
Watches, wishes,washes
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B) Uses
When do we use this tense?
1. We use the present simple to express an “Universal Truth” 2. We use the present simple to express “a General Truth”. 3. We use the present simple to express actions we do frequently. “Hobby” or “Routine”. 4. We use the present simple to express what we like, Love, hate, prefer. 5. We use the present simple to express “permanent ideas “. 6. We use the present simple to express what is in a timetable. 7. We use present simple to tell a joke, to narrate a football match. We also have “ a history present”
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1. We use the present simple to express an “Universal Truth”. What does “ universal Truth” mean? Something that is always always true.
E.g. Water boils at 100 degrees. E.g. The sun rises in the East. Eg. The sun sets in the West.
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2. We use the present simple to express “a General Truth” or a Fact. e.g This table is red. e.g. I am 12 years old. e.g. This is my class.
e.g. I am a boy.
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3. We use the present simple to express actions we do frequently. “Hobby” or “Routine”. eg. I get up early everyday. e.g. I play football twice a week. e.g. I usually watch TV at night.
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4. We use the present simple to express what we like, Love, hate, prefer.
e.g. I like football. e.g. I love cheese.
e.g. I hate tobacco.
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5. We use the present simple to express “permanent actions�.
e.g. I am a teacher.
e.g. I am a student.
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6. We use the present simple to express what is in a timetable. e.g. The train leaves at 7:00 e.g. My English lesson is at 5. e.g. The plain lands at 8:00 e.g. The bus arrives late.
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7. We use present simple to tell a joke, to narrate a football match. We also have “ a history present” e.g. There’s one who says ... e.g. Sergio León shoots and goaaaaaallllll. e.g. Colombus discovers America in 1942.
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8. We use the present simple to express the Zero conditional. Always true. e.g. If you heat water at 100 degrees, it boils.
e.g. Water freezes when reaches minor one degrees. eg. The more the pressure, the less the volume.
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9. We use the present simple to express the second part of the First Conditional sentence. e.g lf you study, you will pass. eg. You will pass if you study.
KEY WORDS for the Present Simple
Frequency Adverbs Always 100%
Often 75%
Usually 50%
Always: we Usually: we Often: we use always use often use usually when we do when we do when we an action do an an action every day or action almost every week... always. frequently but not always.
Sometime s 25%
Sometime s: we use sometimes when we do an action somes days or weeks.
Seldom 10%
Seldom: we use seldom when we do an action almost never.
Never 0%
Never: we use never when we don’t do an action.
Frequency Adverbs Pattern. We put adverbs of frequency after the verb to be. Subject + to be+ adverb of frequency. E.g We are always in the cafÊ We put adverbs of frequency before any verb. Subject + adverb of frequency + verb E.g Your brother usually does his homework at the library The frequency adverbs that are longer go at the very end of the sentence. E.g every day, twice a week, in the morning, at night, etc. E.g I don’t do my homework at night.
Like, love, hate After the verbs Love, like, hate, prefer, (*go) loath, dislike eg. I like playing football. eg. I hate eating vegetables. eg. She doesn’t go surfing with us.
Verb Pattern
AN -ING Verb
Present Continuous A) Form Subject + be in the present + -ing verb eg. He is watching a film. Subject + present be + not+ - ing verb eg. I am not drinking water Present be + Subject + -ING Verb ? eg. Are you listening to me?
B) Uses 1. We use the present continuous to express an action which is happening now, at the talking time. 2. We use the present continuous when two actions are happening at the same time. 3. We use present continuous to express an arranged or planed future action.
4. We use present continuous to break a routine. 5. We use present continuous to express a repeated annoying action.
6. We use present continuous to express a temporary action.
Key words
Now, at the moment, today,these days...
1. We use the present continuous to express an action which is happening now, at the talking time. eg. I am doing my homework at the moment.
2. We use the present continuous when two actions are happening at the same time. eg. While I am listening to music I am doing homework.
3. We use present continuous to express an arranged or planed future action. eg. I am going to London in May. eg. I am flying to London in May.
4. We use present continuous to break a routine. eg. I always have toasts for breakfast, but today I am having churros and chocolate.
5. We use present continuous to express a repeated annoying action.
eg. He is always playing football in the living room.
6. We use present continuous to express a temporary action. eg. I am working as a waitress. eg. My brother is studying hard this month.
Past simple A) Form Subject + Past verb + Irregular/-ed + Complements eg. I wrote a book.
Subject + auxiliary verb(does or do) + not + bare + Components eg. I didn’t pass the exam.
Auxiliary verb(past) + subject + verb( bare infinitive) + components eg. Did you eat pizza?
Spelling rules Bare infinitive + ed When the verb finishes in a “y” -ed can have two different spellings. A) When “y” is preceded by a vowel “y” remains and we add -ed. eg. Play=Played. Stay=Stayed. Obey=Obeyed.
B) When “y” is preceded by a consonant, “y” turns into an “i” eg. Cry=Cried. Study=Studied. Copy=Copied
B) Uses 2. 1. We use the past simple tense to express a short past action. 2. We use the past simple tense to express a point in time. 3. We use the past simple tense to express a catalogue or shopping list of short past actions. 4. We use the past simple tense to express an unreal situation in a second conditional sentence.
1. We use the past simple tense to express a short past action. eg. I woke up early. eg. The train arrived late
2. We use the past simple tense to express a point in time. eg. I was born on 2004. eg. I saw your sister yesterday.
3. We use the past simple tense to express a catalogue or shopping list of short past actions. eg. Yesterday I woke up, I had breakfast, I brushed my teeth, I went to school,I did my homework, I had a shower, I went out with my friends and I went to bed.
4. We use the past simple tense to express an unreal situation in a second conditional sentence. eg. If I were a boy ,I woke up like this. eg. If I were a rich man ,I would buy a house in DinkelsbĂźhl. eg. He would give a lot of money to charity if he won the lottery.
Past continuous A) Form Subject + To be(past) + verb + ing + complements. eg. I was studying history. Subject + To be negative (past) + verb + ing + complements eg. I wasn’t playing computer games. To be( past) + subject + verb + ing + complements eg. Were you drawing a car?
B) Uses
1. We use past continuous tense to describe event or scenery. 2. We use past continuous tense to