Inter-American Foundation
GRANT RESULTS 2007
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Cover: Nova Pesquisa e Assessoria em Educação (NOVA) worked with 30 recyling cooperatives in the state of Rio de Janiero to improve management and members’ income. Photo by Sean Sprague
Inter-American Foundation
GRANT RESULTS 2007
Introduction
.............................................................................................................1 About the IAF ........................................................................................................................1 Summary and Highlights.........................................................................................................1 Methodology............................................................................................................................1
PART I: Grant Results in 2007 ................................................................4 Results at the Individual Level ..........................................................................4 Jobs……………………………..............................................................................................4 Training ......... .........................................................................................................................5 Improving Health ...................................................................................................................7 Housing .................................................................................................................................11 Self-Esteem ...........................................................................................................................11 Cultural Identity ....................................................................................................................12 Communication .....................................................................................................................13 Problem-Solving ...................................................................................................................15 Innovation/Adaptability ........................................................................................................17
Results at the Organizational Level ............................................................................18 Mobilizing/Brokering Resources ..........................................................................................18 Partnering ..............................................................................................................................21 Microcredit ............................................................................................................................23 Sharing Information ..............................................................................................................23 Participatory Decision-Making……………………………………………………..............26 Dissemination.............................................................. .........................................................26
PART II: Thematic Highlights ................................................................28 Persons with Disabilities......................................................................................................28 Women’s Participation ........................................................................................................30 Microcredit...........................................................................................................................31
List of Tables Table 1: Jobs Created Table 2: Knowledge and Skills Acquired Table 3: Health-Related Activities Table 4: Housing Table 5: Cultural Heritage Table 6: Communication Table 7: Problem-Solving Table 8: Resources Mobilized Table 9: Resources Brokered Table 10: Partnerships Table 11: Loans
Appendix A ― RedEAmérica ............................................32
Appendix B ...................................………………………34 Table B1: Better Living Conditions Table B2: Dietary Improvements Table B3: Medical Attention Table B4a: Agricultural Skills Acquired Table B4b: Agricultural Skills Applied Table B5a: Manufacturing Skills Acquired Table B5b: Manufacturing Skills Applied Table B6a: Construction Skills Acquired Table B6b: Construction Skills Applied Table B7a: Environmental Knowledge/Skills Acquired Table B7b: Environmental Knowledge/Skills Applied Table B8a: Planning and Administration Skills Acquired Table B8b: Planning and Administration Skills Applied Table B9a: Marketing Knowledge/Skills Acquired Table B9b: Marketing Knowledge/Skills Applied Table B10a: Leadership Skills Acquired Table B10b: Leadership Skills Applied Table B11a: Civic Participation Knowledge/Skills Acquired Table B11b: Civic Participation Knowledge/Skills Applied Table B12a: Knowledge of the Legal System Acquired Table B12b: Knowledge of the Legal System Applied Table B13a: Financial Knowledge/Skills Acquired Table B13b: Financial Knowledge/Skills Applied Table B14a: Knowledge of the Political System Acquired Table B14b: Knowledge of the Political System Applied Table B15a: Knowledge of Good Health Practices Acquired Table B15b: Knowledge of Good Health Practices Applied Table B16: Knowledge to Address Domestic Violence, Sexual Abuse and Drug Use Acquired Table B17a: Resources Mobilized: International Sources Table B17b: Resources Brokered: International Sources Table B18a: Resources Mobilized: Domestic Sources Table B18b: Resources Brokered: Domestic Sources Table B19a: Resources Mobilized: Local Sources Table B19b: Resources Brokered: Local Sources Table B20: Dissemination Activities
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Introduction About the IAF The Inter-American Foundation (IAF), created in 1969 as an independent foreign assistance agency of the United States government, funds innovative, participatory and sustainable self-help development projects proposed by grassroots groups and organizations that support them. It also encourages partnerships among community organizations, businesses and local governments directed at improving the quality of life for poor people and strengthening democratic practices. To contribute to a better understanding of the development process, the IAF shares its experiences and the lessons it has learned. The Inter-American Foundation is governed by a board of directors appointed by the president of the United States and confirmed by the U.S. Senate. Six members are drawn from the private sector and three from the federal government. The board is assisted by an advisory council. A president, appointed by the board, serves as the Inter-American Foundation’s chief executive officer, managing a staff of 47 employees based in Arlington, Virginia. Congress appropriates funds annually for the InterAmerican Foundation. The IAF also has access to the Social Progress Trust Fund administered by the InterAmerican Development Bank, consisting of payments on U.S. government loans extended under the Alliance for Progress to various Latin American and Caribbean governments. Since 1972, the IAF has made 4,632 grants for more than $600 million. Together, the IAF and its grantees have improved conditions for hundreds of thousands of families throughout the hemisphere.
Summary and Highlights Results data gathered in the 12-month period ending in March 2007 reveal: • More than 12,500 beneficiaries improved their diet and health. • More than 28,000 beneficiaries received preventive and emergency medical attention. • More than 3,000 individuals benefited from access to clean water. • More than 3,200 individuals benefited from trash removal operations. • IAF grantees in eight countries helped beneficiaries improve 1,208 homes. • Registration in courses, workshops and seminars included more than 96,000 individuals who received training in finance, including loan management; approximately 30,000 in agriculture; over 27,000 in management; and almost 19,000 in civic participation. • IAF-funded activities created 5,485 full-time and 842 part-time permanent positions and 2,077 fulltime and 1,774 part-time seasonal positions. • More than 800 organizations voluntarily cooperated with IAF grantees. • Grantees mobilized $3.6 million and brokered another $800,000 for project activities, for a combined total of $4.4 million ($3.46 million in cash and $960,000 in kind). • Local individuals were the most generous to IAF grantees, donating $500,000, mostly in cash. • International nonprofit organizations contributed more than $550,000 to IAF grantees. • IAF grantees extended more than 310,000 loans averaging $431 each. Manufacturing loans averaged $351. Loans for business development represented 90 percent of all loans and averaged $432 each. • Grantees disseminated information on their approaches, practices and/or techniques in 18 of the 20 countries where the IAF funds activities. Barbados and Haiti were the exceptions.
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Methodology The IAF designed and developed the Grassroots Development Framework (GDF), a practical tool consisting of a menu of 40 indicators used to collect and assess results data. The GDF measures the tangible results of the projects, as well as the subtler, no less vital, intangible effects and their impact on individuals, groups and communities. Indicators are tracked over time, then analyzed, and project results are reported to agencies to which the IAF is accountable. Awareness of indicators on which they report helps grantees stay focused on their goals; information on these indicators provides feedback to them and to IAF staff.
In the future, IAF data verification will include the results of grants to RedEAmerica members and the subgrants they award. Information on this program can be found in this report in Appendix A and is based on data forwarded by the network members and consolidated by the IAF’s corporate representative. What is grassroots development?
Miguel Cuevas
The Inter-American Foundation uses the term “grassroots development” to describe the process by which disadvantaged people organize themselves to improve social, cultural and economic conditions. The concept assumes that the key to sustainable democracies, equitable societies and prosperous economies is a peopleThis report is based on data collected twice a year by oriented strategy stressing participation, organizational IAF grantees and forwarded to the IAF in compliance development and networking to build the social capital with grant agreements. A cadre of in-country profes- needed to complement human and physical assets. sionals contracted by the IAF corroborates the data and comments on factors that facilitated or impeded What is the Grassroots Development Framework? achievement of the grantees’ objectives. Applying what had been learned from more than 4,300 These IAF data verifiers have been visiting grantees projects that it had funded, the Inter-American Foundaand their beneficiaries for six years. They meet with tion created the Grassroots Development Framework to the Evaluation Office staff at an annual conference measure the results and impact of projects the IAF supto review data collection techniques, concepts and ports. Results can inform decisions, signal challenges, definitions and to discuss problems encountered. On- confirm achievements and indicate topics for further site experience with grantees and participation in the research. conference help hone their skills, resulting in more The GDF is useful to both the grantee and the donor. It accurate reporting. provides the means to establish project objectives and report achievements, strengths and deficiencies. Since the pilot testing and application of the GDF, several development assistance institutions have, in consultation with the Inter-American Foundation, adapted the GDF to their own activities. How does it work? The premise of the GDF is that grassroots development produces results at three levels, and important tangible and intangible results should be taken into account. In business, profits are the bottom line. In grassroots development, a project must generate material improvements in the quality of life of the poor. Because poverty entails not only lack of income but also lack of access Peruvian Data Verifier, Rony Corvera, visits CTTC weavers
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to a range of basic services (including education, healthcare and housing), as well as insufficient opportunity for active civic participation, the GDF draws these indicators into a single tool. The IAF’s experience has demonstrated that each project can plant a seed for change and that grassroots development produces results not only for individuals but also for organizations and society. The cone shape of the GDF portrays the potential impact of grassroots development, progressing from individuals and families, to organizations, to the community or society at large — the three levels of the GDF.
Intangibles
Tangibles
Society Local, Regional, National
Policy Environment
Organizational Capacity
Standard of Living
Organizations Partnerships, NGOs, Community Groups
Family and Individuals
Community Norms
Organizational Culture
Personal Capacity
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PART I: Grant Results in 2007 This is the IAF’s second response to the Program Assessment Rating Tool (PART), requiring all federal agencies to document and report progress toward performance goals articulated in strategic plans. It summarizes the results of grants active in the reporting year. This section of the report highlights results on the GDF indicators most frequently used by our grantees. As stated, supra, each grantee report was verified by a contracted in-country professional.
Results at the Individual Level Data for 2007 show IAF grants improved the quality of life of the poor in Latin America and the Caribbean by supporting access to better job opportunities, education and training, health services and housing.
Jobs In 2007, 46 grantees reported the creation of more than 10,100 permanent or seasonal jobs. Table 1: Jobs Created
Country
Permanent Jobs Full-time
Argentina Bolivia Brazil Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Mexico Nicaragua Panama Peru Uruguay Venezuela Total
Seasonal Jobs
Part-time Full-time Part-time 3 346
4
9
52
26
17
188
15
8 20
15
16
1
144
107
101 1,024
1
119
88
10
6
14
6
33
4,815
200
1,532
116
73
34
199
6
5
42
7 241
62
7
215
38
130
73
5,485
842
2,077
1,774
Profile: Nicaragua Grantee: Fondo de Desarrollo para la Mujer (FODEM) Project: Integrated Development for Businesswomen Grant Amount: $571,727 Background FODEM was established in 2000 to provide credit to low-income women. A sister organization, Cenzontle, which had received a small IAF grant a decade before, provided $300,000 in seed money. FODEM is based in Managua and had an office there and in Estelí, a state capital, at the start of the project. FODEM had gathered data in the areas it planned to work. Although women micro-entrepreneurs made up a large percentage of the informal economy and contributed strongly to family income, formal-sector financial and technical support for the women was lacking. Objectives and Results In 2002, the IAF awarded FODEM a grant to offer training and credit to 9,600 low-income women engaged in income-generating activities. The grantee’s goal was to create and maintain jobs for 29,000 women. The grantee planned to manage a revolving loan fund, consolidate it into a self-sufficient micro-finance institution, and open three branches in additional areas. By project end, the grantee provided credit to 5,029 women and 703 men. The grantee’s clients increased from 1,320 to 5,732. Providing loans to street vendors and other low-income micro-entrepreneurs facilitated the creation of at least 2,361 jobs and preserved another 3,371 jobs. These micro-entrepreneurs created another 17,196 jobs by hiring three to eight employees to staff their expanded businesses ranging from tortilla- and brick-making to leather and seamstress work. 4
Through its excellent administration of IAF’s grant, FODEM rapidly expanded both its institutional endowment and the number and type of organizations willing to support its work. The grantee was able to raise more than $1 million, which allowed it to become self-sufficient. It opened the three branches as originally planned. FODEM’s plans now include expanding its services and organizing marketing fairs and artisan expositions. Lessons Learned
has transcended financial success to address issues of social equity. Mark Caicedo
FODEM trained approximately 1,573 women in courses covering business administration, women’s rights and civic roles, and domestic violence prevention.
Jazmina Castellon at her fruit stand in Seboca. Five projects in Nicaragua accounted for 88 percent of permanent full-time jobs created.
FODEM has implemented a highly successful In Brazil, Associação dos Artesãos de Imperatriz microcredit project. Its achievements demonstrated worked to create 46 permanent full-time jobs with that tailoring credit products specifically to female two groups now producing handicrafts in the commuborrowers can be financially sustainable. nity of Canossa. Two association members also have Additionally, the grantee has learned the value of full-time employment working on arts fairs. not only financial goals but also of nonfinancial goals. For FODEM, these nonfinancial services Training and activities included training, investment in Training is a component of IAF-supported grants. In personnel growth and inter-institutional alliances. 2007, 56 percent of all IAF grantees reported providFODEM designed and implemented a training curing on-the-job training, workshops and complemenriculum on topics such as self-esteem and leadertary technical assistance on a variety of topics. ship for the personal developTable 2: Beneficiaries reporting new knowledge and skills acquired ment of its women borrowers. The grantee found that these Knowledge/Skills Men % of Women % of Total services strengthen the relationTotal Total ship between the borrower and the 12,463 13% 83,850 87% 96,313 Finance lender, thereby reducing the risk 19,829 65% 10,857 35% 30,686 of default; increase the entrepre- Agriculture 13,494 49% 14,031 51% 27,525 neurial initiative of the borrowers; Planning & Administration 8,740 46% 10,134 54% 18,895 and heighten the interest among Civic Participation borrowers in working together on Leadership 5,759 50% 5,759 50% 11,518 concerns. 4,933 46% 5,861 54% 10,794 Manufacturing 4,075 45% 4,889 55% 8,964 Environmental Protection FODEM’s focus on staff devel3,453 44% 4,346 56% 7,799 opment, particularly in regard to Political System 2,166 30% 5,099 70% 7,265 gender and on alliances has led to Health its taking a leadership role within Marketing 3,160 45% 3,932 55% 7,092 the microfinance sector. FODEM Legal System 2,432 37% 4,207 63% 6,639 assumed the position of Coordina1,876 46% 2,004 52% 3,880 Construction tor of the Gender Commission in 884 28% 2,282 72% 3,166 Domestic Relations the Nicaraguan Association of Microfinance Institutions. Its project 5
Profile: Mexico Grantee: Desarrolladora de Emprendedores A.C. (DEAC) Project: Communal Banks Grant Amount: $110,000 Background DEAC came into being in 1998 as a complement to its sister organization, the Centro de Apoyo al MicroEmpresario (CAME). DEAC’s mission was to provide loans to communal banks formed by low-income migrants in Valle Chalco on the outskirts of Mexico City. These migrants have little access to commercial credit. Through improving the services of the communal banks, the grantee planned to improve the living standards for more than 35,000 people. Objectives and Results DEAC planned to develop 824 banks to handle a higher level of credit; train credit promoter–monitors and communal bank leaders to use computer technology to manage the banks; and establish three new banking branches that would serve 1,500 communal banks. The grantee distributed laptops, electronic organizers and other electronic equipment. It trained and worked with more than 200 promoters. Bank members learned to keep financial records for themselves and the banks. DEAC, in conjunction with CAME, trained more than 250,000 bank members, 89 percent of them women. DEAC consolidated its program, reducing the time needed to develop the banks. It plans to expand to other areas in central and northern Mexico. The communal banks and the groups associated with them are looking beyond credit to undertake activities that serve other community needs. Lessons Learned The grantee encountered two challenges: retaining promoters and meeting the demand for more communal banks and more diversified services (instead of developing the banks to handle a higher level of credit). The project showed that with appropriate training low-income groups, including women’s groups, easily mastered the banking system and technology.
The Desarrolladora de Emprendedores A.C. accounted for 93 percent of all beneficiaries receiving financial training. • In Argentina, Fundación Defensores del Chaco trained more than 8,000 youths in civic participation and the political system, prompting them to work with municipal authorities and participate in community meetings to resolve issues regarding schools and the public health systems in the two municipalities outside Buenos Aires. The grantee has also trained 34,409 Argentines in other topics. More than 9,000 young men and 10,000 young women learned about student rights and the right to a public education. Almost 400 young men and women learned about the organization of cultural and public events at a regional level. Approximately 14,000 adults and youths received training in civic participation and popular culture. • In Ecuador, the Corporación para el Desarrollo de los Recursos Naturales Renovables reached about 11,000 residents of five municipalities in the central district of Guaranda through 25 radio spots on the importance of water resources and what was happening in the municipalities. The grantee works with eight radio stations, selected for the size of their listening audience. The efforts are part of the ongoing dialogue among watershed farmers/conservationists, municipal authorities and city water users. • Uruguayan grantee Mundo Afro conducted training in leadership skills for more than 1,200 young representatives of African descendent civil society organizations; in drum making for African descendants in Uruguay and Paraguay; in crafts for over 500 women micro-entrepreneurs in Southern Cone tourist destinations; and in the methods of political participation and negotiation for more than 500 African descendent men and women.
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Improving Health Better nutrition and access to medical care and clean water impact health and standard of living. Equally important is the proper disposal of human waste and removal of solid waste. Table 3: Health-Related Activities Activity Beneficiaries 1,639 Installation of latrines 3,095 Installation of piped water 28,083 Medical care 3,210 Solid waste collection 2,699 Vaccinations 12,527 Nutrition/dietary improvement
NUTRITION Better nutrition contributed to better health for approximately 12,527 beneficiaries of IAF grantees, usually as an indirect benefit of diversified agriculture and improved agricultural practices. Production increases lead to more income and to more food and a greater variety of food allocated for household consumption.
staff offered prenatal care and treated common respiratory and gastrointestinal ailments. Rxiin Tnamet and another Guatemalan grantee reported a sharp rise in coverage due to the suffering caused by Hurricane Stan. Mexican grantee Fomento Cultural y Educativo A.C. reported that 4,840 individuals received medical services in 33 indigenous communities from the grantee’s clinics and from the health promoters it trained with IAF funding. Vaccinations are at the forefront of preventive health measures. Asociación de Salud y Desarollo Rxiin Tnamet inoculated 2,329 individuals, mostly health workers and volunteers burying victims of Hurricane Stan and its after effects. More recent inoculations have been administered to prevent tetanus and hepatitis. Three other grantees reported conducting campaigns to vaccinate children.
Rebecca Janes
Rebecca James
In Bolivia, for example, the Instituto Para el Hombre, Agricultura y Ecología works with farmers to diversify crops such as sorghum and peanuts, and some families are benefiting from vegetable gardens. Part of the harvests diversifies and enriches the diet for over 2,700 farmers and their families. Asociación Programa Veragüense de Desarrollo Ecológico Sostenible serves 40 communities of indigenous and other Panamanians. Its efforts to improve practices applied to poultry and pig-raising and to encourage fish-farming and citrus cultivation improved nutrition for 4,208 beneficiaries.
Magdalena Chavajay of Rxiin Tnament
MEDICAL CARE Beneficiaries receiving medical attention numbered more than 28,000. Of those, almost half (46 percent) were served by Guatemalan grantee Asociación de Salud y Desarrollo Rxiin Tnamet which ministered to 12,788 individuals. Three clinics and rural health
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Profile: Guatemala Grantee: Asociación Consejo de Mujeres Mayas de Desarrollo Integral (CMM) Project: Gender and Health in Rural Communities Grant Amount: $160,025 Background Indigenous Mayans make up approximately 43 percent of Guatemala’s population. Mayan women most often give birth at home, preferring to avoid hospitals in order to observe indigenous customs that include natural medicines, prayers, ritual steam baths and traditional birthing positions. Only 40 percent of births in Guatemala are attended by licensed professionals, and unlicensed village midwifes do not always provide adequate prenatal and postpartum care, resulting in high mortality rates for mothers and infants. Often these deaths could have been prevented. CMM received a grant from the IAF to improve health care for women and children by offering services compatible with safe health practices and Mayan traditions in nine communities in the department of Totonicapán. Objectives and Results The grantee created a network of well-trained health promoters and midwives from the nine participating communities. These Mayan volunteers taught health classes, monitored pregnancies and child development, attended to births, and provided postpartum and infant care. CMM met and often exceeded all its goals, training 145 volunteer health promoters, 37 midwives and 11 first-aid practitioners to teach more than 2,000 women about health, nutrition, self-esteem, domestic violence prevention and agriculture. Through this network, CMM’s basic medial attention reached 40,762 people, instead of the 19,000 people initially projected. CMM’s efforts increased from 4 percent to 60 percent the number of women receiving prenatal care in the third trimester of pregnancy and boosted from 28 percent to 60 percent the number of children under age five who receive medical attention in the communities served. Community members developed 1,222 family vegetable gardens to improve the local diet. Other accomplishments included the broadcast of 60 radio programs on important health issues, 18
first-aid stations stocked with basic medical supplies and a democratically elected health committee in each of the nine participating communities. In October 2005, after Hurricane Stan destroyed the homes of some beneficiaries as well as their gardens, the IAF awarded CMM an additional $30,000 to restore crops, restock medicines and help hurricane victims access these stocks and other health services. Lessons Learned Respect for local traditions and customs can be pivotal in the success of a project. For the Mayans, health is a spiritual as well as a biological issue. CMM recognized that many Mayan women avoided health care out of fear of compromising their indigenous culture. Rather than disregard traditional healers and practices, CMM recognized an opportunity to work with them to improve health care in Mayan communities. Women can play an essential role in the development process. The volunteers in this project completed their assignments with a great sense of responsibility and diligence. They also reported better self-esteem thanks to the knowledge and skills they acquired to benefit their communities.
ACCESS TO POTABLE WATER Access to clean water is critical to reducing disease. Grantees in four countries (Honduras, Panama, Brazil and Peru) provided piped water to more than 3,000 beneficiaries. • Agua para El Pueblo continued working to improve health conditions in Honduras through increased access to potable water and basic sanitation, and provided 236 families in nine communities with a home connection to new potable water supply systems. Such connections have not only reduced exposure to contaminants but also saved women and children the time and effort they used to dedicate to collecting water.
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Profile: Panama Grantee: Instituto Panameño de Desarrollo Humano y Municipal (IPADEHM) Project: Organization and Community Development Grant Amount: $365,505 Background IPADEHM began its community development work in 1992. The grantee had noted the lack of participatory planning at the municipal level and the lack of effective community organizations. Strengthening local organizations would address the issue of developing long-term plans and solutions, despite the short terms of municipal office holders. The 2003 IAF grantee worked in two districts of the Comarca Ngobe Bugle, an indigenous territory, and four other districts in two other states. Objectives and Results Project plans called for the formation of 45 local development committees (LDCs), participatory evaluations on which to base municipal plans, training six volunteer teams of promoters to assist the LDCs, and training local government and community groups. IPADEHM met all these goals and, via its sub-grant fund, financed 47 small projects designated priorities by the LDCs. The IAF’s grant made up 30 percent of the sub-grant fund, while 32 percent came from the LDCs and the remainder from local government. The projects included construction or reconstruction of bridges, aqueducts, water systems, schools, health posts and community centers.
SANITARY CONDITIONS Through construction of latrines, sanitary conditions improved for more than 1,600 individuals. The continuing work of Agua para el Pueblo on water access and sanitation resulted in 368 additional latrines, benefiting 368 families in three communities. Asociación para el Fomento del Turismo is building public latrines and making other improvements aimed at attracting tourists and jobs to the three indigenous communities bordering the Chagres National Park. SOLID WASTE COLLECTION Organized trash removal/disposal improved conditions for more than 3,200 individuals. Two grantees working in coordination with the Honduran water and sewer authority, SANNAA, accounted for 90 percent of those benefiting from neighborhood clean-up campaigns reaching more than 400 homes and from the distribution of trash cans for 42 homes. • In Venezuela, residents of Bloque 7 de la Urbanización El Silencio recognized the problems resulting from trash left in the street and other open areas; 360 people have benefited from participating in recycling a greater volume of trash with Fundación Papyrus. Sean Sprague
Lessons Learned IPADEHM noted the great importance of training. The grantee found that the training model needed to include problem analysis that would enable the communities to more successfully identify possible solutions.
A family enjoys its new safe water supply, provided by Agua para el Pueblo
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Profile: Honduras Grantee: Agua Para el Pueblo (APP) Project: Municipal Communities Organized for Clean Water (COMAL) Grant Amount: $374,452 Background Rural Mayan communities along the Copán River basin struggle to manage natural resources. Although water abounds, the drinking supply is erratic and unsafe. Human settlements, agriculture and livestock have led to deforestation and the contamination of water and soil. Communities in the municipalities of Cabanas, Copán Ruinas and Santa Rita partnered with Agua Para el Pueblo, a nongovernmental organization founded in 1984 to improve rural access to potable water through grassroots participation and management. In 2003 IAF awarded APP a three-year grant for the COMAL project. Two years later a supplemental grant was awarded to include additional communities and 2,000 new beneficiaries. Objectives and Results In addition to ultimately reducing poverty and improving health, APP’s main goal was to strengthen community organization and increase participation in decision-making. APP engaged residents in discussions related to water and sanitation problems and facilitated educational programs directed at repairing and constructing water system infrastructure and the conservation of microbasins. Its construction techniques were designed to minimize loss and damage when hurricanes and tropical storms hit, and the agricultural practices were chosen to reduce water-source pollution. APP sought support from local leaders and expected each community to help finance infrastructure and donate labor. APP worked to strengthen relationships among water boards, grassroots organizations and local government. It received strong municipal support and coordinated with mayors, regional health organizations and nongovernmental organizations. The water boards, organized by APP in each com-
munity, became responsible for agriculture programs and for operating and maintaining the water system. Training was provided to the boards, to plumbers and technicians, to local authorities and to the community. Workshop topics included the board’s purpose and responsibilities, the importance of surcharges for water services, the use of latrines, the operation and maintenance of water supply systems, responsible water usage, and the relationship between water and health. Initial investigation of the 25 communities served revealed that 82 percent had water system infrastructure that was not functioning correctly or not reaching all residents. Additionally, 67 percent did not have latrines. Several families with latrines preferred a more hygienic model; APP responded by changing its plans despite the additional cost. The communities that had already experienced functioning water supply systems understood the importance of the project and were more motivated to participate. Elsewhere, the grantee faced difficulties resulting from traditional beliefs and biases. Some residents did not know that illness could result from drinking contaminated water. There was widespread participation in the project and its workshops, and although many women did participate, APP’s goal for gender parity was not reached due to entrenched attitudes. Illiteracy complicated presentation of certain topics and the dispersion of homes in some communities made it difficult to develop certain activities. Nonetheless, the COMAL project was very successful, and APP surpassed many of its goals. Originally the grantee had planned to benefit 6,000 individuals by improving health and sanitation in 25 communities, constructing water supply systems for six communities, repairing and expanding damaged systems in 12 communities, and installing 240 hydraulic latrines in 15 communities. Ultimately APP worked in 48 communities, constructed eight new water supply systems, reconstructed or expanded damaged systems in 16 communities, and installed 599 hydraulic latrines in 17 communities, improving the quality of life of more than 11,000 beneficiaries (37 percent more than originally envi10
sioned). These Hondurans now have access to safe water, their health is improving, their potential lifespan is increasing, and they are free from erratic service and the drudgery of hauling water great distances. Their experience with negotiation to solve a serious problem should enable these communities to address other issues. Lessons Learned Access to an essential service resulted from the right balance of local participation and expert advice from APP’s technicians who worked well with communities. The institutional development of the water boards was critical to strengthening civil society in the region. APP and the water boards together lobbied for government support, gaining access to mayors of diverse political orientation and, sometimes, to limited resources. APP was willing to listen to residents and adapt to their preferences.
Housing Twelve IAF grantees had an impact on the standard of living through assistance with home construction and renovations. The work of five Nicaraguan grantees resulted in more than 80 percent of the homes built and renovated. Table 4: Housing Country Argentina Honduras Nicaragua Mexico Panama Peru Uruguay Venezuela Total
New
Improved
0
54
4
10
0
1,048
3
9
2
3
0
80
0
2
0
2
9
1,208
• In Nicaragua, for example, the Fundación Investigación, Capacitación, y Desarrollo Social provided loans that led to the improvement of 57 homes of women members of local community banks.
Access to credit and housing were the five participating communities’ highest priorities. Home improvements included fortifying construction and additions; extra materials were used to build bathrooms. • Centro para el Desarrollo Sostenible assisted 40 home owners in remodeling their homes as part of efforts to accommodate visitors attracted by improved opportunities for eco-tourism in the northwest area of Lake Titicaca.
Intangible Indicators Grassroots development includes intangible gains that can be observed, inferred and reliably verified, if not directly measured. At the individual or family level, the IAF, through its data verifiers, collects, inter alia, data on communication, problem-solving skills, selfesteem, cultural identity and innovation. This widens understanding of grant impact. The data presented in this section reflect grantee organizations’ and beneficiaries’ perception of cultural values, a sense of belonging, personal recognition of self-worth and human dignity, and the sense of the potential to live a better life and contribute to society. The data are cumulative and show results since the inception of each grant.
Self-Esteem Personal recognition of self-worth and human dignity and a sense of potential are attributes of self-esteem, which plays a key role in development. Most IAF-supported activities affect the self-esteem of the beneficiaries targeted. The examples below were taken from the 50 grantees reporting their observations: • In Argentina, Fundación Leer, via its Life Skills Program, focused on young children. Teachers observed that the more than 70,000 participating children expressed themselves and their thoughts and feelings more, and the school staff valued their parents’ increased involvement in their schooling. The teachers and administrators of the 133 schools shared their achievements and their new ability to adapt techniques of the program to other class work. 11
Profile: Argentina Grantee: Fundación Leer Project: Reading and Literacy Promotion Program Grant Amount: $549,835
The grantee emphasizes reading, but project activities were not focused on building up libraries at the schools so that children would have greater access to books.
Background Literacy is basic to escaping poverty. International studies reveal that Argentine students rank low in educational performance and rank high in attrition. Poorer provinces have the worst literacy rates. Fundación Leer was founded in 1997 to strengthen literacy in high-risk communities. Objectives and Results The grantee planned to implement the Open Book Program in at least 112 schools and another pilot program on life skills, including literacy for parents, in 27 schools with the aim of reaching 8,500 children in the four southern-most Argentine provinces.
• Fundación para la Tecnología y el Desarrollo Latinoamericano-Ecuatoriano works in the northern coastal province of Esmeraldas, where an estimated 80 percent of the population is of African descent. It conducted a series of workshops on self-esteem and leadership for 846 beneficiaries. The grantee, through a questionnaire, found that participants shared their learning with their families and have greater ease expressing themselves in public. • Mundo Afro noted greater self-esteem in Uruguayans and others who now more readily identify as African descendents. Their organizations are more active and directly approach government on behalf of their communities.
The project reached 73,893 beneficiaries, including 70,558 children and 3,335 teachers and school su• In Brazil, Grupo de Mulheres Negras Mãe Anpervisors. An evaluation of the Open Book Program dresa, among other activities with domestic workrevealed that 55 percent of the children involved ers of the city of São Luis, has conducted training showed greater interest in reading, 63 percent demonin health practices and in identity as black women, strated improved reading skills, and 61 percent made and beneficiaries participate in markets, debates progress in writing. Teachers observed that 95 perand seminars. The women report they have lost cent of the children had increased their self-esteem their fear in expressing themselves, and their as a result of new skills, not only in reading but also creativity has been stimulated. They have literally through the activities of the life skills program that learned to stand tall and believe in their abilities, taught about inter-personal relations and civic responand some are opening their own businesses. sibility. The grantee achieved great success despite some initial resistance by teachers and supervisors. Now the challenge will be to replicate and continue the programs. Lessons Learned Although Fundación Leer cooperated with local supervisors and teachers, the lack of coordination and strong relationships at the education ministry and sub-ministry level negatively impacted the project. Fundación Leer has begun taking steps to improve coordination.
Cultural Identity A strong sense of cultural identity can spur awareness of rights, economic possibilities and the value of ancestral traditions. Efforts to help beneficiaries appreciate and/or preserve their heritage include the following:
12
Table 5: Beneficiaries with greater appreciation of their cultural heritage Country Argentina Bolivia Brazil Colombia Ecuador Guatemala Honduras Latin America * Mexico Panama Peru Venezuela Total
Men
% of Total
Women
Photo Courtesy of ASUR
% of Total
Total
246
41%
349
59%
595
33
19%
140
81%
173
50
29%
123
71%
173
113
72%
44
28%
157
3,539
46%
4,111
54%
7,650
198
58%
144
42%
342
1,903
61%
1,207
39%
3,110
4,800
58%
3,500
42%
8,300
63
21%
240
79%
303
1,274
52%
1,198
48%
2,472
85
80%
21
20%
106
79
56%
61
44%
140
12,383
53%
11,138
47%
23,521
* Data from one grantee working in Uruguay, Argentina, Paraguay, and southern Brazil.
• In Bolivia, the Fundación para la Investigación Antropológica y el Etnodesarrollo “Antropólogos del Surandino” (ASUR) is reviving traditional textile designs and techniques. The grantee held several meetings with low-income indigenous men and women to discuss this and other aspects of their culture. When a catalog was produced displaying regional textile patterns and styles, and the appeal to tourists became evident, the weavers became more excited about learning traditional techniques. • In Peru, the Centro de Desarrollo Sostenible, supra, is helping the community use the local resurgence in traditional clothing, folklore and the Quechua language to give tourists interested in their culture a unique opportunity to experience it.
Communication In the reporting period, more than 97,000 IAF grant beneficiaries reported or demonstrated their improved ability to express their ideas and views clearly. Fundación Leer supra reported most of the (76 percent) improvement in communication skills. Examples from 14 countries include the following projects: • In Argentina, the Centro de Iniciativas para el Desarrollo Local has trained representatives of municipal government and community residents using debates and other methods; 440 men and 707 women report better communication skills. They apply their skills to communicating with local government, the grantee and community members. The skills are crucial to planning and to identifying local development priorities and the best use of public funds. 13
Table 6: Beneficiaries improving their ability to communicate Country Argentina Bolivia Colombia Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Latin America * Mexico Panama Paraguay Peru Uruguay Total
Men
% of Total
Women
% of Total
Total
38,128
50%
37,619
50%
75,747
305
41%
444
59%
749
312
52%
284
48%
596
1,715
61%
1,092
39%
2,807
224
60%
151
40%
375
87
17%
435
83%
522
2,012
59%
1,426
41%
3,438
5,000
42%
6,800
58%
11,800
Profile: Dominican Republic Grantee: Junta de Asociaciones Campesinas de Salcedo, Inc. (JUNACAS) Project: Management, marketing and sustainable production in the highlands of Salcedo province Grant Amount: $250,750 Background
JUNACAS is a federation of 10 farmer organizations dedicated to improv13 32% 27 68% 40 ing coffee and cocoa production and 174 51% 169 49% 343 marketing for its approximately 400 120 32% 260 68% 380 members in the highlands of Salcedo 141 45% 171 55% 312 province. It received an IAF grant in 2001 to help 120 families shift to 10 43% 13 57% 23 organic production. Farmers that have 48,526 50% 49,191 50% 97,717 converted to this methodology reduce * Data from one grantee working in Uruguay, Argentina, Paraguay, their dependence on imported pestiand southern Brazil. cides and fertilizers, limit their exposure to toxic chemicals and lower costs. Through the • In Ecuador, the Escuela de Ciudadanía proproject, JUNACAS would also launch a sales office vided training in civic participation. As a result, and set up a loan fund. 1,688 men and women from sports leagues in 11 neighborhoods of Quito have gained skills they Objectives and Results apply in neighborhood meetings to shape community agendas. JUNACAS trained more than 150 individuals in • In Uruguay and the Southern Cone, Mundo Afro reported 11,800 people demonstrated their communication skills through active participation in workshops and other activities aimed at strengthening a regional network of organizations of African descendants. Each organization shares its strengths and challenges on the grantee’s website, promoting new connections among those in the alliance.
organic agriculture, ecology, forestry, computers and other subjects. It extended 133 loans, averaging $320. Seventy-two farmers received organic certification, while the remaining participants were slated to obtain it within months of the completion of the grant. But JUNACAS’ greatest success may have been in marketing. The organization managed to export its members’ products through PLM Marketing, an American company that purchased plantains, cassava, lemons and avocados, and through Yacao, a Swiss-Dominican company that purchased the entire cacao crop. Lessons Learned By marketing directly to the buyers, the grantee managed to bypass intermediaries which had traditionally offered much lower prices and limited the farmers’ 14
profit. Several farmers reported they used the extra income for home improvements and to purchase vehicles and land. The project was featured in three articles in the local media.
Problem-solving In 2007, 37 grantees reported on problem-solving. Four projects in Panama, as during last year, reported the most beneficiaries with better problem-solving skills. Other examples follow: Table 7: Beneficiaries improving their ability to resolve problems Country Men % of Women % of Total Total 292 40% 431 60% Argentina 50 25% 153 75% Bolivia 16 55% 13 45% Brazil 377 54% 316 46% Colombia 52 32% 112 68% Dominican Republic 2,062 68% 950 32% Ecuador 296 52% 268 48% El Salvador 1,257 61% 820 39% Honduras 2,000 47% 2,250 53% Latin America * 4,684 59% 3,213 41% Panama 31 67% 15 33% Peru 18 43% 24 57% Uruguay 153 53% 138 47% Venezuela 11,288 56% 8,703 44% Total * Data from one grantee working in Uruguay,
Total
Argentina, Paraguay, and southern Brazil.
• The young Argentine entrepreneurs working in Buenos Aires with the Instituto Internacional de Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo cooperated on production and marketing and on exploring the roles and responsibilities of employees via exercises that helped reveal potential conflicts and solutions. The grantee is also working to help organizations that support these entrepreneurs to examine their internal functioning as well as relations with other local agencies. The willingness and skills to resolve conflicts have proved useful in meetings of neighborhood boards.
723 203 29 693 164 3,012 564 2,077 4,250 7,897 46 42 291 19,991
• The Centro de Formación Política y Ciudadana para Mujeres conducted workshops for low-income Bolivian men and women of the urban neighborhoods of the city of Oruro. As a result, they now call board meetings and discuss the progress of community works. Three boards are in the final stages of filing for legal status. The beneficiaries have insisted on meeting with authorities to discuss their problems and question those not responsive to the neighborhood boards’ requests for construction and other services. One board reported the use of leftover materials for a project, which resulted in smaller stair steps than required, and the project supervisors were sanctioned. • In the Dominican Republic, the Centro de Servicios Legales para la Mujer, Inc. trained promoters in domestic violence prevention. They now know when to advise women and children to report to the authorities and when to report to the grantee’s legal department, and to better identify cases of violence. Asked how they know the law so well, the promoters credit the grantee that prepared them to help victims and survivors of domestic violence and to work to prevent it for a safer community. Women work with men who educate their neighbors. Profile: Argentina Grantee: Federación de Asociaciones de los Centros para la Producción Total (FACEPT) Project: Local Devlopment to Generate Sustainable Social Learning: The Lesson for the Experience Grant Amount: $649,600
Background Over the past several decades, residents of agricultural areas in Argentina have watched their small communities dwindle. Rural zones of Buenos Aires province lost nearly 17 percent of their population during the 1990s. Lack of employment opportunities for young people is at the root of this displacement, and it prompted some rural Argentines to organize toward offering an alternative to migration. 15
Through a partnership with the provincial Ministry of Education, they developed an educational program, based on a French model, which also promotes community organization and development initiatives. Each Centro Educativo para la Producción Total (CEPT), or Educational Center for Comprehensive Production, houses a secondary school that prepares local youths for careers in the rural sector while they continue to help on their family’s farm. CEPT curriculum integrates academic subjects with business and vocational training through a living arrangement split between campus and home. CEPT teachers visit the students’ families to strengthen their participation. Before graduating, students must design an income-producing project which they undertake for a designated period. The provincial Ministry of Education pays teachers’ salaries and co-manages the schools with community organizations. Since the first CEPT opened in 1988, 20 more have been established. Although this French model had been followed before in Argentina, it had been applied in isolation. In contrast, CEPT schools function as a network linked to each other and to external entities. They are organized into the Federación de Asociaciones de los CEPT (FACEPT) whose staff coordinates with the Ministry of Education and other cooperating entities, reviews curriculum, provides training and technical assistance, and mobilizes resources for the program. Objectives and Results The IAF awarded FACEPT $80,900 for one year of leadership training and research in 1995 and, based on that success, a seven-year grant of $649,600 in 1998 to develop a revolving loan fund for micro-enterprises, create a training institute and open 10 new CEPTs serving additional communities. FACEPT’s 21 centers serve 1,700 students and an adult education program initiated in 2003 offers another 600 rural Argentines the opportunity to complete their secondary education. Beyond its educational purpose, the CEPT has a development mission. Parents, students, alumni, teachers, community residents and representatives
of the private and government sectors form managing bodies to set up the centers, propose and plan projects, and oversee activities. One project promotes improved agricultural methods and the organization of producers for a better bargaining position. Through the managing bodies and development initiatives, CEPTs have direct relationships with 5,000 rural families and indirectly reach another 8,000 throughout Argentina. An IAF-commissioned external evaluation of the program found the following: • Most CEPT graduates continue working in the agricultural sector (up to 80 percent in one community). Rather than migrating to cities, many move between rural areas. • Of the approximately 1,200 CEPT graduates since 2001, 90 percent are children of agricultural workers or small-scale farmers. They were able to combine their secondary studies with agricultural training and continue farming with their families, who faced precarious economic situations. In the dairy community of Lobos, 5 percent of the program graduates went on to universities, most in agriculture. • Students report better relationships with their parents after working with them. • Community-wide participation in the joint management of the CEPT has resulted in improvements in infrastructure and access to public services. • Managing committees often include marginalized residents without land or formal education. Administering public and private resources for the CEPTs teaches them the skills necessary to advocate for their interests. • Government and private entities have responded with increased investment in rural development and infrastructure. In 2004 the provincial legislature passed the Law for Small Localities, a program that commits resources to dispersed rural communities of fewer than 2,000 residents. FACEPT was instrumental in its design and worked with the government on its implementation, providing training and technical assistance. The 2006 Law for National Education formally mandates that 16
adolescents attend secondary school and requires provincial governments to increase the number of high schools available. Based on FACEPT’s track record, the provincial Ministry of Education committed to funding 40 new schools and community development programs to comply with this mandate. Lessons Learned The adaptation of this French approach to education in the Buenos Aires countryside has allowed families to educate their children without sacrificing the labor that is commonly expected of them. The evaluation identified several challenges to the program, such as lower participation rates for young women and children of landless families that the evaluator recommended be addressed as the program grows.
• Fundación Casa de la Juventud reported that 750 young Paraguayan beneficiaries are adapting new strategies to improve their income and quality of life. For example, youth groups organize minicampaigns to call attention to the need for their inclusion in neighborhood boards; and psychology students work on establishing mental health networks to substitute for asylums, and to involve the university in the community. • Círculos Femininos Populares -Mérida of Venezuela introduced training that encourages commentary and the expression of ideas. Its beneficiaries have adapted to working in a group and have made suggestions that will optimize project results, such as an alternative workshop location.
Innovation/Adaptability The IAF defines innovation as the capacity to develop creative solutions with the materials and resources available and to apply new strategies or methods that integrate traditional and modern knowledge and practices. Beneficiaries of innovation, according to the IAF, include all individuals who gain from the application of such strategies or methods as a result of grant activities. The indicator also includes the adoption of more effective and/or efficient strategies, methods or approaches to achieve grant objectives. Twenty-four projects reported data on this indicator. • The technical personnel of Agua para el Pueblo in Honduras found in their evaluation that the majority of the beneficiaries adapted to the new latrine systems, use of chlorinated water, payment for water use and the reduced use of agrochemicals in agriculture. Other adaptations have been participation in community evaluation meetings and even agreeing to pay penalties for not complying with regulations. Not only are the beneficiaries using the new technologies, but they have contributed to widespread compliance with new practices. When the water systems were improved, the communities helped ensure sustainability by adjusting the rates charged. Community leaders have taken on the management of the water systems and protection of watersheds.
Students meet at a CEPT.
17
Results at the Organizational Level This section looks at grantee accomplishments in expanding the scope of their work beyond the beneficiaries originally envisioned in the agreement with the IAF and toward sustaining the grantees’ impact once IAF funding ends. It also examines efforts to forge new relationships conducive to providing the level and quality of goods and services required.
Table 8: Resources Mobilized Source International busineses International public sector International private organizations Other international organizations
Cash
In-Kind
Total
$909
$240
$1,149
$188,690
$91,634
$280,324
$480,437
$24,874
$505,311
$145,111
$20,807
$165,918
National businesses National public sector Other national organizations
$383,747
$53,473
$437,220
$348,324
$117,084
$465,408
$191,332
$95,400
$286,732
Mobilizing/Brokering Resources
Local businesses Local public sector
$365,790
$40,021
$405,811
$231,575
$78,418
$309,993
Resource mobilization refers to financial, material or human resources marshaled by the grantee organization from international, national or local sources, private and public.
Community contributions Other local sources Total
$34,458
$94,791
$129,249
$533,181
$98,674
$631,855
$2,903,554
$715,416
$3,618,970
Resources brokered refers to monetary, material or human resources that grantees obtained from individuals or national or international public or private entities and then channeled directly to grassroots organizations or groups to support the project funded by the IAF. Resources brokered bypass the grantees and flow directly to organizations, grassroots groups or beneficiaries. In 2007 grantees mobilized more than $3.6 million: $2.9 million in cash and more than $715,000 in kind. Resources brokered totaled close to $800,000. IAF grantees raised a total of $4.4 million or $0.31 for every dollar invested by the IAF.
Table 9: Resources Brokered Source International businesses International public sector International private organizations Other international organizations National businesses National public sector Other national organizations Local businesses Local public sector Community contributions Other local sources Total
Cash
In-Kind
Total
$9,000
-
$9,000
$14,310
-
$14,310
$61,530
$1,350
$62,880
147,778
-
$147,778
$5,385
$3,600
$8,985
$200,099
$143,380
$343,479
$62,319
$20,745
$83,064
$1,500
$2,803
$4,303
$53,114
$9,208
$62,322
-
$56,707
$56,707
$200
$5,515
$5,715
$555,235
$243,308
$798,543
18
National and local businesses and national governments were generous contributors overall. Grantees mobilized the largest donations from individuals at the local level. At the international level, nonprofit organizations were again among the most generous contributors. • The Ford Foundation donated $66,000 toward strengthening the eight Salvadoran nonprofit lending institutions working with Asociación de Organizaciones de Microfinanzas to better reach and serve the rural poor, including women. Its donation also supported specialized training, a fund for innovative technology and publications.
• Alternare raised $79,382 from the Mexican Secretariat of Social Development and another $10,000 from the National Institute of Social Development toward construction of a training center. The grantee is training farmers on the edge of the Monarch Butterfly Reserve in organic farming techniques, business administration and marketing.
James Adriance
• Three organizations of Haitians living in the U.S. contributed $49,229 through grantee Fondasyon Enstitisyon pou Devlopman ak Edikasyon Sivik ki Sòti nan Baz-la to fund a high school, a hospital and an information center in three Haitian towns. The grantee has raised matching funds for projects throughout Haiti. • Lutheran World Relief provided approximately $3,000 in kind to the Sociedad de Pequeños Productores y Exportadores de Café to complete installation of an electrical system for a coffeecupping laboratory. This complemented the work of the grantee to modernize its coffee-testing facility, the only one of its kind in the area. At the national level, grantees mobilized or brokered more than $800,000 from central governments and more than $370,000 from local governments. • The El Ceibal A.C. received $48,800 from the Social Agricultural Program of the Argentine Ministry of National Development for the construction of a shopping center for the weavers associations in the provinces of Santiago del Estero and Tucumán, for tools and improvements to workshops for the artisans, and for a marketing fund. • Fundação Casa Grande mobilized $54,100 from the Brazilian Ministry of Culture for its Cine Club, video production and training. The grantee works at integrating low-income families into socially responsible tourism as part of its culture and arts program.
National businesses supported IAF grantees with more than $446,000. • Centro Mexicano para la Filantropía A.C., which works with community foundations, met its goal of raising $375,000 for a matching-grant endowment, of which $245,000 was donated by a variety of businesses. The funds were raised by the community foundations for use in activities focused on low-income beneficiaries. • Nike, Unilever and Volkswagen of Argentina contributed more than $35,000 to Fundación Defensores del Chaco for sports equipment and other material necessary to participate in the Street Soccer World Cup and other sporting activities. 19
Profile: Panama Grantee: Fundación para la Promoción de la Mujer (FUNDAMUJER) Project: Developing the Training Program for the Employment of Low-Income Women in Non-Traditional Jobs in Panama Grant Amount: $402,717 Background FUNDAMUJER, a leader in women’s rights in Panama, was legally constituted in 1990. FUNDAMUJER focused on training, particularly regarding domestic violence, and on educating the public on equal rights for men and women. In 2001 FUNDAMUJER received funding from the IAF for a project to offer training for nontraditional employment to low-income Panamanians.
Through skills training, FUNDAMUJER sought to improve employment opportunities and the income of 905 men and women. The grantee offered groups throughout Panama workshops in artisan skills and business administration accompanied by training in human development, including conflict resolution and decision-making.
Lessons Learned FUNDAMUJER overcame most of its challenges, including access to some areas of Panama during the rainy season and the low educational level of some participants. The grantee learned that although it was focusing on women, with the great demand for improved living standards, it could not exclude men from its training and activities. The grantee worked with fewer artisan groups (11) at the end than in the beginning (24), but the 11 groups are strong and independent. Despite FUNDAMUJER’s decision to end its project early because of a reduction in staff and shift in its board’s focus, its work serves as a model for development work in Panama. Mark Caicedo
Objectives and Results
$12,000. FUNDAMUJER used the funds for supplies for artisan training, related office costs and strengthening project activities.
• The grantee conducted workshops in construction, computers, plumbing and electricity, hotel services and crafts. The artisans learned new designs and finishing techniques that would increase their products’ commercial value while retaining authenticity. The beneficiaries numbered more than 1,600 individuals of whom 80 percent were women. • The 406 families whose income increased because of new or better employment or better business income exceeded the goal of 185 families. • FUNDAMUJER published 100 copies of 13 training models on human development for use in Panama and a catalog in English and Spanish on the handicrafts of the artisan groups, 11 of which gained legal status. • The grantee mobilized more than $700,000 from businesses, banks, public institutions, and individuals. Businesses donated amounts between $30 and
Members of an artisan group working with FUNDAMUJER At the local level, individual philanthropists again this year made the greatest contribution, particularly to two grantees in Mexico. • Fundación del Empresariado Sonorense, A.C. raised close to $265,000 from multiple individual donors. The funds will enable the grantee to provide more sub-grants for development initiatives serving all of Sonora state. 20
• Fundación Comunitaria de la Frontera Norte A.C. received more than $242,000 from local businesses and close to $86,000 from individuals. The grantee has attracted new donors and is raising its visibility. The funds will help support local development projects in greater metropolitan Ciudad Juarez, across the border from El Paso, Texas, through grants and regional planning support.
Table 10: Partnerships Country
New Partnerships
Ongoing Partnerships
50 50 Argentina 91 228 Bolivia 1 56 Brazil 0 2 Caribbean 7 9 Colombia • Passengers on cruise ships docked at the 1 4 Dominican Republic Bridgetown Cruise Terminal contributed 8 21 El Salvador $13,238 to the Community Tourism Founda4 10 Guatemala tion. This source is just one tapped into be4 4 Honduras cause of the grantee’s outreach to the tourism 9 40 and financial sectors. The grantee supports lo- Latin America cal development targeting poor and marginal- Mexico 5 33 ized groups in Barbados, Dominica, Grenada, Nicaragua 29 6 St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, and St. Vincent Panama 12 38 and the Grenadines. 7 12 Paraguay 16 80 Peru Partnering 2 4 Uruguay 259 608 Total Grantees can achieve outcomes not otherwise possible by partnering. This involves shared deci- * Data from one grantee working in Uruguay, sions and pooled resources to benefit a target group Argentina, Paraguay, and southern Brazil. as well as challenges because of different interests, ences and information. Under an agreement with goals, and resources. IAF grantees, who recognize the another municipality, the grantee provided training advantage of maximizing the impact of their investand technical assistance necessary to work with ment and accessing a greater range of skills, reported the seeds provided by the municipality for agropartnering with 608 public and private organizations, forestry purposes. domestic and foreign. Of these partnerships, 259 developed in 2007. • Grupo Fundemos signed agreements with six additional Nicaraguan municipal governments in • In Bolivia, Centro de Formación Politica y Ciuthree states that will work with the grantee to form dadania para Mujeres signed agreements with 29 Municipal Development Committees (MDCs). local organizations to provide training in gender FUNDEMOS will facilitate this process from issues, domestic violence prevention and civic parorientation through participatory municipal planticipation to community boards, women’s groups ning and management, while continuing its work and regional mother-child programs. strengthening MDCs in six other municipalities. • Instituto para el Hombre, Agricultura y Ecología signed agreements with 54 Bolivian communities to train municipal staff as well as an agreement with the association of the eight municipalities of the Norte Amazónico de Bolivia to train its management in legal rights, the judicial system and in preparing and managing projects. The grantee and 21 the association will also exchange contacts, experi-
Rebecca Janes
Profile: Bolivia Grantee: Centro de Acción Social para el Desarrollo Comunitario (CASDEC) Project: Management and Conservation of Renewable Natural Resources for the Sus tainability of Agricultural Development Grant Amount: $482,785 Background Bolivia, a land of abundant natural wealth, suffers from economically driven environmental devastation. Unsound practices and poor management are straining Bolivia’s ecology to the limit. Recent legislation delegates more responsibility for environmental protection to local and municipal governments. CASDEC received a 1998 IAF grant to improve economic opportunities and the quality of life for rural Bolivians through better natural resource management. Objectives and Results CASDEC worked with the municipal government of Tiraque, department of Cochabamba, on this project undertaken in 10 surrounding communities. Activities were designed to accomplish four objectives: prepare community organizations and their leaders to manage the local development process; help 370 families increase production by improving soil quality and controlling erosion; improve delivery of potable water for household use and agriculture; and manage forest resources. The initial three-year grant was amended to extend through 2006.
To improve soil quality and control erosion, CASDEC planted 406,042 trees over a 361-hectare expanse. Helping communities construct farming terraces and “living” fences on 137 hectares of land resulted in better potato, onion, apple, cherry and other harvests for 206 families. CASDEC also built flood-containment walls on 16 hectares of farmland to protect the crops of 150 families, established 13 organic fertilizer compost stations, applied “green” fertilizer to improve harvests for 92 families, and built 51 greenhouses to increase vegetable production in the harsh Andean climate. CASDEC helped build nine potable water systems benefiting 183 families, 3,910 meters of irrigation canals benefiting 378 families, 21 reservoirs to provide water for livestock and 70 sprinkler systems in areas where the soil needs extra protection. It built a sawmill to provide opportunities for 24 families producing and selling lumber. By the end of the grant period, they had earned enough money to purchase a second portable sawmill. CASDEC also developed three nurseries with an annual capacity of 110,000 trees for use in replanting harvested areas. Other accomplishments include 199 practical courses in manufacturing, agriculture, the environment, administration, civic participation, leadership, legal rights, credit and health practices. CASDEC trained 16 promoters in soil conservation and forestry. It launched a credit fund that extended 330 loans to 164 families throughout participating communities. While the grantee reached most of its goals by the end of its grant period, it has not yet organized committees to take over the administration of the project nor created an artisan center for marketing wood products made from harvested lumber or a learning center to improve production of organic fertilizer. CASDEC intends to continue working toward these goals. Lessons Learned Alliances and cooperation among municipal government, local authorities and the community improved the effectiveness of project activities. In areas with high levels of illiteracy, training was more effective when it emphasized practice over theory. CASDEC found courses balancing 30 percent theory with 70 percent practice worked best. 22
Microcredit In 2007, 52 grantees in 15 countries provided loans to entrepreneurs who had no access to affordable credit sources. The loans facilitated initiatives in agriculture, construction, manufacturing, business development, education and other areas. Table 11: Loans Extended Loan Category Agriculture Construction Manufacturing Business development Education Total
Number
Average Amount in US Dollars
2,788
$445.53
1,245
$550.48
20,439
$351.66
284,320
$432.00
30
$480.52
310,619
$430.72
Sandra Yanira Marticorena Renderos
• Two Mexico grantees, FinComún Servicios Financieros Comunitarios and especially Desarrolladora de Emprendedores, continued to account for most of the credit, providing 97 percent of the loans extended in 2007. Of these loans, the two grantees provided 280,610 for business development and 20,099 for manufacturing, which included all types of handicrafts. • In Haiti, Organizasyon Defans dwa Peyizan Sen Michel provided 250 agricultural loans that allowed farmers to hire laborers, to purchase new varieties of sugarcane shoots and to help prepare their land by applying soil conservation methods learned during the project. The harvest will be processed in the grantee’s mobile sugar mills. • Estrategias para el Desarrollo Internacional – Perú extended 156 loans to families investing in quality cattle and livestock feed as well as supplies and tools for artisan work. • Fundo Rotativo da Ação da Cidadania facilitated 181 business development loans for the purchase of show windows, mannequins and clothing stock as well as fruit and tubers. The grantee also offers training for the small-business owners in organiz ing and working with community funds.
Sharing Information Grantee organizations provide their members, officials and beneficiaries access to information on policies, programs and finances. More than two-thirds of those reporting on the “access to information” indicator rated access high; the rest were rated medium with one exception. • Asociación de Mujeres Warmi Sayajsunqo practices management with a high degree of transparency. The Argentine grantee keeps credit committees, health care workers, and artisans and other business owners informed of its activities and funding through meetings with a male and a female delegate from each of the 12 regions in which it works. It is equipping regional centers with radios, donated by a local business, to further facilitate communication. Loan recipient, José Pedro Ramos, with his new irrigation system motor to improve his farming (MANGLE).
23
• The Escuela de Ciudadanía (EDC) rates high in sharing information by, for example, making decisions with the directors of the neighborhood sports leagues in Quito, as a step toward converting the leagues into venues where residents participate in community agendas. The grantee continues to publish a newsletter. • Fundación para la Capacitación y Mejoramiento Social del Joven Torrense reviews results and programs activities in weekly staff meetings. The Venezuelan grantee corresponds on a regular basis with parochial boards of the arid Torres municipality. To keep beneficiaries and the general public aware of its progress with aloe farmers and young entrepreneurs, the grantee issues invitations to events hosted by the foundation and posting notices on activities and courses. The grantee also participates in weekly radio programs. • Fondasyon Enstitisyon pou Devlopman ak Edikasyon Sivik ki Sòti nan Baz-la focuses on sharing information about its grants to small organizations in Haiti. Many such organizations know of the grantee’s work to match local government and business contributions supporting development projects.
Luis Carrasco
Profile: Ecuador Grantee: Corporación de Estudios Regionales Guayaquil (CER-G) Project: Solid Waste Management in Guayas Province Grant Amount: $440,570 Background Ongoing degradation of natural resources, increased urbanization and industrial development in Ecuador have contributed to a growing environmental crisis. In many areas, garbage collection services are limited or nonexistent. Trash is often discarded in public roads, rivers, sewage canals and improvised dumpsites. This practice creates unsanitary conditions that attract feral dogs and vermin and can cause serious health problems. CER-G was founded in 1984 to provide training, technical assistance and other services to local government, community groups and nongovernmental organizations that contribute to the social, economic and cultural development of marginalized individuals in Ecuador’s coastal region. To address the garbage problem and to improve environmental conditions and health in three municipalities in the province of Guayas, CER-G proposed MIDES, (Manejo Integral de los Desechos Sólidos) a project for managing solid waste through an integral trash collection and disposal system. In 2002, IAF awarded CER-G a three-year grant which was extended for an additional year. Objectives and Results
EDC training sports club leaders and members on the mobilizing power of neighborhood sports clubs.
CER-G’s waste management system included feasibility studies, construction of a sanitary landfill, community-based micro-enterprises and a public education campaign to encourage support and compliance. Businesses and 12,000 families in the three municipalities were expected to benefit from the trash collection system. Of these families, 35 percent had not previously received such a service. It was anticipated the landfill would process 18 tons of trash and produce nine tons of organic compost daily. Sales of compost and recyclable materials, along with a fee for the collection service, would cover costs. The success of the project depended on the cooperation 24
of households, neighborhoods, businesses and the authorities.
and constrained CEMOISA’s activities. Without a fee, the services are unsustainable.
The project initially met with difficulties. After the preparatory studies for the landfill were completed, one property owner withdrew his offer to sell his land. Another plot of land became available but required further study and consequent adjustments to the landfill because of differing soil composition and an underground river, which required a stronger, more costly liner. CER-G resolved to purchase liner parts as needed, raising the additional funds as construction continued. Additionally, the new plot of land was located near an untreated dump which threatened to leak waste and pollutants into the CER-G’s landfill and complicate environmental impact testing. So the IAF awarded CER-G a supplemental grant to properly close and decontaminate the neighboring dump.
Although its IAF grant has terminated, CER-G continues work on the project. Agreements are pending for the donation of an electrical system and water resources, although installation depends on resolving the problem of the landfill’s distance from the city. CER-G continues to look for allies to promote the MIDES project and CEMOISA’s activities and plans to file to legally constitute the micro-enterprise. CER-G expects to receive funding from the Ecuadorian Ministry of Urban Development to eliminate unofficial dumps in Daule and Palestina and to construct transfer stations in each municipality.
To reduce costs, full-time professional promoters were replaced with part-time volunteers; in all, 455 community members, local leaders and municipal officials were trained and certified. Their courses covered waste management, sanitation, recycling and community organizing. Families were provided color-coded trash cans in which to deposit separated organic and inorganic waste. They were instructed in the importance of payment for services and respect for collection schedules, and they learned to keep their neighborhoods clean. The three municipalities, Daule, Santa Lucia, and Palestina, formed a joint venture to deliver trash services to residents, the first such cooperation on an environmental issue in Ecuador’s coastal region. CER-G assisted the three mayors, from different political parties, in communicating and cooperating to form the business Compañía de Economía Mixta Operadora Intercantonal de Saneamiento Ambiental (CEMOISA), a nonprofit, public-private enterprise to manage the landfill and oversee trash collection. CEMOISA is jointly operated by the mayors and local micro-enterprises. The October 2004 national elections proved another challenge. Local politicians wanted trash collection services to improve but refrained from mentioning a fee until after the elections. This caused resentment
Lessons Learned Residents, community leaders, and mayors and other politicians can work together to solve problems. Here, individuals from diverse political persuasions and from different municipalities, who would not normally do so, collaborated to reach practical solutions, and residents realized the importance of elected officials to the outcome. Cooperation not only cleaned up the streets but also addressed conditions affecting health and the quality of life in the three municipalities. Women participants reported that sorting household waste made them feel more useful to society. Public interest in future community development activities increased along with individual pride in the respective neighborhood. The grant from IAF provided CER-G the opportunity to prove to other Ecuadorian institutions and international donors that it could accomplish goals, use funds efficiently and keep accurate financial records. This resulted in partnerships, donations and participation. Although the location of the CER-G landfill was not optimal because of the underground river, the distance from the city and a road running through it, the flexibility of the grantee and the IAF allowed work to continue.
25
Participatory Decision-Making Grantee organizations consult with staff, partners and beneficiaries on decisions affecting project goals and operations. Almost two-thirds of those reporting on the “participatory decision-making” indicator rated themselves high, and the remaining third rated themselves medium with two exceptions.
grantees undertook some sort of dissemination activity in 18 countries with IAF-funded projects. Altogether they produced 559 pamphlets and brochures and distributed more than 242,000 copies. Some examples follow.
• In the capital of Brazil, Cem Dimensão- Cooperativa de Coleta e Reciclagem de Resídios Sólidos reached almost 2,000 students in secondary schools and colleges with information about its • Corporación para el Desarrollo de los Recursos work and displays of its members’ products. The Naturales Renovables involves beneficiaries in grantee’s origin and activities were featured on a negotiations among the owners of farm properties, national television program on businesses, on local the municipality and the water company to prohibit radio stations and in newspapers. An increase in grazing on a buffer of land, preventing soil erosion visitors—200 recently visited to learn more about and protecting water sources. Farmers who agree the grantee’s work—required the grantee to set to adopt sounder practices sign a contract with the visitor hours. municipality and receive a monthly fee from funds generated by a surcharge on downstream water • The Community Tourism Foundation published its consumers. magazine The Island Pride 2006 as a promotional tool and distributed more than 2,000 copies to 27 • Asociación Civil Una Casa Un Sueño provides tourist-sector businesses in Barbados, including training in home construction and in urban farmhotels and restaurants. ing for low-income recyclers living near a dump in Montevideo. It works with a managing committee • In Guatemala, the Asociación de Museo Comuand plenary composed of beneficiaries, who vote nitario “Rabinal Achi” reached more than 400 on decisions affecting the project. individuals at urban schools, nearby communities and at the museum with its 10 videos on the his• Asociación de Productores de Leche de Paytory, environment and culture of the indigenous sandú’s use of participatory practices helped Achi people, staff-led discussions and granteeUruguayan dairy farmers vote to formalize their designed T-shirts. The grantee edited two videos, alliance under an agreement with the Ministry of one on days of celebration and another by students Agriculture. The grantee leads a multi-disciplinary it trained, which filmed women cultivating vegteam comprised of its technical staff; another etables. producer association; the Consejo Económico Social, an organization of grassroots groups and • Cooperativa de Servicios Múltiples FEPROCA the academic and private sectors working toward distributed 3,000 brochures on its mission and the development of Paysandu province; and the work in the communities it serves. The grantee local campus of the national university to oversee also distributed 1,000 copies of its magazine that and coordinate activities. The groups have worked included a description of its activities and project. together as members of the coalition, drawing up a long-term development plan for Paysandu. • The Buccoo Reef Trust distributed more than150 copies of its article “Seamoss Delights” that apDissemination peared in its publication Out of the Blue. A brochure on gel and drink production from seamoss Dissemination allows development projects to benwas distributed also. efit from the experience of others. IAF grantees share information through presentations, radio and television interviews, pamphlets and brochures, newspaper and magazine articles, press releases, books, videos and 26 movies, and CD-ROMs. In 2007, 55 percent of IAF
Profile: Peru Grantee: Centro para la Promoción del Desarrollo y Capacitación (CEDCAP) Project: Business Development for Marketing Alpaca Fiber in the Highland Andean Communities of Moquegua y Puno Grant Amount: $398,860 Background Peru’s most impoverished communities are in the Andean highlands where climate conditions make many agricultural activities difficult. The inhabitants of these communities often look to herding alpacas, a South American relative of the camel, as their principle economic activity. Today Peru has the world’s largest alpaca herd and is the main producer and exporter of alpaca fiber, considered superior to wool and used in textiles universally considered luxury grade. New alpaca industries in developed countries bolster the international market for alpaca products. These budding enterprises have labor-saving technology that makes production efficient. Traditionally, the fiber produced by Peruvian herds only reaches the market through intermediaries, and often the farmers barter their fiber for over-valued items. In order to remain competitive, increase their income and improve their quality of life, Peruvian alpaca farmers must find a more direct route to market—and improve fiber quality that has been declining due to in-breeding. CEDCAP works with communities in the highlands. In 1993 it began to collaborate with herders to improve breeding and make alpaca herding profitable. In 2001 CEDCAP, through its Plan Estratégico Institucional, pledged to provide herders technical assistance in matters ranging from sanitation and animal care to marketing alpaca products. Objectives and Results This business development project was designed to generate employment and raise the income in 18 communities in Moquegua and Puno, where 259 families are directly associated with the project. With its IAF grant, CEDCAP purchased a building and the necessary equipment to sort, classify, package and market alpaca fiber. This allows the farmers to add value to their fiber and bypass intermediaries, selling to wholesalers at a better price.
CEDCAP trained all of the local herders to care for and shear their alpacas using methods that produce highest quality fiber. Several were also trained in business administration and marketing. Sixteen herders, dispersed throughout the communities, were trained as veterinarians and received basic tools and medications. The grantee taught advanced weaving techniques to 22 residents who are sharing those skills with 140 others. The business has hired three full-time and eight part-time employees and 15 parttime weavers. At the conclusion of the grant, average family income reportedly increased by 10 percent to $617 per half year. The communities began to use some fiber for spinning yarn and knitting finished goods to sell to industrial purchasers and to tourists in Puno through the Pacocha y Derivados, a business established with the assistance of CEDCAP and managed by the herders. The attractiveness of these products led to an invitation to participate in a fashion exhibit in Milan, Italy. Weavers trained by CEDCAP fashioned yarn, scarves, gloves, hats, and ponchos for the event. The trip to Italy resulted in a partnership with Märkisches Werk of Germany and in international exposure which may increase the demand for products from Pacocha y Derivados. The project originally planned for three years was completed in four and a half years. The delay was caused by a major freeze that cost farmers 40 percent of their herds due to lung diseases and required the suspension of construction on the classification center because low temperatures adversely affected the cement. A supplemental grant from IAF helped the farmers recover. Lessons Learned Although CEDCAP intended to develop a profitable wholesale fiber marketing business, the revenues generated from classified fibers alone were not sufficient to cover fixed costs. Instead of conceding defeat and abandoning the business, the community took advantage of existing resources to gain entry into more sophisticated markets, transforming Pacocha y Derivados into a multifaceted enterprise producing and marketing yarn and garments in addition to classified fibers. 27
PART II: Thematic Highlights Persons with Disabilities For more than three decades, the IAF has helped excluded communities overcome biases and work toward full participation in economic and civic life. In 1973, the IAF awarded its first grant benefiting persons with disabilities. Subsequent early projects were carried out by organizations that provided services to this population and included them in the decisionmaking or by disabled peoples’ organizations (DPOs) made up of and managed by persons with disabilities. These included a 1981 grantee, the Jamaica Society for the Blind, which used its funding to develop one of the first loan funds for blind micro-entrepreneurs. They and grantees that followed have confirmed that persons with disabilities can identify their needs and design and manage their solutions to address them. This is borne out by active contribution of representatives from DPOs toward the recent signing of the U.N. Convention Comprehensive and Integral International Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Rights and Dignity of Persons with Disabilities, and the Organization of American States’ Declaration on the Decade of the Americas for Persons with Disabilities (2006-2016). The IAF channels its support by responding to proposals that further self-help efforts rather than dole out charity. Recently, proposals from DPOs have increased as more disabled individuals have become protagonists in their development processes and as the IAF has intensified its outreach efforts. Over the past three years, the IAF has invested more than $2 million in grantees working with persons with disabilities on prevention, education, rehabilitation, advocacy and job development: El Ceibal Asociación Civil (El Ceibal), a grassroots support organization, is helping to consolidate clusters of artisans in Santiago del Estero and Tucumán, Argentina, into a single weavers’ association. El Ceibal provides the artisans with marketing support and training in traditional indigenous weaving techniques to improve quality and add value to
their products. The organization is actively identifying weavers with disabilities through a pilot project to integrate them with their peers. Associação de Deficientes Físicos de Betim (ADEFIB), a disabled peoples’ organization, focuses on protection of watersheds and the preservation of surface ground water sources in the municipality of Betim in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Tackling a problem that affects everyone in the community and is not usually associated with this constituency, ADEFIB brings attention to the abilities of these individuals as it educates the public in environmental conservation. The organization is also providing job training and placement for 200 of its members. Fundación Telefónica de Chile (Telefónica-Chile), a corporate foundation, partnered with the IAF to benefit persons with disabilities through a grant fund for small projects focused on education and income generation. Asociación Salvadoreña de Desarrollo Campesino (ASDEC) is working with 500 shrimp farmers in the department of Usulután, El Salvador, to improve production, create a processing facility and take advantage of local and international markets. The farmers are organized in cooperatives, several of which are made up of disabled veterans of the country’s civil war. Individuals and hometown associations in Salvadoran communities in the U.S. and Canada help secure additional technical support and identify export markets. Asociación Nicaragüense para la Integración Comunitaria (ASNIC) is developing a baseline study and a pilot community integration project to assist families and community-based groups in ensuring that children with disabilities receive an education. ASNIC works with parents, teachers and school officials toward mainstreaming children in Managua, Ocotal and Bocao in Nicaragua and Ciudad Guatemala, Quetzaltenango and Santiago de Atilán in Guatemala as a first step toward nationwide inclusion. 28
Asociación Pro Derechos Humanos (APRODEH), a human rights group in Peru, is creating a national network of Peruvians with psychiatric and cognitive disabilities. Its workshops will train 520 individuals with mental disabilities and their families in leadership, legal and human rights, organizational development and other relevant areas. Twenty trainees will receive scholarships toward intensive leadership and advocacy training and will become trainers themselves. The workshops will provide the tools that individuals with mental disabilities and their organizations need to work with government in order to influence policies that affect them. In addition to awarding development grants, the IAF has worked with the Inter-American Institute for Disabilities, Handicap International and Disabled People’s International’s Latin American Region to sponsor travel for activists and other civil society representatives to participate in events and conferences, among them negotiating sessions for the U.N. Convention, and the Inter-American Disabilities Conference held by the Organization of American States in Panama in June 2007. Profile: El Salvador Grantee: Patronato para el Desarrollo de las Comunidades Morazán y San Miguel (PADECOMSM) Project: Integrated Development for the Municipality of Torola Grant Amount: $672,395 Background El Salvador’s 12-year civil war resulted in more than 75,000 deaths, tens of thousands of wounded who were permanently maimed or scarred, and millions of homeless, displaced or exiled individuals. Considered a rebel stronghold, the department of Morazán was the site of a massacre, where some 900 civilians, including women and children, after being rounded up and tortured, were murdered and left unburied. In the face of such brutality, whole towns and villages vanished as citizens fled danger or perished. One community, Torola, lost 4,000 of its 5,000 inhabitants. In 1998, six years after the Peace Accords that ended the war, an IAF grant to PADECOMSM helped revive this community and others like it.
Objectives and Results PADECOMSM’s project addressed Torola’s education, health and agricultural production through a process that brought together local government, residents and nongovernmental organizations. In 2000, it expanded to include the neighboring communities of El Rosario and Jocoaitique and to incorporate a credit program for farmers. Beneficiaries included returning residents, demobilized troops and individuals granted title to land as part of the resettlement process under the Peace Accords. Through this eight-year project, 476 individuals received 615 loans for agricultural and micro-entrepreneurial activities. PADECOMSM organized 396 workshops on agriculture, ecology, administration, civics, health and other topics for 1,978 community leaders, health promoters, teachers, local government officials and others. Ten demonstration farms and 59 smaller demonstration plots showed farmers in the three communities new techniques and nontraditional crops. In coordination with the Salvadoran ministries of education and health, PADECOMSM brokered the inclusion of participating communities in programs in literacy, adult education and public health. PADECOMSM helped establish and strengthen groups of citizens involved in drafting local development plans in the three municipalities. These groups managed to broker resources for their communities and, with their municipal governments, undertook infrastructure improvements related to water, schools, community centers, housing, electricity and recreational facilities. PADECOMSM formed an association of eight neighboring municipalities that coordinates development with civil society. Near the end of the grant period, PADECOMSM participated in a survey to determine whether IAF grantees in El Salvador were reaching persons with disabilities, something that had never been tracked. PADECOMSM submitted to the IAF a proposal to expand its activities and coordinate with a local organization of disabled veterans to actively incorporate them in the development process. Working with almost 300 disabled individuals, PADECOMSM helped evaluate their needs and develop municipal plans to address them. 29
Women’s Participation Since 2000, the IAF has been collecting data on the number of women benefiting from its grants. More recently, this effort has focused on women’s inclusion in all stages of development and on factors that limit their inclusion. An initial survey on gender equity was conducted this year. Women have been included in most IAF projects from the beginning. As a way of ensuring women’s needs were addressed, early IAF funding included womenonly grantees working on behalf of women. As there are now second and third generations of more empowered women, the IAF now sees a wide variety of projects that involve men and women working together. Grantees are aware of the need to include women’s participation in their projects, and some emphasize this in their training in gender awareness or domestic violence. Some grantees working in a male-dominated environment are actively seeking to include women among their beneficiaries. Escuela de Ciudadanía (EDC), which works with sports leagues, monitors the inclusion of girls and women in its training and recently reported training 1,688 (1195 men and 493 women) residents of Quito in civic participation. The grantee’s original goal was that 15 percent of those attending would be girls and women; their attendance currently stands at 29 percent, a remarkable achievement, given that the sports leagues are male-oriented. The training is a first step toward the acceptance of girls and women in sports. Grantee NOVA Pesquisa e Assessoria em Educação, working with recycling associations in Rio de Janeiro, became aware of problems specific to women during the grant period. When NOVA surveyed the member associations, it found that all but one paid the same salaries to men and women. In response to NOVA’s query as to the discrimination, the men in that association, responded, “We are paid more because we are men.” NOVA is looking for the means, such as through radio programs, to address such beliefs and practices. Women recyclers work longer hours than other professionals and find existing child-care hours insufficient. Working on the streets makes personal safety another issue for the women. The associations and NOVA are working to come up with solutions.
Traditional women-focused groups are discovering they must include men. Former grantee Asociación Femenina para el Desarrollo de Sacatepéquez (AFEDES) was founded by low-income indigenous women from five communities around Santiago Sacatepequez in the Guatemalan highlands to increase members’ income, improve their health and strengthen their community organizations through providing credit toward small-business development and training in business administration, preventative health practices, nutrition, and organizational development. AFEDES is now reaching 30 groups, and its focus on community development goals prompted efforts to actively involve men in its work. The IAF facilitated participation of representatives of current and former grantees in conferences that included Strategies for Promoting Gender Equity: Lessons, Challenges and Opportunities sponsored by the IAF and the Woodrow Wilson Center; Women of Power II in New York City and Boston, which highlighted the lives of Afro-Latina activists, and Women in the Americas: Paths to Political Power at the Library of Congress. Luis Carrasco
EDC training session on civic participation.
30
Microcredit
Since the mid-1970s, the IAF has funded micro-credit projects. In 2007, the IAF commissioned a study of its projects, in order to assess the impact of its funding in light of a worldwide focus on microcredit and to refine IAF’s funding strategy for microcredit.
The study concluded the IAF should continue funding microcredit projects on the three models identified and that IAF funding does have an impact on microcredit. FGV identified specific questions for each model type that the IAF can use to assess the viability of proposed microcredit projects.
The Center of Social Policies of the Getulio Vargas Foundation (FGV), IAF’s contractor, explored the reach and the institutional challenges of a micro-credit fund portfolio. FGV’s team visited 11 former IAF grantees in Mexico, Nicaragua and Peru to analyze the macroeconomic and regulatory environments and their effect on the projects. Team members reviewed grantee programmatic and financial reports and credit policies, and FGV staff conducted interviews with the grantee personnel, beneficiaries, and credit specialists in each country. While concluding there is no best credit model, FGV identified three successful types of organizations: one specialized in microcredit, a development project with a clear micro-credit program and an organization with no microcredit capacity but which hires a specialized agency to manage the microcredit program.
Most loans were to individuals, not groups, except for a few cooperatives. FGV concludes the group methodology assists borrowers lacking sufficient assets as collateral, engenders greater social interaction and spreads benefits beyond the household level. The majority of the microcredit loan clients were women. Poor borrowers were just as punctual in repayment as higher-income clients; in fact, repayment capacity was more a question of proper planning and adjusting loans to the client’s profile than of income. Training in credit profile assessments generally improved repayment rates. 31
Appendix A ― RedEAmérica
The IAF works with the Inter-American Network of Corporate Foundations and Actions for Grassroots Development (RedEAmérica), which is dedicated to supporting grassroots development in the Americas. In fiscal 2006, the IAF funded one bilateral three-year cooperative agreement and three amendments. Through a new cooperative agreement with Fundación Microempresa y Desarrollo, RedEAmérica’s grassroots development principles, policies and “best practices” are being incorporated into the “Programa de Desarrollo Solidario” of the Filial de Microempresas of the Banco de Desarrollo. The program, with 47 subsidiaries throughout Chile, extends loans to groups of eight to 12 women between the ages of 18 and 65 and offers them technical support. The project presents an opportunity for the IAF to influence an established loan program by tapping into and enhancing infrastructure that (1) has already reached 11,000 women since its inception, (2) could expand into all regions of Chile and (3) will open new possibilities for the sustainable improvement of women’s lives.
The amendments provided additional support and time for the expansion of four successful funds. To finance education projects in Mendoza, Rosario and Maipú, all six RedEAmérica members in Argentina created a “national fund” administered by one member, Fundación Arcor. To support education projects around Córdoba and greater Buenos Aires, Fundación Arcor also mobilized resources from RedEAmérica members Acindar and Fundación Navarro Viola, non-members Fundación C & A and Instituto de Desarrollo Social, as well as Grupo Arcor and other Argentine businesses and sources. Fundação Otacílio Coser oversaw mobilization of funds for a “common initiative fund” through which eight Brazilian RedEAmérica members support grassroots income-generation and education projects. In Alto Bio-Bio, Chile, Fundación Pehuén mobilized funds for self-help community projects undertaken by 600 local indigenous Pehuenche families.
32 Fundación Microempresa y Desarrollo (Chile)
Sub-Grant Funding 1 Fundación Arcor and its partners funded 30 education sub-grants benefiting 12,253 youths and children. In awarding the sub-grants to networks of community membership organizations (CMOs), they gave priority o inter-institutional alliance building. An example is an alliance between a parents’ CMO and a local school organization to create an after-school program focusing on recreation and sports. The Instituto de Cidadania Empresarial of Brazil provided sub-grants to four projects with a focus on young people in the Jardim Panorama neighborhood. Projects emphasized social development, including recreation and sports, cultural activities and the improvement of the community’s infrastructure. In Chile, Fundación Pehuén provided 10 sub-grants benefiting 1,584 persons from six indigenous communities of the Alto Bio-Bio region. Each, with its representative body, is considered a community membership organization (CMO); a project may represent one or various CMOs. One project, “Construcción Comunitaria de una Línea de Base Cultural para el Territorio,” involved the active participation of all six communities in a diagnosis of the Pehuenche communities, eventually intended to produce a development plan. Funding allowed the CMOs to identify and train community leaders; conduct household surveys; create maps and a data base; and involve the 10 traditional community leaders in the activities.
Corporación Sociedad Activa provided sub-grants to eight projects in the locality of Villa San Gabriel, in Santiago, Chile. These projects included the creation of a women’s community business serving lunches, a youth computer business, a children’s after-school cultural enhancement program (teaching folklore), and a day care service. In Chile, Corporación Acción Responsabilidad Social, in alliance with the company of Gerdau Aza, provided a sub-grant to improve the administration and management skills of five scrap-metal collection centers that represent collectors throughout Santiago. Colombia’s Fundación Empresarios por la Educación, provided three sub-grants benefiting CMOs. Projects included an educational enhancement project led by senior citizens for children of their community, an after-school program for recreation and sports led by youths, and a women’s micro-enterprise. Finally, Fundación Lann-Nobis of Ecuador provided three sub-grants for projects focused on economic development for African descendants.
Telefónica-Chile funded two projects focused on persons with disabilities, creating the conditions for them to start small businesses. One project supported the creation of a graphic workshop; the other contributed to the start-up of a micro-enterprise that processes agricultural products.
1 Results reported for RedEAmérica activities span October 2005 through September 2006. However, the sub-grants supported projects lasting, on average, one year, with activities beginning in January of 2005. 33
Appendix B*
* This appendix includes 35 tables reflecting additional information collected for this report. Tables B1 through B16 show data organized by country and sex of the beneficiaries of IAF projects.
34
35
Country Men % Women Argentina 251 41% 362 Bolivia 13,387 49% 13,920 Brazil 1,053 43% 1,389 El Salvador 1,096 51% 1,064 Guatemala 29,925 43% 38,964 Honduras 5,152 49% 5,436 Latin America* 3,400 48% 3,700 Mexico 507 44% 644 Nicaragua 3,842 43% 5,103 Panama 12,620 54% 10,754 Peru 285 94% 18 Venezuela 159 63% 92 Total 71,677 47% 81,446 * Includes Uruguay, Paraguay and southern Brazil
Table B1 - Better Living Conditions % 59% 51% 57% 49% 57% 51% 52% 56% 57% 46% 6% 37% 53%
613 27,307 2,442 2,160 68,889 10,588 7,100 1,151 8,945 23,374 303 251 153,123
Total
36
Country Argentina Bolivia Brazil El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Mexico Nicaragua Panama Uruguay Venezuela Total
Men 272 1,366 340 49 637 92 41 399 2,687 14 151 6,048
Table B2 - Dietary Improvements % 47% 50% 33% 64% 42% 49% 41% 69% 49% 88% 56% 48%
Women 305 1,382 680 28 868 96 59 181 2,757 2 121 6,479
% 53% 50% 67% 36% 58% 51% 59% 31% 51% 12% 44% 52%
Total 577 2,748 1,020 77 1,505 188 100 580 5,444 16 272 12,527
37
Argentina Guatemala Honduras Mexico Panama Uruguay Total
Country
Table B3 - Medical Attention
1,040 8,990 26 2,723 22 15 12,816
Men 45% 44% 72% 54% 41% 50% 46%
% 1,280 11,595 10 2,335 32 15 15,267
Women 55% 56% 28% 46% 59% 50% 54%
%
2,320 20,585 36 5,058 54 30 28,083
Total
68% 59% 56% 65% 73% 74% 77% 59% 65% 44% 52% 86% 65%
987 503 993 377 68 1,509 1,319 505 5,501 8 35 222 19,829
473 345 769 202 25 535 385 357 3,023 10 32 36 10,857
Women 46 3,968 317 6 300 28 32% 41% 44% 35% 27% 26% 23% 41% 35% 56% 48% 14% 35%
% 51% 40% 58% 46% 17% 20% 1,460 848 1,762 579 93 2,044 1,704 862 8,524 18 67 258 30,686
Total 90 9,925 544 13 1,753 142
3 140 14,782
158 552 859 250 796 15 3,975 1,376 442 2,253
Men 18 2,653 389 5 752 146 57% 67% 56% 100% 60% 65% 63% 58% 61% 77% 0% 100% 80% 63%
% 69% 58% 49% 45% 82% 97%
Country Argentina Bolivia Brazil Caribbean Colombia Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Peru Trinidad & Tobago Uruguay Venezuela Total
% 49% 60% 42% 54% 83% 80%
Country Argentina Bolivia Brazil Caribbean Colombia Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Peru Trinidad & Tobago Uruguay Venezuela Total
Men 44 5,957 227 7 1,453 114
Table B4b - Agricultural Skills Applied
Table B4a - Agricultural Skills Acquired
38
34 8,545
532 8 2,354 1,013 279 687 2
120 278 688
Women 8 1,952 413 6 167 4 43% 33% 44% 0% 40% 35% 37% 42% 39% 23% 100% 0% 20% 37%
% 31% 42% 51% 55% 18% 3%
278 830 1,547 250 1,328 23 6,329 2,389 721 2,940 2 3 174 23,327
Total 26 4,605 802 11 919 150
Country Men % Women Argentina 56 16% 296 Bolivia 383 17% 1,927 Brazil 90 25% 263 Ecuador 110 63% 65 El Salvador 0% 68 Guatemala 0% 281 Haiti 0% 4 Honduras 15 43% 20 Jamaica 26 24% 84 Latin America * 3,700 77% 1,100 Mexico 64 11% 494 Nicaragua 57 10% 505 Panama 17 65% 9 Peru 342 33% 682 Uruguay 0% 2 Venezuela 73 54% 61 Total 4,933 46% 5,861 * Includes Uruguay, Paraguay and southern Brazil
Table B5a - Manufacturing Skills Acquired
39
% 84% 83% 75% 37% 100% 100% 100% 57% 76% 23% 89% 90% 35% 67% 100% 46% 54%
Total 352 2,310 353 175 68 281 4 35 110 4,800 558 562 26 1,024 2 134 10,794
Country Argentina Bolivia Brazil El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Latin America * Mexico Nicaragua Panama Peru Venezuela Total 45 1 300 86 30 70 172 168 1,141
Men 87 101 81
% 39% 21% 26% 0% 0% 0% 34% 8% 43% 9% 3% 11% 26% 49% 19%
Women 136 386 232 68 185 10 89 12 400 853 1,104 588 494 173 4,730
Table B5b - Manufacturing Skills Applied
% 61% 79% 74% 100% 100% 100% 66% 92% 57% 91% 97% 89% 74% 51% 81%
Total 223 487 313 68 185 10 134 13 700 939 1,134 658 666 341 5,871
40
3,146 80 120 150 32 75 4,760
Men 1,059 98
% 73% 70% 0% 74% 80% 49% 47% 57% 90% 71%
Women % 393 27% 43 30% 50 100% 1,129 26% 20 20% 124 51% 172 53% 24 43% 8 10% 1,963 29%
Country Bolivia Brazil El Salvador Honduras Latin America * Mexico Panama Peru Venezuela Total
Country Men % Women % Bolivia 123 75% 41 25% Brazil 25 66% 13 34% El Salvador 0% 50 100% Honduras 1,060 64% 607 36% Latin America* 150 71% 60 29% Mexico 105 50% 106 50% Nicaragua 349 24% 1,115 76% Panama 12 71% 5 29% Peru 35 83% 7 17% Venezuela 17 100% 0% Total 1,876 48% 2,004 52% *Includes Uruguay, Paraguay and southern Brazil
Total 164 38 50 1,667 210 211 1,464 17 42 17 3,880
Table B6b - Construction Skills Applied
Table B6a - Construction Skills Acquired
Total 1,452 141 50 4,275 100 244 322 56 83 6,723
47% 30% 48% 50% 77% 43% 11% 34% 57% 45% 40% 65% 45%
8
736 177 139 604 74 100 88 334 93 20 180 4,075
1,736 191 140 177 99 791 168 247 114 30 95 4,889
9
Women 342 90 511 149
70% 52% 50% 23% 57% 89% 66% 43% 55% 60% 35% 55%
53%
% 63% 56% 46% 19%
2,472 368 279 781 173 891 256 581 207 50 275 8,964
17
Total 545 161 1,109 799
736 595 222 2,076 43 227 224 489 127 8 216 5,940
146
Men 214 233 366 18
30% 73% 70% 65% 53% 70% 37% 62% 61% 36% 47% 53%
97%
% 37% 58% 54% 69%
1,736 224 96 1,128 38 96 382 304 80 14 248 5,201
4
Women 359 167 317 8
70% 27% 30% 35% 47% 30% 63% 38% 39% 64% 53% 47%
3%
% 63% 42% 46% 31%
Country Argentina Bolivia Brazil Colombia Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Peru Uruguay Venezuela Total
% 37% 44% 54% 81%
Country Argentina Bolivia Brazil Colombia Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Peru Uruguay Venezuela Total
Men 203 71 598 650
Table B7b - Environmental Knowledge/Skills Applied
Table B7a - Environmental Knowledge/Skills Acquired
41
2,472 819 318 3,204 81 323 606 793 207 22 464 11,141
150
Total 573 400 683 26
Country Men % Women % Argentina 2,441 50% 2,465 50% Bolivia 1,467 52% 1,373 48% Brazil 612 48% 669 52% Colombia 86 48% 93 52% Dominican 90 33% 180 67% Republic Ecuador 684 49% 721 51% El Salvador 778 51% 743 49% Guatemala 90 48% 97 52% Honduras 279 61% 182 39% Jamaica 24 57% 18 43% Latin America * 300 33% 600 67% Mexico 439 45% 537 55% Nicaragua 607 23% 2,038 77% Panama 262 54% 224 46% Paraguay 80 59% 55 41% Peru 3,537 57% 2,688 43% Uruguay 1,498 56% 1,190 44% Venezuela 220 58% 158 42% Total 13,494 49% 14,031 51% * Includes Uruguay, Paraguay and southern Brazil
Table B8a - Planning and Administrative Skills Acquired
42
1,405 1,521 187 461 42 900 976 2,645 486 135 6,225 2,688 378 27,525
270
Total 4,906 2,840 1,281 179
Country Argentina Bolivia Brazil Colombia Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Jamaica Latin America * Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Uruguay Venezuela Total 139 576 38 886 7 400 1,072 196 1,315 85 715 843 130 9,213
47
Men 979 1,185 363 237
19% 43% 64% 74% 58% 40% 46% 12% 62% 60% 74% 54% 52% 47%
73%
% 32% 62% 38% 47%
588 754 21 311 5 600 1,248 1,397 813 57 246 712 118 10,587
17
Women 2,097 737 601 265
81% 57% 36% 26% 42% 60% 54% 88% 38% 40% 26% 46% 48% 53%
27%
% 68% 38% 62% 53%
Table B8b - Planning and Administrative Skills Applied
727 1,330 59 1,197 12 1,000 2,320 1,593 2,128 142 961 1,555 248 19,800
64
Total 3,076 1,922 964 502
43
478 140 7 404 24 750 172 720 140 890 1,338 276 7,092
412
El Salvador 213 45% 265 55% Guatemala 39 28% 101 72% Haiti 6 86% 1 14% Honduras 218 54% 186 46% Jamaica 1 4% 23 96% Latin America* 150 20% 600 80% Mexico 29 17% 143 83% Nicaragua 328 46% 392 54% Panama 63 45% 77 55% Peru 573 64% 317 36% Uruguay 686 51% 652 49% Venezuela 129 47% 147 53% Total 3,160 45% 3,932 55% * Includes Uruguay, Paraguay and southern Brazil
25%
Total 332 142 492 235 552
140
% 48% 42% 63% 37% 75%
Ecuador
Women 158 60 311 87
200 115 206 252 303 282 153 3,323
88 339 27 549
146
Men 151 353 88 71
14% 49% 40% 55% 0% 33% 27% 29% 33% 67% 49% 59% 44%
97%
% 59% 60% 29% 63%
% 41% 40% 71% 37%
3% 4 554 86% 350 51% 41 60% 457 45% 18 100% 400 67% 315 73% 506 71% 501 67% 150 33% 293 51% 105 41% 4,286 56%
Women 107 232 212 41
Country Argentina Bolivia Brazil Colombia Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Jamaica Latin America* Mexico Nicaragua Panama Peru Uruguay Venezuela Total
% 52% 58% 37% 63%
Country Argentina Bolivia Brazil Colombia
Men 174 82 181 148
Table B9b - Marketing Skills/Knowledge Applied
Table B9a - Marketing Skills/Knowledge Acquired
642 689 68 1,006 18 600 430 712 753 453 575 258 7,609
150
Total 258 585 300 112
246
83%
50
17%
% 57% 47% 53%
Dominican 0% 53 100% Republic Ecuador 814 69% 366 31% El Salvador 113 50% 112 50% Guatemala 8 4% 189 96% Honduras 383 76% 122 24% Jamaica 12 36% 21 64% Latin America* 1,100 44% 1,400 56% Mexico 29 69% 13 31% Nicaragua 205 39% 322 61% Panama 104 53% 91 47% Paraguay 175 52% 160 48% Peru 216 65% 116 35% Uruguay 40 45% 49 55% Venezuela 320 46% 372 54% Total 5,759 50% 5,759 50% * Includes Uruguay, Paraguay and southern Brazil
Colombia
Women 1,223 374 726
1,180 225 197 505 33 2,500 42 527 195 335 332 89 692 11,518
53
296
Total 2,155 802 1,360
El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Latin America* Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Uruguay Venezuela Total
Ecuador 171 28 1,044 400 41 267 1,349 125 147 13 295 5,462
431
Men 780 124 247
57% 11% 69% 44% 28% 32% 57% 51% 72% 41% 50% 40%
62%
0%
% 16% 73% 43%
% 84% 27% 57%
131 237 460 500 104 576 1,017 120 57 19 292 8,142
266
43% 89% 31% 56% 72% 68% 43% 49% 28% 59% 50% 60%
38%
10 100%
Women 3,986 45 322
Country Argentina Bolivia Brazil Dominican Republic
% 43% 53% 47%
Country Argentina Bolivia Brazil
Men 932 428 634
Table B10b - Leadership Skills Applied
Table B10a - Leadership Skills Acquired
44
302 265 1,504 900 145 843 2,366 245 204 32 587 13,604
697
10
Total 4,766 169 569
45
1,256 348 183 930 133 286 8,760
Women % 5,223 55% 1,979 77% 278 53% 319 39% 12 80% 4 100% 540 30% 334 49% 349 66% 550 37% 137 51% 409 59% 10,134 54%
Total 9,502 2,578 522 818 15 4 1,796 683 532 1,480 270 695 18,895
Men 926 456 138 2,747 127 213 91 205 1,704 180 56 10 338 7,191
% 46% 51% 47% 51% 65% 44% 43% 57% 54% 35% 74% 40% 58% 51%
Women 1,070 433 156 2,588 69 266 119 152 1,467 340 20 15 244 6,939
% 54% 49% 53% 49% 35% 56% 57% 43% 46% 65% 26% 60% 42% 49%
Total 1,996 889 294 5,335 196 479 210 357 3,171 520 76 25 582 14,130
Country Argentina Bolivia Brazil Ecuador El Salvador Honduras Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Uruguay Venezuela Total
% 45% 23% 47% 61% 20% 0% 70% 51% 34% 63% 49% 41% 46%
Country Argentina Bolivia Brazil Ecuador Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Uruguay Venezuela Total
Men 4,279 599 244 499 3
Table B11b - Civic Participation Knowledge/Skills Applied
Table B11a - Civic Participation Knowledge/Skills Acquired
46
Men % 757 49% 36 84% 125 38% 141 60% 136 30% 200 67% 111 65% 22 2% 496 54% 5 100% 71 50% 60 35% 2,160 40% 71 113 3,307
Women 802 7 203 95 310 100 61 1,127 418
% 51% 16% 62% 40% 70% 33% 35% 98% 46% 0% 50% 65% 60%
Country Argentina Bolivia Brazil El Salvador Honduras Latin America* Mexico Nicaragua Panama Peru Uruguay Venezuela Total
Country Men % Women % Argentina 763 45% 947 55% Bolivia 246 65% 130 35% Brazil 44 30% 101 70% Honduras 96 53% 86 47% Jamaica 12 40% 18 60% Latin America* 300 43% 400 57% Mexico 23 68% 11 32% Nicaragua 266 13% 1,732 87% Panama 123 52% 112 48% Peru 314 51% 307 49% Uruguay 102 54% 88 46% Venezuela 143 34% 275 66% Total 2,432 37% 4,207 63% * Includes Uruguay, Paraguay and southern Brazil
Total 1,710 376 145 182 30 700 34 1,998 235 621 190 418 6,639
Table B12b - Knowledge of the Legal System Applied
Table B12a - Knowledge of the Legal System Acquired Total 1,559 43 328 236 446 300 172 1,149 914 5 142 173 5,467
25
89%
3
Dominican 29 21% 109 Republic Ecuador 1 20% 4 El Salvador 282 45% 339 Guatemala 288 51% 278 Honduras 59 82% 13 Jamaica 21 38% 35 Latin America* 160 31% 360 Mexico 10,150 11% 81,066 Nicaragua 525 39% 836 Panama 132 57% 98 Peru 237 65% 127 Uruguay 44 60% 29 Venezuela 39 41% 57 Total 12,463 13% 83,850 * Includes Uruguay, Paraguay and southern Brazil
Colombia
Women 229 27 240
138 5 621 566 72 56 520 91,216 1,361 230 364 73 96 96,313
80% 55% 49% 18% 63% 69% 89% 61% 43% 35% 40% 59% 87%
28
Total 470 51 446
79%
11%
% 49% 53% 54%
El Salvador Honduras Jamaica Latin America* Mexico Nicaragua Panama Peru Uruguay Venezuela Total
Ecuador
0%
0%
% 52% 82% 45%
536 50% 195 60% 9 35% 50 29% 28,564 11% 529 32% 130 47% 117 65% 44 61% 49 56% 30,924 12%
Men 458 46 197
% 48% 18% 55%
527 128 17 120 222,361 1,137 148 62 28 38 225,359
50% 40% 65% 71% 89% 68% 53% 35% 39% 44% 88%
3 100%
114 100%
Women 421 10 245
Country Argentina Bolivia Brazil Dominican Republic
% 51% 47% 46%
Country Argentina Bolivia Brazil
Men 241 24 206
Table B13b -Financial Knowledge/Skills Applied
Table B13a - Financial Knowledge /Skills Acquired
47
1,063 323 26 170 250,925 1,666 278 179 72 87 256,283
3
114
Total 879 56 442
48
* Includes Uruguay, Paraguay and southern Brazil
6 500 19 1,221 6 108 3,453
Women % 1,735 55% 1,043 85% 50 100% 20 77% 560 53% 7 27% 692 36% 4 40% 235 69% 4,346 56%
Total 3,137 1,234 50 26 1,060 26 1,913 10 343 7,799
Men % 807 52% 32 29% 2 3% 7 88% 6 43% 63 61% 100 40% 1 100% 310 49% 3 60% 61 35% 1,392 48% 322 2 112 1,505
Women 732 79 59 1 8 40 150
% 48% 71% 97% 13% 57% 39% 60% 0% 51% 40% 65% 52%
Total 1,539 111 61 8 14 103 250 1 632 5 173 2,897
Country Argentina Bolivia Brazil El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Latin America* Mexico Panama Uruguay Venezuela Total
% 45% 15% 0% 23% 47% 73% 64% 60% 31% 44%
Country Argentina Bolivia Brazil Honduras Latin America* Nicaragua Peru Uruguay Venezuela Total
Men 1,402 191
Table B14b - Knowledge of the Political System Applied
Table B14a - Knowledge of the Political System Acquired
49
73 30 240 978 45 44 12 2,166
4 8% 32% 53% 32% 48% 59% 55% 30%
4% 896 64 210 2,064 49 31 10 5,099
91 92% 68% 47% 68% 52% 41% 45% 70%
96%
% 73% 47% 59%
* Includes Uruguay, Paraguay and southern Brazil
Guatemala Honduras Latin America* Mexico Panama Peru Venezuela Total
Ecuador
Women 1,449 95 140
969 94 450 3,042 94 75 22 7,265
95
Total 1,985 202 237
7 13 76 191 3 30 1,865 15 48 14 2,390
12% 23% 12% 40% 50% 38% 30% 41% 29% 30% 28%
56 29%
Men % 17 9% 13 45% 42 32%
51 44 571 284 3 50 4,421 22 118 32 6,006
88% 77% 88% 60% 50% 63% 70% 59% 71% 70% 72%
137 71%
Women % 169 91% 16 55% 88 68%
58 57 647 475 6 80 6,286 37 166 46 8,396
193
Total 186 29 130
Country Argentina Bolivia Brazil Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Jamaica Latin America* Mexico Panama Peru Venezuela Total
% 27% 53% 41%
Country Argentina Bolivia Brazil
Men 536 107 97
Table B15b - Knowledge of Good Health Practices Applied
Table B15a - Knowledge of Good Health Practices Acquired
28 300 45
Guatemala Latin America Panama Peru Venezuela Total
34% 41% 41% 0% 60% 28%
18%
% 33% 12% 75% 82%
% 67% 88% 25%
55 66% 440 59% 66 59% 29 100% 41 40% 2,282 72%
553
Women 148 907 43
* Includes Uruguay, Paraguay and southern Brazil
61 884
119
Men 73 129 129
Dominican Republic
Country Argentina Bolivia Brazil 83 740 111 29 102 3,166
672
Total 221 1,036 172
Table B16 - Knowledge to Address Domestic Violence, Sexual Abuse and Drug Use Acquired
50
51
Cash
In-kind
Businesses Cash In-kind $21,644 $1,500
Public sector Cash In-kind $144,231 $46,541 $76,245
In-kind $554 $336 $200 $33,170
Cash
Private organizations Other institutions
International
Cash In-kind $165,875 $554 $46,878 $1,700 $109,415 $116,384
Total
Argentina Bolivia Brazil Colombia $116,384 Dominican $506 $13,203 $13,709 Republic Ecuador $7,000 $7,000 El Salvador $66,000 $56,580 $122,580 Guatemala Haiti Honduras $57,000 $16,368 $73,368 Jamaica Latin America* $1,002 $6,000 $4,500 $11,502 Mexico $909 $49,600 $114,420 $47,064 $211,993 Nicaragua $600 $3,500 $6,000 $600 $3,500 $7,200 Panama $60 $4,500 $60 $4,500 Paraguay $23,500 $2,000 $23,500 $2,000 Peru $3,461 $6,250 $3,461 $6,250 Uruguay $240 $634 $874 Venezuela $20,400 $20,400 Total $909 $240 $188,690 $91,634 $480,437 $24,874 $145,111 $20,807 $815,148 $137,555 * Includes Uruguay, Paraguay and southern Brazil
Country
Table B17a - Resources Mobilized: International Sources
52
Cash
$14,310
$3,000
$7,310
-
Cash In-kind $4,000
Public sector
* Includes Uruguay, Paraguay and southern Brazil
-
In-kind
Businesses
Argentina Bolivia Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras $9,000 Latin America* Mexico Nicaragua Panama Peru Total $9,000
Country
International
$61,530
$6,000
$49,230
$4,300 $2,000
Cash
$1,350
$1,350
In-kind
Private non-profit organizations
Table B17b - Resources Brokered: International Sources
$20,000 $45,000 $147,778
$14,000 $42,564
$23,900 $2,314
Cash
-
In-kind
Other institutions Cash In-kind $4,000 $4,300 $9,310 $23,900 $2,314 $49,230 $9,000 $23,000 $42,564 $1,350 $20,000 $45,000 $232,618 $1,350
Total
53
Argentina Bolivia Brazil Dominican Republic Ecuador Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Uruguay Venezuela Total
Country
$950
$1,744 $383,747 $53,473
$51,200
$348,324
$1,000
$945
$46,125
$117,084
$3,974
$200 $1,000 $37,801
$91,200
$249,194
$90
Cash In-kind $113,242 $7,750 $550 $400 $59,423 $41,027 $757 $81,964 $20,000 $4,175
Public sector
$191,332
$475 $5,000 $3,206
$45,518 $48,608
$200 $80,300 $150 $95,400
$4,207 $400
$1,000
Cash In-kind $4,693 $1,715 $83,832 $7,429
Other institutions
Domestic
Cash In-kind $35,484 $52,333 $100
Businesses
Table B18a - Resources Mobilized: Domestic Sources
Cash In-kind $153,419 $61,797 $84,382 $7,929 $59,423 $41,027 $757 $81,964 $21,000 $4,265 $45,518 $389,002 $4,407 $1,400 $47,545 $38,751 $5,000 $55,406 $200 $84,274 $1,744 $150 $923,403 $265,957
Total
54
Argentina Bolivia Ecuador Honduras Jamaica Mexico Panama Peru Venezuela Total
Country
$5,385
$5,385
Cash
$3,600
$2,100 $1,500
In-kind
Businesses
$121,860 $200,099 $143,380
In-kind $600 $14,092 $2,299 $25,042 $105,930 $5,256 $34,192 $11,500 $4,913 $17,795
Cash
Public sector
$20,745
$1,875 $62,319
$3,500 $3,676
$51,630
$9,741
In-kind
$2,727 $1,100
$8,814
Cash
Other institutions
Domestic
Table B18b - Resources Brokered: Domestic Sources
In-kind $600 $22,906 $12,041 $25,042 $110,756 $57,015 $7,856 $34,192 $11,500 $4,913 $21,295 $1,875 $3,676 $121,860 $267,803 $167,725
Cash
Total
55
Cash In-kind $966
Businesses Cash In-kind $12,204 $15,077 $20 $6,164 $2,951 $24,869
Public sector Cash In-kind $1,000 $8,169 $385 $903 $4,265 $18,703
Communities
Local
In-kind $5,565 $1,911 $235 $19,776 $13,238
Cash
Other institutions
Cash In-kind $14,170 $28,811 $405 $8,978 $7,451 $87,774 $13,238 $1,498
Total
Argentina Bolivia Brazil $24,426 Caribbean Colombia $1,498 Dominican $1,140 $1,140 Republic Ecuador $100,000 $100,000 Honduras $6,615 $6,615 Latin America* $8,000 $8,000 $16,000 Mexico $363,428 $6,595 $99,250 $28,809 $477,666 $116 $969,152 $6,712 Nicaragua $1,000 $291 $286 $1,577 Panama $8,500 $47,073 $40,154 $40,154 $55,573 Paraguay $500 $500 Peru $10,070 $12,450 $1,888 $2,635 $11,958 $15,085 Uruguay $2,316 $16,292 $18,608 Venezuela $1,396 $5,582 $250 $3,650 $60,630 $6,978 $64,530 Total $365,790 $40,021 $231,575 $78,418 $34,458 $94,791 $533,181 $98,674 $1,165,004 $311,903 * Includes Uruguay, Paraguay and southern Brazil
Country
Table B19a - Resources Mobilized: Local Sources
56
Argentina Bolivia Colombia Guatemala Honduras Mexico Panama Peru Venezuela Total
Country
$1,500
$1,500
Cash
$2,803
$2,803
In-kind
Businesses
Communities
Local
$5,653 $200 $3,155
$10,500 $53,114 $9,208
$23,214 $800
-
$56,707
$24,666 $3,573 $26,618
Total
Cash In-kind $16,600 $200 $1,850 $2,000 $285 $285 $24,666 $5,230 $24,714 $17,260 $800 $26,818 $200 $200 $3,155 $10,500 $200 $5,515 $54,814 $74,234
In-kind
Other institutions
Cash In-kind Cash In-kind Cash $16,600 $200 $1,850 $2,000
Public sector
Table B19b - Resources Brokered: Local Sources
126 71 65 1 12 2 28 38 18 630 42 4 22 16 51
368 32 1,526
120 3 193 28
4
2 33 16 1 11 1,050 347 20 9 4 33
75 57 2,006 559
8,046 8,342 242,624
150
1 57 14
400 75 30,280 24,623 1,997 850 5,200 7,110
2,000 16,761
4,850
57,430 28,210 45,100 1,200
Distributed
4 12 1 1 3 151 206 8 4 6 14
5
34 19 18 1
Speeches/ Radio/ present- television ations interviews Produced
Pamphlets/ brochures
* Includes Uruguay, Paraguay and southern Brazil
Argentina Bolivia Brazil Colombia Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Jamaica Latin America* Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Trinidad & Tobago Uruguay Venezuela Total
Country
Table B20 - Dissemination Activities
57
262 18 706
1
250 7 7 3 3 4
1 2 1
6
79 28 32 2
153 17 770
11 4
250 34 4
5
3
118 46 125
13
4
2 3
1 2 1
Magazine/ News newspaper releases articles Written
313
100 9
204
Distributed
Books
56
13 4
1
1
2 8 2
11 1 12 1
Produced
246 30 621
25
24
197
80 1 18
Distributed
Videos/movies
38
9 2
6
2 9 2
1
6 1
Produced
3,126
983
102
1,132 290
144
390 85
Distributed
CD Roms
99
Distributed
22
8
8 10
4
1 4 5
28,916
1,410
8
3,186 1,000
25 11,020 4 1,499 8 10,793
Produced
Other Products
Office of Evaluation Inter-American Foundation 901 N. Stuart Steet, 10th Floor Arlingon, VA 22003 www.iaf.gov
58