Fisher Delta Research Center Annual Field Day Report

Fisher Delta Research Center

ANNUAL FIELD DAY REPORT 2019

Fisher Delta Research Center University of Missouri

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Fisher Delta Research Center University of Missouri

58 Annual Field Day August 30, 2019 th

Christopher R. Daubert Vice-Chancellor & Dean

Shibu Jose

Interim Associate Dean for Research and Director, Missouri Agriculture Experiment Station College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources

Jason Bean

Interim Superintendent of Fisher Delta Research Center

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Welcome to Your Center On behalf of the University of Missouri, the College of Agriculture, Food, and Natural Resources, and the Fisher Delta Research Center, welcome to the 58th annual Field Day. We are fortunate to have one of the brightest and hardest working teams in agricultural research at FDRC, and we look forward to sharing our work with you. The researchers and staff at FDRC spend their year focused on the challenge of creating and improving the technology necessary to provide a growing world with food and fiber, as well as the challenges faced by production agriculture. We’re proud of the work our team does, and look forward to presenting our recent and ongoing research to you today.

This Center has been the beneficiary of support from the entire agricultural community, the state of Missouri, and a broad network of ag and commodity organizations. We appreciate that support and will continue to work hard to justify your confidence and provide the information you need to become even more effective producers of food and fiber.

This is your Research Center and we’re glad you’re here. Thank you for you support, and please let us know how we’re doing.

Sincerely,

Jason Bean

T ABLE OF C ONTENTS 8 10

About Us Soybean Breeding - Annual Field Day Report Dr. Pengyin Chen

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Water logged soils impact soybean yield

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Specialty crops for Southeast Missouri

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Cotton Agronomy - Annual Field Day Report

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Cotton variety testing for Missouri

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Precision irrigation

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Overlapping soil residual herbicides in cotton

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A day in the life of Weed Science

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Control issues to look out for in Extend

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Scotty Smothers Dr. Gene Stevens Dr. Calvin Meeks Chelsea Toton Dr. Earl Vores James Heiser Cory Cross Larry Steckel

Upcoming events at the Fisher Delta Research Center Fisher Delta Research Center Personnel Club of 1,000 Membership Grain Marketing Commentary David Reinbott

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Industrial Hemp Agronomy

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Southeast Lowlands (Bootheel) Alluvial Aquifer

Anthony Ohmes Scott Kaden, R.G.

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Fisher Delta Research Center

FIELD DAY 2019

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Friday, Aug. 30 / / / / 9 a.m.-1 p.m.

FIELD DAY 2019 TOURS Soybean Tour • Pengyin Chen, Fisher Delta Research Center — Soybean breeding updates • Scotty Smothers, Fisher Delta Research Center — Breeding soybeans for flood tolerance • Gene Stevens, Fisher Delta Research Center — Specialty crops for southeast Missouri: Garbanzo beans and watermelons Cotton Tour • Calvin Meeks, Fisher Delta Research Center — Improving production in Missouri through the use of reduced tillage production systems • Chelsea Toton, Fisher Delta Research Center — Cotton variety testing for Missouri: Previous results and observations for 2019 • Earl Vories, Fisher Delta Research Center — Precision irrigation Weed Tour •

Jim Heiser, Fisher Delta Research Center — Overlapping soil herbicides in cotton: Calendar vs. weed height

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Cory Cross, Fisher Delta Research Center — A day in the life of weed science

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Field Tours: 9 a.m. - Noon Lunch: Noon JOIN US Lee Farm, Junction T & TT Portageville, MO 63873 573-379-5431 Directions — from North I-55: • Take Exit 32 for Portageville •

Turn left, heading east on Hwy. 162

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Drive east for 4 miles

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Turn right on Hwy. TT

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Drive south for 2 miles

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Lee Farm entrance will be on your left

Directions — from South I-55: • Take Exit 27 for Wardell •

Turn left, proceed on overpass

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Larry Steckel, University of Tennessee, Knoxville — Control issues to look out for in Xtend crops General Agriculture Tour

Turn right and head north on outer road

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Continue north for 3 miles

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Turn right on Hwy. T

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David Reinbott, MU Extension — Ag marketing

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Anthony Ohmes, MU Extension — Industrial hemp

Continue east for 4.6 miles to Lee Farm

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Scott Kaden, R.G., Missouri Geological Survey — Ground water resources of the Bootheel

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FOR MORE INFORMATION Clarktr@missouri.edu

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delta.missouri.edu

About Us The University of Missouri (MU) Agriculture Experiment Station operates a system of 16 off-campus agricultural centers, farms, and forests around the state, to meet the regional research and demonstration needs of agricultural producers and natural resource managers.

Marsh Farm

The Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station is responsible for conducting problem- solving research that helps the state’s citizens make the most effective use possible of the Missouri’s natural resource base, including its people resources, in competing in an increasingly global economy and meeting our obligations as global citizens.

South Dunklin Research Farm

Rhodes Farm

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Like all of the centers and other facilities within the network, Fisher Delta Research Center exists to support and facilitate the total research program of the Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station. As such, they are an integral part of the station and unique contributors to MU’s comprehensive land grant responsibility. Recognizing that the process of a great public institution depends upon the good will of elected public officials, the Fisher Delta Research Center Advisory Committee shall conduct its business in a non-partisan manner.

Lee Farm

We have a common goal of conducting high quality research that will (a) respond to the needs of Missouri citizens, (b) maintain and enhance our natural resource base, (c) support a vital food and fiber system, and (d) help keep Missouri producers competitive. We will work with the MU Extension Service, state and federal agencies, and Missouri agribusiness, to undergird a reliable, safe supply of quality food that is delivered in a sustainable, profitable manner.

The Fisher Delta Research Center is comprised of four locations in a 12-county area that forms the Missouri Bootheel. Scientists at these facilities have gained recognition for developing improved soybean varieties. The Center also maintains regional soil and plant testing laboratories, a cotton micro gin, greenhouses, a drought simulator, foundation seed building, and a soybean feed library. The Center is headquartered at the Marsh Farm in New Madrid and Pemiscot Counties. The facility includes offices, conference rooms and several auditoriums. In addition, the Colonel Clyde

Southern Telecommunication Resource Center offers web-based teaching facilities and instructional television classes toward college degrees at Three Rivers College, the University of Missouri at Columbia and the University of Missouri at St. Louis. There is also an emergency preparedness heliport located at the headquarter offices. Other Center locations include the Lee Farm in Pemiscott County, the Rhodes Farm in Dunklin County, and the Cavanaugh Farm in New Madrid County.

Our Center includes numerous spaces that are ideal for meetings, conferences, training sessions, conference calls. Some individuals and businesses use our facility and our video conference capabilities to link to distant locations or headquarters and have face-to-face video calls, therefore minimizing travel time and costs.

We have meeting spaces that range from our 12-person Library conference room to seating 600 for a meal or 1,000 persons seated for a conference at Rone Hall. We also rent the facilities for numerous weddings, class reunions, Christmas parties, proms, business anniversary celebrations and even concerts.

The Fisher Delta Research Center staff give special thanks to Vice-Chancellor & Dean Christopher R. Daubert, Interim Associate Dean for Research & Director Shibu Jose, and the entire Advisory Board for their constant support and guidance.

Soybean Breeding - Annual Field Day Report University of Missouri – Fisher Delta Research Center Breeder: Dr. Pengyin Chen Research Associates: Dr. Ali Liakat, Melissa Crisel, Scotty Smothers Research Specialists: Michael Clubb, Stewart Selves, Jared Brands Graduate Student: Caio Canella Vieira, Dongho Lee Research Technicians Jamie Manuel, Morgan Riley, Chris Davis, Bill Becker, Terkrisha Durden, Mallary Hoggard, Destiny Ayers, McKayla Burris

Dr. Pengyin Chen Our soybean breeding program focuses on variety development and germplasm enhancement. The overall goal is to provide a steady flow of new and improved conventional and herbicide tolerant varieties adapted to Southeast Missouri and the Mid-South. Emphasis is placed on developing maturity groups IV and V varieties with high yield potential, broad adaptation, multiple disease resistance, environmental stress toler-

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ance, and improved seed quality attributes, including high protein, high oil, high sucrose, low stachyose, high oleic, and low linolenic. Efforts are also made in selecting lines with resistance to Stem Canker, Sudden Death Syndrome, Frogeye Leaf Spot, Phytophthora Rot, Charcoal Rot, Cyst Nematode, Root Knot Nematode, and Reniform Nematode. Simultaneously, the team develops lines with tolerance to drought, flood, and

salt stress. Our breeding program is supported by the check-off funds through the United Soybean Board, Mid-south Soybean Board, and the Missouri Soybean Merchandising Council.

In 2018, we released two early-IV conventional lines (S13-2743C, RM 4.1; S13-3851C, RM 4.4) and a late-IV RR1/STS line (S14-15138GT, RM 4.8). In the multi-year and multi-location tests across the southern US, these lines had yields equal to or better than the popular commercial check varieties. They also have

a strong disease package and stress tolerance. All three lines have been licensed to private entities for commercialization. Missouri Foundation Seeds is also producing limited amount of foundations seed of these lines. In 2019, we will release two early-IV conventional lines (S13-10590C, RM 4.3; S13-10592C, RM 4.5), two mid-V conventional lines (S13-1955C, RM 5.5; S15-10434C, RM 5.5), two late-IV high oleic lines (S16-16641GT/HO, RM 4.8; S15-17812C/HO, RM 4.8). Most of these lines are being tested in 2019 USDA Uniform trials and multiple state variety tests.

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Water logged soils impact soybean yield University of Missouri – Fisher Delta Research Center Scotty Smothers Abiotic stresses are a major contributor to soybean yield loss yearly. Historically, drought has been the number one stress factor causing yield losses. However, over the past several years water logged soils have begun to drastically negatively impact soybean yields. Much of this is because many acres of heavier clay soils have been land graded to accommodate rice production. With soybean commodity prices spiking in 2012 to an average of $14.50/bu (MU Missouri Crop Resource Guide), soybeans have found a welcomed spot with producers in a rice/ soybean crop rotation. However, one of the greatest obstacles producers have encountered with the shift of increased soybean acreage, often times on poorly drained soils, is yield loss due to flooding or water logged soils.

Advances in breeding have increased soybean yield potential across all types of soil. Through breeding, new and improved varieties that yield well have been

developed on most soil types found throughout Southeast Missouri. Many biotic diseases that rob yield have been minimized through sound breeding practices.

But there is still a tremendous need to address abiotic stresses, such as water saturated soils.

We have been on the forefront to meet this need. The University of MO Fisher Delta Research Center, along with collaborators from multiple state research programs, have invested years of research to combat abiotic stresses that deprive producers of yield and income.

Most of the commercial varieties that are available to producers have not successfully provided adequate protection from the peril of heavy rains during the growing season. Under moderate water logged conditions, producers can experience over a 60% yield loss. Under extreme flooding, total losses can be realized. Our goal is to produce germplasm or varieties that are not typical of what producers are

accustomed to seeing under moderate or extreme water stress. We have made great strides in realizing this goal. By looking at current and exotic strains of soybeans, we have added new traits into lines of soybeans that are less susceptible to water logged conditions. These new genes have narrowed the yield gap between soybeans grown in ideal conditions, versus soybeans grown under water saturated or flooded conditions. Our research shows that these new flood tolerant traits can help retain much of the yield that would otherwise be lost due to extremely wet conditions.

Our trials have shown that by adding flood tolerant genes to existing lines we can retain a great deal of potential yield typically lost during flood conditions. By replicating this breeding cycle in future generations, we can again increase the retention of lost yield. Ultimately, we hope to see yield losses due to flooding decrease to less than 10%.

Abiotic stresses are extremely difficult to predict and measure, but we have successfully narrowed the yield gap due to flooding decrease by cross breeding flood tolerant exotic lines (PI’s) with varieties that have little or no flood tolerance. Through the continuation of this project we are hopeful to deliver varieties to growers that perform extremely well in wet growing conditions.

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Specialty Crops for Southeast Missouri Garbanzo Beans and Watermelons University of Missouri – Fisher Delta Research Center Gene Stevens, Johanna Nelson, and David Dunn In 2018, we received a USDA Specialty Crop grant. This project is designed to develop agronomic practices for Cicer arietinum, called Garbanzo bean or chick pea. C. arietinum is an edible, pulse used to make hummus, falafel, veggie burgers, and soup. Garbanzo foods are high in protein, fiber, micronutrients and antioxidants. Growing Garbanzo beans is good for the environment because the plants are water efficient and root nodules fix large amounts of nitrogen. Produced in a rotation with watermelons, residual soil nitrogen from Garbanzo beans may allow farmers to reduce fertilizer the following year for watermelons.

Southeast Missouri is a major region for growing other specialty crops such as watermelons and Southern or “black eyed� peas (Vigna unguiculata). Two types of C. arietinum

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Dr. gene StevenS

are commonly grown in the world. Kabuli is a large bean used whole in salads or mixes. Desi is a smaller bean used for hummus.

Research is being done to determine the best Garbanzo varieties, planting dates, and soils for Missouri. Three tests are being conducted. (1) Kabuli and Desi were acquired from the U.S. National Plant Germplasm System and planted.

Plant vigor, disease resistance, height, lodging and yields are being measured. Seed from superior lines will be increased. (2) Varieties were planted on sandy and silt loam soils in March 1, April 15, and June 10. (3) Blocks of Garbanzo and watermelons were also planted.

The next year, watermelons were planted over the field in subplots receiving 0, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200 pounds N per acre to determine the nitrogen credit of Garbanzo to the melons.

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Cotton Agronomy - Annual Field Day Report University of Missouri – Fisher Delta Research Center Cotton Specialists: Dr. Calvin Meeks Research Associates: Mackenzie Sheckles and Bobby Tanner Research Specialist: Chelsea Toton Student Workers: Avery Braden and Melissa Maness

Dr. Calvin MeekS The cool and wet weather in April certainly kept cotton planting from taking off across the state until nearly May and the official Cotton variety trials were planted starting May 1 in a variety of locations and soil types. Locations included the Lee farm with irrigated and dryland silt plots as well as a gumbo location, the Rhodes farm with irrigation on the sandier soils, and on farm near Kewanee with Chris Porter as cooperator. Large plot on farm trials were planted in this same time period as well with trials planted near Senath with Alan Jones as cooperator and near Kewanee with the Chris Porter as cooperator. Unfortunately due to flooding an on farm strip trial in the Kansas City area in Norborne with the Heil family as cooperators was wiped out in 2019 and not replanted.

With the focus on new varieties that are emerging into the marketplace, seedling vigor is being examined as well. Aerial examination with a drone was also undertaken for additional viewpoints as well. This type of data will be useful in variety selection in the future.

Cheslea Toton will be discussing variety testing during her field day talk for more information.

Irrigation is a hot topic in other states and irrigation

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studies were conducted to examine the possibility of reducing irrigation prebloom in cotton. This was conducted utilizing soil moisture sensors some of which were off the shelf solutions available currently to producers as well as low cost solutions that require fabrication and some programming. In 2018 at Clarkton, irrigation with sensors was examined with Watermark soil moisture potential sensors as well as 3d printed sensors. These were utilized for Irrigation triggers which were -20 (T1), -40 (T2), -70 (T3), and -100cb prebloom (T4), -35cb during bloom, with a dryland check (T5). First irrigation for the -20cb trigger was delayed 3 days due to issues with the well. First irrigation for -70cb and -100cb triggers was delayed as well due to capacitor failure on the well, however, considerable rainfall fell within 24hrs and irrigation was not needed. Observed yields differed significantly across irrigation treatments (Figure 1). T1 was observed to have significantly greater lint yield than all other irrigation treatments with the exception of the -40cb trigger (T2), (Figure 1). In general, yields trended greater with increases in irrigation frequency.

However, waiting to trigger irrigation at -40cb (T2) did delay irrigation until nearly 40 days after planting

saving considerably more water than irrigation at -20cb (T1) (Figure 2).

In 2019, this study was continued under the Marsh Farm VRI Pivot in Portageville with the addition of cover crops as well as reduced tillage/no till systems to examine their impact on cotton irrigation in the Bootheel. However, with the wet weather when I write this there currently have been no irrigation events. An aerial photo is attached as Figure 3 with the left hand side of the photo in conventional tillage and the right hand side under reduced tillage with a cover crop. A couple of things noted this year was the improved drainage with cover crops, reduced rutting from field equipment and a more even crop stand in the cover crop sections.

Emergence was noted to occur more evenly with reduced tillage into the cover crop as well. I look forward to speaking to you about cover crops in cotton in person at the Delta Center Field Day on August 31.

Figure 1. Yield by irrigation treatment.

Figure 2. Yield by irrigation timing.

Figure 3. Overhead view of cover crop study.

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Cotton variety testing for Missouri University of Missouri – Fisher Delta Research Center Chelsea Toton With the yields of 2018 in the rearview mirror, we now turn our attention to variety evaluation for 2019. Fifty eight varieties were evaluated in 2018 and for 2019 the list has been narrowed to twenty eight varieties for the Bootheel. Locations in 2018 included the Lee farm with irrigated and dryland silt plots as well as a gumbo location, the Rhodes farm with irrigation on the sandier soils, and on farm near Kewanee with Jeff Hux as cooperator. Locations in 2019 include the Lee farm with irrigated and dryland silt plots as well as a gumbo location, the Rhodes farm with irrigation on the sandier soils, and on farm near Kewanee with Chris Porter as cooperator. With the focus on new varieties that are emerging into the marketplace, I will be discussing variety testing

during my field day talk for more information on variety selection.

Yields in 2018 were excellent with the hot summer with decent rains, in fact the USDA prediction was 1385 lbs/acre which was a record breaking yield number surpassing even the yields in 2017. Several varieties in the official variety test (OVT) even surpassed 4 bale to the acre yields. These included PX5B73W3FE, Phytogen experimental variety, on the Lee farm under irrigation as well as several under irrigation in Kewanee: PX3B07W3FE, DP 1725 B2XF, CROPLAN 9608, PHY 340 W3FE, CROPLAN 3475, DP 1646 B2XF, CROPLAN 917, PX3B09W3FE, PHY 320 W3FE, and PX3C06W3FE (All PX varieties are

Figure 1. Yield Stability across all irrigated trials.

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ChelSea toton Phytogen experimental varieties). While these were excellent yields, I prefer to look at variety selection by yield stability across multiple environments. This helps get a better picture of the yield data, a view of the bigger picture if you will. Varieties with excellent yield stability are preferable instead of a high yielding variety that might lead to a feast or famine situation, especially if there is an early frost. Several varieties exceeded three bales even when averaged across all irrigated environments. The top ten varieties ranked by stability are shown as Figure 1. Several varieties also exceeded the statewide average when examining yield stability across all environments including non-irrigated environments. The

Figure 3

Figure 2. Yield Stability across all environments. top ten varieties ranked by stability across all environments and irrigations are shown as Figure 2.

For your viewing pleasure on field day, the silt OVT tests will be available for you to walk through if you would like. The dryland and irrigated tests are side by side for comparison. The varieties will be marked with plastic stakes so there is no need for a map unless you would like to view all four replications of a certain variety. Paper maps will be available during the

tour if you would like to walk the entire test. The 2019 Irrigated Silt OVT also contains varieties from the Delta Regional High Quality Test as well. The complete list is included as Figure 3.

The key takeaways for variety selection would be to: Select varieties best suited for your growing environment Don’t go all in with a single variety Err on the side of caution: stability versus maximum yields Err on the side of caution: stagger

maturity I look forward to speaking to you about Variety Selection in cotton in person at the Delta Center Field Day on August 30.

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Precision Irrigation University of Missouri – Fisher Delta Research Center Agricultural Engineer, USDA-Agricultural Research Service Dr. Earl Vores Weather-based methods schedule irrigation by estimating the amount of water lost from plant evapotranspiration (ET) and the amounts of effective rainfall and irrigation water entering into the plant root zone. One such system is The University of Missouri Extension Crop Water Use application, which helps farmers improve irrigation management by tracking soil moisture in fields for optimum yields and water conservation. However, soil textural variability within many irrigated fields diminishes the effectiveness of conventional irrigation management. Scheduling methods that assume uniform soil conditions may produce less than satisfactory results on highly variable soils, and benefits of variable-rate application of agrochemicals, seeds, and nutrients can be masked by applying inappropriate amounts of water. Precision irrigation, or variable rate irrigation (VRI) provides the opportunity to address some of these problems.

Dr. earl vorieS Figure 1 shows a map of apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) measured on one of our research fields. In general, as the values increase, the soil has a higher clay content. In this case, the red areas are the more productive parts of the field and the green and blue portions are sandier and more likely to encounter drought stress. The variable soil texture presents challenges for traditional irrigation management on this field, which was the first field at the Fisher Delta Research Center equipped with VRI. We know that soil texture will impact the irrigation schedule, but we don’t expect soil texture to change. Therefore, we need to supplement the soil information with measures of crop stress, soil moisture, or something that changes during the growing season.

Figure 1. Apparent electrical conductivity.

The USDA-ARS team in Bushland, TX, patented an Irrigation Scheduling Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (ISSCADA) system that can develop prescriptions and control VRI systems. With integrated sensor networks, the ISSCADA system detects variable crop water needs and provides spatially variable recommendations for watering rates. A network of infrared thermometer (IRT) sensors monitors the crop canopy temperature and calculates a crop stress index from them. Figure 2 shows canopy temperature data collected recently from the same field as the ECa data.

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Figure 2. Cotton crop canopy temperature.

A second network of soil moisture sensors monitors the soil water content in the field. The canopy temperature measurements can be influenced by clouds and other factors so the soil moisture serves as a “second opinion” regarding the irrigation recommendation. Combining the data from the two networks, a prescription map like the one in Figure 3 is prepared and sent to the center pivot control panel.

Figure 3. Irrigation prescription map.

Other measurements are also being investigated for directing precision irrigation. Sensors on ground equipment, a plane, or an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) can measure canopy temperature, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) or other factors that can be used to produce VRI prescriptions.

Figure 4 shows a map of the cotton crop coefficient derived from ground-based NDVI measurements. The red areas represent smaller plants using less water. The “best” measurement for preparing VRI prescriptions will depend on how variable the soil is and what equipment is available.

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Overlapping Soil Residual Herbicides in Cotton: Calendar vs. Weed Height University of Missouri – Fisher Delta Research Center Senior Research Associate - Weed Science: James Heiser Portageville, MO For several years, many weed scientist have advocated including a soil residual herbicide in early post-emergence applications.

This application would normally include at least one herbicide to control already emerged weeds as well as at least one active ingredient aimed at preventing or slowing new weed emergence.

Ideally, this application would occur just before the pre-emergence treatment had lost efficacy and before much germination of new weeds had occurred. The post-emergence product should be viewed as insurance against the few weeds that have already emerged and not the primary treatment. Successful application and activation of the soil residual should be viewed as the primary goal. It is easier to control a weed you never see than to control one you do see.

Over the past few years we have conducted several studies with Brake branded herbicides applied pre-emergence (PRE) in cotton. While the formulations of Brake herbicides may have changed from year to year, the follow-up treatments have largely remained the same: Liberty + Dual Magnum or Roundup + Warrant 18-21 days after PRE application. Up to 2018, we had been successful with this approach and often felt the Liberty or Roundup was wasted in these applications, as there were little to no emergence at 18 days.

In 2018, our experience was quite different. Cotton was planted, PRE treatments applied and activating rainfall was received. Little to no rainfall occurred for several weeks

Treatmen PRE* POST 1 Timing POST 1 POST 2 Timing POST 2 t# 1 1 14 Day after Plant 14 Day POST 1 2 2 14 Day after Plant 14 Day POST 1 3 1 21 DAP 14 Day POST 1 4 2 21 DAP 14 Day POST 1 Liberty Liberty + 5 1 28 DAP 14 Day POST 1 + Dual 6 2 28 DAP 14 Day POST 1 Warrant Magnum 7 1 < 2” Palmer New Palmer < 2” 8 2 < 2” Palmer New Palmer < 2” 9 1 4” Palmer 4” Regrowth 10 2 4” Palmer 4” Regrowth Table 1. Treatment number and corresponding PRE herbicide program, tming and compositon of postemergence applicatons 1 and 2.

JaMeS heiSer and control from our PRE herbicide was quickly lost. Control of Palmer amaranth was very poor with the exception of treatments where a second PRE active ingredient was included with Brake. This led me to this question: When is the best time to apply an overlapping residual? In most of my experience with Brake, the 18-21 day window seemed too early, while in 2018 it was too late.

To determine the best timing to overlap soil residual herbicides in cotton, two PRE programs were selected: Brake + Cotoran (1) or Cotoran + Prowl (2)*. Brake is known to have a very good residual period if it is activated with > 0.75” of rainfall or overhead irrigation. Continued moisture can keep this product active as well.

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date as the 21 DAP treatments and control the following week was observed to be nearly identical based on the PRE program applied. Plots where the 4” Palmer height trigger was utilized were treated the following week. Control based on these timings showed the same pattern of better performance when a longer lasting residual PRE was applied (Figure 2).

Figure 1. on on June 10, 2019 just prior to fnaltoPOST applicaton tming oftiming 4” Figure 1. Palmer Palmeramaranth amaranthcontrol control June 10, 2019 just prior final1POST 1 application of 4” palmer plant 9 and 10).10). palmer plantheight height(treatments (treatments 9 and

Cotoran and Prowl, while also requiring rainfall for activation, need much less to become active but can dissipate rapidly if excessive amounts are received.

Post-emergence (POST) treatments and application timings are shown in Table 1.

Control of Palmer amaranth just prior to the 14 days after planting (DAP) POST applications showed differences in control depending upon the PRE combination selected. Greater control was observed in all plots where Brake + Cotoran was applied compared to Cotoran + Prowl treatments. This difference in control would cause differences for the remainder of the season, as weeds were larger and/ or populations more dense at the time of POST applications. While POST applications controlled Palmer extremely well in the 14 (either PRE program) and 21 (Brake + Cotoran only) day after planting treatments, there was a significant reduction in control achieved by the 21 and 28 DAP treatment that followed Cotoran + Prowl. The 28 DAP treatment following Brake + Cotoran, while statistically lower than the earlier POST timings, was much better than 28 DAP following Cotoran + Prowl (Figure1). This indicates that activity of Cotoran + Prowl was diminishing between 14 and 21 days while Brake + Cotoran activity lessened between 21 and 28 DAP. Control of Palmer amaranth with first POST application triggers of 2” Palmer were applied on the same

Second POST applications generally cleaned up most of the plots. The exceptions being 2” and 4” triggered plots following PRE applications of Cotoran + Prowl. While statistically lower than most other treatments, >90% control was achieved at 56 DAP. While acceptable control was achieved in most plots, the use of a long residual soil applied pre-emergence herbicide offers a wider window for follow-up applications. Scouting and the ability to quickly implement a POST + residual remain key. Excessive moisture this season probably hid some of the differences we were hoping to find. Applications by calendar date or weed height in some instances had to be moved back due to wet field conditions or impending rains. Results in a more typical or dry year would probably show clearer differences in treatments as well as shorter or longer duration to weed height triggers. I would like to thank Cotton Inc. and the Missouri State Support Committee for funding this project. We hope to continue this study in 2020.

Figure Palmeramaranth amaranth control control observed observed on 27, 2019 2019 following following at least on on POST POST applicaton application in in all all igure 2.2.Palmer on June June 27, at least treatments. treatments.

F

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A day in the life of Weed Science University of Missouri – Fisher Delta Research Center Cory Cross Portageville, MO Here at the University of Missouri - Fisher Delta Research Center, the Weed Science Program tests for herbicide efficacy, crop phytotoxicity, tank mix partner performance and full season program effectiveness. With support from industry and commodity group partners, we are better able to understand and report the best weed control practices to our stakeholdersgrowers, consultants and extension personnel.

observe or if control or injury is erratic and unpredictable.

As you can imagine performing a study on a large scale would be difficult. Small plots allow us to test a large number of combinations, timings and programs with results that should reflect real world scenarios. Our typical test plot consists of 4 rows on 30” spacing (10’) and are 25-40 feet in length.

Most of our studies are conducted as a randomized complete block design- each block or replication contains a complete set of treatments and treatments placed randomly within each block or replication. Most of our studies are replicated 4 times. This allows us to determine if a treatment can be expected to perform as we

We use a computer program to help us determine the randomization and to convert the intended application rates down from a per acre rate to the very small amounts we use in our ‘sprayer tank’- a two liter beverage bottle. This program is also used for data collection, simple statistical analysis and graphing of

Cory CroSS the collected data as well as labeling for our treatment ‘recipe’. This recipe is based on the per acre rate of product, active ingredient or volume of product required.

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For example, a 32 oz. per acre rate of a product with a target application volume of 15 gallons per acre in a 2 liter spray mix is 33.3 ml product mixed with water into a final volume of 2000ml.

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Weather, pest and crop information is recorded at the time of application. Sometimes this data can answer questions about why a particular treatment may not have provided results that we are used to seeing. Efficacy and crop injury evaluations typically begin about 7 days after application and can continue throughout the season, typically every 7-14 days.

Data collected can be percentage of control compared to an untreated plot, number of each species per area, crop phytotoxicity â&#x20AC;&#x201C; stunting, chlorosis, necrosis, stand reduction, etc. Having multiple treatments in a small area allows us make observations that may not be evident on a larger scale. For example, some herbicides can cause excessive stunting compared to other equally effective products. In an 80 acre field with the entirety receiving the same herbicide application, it may not me noticed. Next to the same variety planted at the same time, but with a different herbicide applied, the difference can be

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very noticeable.

Applications are usually applied in one of two waysusing a modified Mudmasterâ&#x201E;˘ by Bowman Manufacturing with a multiboom built for small plot research or hand held CO2 pressurized spray boom. On a typical 4 row plot, we will only spray the left hand 3 rows. This allows us to have a check row to compare what weed species and growth stages would be present had no herbicide been applied as well as detecting any crop injury that may have resulted from an herbicide application.

When the crop is ready for harvest, we use a Massey Ferguson 8 XP combine that is modified for small plot research. This machine has a system installed on it that determines the weight and moisture of the crop in each plot. We harvest the two center rows of each plot- staying out of the weedy untreated row. Using weight, moisture and plot size inputs, bushels per acre are quickly calculated for each plot.

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Control issues to look out for in Extend University of Missouri – Fisher Delta Research Center In 2019, Xtend technology accounted for about 95% of the soybean and 87% of the cotton planted in Tennessee. Weed management in those Xtend crops proved to be much more challenging than the first few years these crops were introduced.

Roundup Ready soybeans came out in 1996 and cotton in 1998.

If we look back at the first three years after that technology was introduced, glyphosate was controlling every weed no matter the weed height. That Roundup Ready performance is still the expectation with Xtend technology but in Year 3 we can clearly conclude that Engenia or XtendiMax mixed with glyphosate is not providing even close to the level of control that glyphosate alone did back in it’s heyday. In particular, two broadleaf weeds, Palmer amaranth and prickly sida and three grass species, junglerice, goosegrass and Johnsongrass, have become very troublesome to manage in Xtend crops.

In many fields I visited in 2019 as well as in research plots, it is clear that the first application of Engenia or XtendiMax mixed with glyphosate is often just a “set up” application on Palmer amaranth.

Many Palmer amaranth will escape that application though most will be growing slow enough that a follow-up application of either a labeled dicamba product, Liberty or a PPO herbicide will finally

28

control them. The control many experienced in Year 1 where that tankmix was controlling large Palmer can no longer be achieved.

Prickly sida in significant numbers often escaped control with Engenia or XtendiMax tankmixed with glyphosate in 2019. The lack of prickly sida control in the Xtend system has been building a seed bank in the last few years to the point that it is very evident in many fields this year.

My observation has been that once prickly sida gets about 4 to 6” tall the 0.5 lb rate of dicamba mixed with glyphosate takes out the apical meristem. The weed then tends to branch out from buds located lower on the stem of the plant. Giving it some thought the poor performance of this tankmix on prickly sida is not surprising as glyphosate has never been very good on that sida complex and the 0.5 pound of dicamba is clearly not a robust enough rate to control prickly sida that has any growth.

With respect to junglerice, goosegrass and Johnsongrass, glyphosate tankmixed with Engenia or XtendiMax was clearly a swing and a miss in a good number of fields. Tennessee does have glyphosate-resistant biotypes of all

larry SteCkel three of those weed species that appear to be spreading. These resistant locations have weeds that show little effect from a glyphosate + dicamba application.

However, most populations in the state are still considered “acceptable” to glyphosate. In defining acceptable we mean at best about 80% control can be achieved with glyphosate. Our preliminary research shows that adding dicamba herbicide to the tank with glyphosate reduces the control of those grass species by another 30%. This 30% reduction results in very poor grass control even in fields with glyphosate-susceptible junglerice and goosegrass populations.

The expectation that all grasses, Palmer amaranth and prickly sida

will be completely controlled two weeks after the dicamba and glyphosate application is not a reality. Hands down, the best weed control in an Xtend crop is when overlaying residual herbicides are being used and getting activated. This is very clear with research this year as well as from observations from field visits. An Engenia or XtendiMax tankmixed with glyphosate application needs to be thought of as supplementing the control of the overlaying residual herbicides and not the other way around.

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UPCOMING EVENTS at the FISHER DELTA RESEARCH CENTER AG EDUCATION DAY Wednesday, Oct. 2, 2019 â&#x20AC;˘ Rone Hall and Lee Farm

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Fisher Delta Research Center Personnel OPERATIONS Jason Bean ..................................................................Interim Superintendent Keith Birmingham .............................................Business Support Specialist II Tina Clark .............................................................Office Support Assistant IV Charles Provance ......................................................................Farm Manager Larry Hill ..........................................................................................MTS Welder Jeff Woods.................................................................................. Farm Worker I Pam Swims (P.T.) ................................................Office Support Assistant IV Melanie Gray (P.T.) ..................................................................Temporary Tech PLANT SCIENCES Dr. Gene Stevens, Professor ...................................... Cropping Systems E/R Dr. Pengyin Chen, ............................................................. Soybean Breeding Dr. Earl Vories, Agricultural Engineer ..................................... USDA/Irrigation Dr. Calvin Meeks, Research Scientist ............................... Cotton Production MD Liakat Ali, Fellow, Post-Doctoral .............................. Soybean Breeding Jim Heiser, Sr. Research Associate ......................................... Weed Science Melissa Crisel, Sr. Research Associate ............................ Soybean Breeding Scotty Smothers, Sr. Research Associate ...................... Soybean Breeding Mike Clubb, Sr. Research Specialist ................................ Soybean Breeding Stewart Selves, Sr. Research Specialist ..........................Soybean breeding Destiny Ayers, Research Specialist I .............................. Soybean Breeding Jared Brands, Research Specialist I ................................. Soybean Breeding Caio Canella Vieira, Research Specialist I ...................... Soybean Breeding Cory Cross, Research Specialist I ........................................... Weed Science

Chelsea Toton, Research Specialist I ............................. Cotton Production Carly Moore, Agricultural Science Research Technician .... USDA/Irrigation Jamie Manuel, Sr. Research Lab Technician ................... Soybean Breeding Chris Davis, Sr. Research Lab Technician ........................ Soybean Breeding Morgan Riley, Sr. Research Lab Technician ..................... Soybean Breeding Johanna Nelson, Research Lab Technician ............. Cropping Systems E/R Trey Ellis, Research Lab Technician ............................ Cropping Systems E/R Bobby Tanner, Research Lab Technician II (P.T.) ............. Cotton Production Ralph Tanner, Research Lab Technician II (P.T.) ..........Weed Science/USDA Paul Davidson, Sr. Research Lab Technician (P.T.) ................ USDA/Irrigation Billy Becker, Research Lab Technician (P.T.)..................... Soybean Breeding Dongho Lee, Graduate Research Assistant (P.T.) ......... Soybean Breeding Gustavo Franco da Silveira, Visiting Scholar (P.T.) ....... .Soybean Breeding Terkrisha Durden, Temporary Technical (P.T.) ................. Soybean Breeding Mallory Hoggard, Temporary Technical. P.T.) ................. Soybean Breeding Makayla Burris, Temporary Technical (P.T.) ...................... Soybean Breeding EXTENSION Sarah Denkler .......................................................................Regiona l Director David Dunn, Supervisor .............................................Soil Testing Laboratory Anne Johnson, Office Support Assistant III ............Soil Testing Laboratory Samantha Anderson .....................................County Engagement Specialist E/R – Split Appointment – Extension and Research P.T. – Part Time

The Biodiesel Coalition of Missouri was founded to represent the Missouri biodiesel industry through collaborative efforts with industry stakeholders.

missouribiodiesel.org Chairman – James Greer, MFA Oil | Vice-Chairman – Cliff Smith, Mid-America Biofuels | Secretary – Neal Bredehoeft Treasurer – Gary Wheeler, Missouri Soybean | Executive Director – Tony Stafford, Missouri Soybean Merchandising Council

Missouri

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Club of 1000 Membership Adams, Arvil V. Adams Alta Pete, Inc. Anand, Sam and Susie Arington, Bill and Randy Associated Electric Coop, New Madrid Atwell, in Honor of Sam and Fran Bank of Hayti Bailey, John R. Baker, In Memory of Charles B. Baker, David E. Barks, Glenn and Donna BASF Bean, Representative Otto Bean, Barry Bean, Claire Elizabeth Bean, Jason Bean, Otto James Bell, Richard E. and Christina L. Berry Gin Co. Black, Joe G. and Ellen Blakemore, David and Carolyn Blytheville Sheet Metal (Dwight Wren) BNSF Railway (Jeffrey N. Davis) Bootheel Resource Conservation and Development Bracey, Hilton (Wolf Bayou Farms) Branum, Alisa Branum, Kristen Branum, Gary, Becky and Elizabeth Branum, Greg and Jeannie Branum, Janice Brooks, Eddie Brown, Mr. and Mrs. T. A., Jr. Bullington, Earl Burton, In Memory of Geneva Girvin Carter, Randy Chen, Pengyin and Ping Zhao Choate, Wendell Choi, Mun and Suzanne Citizens Bank of Charleston Chippendale, Michael and Ene Collins, Michael and Linda Combs Farming Co. Combs Land Co. Combs Realty Co. Combs, Hayden Paul Combs, Merideth Ann Combs, Mr. and Mrs. Paul T. Combs, Mr. and Mrs. Jerry Paul Cook, Robert and Ann Cromwell, Charles F. and Ruth Cronan, Doyle, Kyle and Robert Richardson

Crysler Co, W.M. (Bill, Chris and Greg) Cunningham, E.R. Dalton, Hall John and Marianne Dalton, In Memory of John and Geraldine Davis, Caleb III and Brenda DePriest, Delbert Delouri Farms Dement, Edward and Kaye Dolphin Land Company Dorroh, Lee M. DowElanco (Horton W. Miller) Droke, Pete and Betty Droke, In Memory of Mr. and Mrs. O.R. Droke Donor Mr. and Mrs. Peter Droke Duff, Charlie Duncan, Arthur Earnest, Charles and Judith Edgington, Richard Edmonston Gin Company Ellington, In Memory of John and Mary Girvin Elrod, Joe and Joyce Farm Credit Southeast Missouri Farmer’s Bank of Portageville Farmer’s Union Gin Co. Farris, John and Jeanne Faulkner, Parker and Susie Fields, Alex L First Financial Bank of Southeast Missouri First State Bank and Trust, Inc Caruthersville First State Community Bank, Portageville Fisher, Jake and Shelly Fisher, In Memory of Landon Fletcher, Mr. and Mrs. James L. Fletcher Fletcher’s Gin Company Floyd, Dr. Elson S. FMC Foundation Forsee, Gary and Sherry Gardner, John and Julie Gee, E.B. Jr. Geske, Mike Gill, Robert G. (Glen) and Marie M. Girvin, In Memory of John L. and Georgia and family Glass, In Memory of Lonnie W., Jr. Green, Thomas M., IV and Van Strickland Haggard, David and Judith Haggard, T. A.” Doc” and Frances

Haggard, Graham Haggard, Stella Victoria Haggard, Tami Haggard, Trent Harris, Austin Harris, Britton Paul Harris, George Paul and Becky Harris, Greg and Missy Harris, In Memory of Ira “Slick” Harris, J.D. Harris, Kayton C. Harris, Paul Harris, Payte Harris, Steve and Sherri Harris, Tyler Heath, Mrs. Kenneth and family Heckemeyer, Anthony Joseph Hilburn, Anna K. Hilburn, Charles Richard III Hilburn, Hadley Rebecca Howell, Jean Stokes Hulshof, In Memory of Henry and Emma Hutchison, J.R., Jr. Hux, Jeff Hux, John and Ann Jackson, Bill Jean, Keith Jennings Bros., Inc. Johnson, Nan and Bud Johnson, Jim and Suzy Johnson, Jimmy D. Keaster, Dr. Armon J. and Family Kellams Farms, Wallace and Linda Kendig, Dr. John H. and Phyllis L. Kennett Trust Bank Kersey, Landon and Stacey Kesler,Gary and Rebecca Kinder, Lt. Governor Peter D. Kingree, Elvin and Jane Klipfel, Mr. and Mrs. Ron Klopfenstein, In Memory of David and Mary Knorr, Steve Kruse, In Honor of Ben (By Mo. Farm Bureau) Kruse, In Memory of Ben Kruse, Charles and Pam Lankheit, Martha Ellen Lankheit, Stephen and Family Lasley, Ray and Susan Laster, In Memory of Walter and Naomi Lawson, Bill and Teresa Lawson, Ray Lee, In Memory of Ruth

Limbaugh, Frieda P. Lindell, Everett and Evelyn Linit, Marc and Sue Hollingsworth Louis Dreyfus Corporation Ludwig, Dale R. and Rhonda M & A Electric Power Cooperative Madison, David P. Mansfield, Wade and Cara Marshall, E. Louise Marshall, Gary D. Martin, Bruce Jr. Massey, Lloyd Massey Farms Matthews, Mr. and Mrs. Scott McCrate, In Memory of Denis McDaniel and Clark Farms, Inc McDonald, Perry and Fern MFA, Inc. McHaney, Flake McHaney, Patrick and Heather McRoberts Farms Inc. (Jim McRoberts) Medlin, Roger Merideth, Baughn and Jana Michie, Duane and Sue Mid-Valley Irrigation Inc. Miller, Horton W. (DowElanco) Minton, Davis Missouri Agriculture Industries Council Missouri Corn Merchandising Council MO-COT Farm Service MO Seed Improvement Assoc.

Moody Farms (J.T. Moody) Moore, Max Ray Moreton, Jim and John Mount Level Farms Co., Inc. Mowrer, J. Michael and Jean Moxley, Fred M. MRM Ag Service/MRM Farms Myers, Representative Peter and Mary Myracle, In Memory of Clyde and Gladys Rone Nabors, Ray and Jane Nelson Tractor and Equipment (Michael and Richard Nelson) Nguyen, Dr. Henry T Owen, Monte and Cyril Parker, Charles and Phyllis Parks, Opal and Barbara Busby Pattengill, Mr. & Mrs. Lee Payne, Dr. Tom Peach Orchard Gin

34

Club of 1000 Membership Pemiscot County Farm Bureau Pemiscot -Dunklin Electric Cooperative Poehlmann, John and Linda Portageville Parts, Inc. Preyer, Melvin and Jennifer Priggel, In Memory of E.A. and Jane Prost, Donald Raines, John and Buffy Riceland Foods, Inc. Rone, C.E. Rone, Don and Bethal Rone, Don Jr. and Myra Rone, G.W. “Son” Rone, Herbert and Juanita Rone, In Memory of Dora Klopfenstein Rone, In Memory of George W. and Nancy Jane Fisher Rone, In Memory of Mattie Lee Fisher Rone, John R. Rone, Justin and Lesley Rone, Lewis and Martha Rone, Mr. and Mrs. Mike Ross, In Memory of Charles G. (Educator) Roth, Charles B. Roth, James A. Roth, James R. Roth, Jennie Lind Roth, Victor L. Rowland, J. Allen Russell, Jim Sanders, John L. Sappenfield, Dr. and Mrs. W.P. SBC Foundation Scott, In Memory of Joe H. Security Bank of Pemiscot Co.

Shannon, Grover and Lynda Sharp, Van and Rebecca Shawan, Jeff and Christy Simcoke, In Memory of Richard P. Simpson, Johnnie and Gean Rone Sleper, David A. and Elaine Smith, Robert and Briley Snider, Jim Southern, Gordon Clyde Spitler, Charles Stacey, Dr. Gary Steele, Paul W. Still Gin and Grain, Inc. Kevin Still, Mitchell Fisher, and Hans Green Story, Sam E. Stout, Bettye Girvin Streete, Ted Streeter, Elsie Strobel, Larry and Kay Swims, Tom and Pam Swindle, Larry D. and Nancy Swinger, Representative Terry M. Thornbrough, Mark and Sue Thomas, Russell and Dorothy Thomason, Larry Tindall, Dr. Kelly Tipton, Jackson H. Tweedy, In Memory of Elbert “Buddy” Tweedy, James R. Underwood, Donald F. Sr. University of Missouri System VanAusdall, Rogers and Ginny Vories, Earl and Cindy Ward, Bobby and Jimmie Nell Ward, In Memory of R.W. Sr. and Alice Rone Waters, Wade D. and Wallace E. (ELW Farm)

Watkins, Mr. and Mrs. Lee E. Watkins, Stephen Wells, Darcy Wenneker, Robin R. White, Dean Williams, Mr. and Mrs. Maxwell

Windham, Gene Sr. and Linda Wolf Island Farms (John D. Story) Womble, Aaron (Valent) Wrather, Aubra and Annie Laurie Wrather, Brenda and Allen

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Grain Marketing Commentary Marketing Resources USDA Reports and Supply & Demand Tables David Reinbott Agriculture Business Specialist General Weather and lack of a trade agreement with China will continue to drive commodity prices for the remainder of 2019 and as we go into 2020. The excessive rainfall this spring and early summer has led to flooding, delayed plantings, more prevented planted acres, and below average crop ratings.

Many unanswered questions will influence prices going forward. How many acres were actually planted? In the June 30 USDA planted acres report, corn acres were projected at 91.7 million. However, over 15 million acres were unplanted at the time of the survey. How many of those 15 million were actually planted, switched to soybeans, or went to prevented planted will need to be answered. For soybeans, 80 million acres were projected to be planted.

However, over 34 million acres were also unplant-

DaviD reinbott ed at the time of the survey. USDA will resurvey the Corn Belt states in July and will update their acreage numbers in the August 12 USDA report. However, that number will still be subject to change until we get a better estimate of the prevented planted acres.

FSA will be releasing those numbers monthly as farmers come into their office to report.

How many acres will be harvested? For corn the average difference between the planted acres and

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harvested acres is 7.0 million and for soybeans 1.0 million or less. The unharvest corn acres are primarily cut for corn silage. However, with all the planting problems and less than ideal growing conditions early in the growing season, the unharvested acres could be 2 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 5 million acres larger for both corn and soybeans.

How will heat and dry weather affect plant development and pollination? For corn, July is normally the key month for pollination and crop development.

However, with the lateness in getting the corn crop planted, August will be an important month this year.

For soybeans, August is the key month and will be no different this year. It will be very important to have favorable weather if we expect to keep production stable.

When will the first frost come? This maybe the most important question out there at this time. To keep production stable, we need to accumulate as many growing degree units as we can. We need to delay the first frost by at least 2 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 3 weeks from the average. An early frost and depending how wide spread it is could push corn prices up $1 - $3 per bushel.

Soybean prices could be up $2 to $4 per bushel on a frost.

Questions on the demand side includes exports for

soybeans and ethanol use from corn. With no trade agreement with China, exports will continue to be under pressure. That means South American soybeans will make up a greater percentage of Chinaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s imports. With South American soybean planting just around the corner, there are projections for an even bigger crop this coming year. Ethanol margins have been slim and there is continuous worry that plants will be closing especially if corn prices climb higher.

Exports for U.S corn for 2019 and 2020 could be under pressure from a large corn crop from South America. The outlook is for an increase in corn production for 2019-20.

Markets Any significant rallies in corn and soybean prices will be weather related. It can come from fewer harvested acres reported by the USDA reports and/or lower yields. For December corn futures, any rallies back into the $4.50 to $4.70 price range would be a good place to add to sales. For November soybean futures, rallies back into the $9.20 to $9.50 price range would be a possible good pricing opportunity. Much higher prices are possible if acres or yields come in less than expected. For corn and soybean bushels that are already sold, buying some out of the money call options to take advantage of any upside rallies this fall or early winter would be a good strategy.

37

Industrial Hemp Agronomy Anthony Ohmes Agriculture Business Specialist Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) has a history of fiber production in Missouri, with peak production from the mid- to late-19th century. Following the Controlled Substance Act of the 1970’s, all Cannabis was illegal to produce. However, with the 2014 and 2018 federal Farm Bills and recent Missouri legislation (HB 2034 in 2018 and SB 133 in 2019), Missouri is poised to allow industrial hemp cultivation in the 2020 planting season. Growers will have to obtain a permit from the Missouri Department of Agriculture to grow industrial hemp and producer applications will be available in fall 2019.

By federal law, industrial hemp must not have a tetra-

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hydrocannabinol (THC) level above 0.3 percent. If testing proves a planting exceeds this threshold, the planting is classified as marijuana and must be destroyed in accordance with local law enforcement.

Farmers within Missouri are beginning to ask questions and seek guidance on evaluating the opportunity of growing industrial hemp. Senate Bill 133 that was signed into law on June 24, 2019 legalized institutions of higher education (such as the University of Missouri) to grow industrial hemp research plots.

University of Missouri did plant some variety trials after this bill’s passage at six research stations in 2019 to collect some initial research data.

Agronomic assumptions in this article are estimates based on research from other states such as Kentucky who have been growing the crop in recent years. As the industrial hemp industry evolves in Missouri and other states, better agronomic recommendations will be researched and extended to farmers.

38

Agronomic Crop Uses Industrial hemp production falls into three agronomic uses: fiber, grain, and cannibinoids (CBD and others).

Office (573)624-4062

Fax (573)624-8755

Site Selection, Planting, Pest Management Industrial hemp is an agronomic crop that responds to productive soils with a soil pH range of 6.0 to 6.5.

Avoiding poorly drained fields, identifying fields that have a low weed seed bank, and starting weed free prior to planting is critical. Soil testing is recommended.

Industrial hemp flowers based on day length (photoperiod) and planting dates depend on varieties and purpose. In general, the current target timeframes are May-June for fiber or CBD and June-July for grain purposes.

Currently there are no labeled pesticides available for industrial hemp in the U.S. This would include herbicides, insecticides and fungicides. Any off-label use of pesticides is illegal. Weeds are the predominant factor in crop failures after establishment. Industrial hemp is also susceptible to disease and insect pests.

Fiber Plants grown for fiber should be drilled at a high plant density to produce tall, pencil thin plants. Seeding rates of approximately 500,000 PLS (pure live seed)/A which is between 40 and 60 pounds PLS per acre at a seeding depth of 0.25 to 0.5 inches is recommended. Germination test may be necessary.

Crop nutrient needs continue to be researched by universities. In general, hemp for fiber, based University of Kentucky guidelines, needs approximately 50 pounds (lbs) of nitrogen (N). P2O5 and K2O recommendations, like other agronomic crops, will depend on available phosphorus and available potassium in the soil (refer to the University of Kentucky guide linked below). Harvest by cutting when approximately 20% of the male plants are flowering, laying in the field 3 to 4 weeks (rhetting), then baling.

Grain Seeding rates for grain are roughly half of fiber production rates and can be planted in either 7.5 or 15-inch rows. The wider spacing typically induces

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branching, which could improve combine harvest. In general, hemp for grain needs approximately 100 lbs of N. Again, as with fiber, phosphorus and potassium according to soil levels. Seed shattering is an issue, therefore, timely harvest at approximately 70% grain maturity is critical. Quick post-harvest air-drying is recommended to maintain seed quality.

Cannibinoids Cannibinoids, such as CBD, are extracted from flowers, with the trichomes (hairs) on the flowers having the highest concentration. In general, hemp has separate female and male plants, dioecious. Female flowering plants have a higher percentage of cannibinoids. Also, avoiding pollination maintains cannabinoid levels to retain value. Therefore, in general, female clones or feminized seed are used for production. In general, management for CBD production is based on producer-processor contract.

4s

Other Resources University of Missouri Extension is currently engaged in a project to support the Missouri industrial hemp industry. The Missouri Industrial Hemp Steering Committee (Tom Raffety, Peter Rost, Jr., and James Marshall) secured a grant from the Missouri Agricultural & Small Business Development Authority (MASBDA) and contracted with the university to identify opportunities for industrial hemp and processing in Missouri.

Marketing opportunities, production considerations, economic budgets, and how to develop Missouriâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s value chain for industrial hemp will be included.

Project findings will be forthcoming in fall/winter 2019 and available to the public at https://extension2. missouri.edu/programs/agricultural-business-and-policy-extension/.

Sources: University of Kentucky â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Accessed on August 1, 2019 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; https://hemp.ca.uky.edu/ http://www2.ca.uky.edu/agcomm/pubs/ID/ID250/ ID250.pdf https://hemp.ca.uky.edu/sites/hemp.ca.uky.edu/files/ hemp_history_and_agronomy_2018.pdf University of Missouri Contributors to this article: Ryan Milhollin and Joe Horner.

40

Southeast Lowlands (Bootheel) Alluvial Aquifer Without question, the most widely used aquifer in the Southeastern Lowlands is the alluvial aquifer. The alluvium underlies about 92 percent of the Southeastern Lowlands, an area of approximately 3,677 square miles. Its thickness ranges from 0 to as much as 300 feet, with the thinner areas adjacent to the Ozark Escarpment along the northwest boundary, and adjacent to Crowleys Ridge and Benton Hills. The alluvium consists of unconsolidated sand, gravel, silt and clay which were deposited mostly by the ancestral Mississippi and Ohio river systems.

The only places in the Southeastern Lowlands where the alluvium is absent is on Crowleys Ridge, Benton Hills, and other similar positive features that are well above floodplain level.

Groundwater is stored and transmitted in the alluvium through pore spaces between the sand and gravel grains. The flow direction of the groundwater is generally to the south toward Arkansas, with the exception of areas near the Mississippi River. Watertable elevation in the northern end of the region is about 330 feet above mean sea level, while it is about 90 feet lower near the Arkansas border at the southern tip of the Bootheel which results in a very low gradient of one foot per mile.

Groundwater yields for wells drilled into the alluvium depend on several factors including the saturated thickness of the alluvium,

the diameter of the well, length of well screen, and hydraulic conductivity of the alluvial materials. Properly constructed high-yield wells penetrating the alluvium rarely yield less than 500 gallons per minute (gpm) and can yield as much as 3,000 gpm.

Aquifer tests performed on alluvial wells west of Crowleys Ridge show that the alluvium in that area is generally less permeable than to the east of Crowleys Ridge.

Because of this, well yields west of the ridge are generally less than those producing from the alluvial aquifer to the east of the ridge.

Prior to passage of the Water Well Drillers Act in 1985, the Missouri Geological Survey (MGS) received information for only a small percentage of the total number of wells drilled. However, after August 1987, well drillers were required to register wells they construct. Since January 1, 1987 MGS has received well records for 12,966 irrigation wells that were drilled in Butler, Dunklin, Mississippi, New Madrid, Pemiscot, Scott and Stoddard counties. Nearly all of these wells produce water from the alluvial aquifer. Some of these were constructed as replacement wells for existing irrigation systems; however, most were drilled to supply new irrigation systems.

In terms of the volume of water used and the number of wells, the

SCott kaDen, r.g. alluvial aquifer in the Southeastern Lowlands is by far the most extensively used aquifer in the this region. While there are private domestic and public water supply wells that produce water from the alluvial aquifer, the greatest quantity of groundwater used and the greatest number of wells utilized in the Southeastern Lowlands are for agricultural irrigation.

Water levels in the alluvium fluctuate in response to several factors, all are related to aquifer recharge or aquifer discharge. The alluvial aquifer receives most of its recharge from precipitation. Recharge is generally greatest where the surficial materials are very sandy and less where they contain a higher percentage of silt or clay.

There is appreciable recharge in the aquifer near the Mississippi River during high river stages and from movement of groundwater

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from other aquifers. Overall, however, most of the recharge is due to infiltration from precipitation.

shallow private water supplies have been adversely impacted by irrigation pumpage.

Discharge from the alluvial aquifer is both from natural and artificial means. Natural discharge is generally from water movement from the alluvium into the Mississippi, St. Francis and Black rivers, the Little Blue River drainage ditches, and the Headwaters Diversion Channel. Where permeable sands lie beneath the alluvium, there is downward movement of alluvial water into them. Also, there is groundwater movement laterally through the alluvial aquifer from Missouri into northeastern Arkansas.

The graph below shows long-term water-level information collected at an observation well near Malden.

Despite very large quantities of water used for agricultural irrigation, water levels in the alluvial aquifer have not changed appreciably since the well was installed in 1956. This similar trend can also be seen in other observation wells in this region.

Long-term groundwater level monitoring throughout the Bootheel indicates that despite increased water use, there has been little or no net decline of water levels in the alluvial aquifer since the first water-level monitoring wells were installed in 1956. During the irrigation season, groundwater levels in many areas will decline several feet in response to pumping, but will recover during non-pumping intervals to their pre-pumping levels. In some instances, nearby

KEN-MO AGRI CENTER

Recharge to the alluvium throughout the Bootheel from precipitation, surface-water inflow and groundwater inflow is approximately 3.2 trillion gallons per year. Outflow from the system is through surface water leaving the area, evapotranspiration and groundwater outflow. Outflow includes water that leaves the area at the state line, discharge into the Mississippi River and recharge to the deeper aquifer units. Based on 2012 USDA Census of Agriculture data, there are 1.7 million acres irrigated in the Bootheel. Assuming 12 inches of water are applied on all of these acres results in 571 billion gallons of water used for irrigation. Storage estimates indicate the average volume of water stored in the alluvial aquifer is typically about 21 trillion gallons. The following graphic depicts this data utilizing a bathtub analogy.

Article reference: Miller, D.E. and Vandike, J.E, 1997, Missouri state water plan series volume II, Groundwater Resources of Missouri: Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geology and Land Survey, Water Resources Report 46, 210 p.

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Missouri is a riparian water law state which means that every landowner is entitled to produce as much water as they need on their property for any use they need as long as it does not interfere with the water rights of others.

Even though Missouri is a riparian state, Missouri statues require that water use data be collected annually from all major water users in order to determine how much water is needed for various uses, including irrigation.

This information can then be utilized in the development of analyses to quantify the amount of water needed in Missouri compared to the amount of water available and where that water is available. MGS is currently finishing the latest version of the Missouri Water Resources Plan which will detail the water needs and availability for numerous uses throughout the state. This plan is scheduled to be available to the public in 2020.

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Representative Don Rone District 149 Phone: 573-751-4085 Capitol Address: 201 West Capitol Ave., Room 207-A Jefferson City, MO 65101 Email: Don.Rone@house.mo.gov Legislative Assistant: Jody Williams

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MEMBERSHIP MATTERS

The Missouri Soybean Association works to ensure sound agriculture policy is in place for family farms today, and to secure a bright future for ensuing generations.

“One of the primary reasons I stay involved with policy is because I often think about what our farm will look like in 10, 20, or 50 years.

We take great pride in what we’ve built and that’s largely because farming provides such meaningful purpose for those of us that tend to the land. Being involved with the Association matters because I want my grandchildren to have an opportunity to continue our operation for generations to come, and that won’t happen without our voice being heard in Jefferson City and D.C.” Ronnie Russell, farmer from Richmond, MO

“The previous generation of our family worked extremely hard to establish this farm, and we do our very best to take care of the land in hopes that we can someday pass it on to our kids. I’m privileged to work alongside my father daily and that has made succession planning a key focus area for our operation. We can’t make a generational transition successful without sound policy in place that’s why being a member of the Association matters to me.”

Peter Rost Jr., farmer from New Madrid, MO

“The Missouri Soybean Association continues to be a trusted voice in helping make decisions that impact the agriculture value chain all the way from producers in rural areas to end consumers in my district. I was proud to carry and pass SB782 in the 2018 legislative session to provide a safe, affordable food supply for all Missourians and ensure the continuity of Missouri family farms.”

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BERNIE 573-293-6567 1496 St. Hwy. 25

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