Anti-inflammatory cytokine adiponectin in relation to glucose concentration in type II diabetes men

J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2014 Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES) ISSN: 2220-6663 (Print) 2222-3045 (Online) Vol. 4, No. 1, p. 244-249, 2014 http://www.innspub.net RESEARCH PAPER

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Anti-inflammatory cytokine adiponectin in relation to glucose concentration in type II diabetes men Kaboli Mohamadzaman*, Ferizadeh Abbas, Maleki Behnam, Ghazaei Anbaran Yavar Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Islamshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Islamshahr, Iran Article published on January 28, 2014 Key words: Adiponectin, glucose, type II diabetes.

Abstract Adiponectin, a hormone secreted by adipose tissue, plays an important role in the genesis of obesity and type II diabetes. The purpose of this study was to compare adiponectin between type II diabetes and non-diabetes men and to examine the relation of serum adiponectin to glucose concentration in type II diabetic patients. Sedentary adult men with type II diabetes (n=12) or non-diabetes (n=12) men were recruited and underwent testing for measurement of body mass index, body composition and blood levels of adiponectin, insulin and glucose. Fasting blood samples were collected from brachial vein in sitting position of all participants in two groups. Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated by fasting insulin and glucose. Serum insulin levels in patients with diabetic showed were significantly higher than those without diabetes symptoms (p = 0.018). Insulin resistance and fasting glucose was also higher in patients than non-diabetes subjects (p = 0.000).

There were no significant correlations between serum adiponectin concentrations and fasting glucose in patients (p = 0.38, r = 0.28). Also this anti-inflammatory cytokine was not related to insulin resistance in patients (p = 0.64, r = 0.15). Despite higher serum adiponectin in diabetic patients, but this cytokine can not affect circulation glucose directly. *Corresponding

Author: Kaboli Mohamadzaman  m.kaboli1349@yahoo.com

244 | Mohamadzaman et al

J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2014 Introduction

resistance in diabetic and non-diabetic subjects (Ryan

Although the biological basis of obesity and related

et al., 2003). Some studies have also reported similar

chronic diseases such as diabetes or cardiovascular

levels of adiponectin between diabetics and non-

disease or respiratory disease is not yet fully known,

diabetics have (Ryan et al., 2003). This study aims,

white adipose tissue as a source of huge fat reserves,

on the one hand, to compare baseline levels of

is also very important in energy homeostasis. In

adiponectin in type 2 diabetic men with non-diabetic

recent years, the role of inflammatory and anti-

men and to explore the relationship between this

inflammatory cytokines that are often secreted by

anti-inflammatory cytokine and fasting glucose levels

adipose tissue in regulation of skeletal muscle

in these patients on the other hand.

metabolism and development of insulin resistance and

eventually

type-2

diabetes

has

gained

.

Method and subjects

considerable importance. Different adipocytokines

Subjects

are involved in the prevalence and detection of insulin

Participants included 12 sedentary adult obese men

resistance, systemic inflammation and atherosclerotic

with type II diabetes and 12 sedentary non-diabetes

processes (Katsuki et al., 2004; Harsch et al., 2009).

men matched for age 38 – 48 year and body mass

Some of these adipocytokines directly or indirectly

index 28 – 33 kg/m2. All participants were non

affect insulin sensitivity and factors effective in lipid

smoker and no trained, so they reported being weight

and

insulin

stable (Âą1kg) for 6 months prior to the study and

secretion (Ueno et al., 2007). Adiponectin is an

engaged in physical activity less than once per week.

adipokine similar to collagen that is produced mainly

All participants were informed about the purpose and

by adipose tissue (Aldhahi et al., 2003).

risks of the study before written informed consent

glucose

metabolism

by

regulating

was obtained.

Contrary to what has been observed in other cytokines, although adiponectin is secreted by

Inclusion or Exclusion criteria

adipose tissue its concentration is far lower in obese

Being obese or overweight was inclusion criteria for

and insulin resistant people than healthy ones and

diabetes

those with normal weight. It is known that increased

participants were excluded from the study if they

adiponectin induced by weight loss is associated with

reported smoking or had a history of hypertension,

improved insulin sensitivity (Courteix et al., 2007;

coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease,

Kondo et al., 2006). This hormone increases insulin

peripheral artery disease. Using medicine or hormone

sensitivity in muscular tissue and liver, and oxidation

preparations that affect the carbohydrate and lipid

of free fatty acids (FFA) in some tissues, such as

metabolism

muscle fibers and decreases serum concentrations of

Inclusion criteria for study group were determined as

free fatty acids, glucose and triglycerides (Calabro et

existing type 2 diabetic for at least three years.

and

non

was

diabetes

another

groups.

exclusion

Potential

criterion.

al., 2007).

Physical and biochemical measurements But contrary to the above findings, the findings of a

The

new study on rats showed that despite low levels of

circumference were first performed, than fasting

adiponectin, there was no or a low level insulin

blood samples were taken for the determination of

resistance (Ma et al., 2002). However, in a recent

glucose, insulin and adiponectin. Height of the

study no association was found between adiponectin

barefoot subjects was measured to the nearest 0.1 cm.

and insulin sensitivity (Martin et al., 2008). In spite

Weight was measured by an electronic balance. Waist

of the said findings, some studies have reported no

and hip circumferences were measured with the

association

subject standing erect with arms at the sides and feet

between

adiponectin

and

insulin

measurements

245 | Mohamadzaman et al

for

weight,

height,

waist

J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2014 together,

wearing

only

underwear.

BMI

was

distribution. Independent t-test was used to compare

calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the

the means of variables between diabetes and non-

square of height in meters (kg/m2). All participants

diabetes groups. Spearman correlation coefficients

refrained from any severe physical activity 48 h

were used to determine the associations between

before blood sampling. Venous blood was collected

serum adiponectin and other variables. A criterion

from subjects after an overnight fast. Plasma insulin

alpha level of P ≤ 0.05 was used for all statistical

was determined using ELISA method. Glucose was

comparisons.

determined by the oxidase method (Pars Azmoon, Tehran). Serum adiponectin was determined by

Results

ELISA method, using a Biovendor- Laboratorial kit

Data were expressed as individual values or the mean

made by Biovendor Company, Czech. The Intra- assay

± SD for groups. Significant differences were not

coefficient of variation and sensitivity of the method

found in body weight, body mass index and other

were 3.9% and 5-50 ng/mL The Intra- assay

anthropometrical markers between diabetic and non-

coefficient of variation and sensitivity of the method

diabetic groups (p ≥ 0.05). Serum adiponectin levels

were 3.9% and

for

were significantly lower in diabetic patients in

adiponectin and 2.6% and 2.88 μg/L for insulin. The

comparison to healthy subjects (p = 0.018). Fasting

homoeostasis

for

glucose concentrations were higher in patients

estimating insulin resistance was calculated as serum

subjects than in healthy men (p = 0.000). However,

glucose

fasting serum insulin concentrations were not

5-50 ng/mL, respectively

model

assessment

(mmol/L)×serum

insulin

(HOMA)

(mU/L)/22·5

(Matthews et al., 1985).

significantly different between two groups (p = 0.938). Insulin resistance was also significant higher

Statistical Analyses

in patients when non-diabetic subjects (0.000).

Statistical analysis was performed with the SPSS

Adiponectin

software version 15.0. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test

association with either glucose (p = 0.38, r = 0.28, Fig

was applied to determine the variables with normal

1) or insulin resistance (p = 0.64, r = 0.15, Fig2).

levels

demonstrated

no

significant

Table 1. Mean and SD of anthropometrical and clinical characteristics of studied groups.

Variables

Diabetic group

None-diabetic group

Age (year) Weight (kg) Height (cm) BMI (kg/m2) AC (cm) HC (cm) Glucose (mg/dl) Insulin (µIU/ml) Insulin resistance

44.08 ± 7.48 92.4 ± 6.59 173 ± 5.59 30.92 ± 2.71 104.75 ± 7.68 103.7 ± 2.81 225 ± 67 8.38 ± 1.82 4.58 ± 1.31

41.17 ± 3.41 93.67 ± 4.91 176.2 ± 3.97 30.17 ± 1.03 99.83 ± 3.76 100.2 ± 7.17 101 ± 9 8.45 ± 2.77 2.10 ± 0.67

Adiponectin (µg/ml)

5.54 ± 1.6

7.08 ± 1.38

BMI; Body mass index, AC; Abdominal circumference, HC; Hip circumference.

Discussion

as asthma, diabetes, atopic, immune diseases, and

Findings from independent t-test showed that

many

baseline adiponectin levels were lower in the subject

(Hersoug et al., 2007; Choi, 2004).

cardiovascular

and

respiratory

diseases

diabetic patients compared with healthy individuals.

There is raising epidemiological evidence regarding

Nowadays obesity is identified as a public health

the increasing effect of obesity on many diseases, such

problem and as a risk factor for metabolic syndrome

246 | Mohamadzaman et al

J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2014 and type 2 diabetes (Pulkkinen et al., 2010), although

presence of diabetes is a secondary agent effective in

the biological basis for these processes is not yet fully

reducing levels of this hormone. It appears that the

known. The main feature of the pathophysiology of

absence of a non-obese diabetic group is one of the

type 2 diabetes is insulin resistance and beta-cell

limitations of this study, because if the levels of these

dysfunction

of

hormones could be compared in obese and non-obese

adiponectin in diabetic patients than in non-diabetics,

diabetic groups, the effect of type 2 diabetes on serum

suggests systemic inflammation in these patients.

adiponectin

Lower levels of adiponectin in diabetics than non-

Nevertheless,

diabetics have also been reported in some previous

confirm the present study ting higher levels of

studies (Pischon et al., 2003). Some other studies

adiponectin in diabetics than non-diabetics (Pischon

have reported that obese individuals have lower levels

et al., 2006), some studies have reported no

of this inflammatory cytokine than those with normal

difference in the anti-inflammatory cytokine in

weight (Moreno-Aliaga et al., 2010).

diabetic and non-diabetic subjects (Ryan et al.,

(Kahn,

2003.)

Lower

levels

levels

would

although

be

most

more

obvious.

previous

studies,

2003).

In this context, the literature suggests that systemic levels of this 224-amino acid peptide hormone decrease in the presence of cardiovascular disease and

metabolic

syndrome

supporting

its

anti-

inflammatory and anti-diabetic properties (Hadaegh et al., 2006). But in their 2003 study Ryan et al observed that the levels of adiponectin were not Fig. 1. The correlation between serum adiponectin and fasting glucose in studied patients.

significantly different in the two diabetic and nondiabetic groups (Ryan et al., 2003). Furthermore, although in this study, higher levels of glucose and lower levels of adiponectin in diabetic men than in non-diabetics

were

observed,

no

significant

association was found between them in diabetic patients. In other words, the relationship between fasting adiponectin and glucose levels in diabetic patients was negative yet insignificant. On the other hand, fasting serum adiponectin levels in these patients had a none significant inverse relationship with insulin resistance. In this context, evidence from Fig. 2. The correlation between serum adiponectin

animal studies (Maeda et al., 2002) and those with a

and insulin resistance in studied patients.

genetic history of diabetes (Tschritter et al., 2003) suggests that the biological effects of adiponectin can

In this study, both diabetic and non-diabetic subjects

be independent of fat mass and insulin resistance.

were categorized as obese. Higher adiponectin levels

Based on these findings it can be concluded that each

in obese compared to –obese subjects in the other

of insulin resistance and adiponectin independently

studies, on the one hand, and higher levels of this

affect blood glucose levels in type 2 diabetic patients

hormone in diabetic obese men than in non-diabetic

although further molecular studies are needed to

obese men on the other hand, implies that apart from

clarify the mechanisms responsible for adiponectin

the fact that obesity reduces adiponectin levels in

on the blood glucose levels in diabetic patients and in

comparison with individuals with normal weight, the

healthy populations.

247 | Mohamadzaman et al

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