J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2014 Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES) ISSN: 2220-6663 (Print) 2222-3045 (Online) Vol. 4, No. 1, p. 244-249, 2014 http://www.innspub.net RESEARCH PAPER
OPEN ACCESS
Anti-inflammatory cytokine adiponectin in relation to glucose concentration in type II diabetes men Kaboli Mohamadzaman*, Ferizadeh Abbas, Maleki Behnam, Ghazaei Anbaran Yavar Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Islamshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Islamshahr, Iran Article published on January 28, 2014 Key words: Adiponectin, glucose, type II diabetes.
Abstract Adiponectin, a hormone secreted by adipose tissue, plays an important role in the genesis of obesity and type II diabetes. The purpose of this study was to compare adiponectin between type II diabetes and non-diabetes men and to examine the relation of serum adiponectin to glucose concentration in type II diabetic patients. Sedentary adult men with type II diabetes (n=12) or non-diabetes (n=12) men were recruited and underwent testing for measurement of body mass index, body composition and blood levels of adiponectin, insulin and glucose. Fasting blood samples were collected from brachial vein in sitting position of all participants in two groups. Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated by fasting insulin and glucose. Serum insulin levels in patients with diabetic showed were significantly higher than those without diabetes symptoms (p = 0.018). Insulin resistance and fasting glucose was also higher in patients than non-diabetes subjects (p = 0.000). There were no significant correlations between serum adiponectin concentrations and fasting glucose in patients (p = 0.38, r = 0.28). Also this anti-inflammatory cytokine was not related to insulin resistance in patients (p = 0.64, r = 0.15). Despite higher serum adiponectin in diabetic patients, but this cytokine can not affect circulation glucose directly. *Corresponding
Author: Kaboli Mohamadzaman  m.kaboli1349@yahoo.com
244 | Mohamadzaman et al
J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2014 Introduction
resistance in diabetic and non-diabetic subjects (Ryan
Although the biological basis of obesity and related
et al., 2003). Some studies have also reported similar
chronic diseases such as diabetes or cardiovascular
levels of adiponectin between diabetics and non-
disease or respiratory disease is not yet fully known,
diabetics have (Ryan et al., 2003). This study aims,
white adipose tissue as a source of huge fat reserves,
on the one hand, to compare baseline levels of
is also very important in energy homeostasis. In
adiponectin in type 2 diabetic men with non-diabetic
recent years, the role of inflammatory and anti-
men and to explore the relationship between this
inflammatory cytokines that are often secreted by
anti-inflammatory cytokine and fasting glucose levels
adipose tissue in regulation of skeletal muscle
in these patients on the other hand.
metabolism and development of insulin resistance and
eventually
type-2
diabetes
has
gained
. Method and subjects
considerable importance. Different adipocytokines
Subjects
are involved in the prevalence and detection of insulin
Participants included 12 sedentary adult obese men
resistance, systemic inflammation and atherosclerotic
with type II diabetes and 12 sedentary non-diabetes
processes (Katsuki et al., 2004; Harsch et al., 2009).
men matched for age 38 – 48 year and body mass
Some of these adipocytokines directly or indirectly
index 28 – 33 kg/m2. All participants were non
affect insulin sensitivity and factors effective in lipid
smoker and no trained, so they reported being weight
and
insulin
stable (Âą1kg) for 6 months prior to the study and
secretion (Ueno et al., 2007). Adiponectin is an
engaged in physical activity less than once per week.
adipokine similar to collagen that is produced mainly
All participants were informed about the purpose and
by adipose tissue (Aldhahi et al., 2003).
risks of the study before written informed consent
glucose
metabolism
by
regulating
was obtained. Contrary to what has been observed in other cytokines, although adiponectin is secreted by
Inclusion or Exclusion criteria
adipose tissue its concentration is far lower in obese
Being obese or overweight was inclusion criteria for
and insulin resistant people than healthy ones and
diabetes
those with normal weight. It is known that increased
participants were excluded from the study if they
adiponectin induced by weight loss is associated with
reported smoking or had a history of hypertension,
improved insulin sensitivity (Courteix et al., 2007;
coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease,
Kondo et al., 2006). This hormone increases insulin
peripheral artery disease. Using medicine or hormone
sensitivity in muscular tissue and liver, and oxidation
preparations that affect the carbohydrate and lipid
of free fatty acids (FFA) in some tissues, such as
metabolism
muscle fibers and decreases serum concentrations of
Inclusion criteria for study group were determined as
free fatty acids, glucose and triglycerides (Calabro et
existing type 2 diabetic for at least three years.
and
non
was
diabetes
another
groups.
exclusion
Potential
criterion.
al., 2007). Physical and biochemical measurements But contrary to the above findings, the findings of a
The
new study on rats showed that despite low levels of
circumference were first performed, than fasting
adiponectin, there was no or a low level insulin
blood samples were taken for the determination of
resistance (Ma et al., 2002). However, in a recent
glucose, insulin and adiponectin. Height of the
study no association was found between adiponectin
barefoot subjects was measured to the nearest 0.1 cm.
and insulin sensitivity (Martin et al., 2008). In spite
Weight was measured by an electronic balance. Waist
of the said findings, some studies have reported no
and hip circumferences were measured with the
association
subject standing erect with arms at the sides and feet
between
adiponectin
and
insulin
measurements
245 | Mohamadzaman et al
for
weight,
height,
waist
J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2014 together,
wearing
only
underwear.
BMI
was
distribution. Independent t-test was used to compare
calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the
the means of variables between diabetes and non-
square of height in meters (kg/m2). All participants
diabetes groups. Spearman correlation coefficients
refrained from any severe physical activity 48 h
were used to determine the associations between
before blood sampling. Venous blood was collected
serum adiponectin and other variables. A criterion
from subjects after an overnight fast. Plasma insulin
alpha level of P ≤ 0.05 was used for all statistical
was determined using ELISA method. Glucose was
comparisons.
determined by the oxidase method (Pars Azmoon, Tehran). Serum adiponectin was determined by
Results
ELISA method, using a Biovendor- Laboratorial kit
Data were expressed as individual values or the mean
made by Biovendor Company, Czech. The Intra- assay
± SD for groups. Significant differences were not
coefficient of variation and sensitivity of the method
found in body weight, body mass index and other
were 3.9% and 5-50 ng/mL The Intra- assay
anthropometrical markers between diabetic and non-
coefficient of variation and sensitivity of the method
diabetic groups (p ≥ 0.05). Serum adiponectin levels
were 3.9% and
for
were significantly lower in diabetic patients in
adiponectin and 2.6% and 2.88 μg/L for insulin. The
comparison to healthy subjects (p = 0.018). Fasting
homoeostasis
for
glucose concentrations were higher in patients
estimating insulin resistance was calculated as serum
subjects than in healthy men (p = 0.000). However,
glucose
fasting serum insulin concentrations were not
5-50 ng/mL, respectively
model
assessment
(mmol/L)×serum
insulin
(HOMA)
(mU/L)/22·5
(Matthews et al., 1985).
significantly different between two groups (p = 0.938). Insulin resistance was also significant higher
Statistical Analyses
in patients when non-diabetic subjects (0.000).
Statistical analysis was performed with the SPSS
Adiponectin
software version 15.0. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test
association with either glucose (p = 0.38, r = 0.28, Fig
was applied to determine the variables with normal
1) or insulin resistance (p = 0.64, r = 0.15, Fig2).
levels
demonstrated
no
significant
Table 1. Mean and SD of anthropometrical and clinical characteristics of studied groups. Variables
Diabetic group
None-diabetic group
Age (year) Weight (kg) Height (cm) BMI (kg/m2) AC (cm) HC (cm) Glucose (mg/dl) Insulin (µIU/ml) Insulin resistance
44.08 ± 7.48 92.4 ± 6.59 173 ± 5.59 30.92 ± 2.71 104.75 ± 7.68 103.7 ± 2.81 225 ± 67 8.38 ± 1.82 4.58 ± 1.31
41.17 ± 3.41 93.67 ± 4.91 176.2 ± 3.97 30.17 ± 1.03 99.83 ± 3.76 100.2 ± 7.17 101 ± 9 8.45 ± 2.77 2.10 ± 0.67
Adiponectin (µg/ml)
5.54 ± 1.6
7.08 ± 1.38
BMI; Body mass index, AC; Abdominal circumference, HC; Hip circumference. Discussion
as asthma, diabetes, atopic, immune diseases, and
Findings from independent t-test showed that
many
baseline adiponectin levels were lower in the subject
(Hersoug et al., 2007; Choi, 2004).
cardiovascular
and
respiratory
diseases
diabetic patients compared with healthy individuals. There is raising epidemiological evidence regarding
Nowadays obesity is identified as a public health
the increasing effect of obesity on many diseases, such
problem and as a risk factor for metabolic syndrome
246 | Mohamadzaman et al
J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2014 and type 2 diabetes (Pulkkinen et al., 2010), although
presence of diabetes is a secondary agent effective in
the biological basis for these processes is not yet fully
reducing levels of this hormone. It appears that the
known. The main feature of the pathophysiology of
absence of a non-obese diabetic group is one of the
type 2 diabetes is insulin resistance and beta-cell
limitations of this study, because if the levels of these
dysfunction
of
hormones could be compared in obese and non-obese
adiponectin in diabetic patients than in non-diabetics,
diabetic groups, the effect of type 2 diabetes on serum
suggests systemic inflammation in these patients.
adiponectin
Lower levels of adiponectin in diabetics than non-
Nevertheless,
diabetics have also been reported in some previous
confirm the present study ting higher levels of
studies (Pischon et al., 2003). Some other studies
adiponectin in diabetics than non-diabetics (Pischon
have reported that obese individuals have lower levels
et al., 2006), some studies have reported no
of this inflammatory cytokine than those with normal
difference in the anti-inflammatory cytokine in
weight (Moreno-Aliaga et al., 2010).
diabetic and non-diabetic subjects (Ryan et al.,
(Kahn,
2003.)
Lower
levels
levels
would
although
be
most
more
obvious.
previous
studies,
2003). In this context, the literature suggests that systemic levels of this 224-amino acid peptide hormone decrease in the presence of cardiovascular disease and
metabolic
syndrome
supporting
its
anti-
inflammatory and anti-diabetic properties (Hadaegh et al., 2006). But in their 2003 study Ryan et al observed that the levels of adiponectin were not Fig. 1. The correlation between serum adiponectin and fasting glucose in studied patients.
significantly different in the two diabetic and nondiabetic groups (Ryan et al., 2003). Furthermore, although in this study, higher levels of glucose and lower levels of adiponectin in diabetic men than in non-diabetics
were
observed,
no
significant
association was found between them in diabetic patients. In other words, the relationship between fasting adiponectin and glucose levels in diabetic patients was negative yet insignificant. On the other hand, fasting serum adiponectin levels in these patients had a none significant inverse relationship with insulin resistance. In this context, evidence from Fig. 2. The correlation between serum adiponectin
animal studies (Maeda et al., 2002) and those with a
and insulin resistance in studied patients.
genetic history of diabetes (Tschritter et al., 2003) suggests that the biological effects of adiponectin can
In this study, both diabetic and non-diabetic subjects
be independent of fat mass and insulin resistance.
were categorized as obese. Higher adiponectin levels
Based on these findings it can be concluded that each
in obese compared to –obese subjects in the other
of insulin resistance and adiponectin independently
studies, on the one hand, and higher levels of this
affect blood glucose levels in type 2 diabetic patients
hormone in diabetic obese men than in non-diabetic
although further molecular studies are needed to
obese men on the other hand, implies that apart from
clarify the mechanisms responsible for adiponectin
the fact that obesity reduces adiponectin levels in
on the blood glucose levels in diabetic patients and in
comparison with individuals with normal weight, the
healthy populations.
247 | Mohamadzaman et al
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