Creating Community in High-Rise Buildings-Master Thesis

CREATING COMMUNITY IN HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS

HYLLIE - MALMÖ

BY WENDY HERNANDEZ MADRIGAL

creating community in HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS

hyllie-malmö

Master Thesis Booklet

Sustainable Urban Design School of Architecture, Lund UNiversity

Author: Wendy Hernandez Madrigal

Supervisor: Teresa Arana

Examiner: Per-Johan Dahl

Jury: Andreas Mayor

Laura Liuke

Defense Date: 2022-09-15

©2022

All rights reserved

It is a well-recognized fact that a city will continue to grow whether or not it is desirable. Growth is not something that can be stopped, only contained and influenced. In that way, there is a need for new concepts and approaches to urban space planning and this could be in the form of vertical cities.

The tall building is indeed a vertical progression of a horizontal city and should be considered a vertical urban design and all the conventional considerations in the ground-plane of any typical urban design project need to be applied to the vertical plane of a tall building. Additionally, we know that incorporating mixed-use into our urban plans leads to more livable cities. The diversity of functions in tall buildings could vary from one floor to another creating more option activities for different users, design flexibility and city vitality than a single use function building.

In order to create a strategy to allow me to work in the complex section of a tall building I created three qualities that combine good design of the physical infrastructure of the built environment along with ways to engage, empow-

er and enable people and communities to thrive: Mobility, Physical and People. They are based on the concept of livability and quality of life.

The former is used in many aspects of urban design and new approaches to city, the latter is one of the most important dimensions in sustaining any urban development. Finally, I added a third concept “the composition of a tall building” to understand it and come up with some solutions in the creation spaces of social and environmental contact that is based on both allowing the public and controlling the residential area. In order words, taking the steps of bringing the public into a vertically rising urban environment.

The site I chose was Hyllie that is today in rapid development with planning and construction of homes, offices, schools, preschools, parks and streets. In 2040, it is estimated that 25,000 people will live here.

01.1 THE CITY SCENARIO

The City is never completed, it has a beginning but it has no end, it is a work in progress always waiting for new characters and functions to be added.

A city is a sophisticated organism which is constantly changing throughout its lifecycle, as a result of economic shifts, demographic change, and environmental pressures.

Energy shortage, global warming, urban sprawl, air pollution, overflowing landfills, water shortage, disease and global conflict will be the legacy of the twenty-first century unless we move quickly towards the notion and implementation of sustainability. There is a need for new concepts and approaches to urban space planning.

01.1.1 POPULATION GROWTH

In 1960, the global urban population was 34% of the total. Nowadays, over 55% of the world’s population – 4.2 billion inhabitants – live in urban areas, a proportion that is expected to increase to 68% by 2050. Urbanization occurs mainly because people move from rural areas to urban areas and it results in growth in the size of the urban population and the extent of urban areas. The speed and scale of urbanization brings challenges, including meeting accelerated demand for affordable housing, well-connected transport systems, and other infrastructure, basic services, as well as jobs.

Once a city is built, its physical form and land use patterns can be locked in for generations, leading to unsustainable sprawl. The expansion of urban land consumption outpaces population

growth by as much as 50%, which is expected to add 1.2 million km² of new urban built up area to the world in the three decades.

Cities consume two thirds of global energy consumption and account for more than 70% of greenhouse gas emissions.

01.1.2 DETERIORATED ECOLOGICAL CONDITIONS

Urbanization requires land, and this creates an extraordinary demand for natural resources and detonates an exceptional stress on natural systems. Too often this means that urban development takes place on land that was previously ecologically protected land (such as agricultural land, forest and wetlands). It means there is a complete destruction of the ecosystems, which have been formed for several million years.

In developed countries, problems of environmental deterioration (especially air and water pollution), traffic congestion, and other disamenities are encountered. In the developing countries, it is difficult to provide the minimum

social services such as housing, water supply, sanitation, education, and medical facilities in the rapidly growing urban areas, or to absorb an ever expanding labor force into struggling urban economies. This results in a deterioration of environmental quality that affects the health and quality of life of the urban population.

01.1.3 THE PANDEMIC

COVID-19 has shown that today’s cities were not designed to cope up with infectious diseases. The pandemic has exposed the vulnerability of the cities— dealing with pressures of healthcare, economy, and climate. However, there have been significant new patterns in urban life that could help how the cities will shape up in the near future.

The pandemic outbreak highlighted issues related to the desirability of compact urban development, where it could become hotspots for the rapid spread of the pandemic due to high levels of face-to-face interaction. However, there is inconclusive evidence in earlier findings with the association between density and the COVID-19, when there are other factors that are

predictor of the spread of infectious diseases (state of development, availability of prevention and response measures, the extent of adherence to sanitation and social distancing measures, and the extent of access to amenities and public health infrastructure).

…. high-density cities are often better prepared and have more access to resources necessary for timely response needed to prevent the spread of viruses. In contrast, lower-density peri-urban and suburban areas have limited access to resources and may increase the chance of exposure to new types of viruses and diseases...

Therefore density alone is not a key risk factor contributing to the spread of the virus and considering multiple other benefits of compact urban developments, planners should continue promoting them. However, it is clear that some cities lack appropriate levels of green and open spaces to meet outdoor exercise and recreation demands of their citizens while fulfilling social distancing requirements. That is why a better access to amenities and public health infrastructure make high-density areas less vulnerable to pandemics, more space should be allocated to pedestrian areas and open spaces and adding the new patterns in urban life that has been identified during the pandemic (new way of working, connecting and moving): Remote working— many organizations could operate efficiently after embracing work from home culture— this trend is likely to impact office design, office space demand, transport, and further city design.

Suburban revival —if the remote working will stay for long, the suburbs could no longer be just residential places and there could be potential to have more mixed-use development with home offices.

Social behavior —With new trends emerging in how we work and live, the built infrastructure can have an impact on social behaviors where mental health and loneliness could increase. It is crucial to design new spaces like providing ample green and open spaces in order to meet the outdoor exercise and recreation demands.

Active transport—If the spotlight on bikes and walkability continues, the cities would need proper infrastructure through redesigning streets to accommodate the needs of pedestrians and cyclists better and, combined with mixed developments, enhance the use of non-motorized transport.

01.1.4 THE NEED FOR A SUSTAINABLE

Natural resources have been significantly compromised and degraded due to rapid urbanization. Therefore, the concept of sustainable urban development has been a prime concern of policymaking and government to aware and mitigate the impacts of climate change due to fast paced and irreversible urbanization. Moreover any future response to the pandemic and other health-related risks require an urgent rethinking of urban spaces.

On a macro-scale, a sustainable city means a livable city in which the past is preserved but it looks into the interest of those who are not born yet, that is, the posterity. In such a city the urban systems and the infrastructure are planned and designed with long-term requirements in mind.

The city must also ensure quality of life for its residents while simultaneously ensuring its robustness and adaptive capacity. Livability, resiliency, and sustainability are three intertwined elements that together will define the quality of life of present and future generations inhabiting the city.

It is a well-recognized fact that a city will continue to grow whether or not it is desirable. Growth is not something that can be stopped, only contained and influenced. In that way, there is a need for new concepts and approaches to urban space planning. In the 21st century, there are enough prerequisites for implementing a new concept of development in the form of vertical cities.

And in this context high-density architectural forms and dense urban environments represent the most viable models for the future in general.

01.1.5 DENSITY CONCEPT

Population density is a phenomenon related to the way in which people are distributed on the land surface. Population is unevenly distributed across the land, reaching high concentrations in dense urban areas while large areas of land remain uninhabited, because people naturally tend to concentrate in areas with desirable conditions. The differences in population distribution are high both across countries and between regions of the same country, and thus the concept of built environment density has relative connotations when trying to compare indices of different areas. High density cound refers to two connotations:

1. Physical density: is a numeric measure of the concentration of individuals (population density) or physical structures in a certain geographic unit (building density).

Population Density (collected from density architecture, 2013)

2. Perceived density: represents the individual perception of an estimated number of people present in a given area or that of the vacant space and its organization.

Building density has a complex relation to urban morphology, playing an important role in determining urban form. Different combinations between plot ratio and site coverage will manifest into a variety of different built forms, and urban development of the same density can have very different urban forms. In that way the urban form could transform into a dense environment that carries both positive and negative effects.

On one side they are considered positive due to the sustainable use of resources and the intense social links they generate, but on the other side they are recognized to generate negative effects on humans, such as stress.

Indeed, the urban density is the source of a loss of (natural) quality, and “without sufficient quality, density does not work – it even becomes dangerous”. Therefore, the role of urban and architectural design is to try to neutralize the negative effects by eliminating oppressive spatial configurations and by generating diversity through the design of “intelligent puzzles”

Coverage (Building Density) (collected from density architecture, 2013)

The urban density is the source of a loss of (natural) quality, and “without sufficient quality, density does not work – it even becomes dangerous”

(Maja Bâldea, 2013

02.1 VERTICAL URBANISM CONCEPT

Atall building has been variously called a “city within a city,” a “vertical city” and a “city in the sky.” Thus it is apparent that a tall building is a microcosm of a large city. The skyscraper is indeed a vertical progression of a horizontal city. As already noted they are interactive and connected by transportation, power grid, water supply and waste production and disposal systems. Similar to the city that has all these systems, a skyscraper has these systems contained within it. Both the city and tall buildings need to be sustainable for the same reasons.

In order to understand the role of tall buildings in the urban fabric, the city must be viewed in three dimensions, not merely on a master plan in plan view, but also vertically where they en-

counter the interference effects of the atmosphere. It needs to physically integrate to the image of the city, to the city block, and to the adjacent structures. Most importantly, it must resolve how it relates to the street’s edge, the pedestrian scale that it is around, and the existing land use.

The definition of a vertical city cannot be solely judged by its height, usage, or investment return, but has to demonstrate the capability of adaptation in response to urban transformation.

Vertical Urbanism particularly addresses design issues of high-density urban areas supported by complex urban systems that conventional planning approaches are only able to manage with limited success. When urban density reaches a certain point, verticality becomes a crucial attribute of the city. In such a city, all components of urban design including circulation, land uses, open spaces, ecologies, and human activities are distributed in a different pattern and their relationships mutate.

As we can see in some of the world’s mega-cities like Hong Kong, Shanghai, Tokyo, Seoul, and

New York, the floor area to plot ratios go beyond 1:12 and residential densities exceed 400 persons per acre. With such intensity, the planning area of a city is no longer its surface but the entire built-up area and the potential buildable vertical space above. In such cities, transportation, social programs, and open spaces are highly integrated in a system that stretches from underground to the top of buildings. Given such complexity, we can no longer simply focus on the site plan and layout of buildings, but should examine the city as a three-dimensional matrix for urban design solutions.

Cities and the Public Health: Our New Challenge in Urban Planning April 08, 2020 By Andre Brumfield and Carlos Cubillos

02.2 VERTICAL MIX-USED DEVELOPMENTS

Amixed use development is characterized for the integration of three or more of the following functions: residential, commercial, cultural, institutional, and/or industrial. And the result of the diversity of activities and destinations are within walking distance to each other. The benefits of having multiple building uses go beyond being able to live, shop, work, and play in the same complex:

• a synergistic effects that bring improved benefits for all functions

• creation of higher spatial efficiency for the entirety of the building,by means of utilizing the building and space twenty-four hours with their different time occupancy use of the different functions.

• promote not only the surrounding communities but also the whole city by attracting more people to visit.

• make the building accessible by more residents, workers, visitors and students

• provides short traveling distance between the residential and the workplace, which results in reducing the excessive traffic load caused by owner driving commutes.

• promote convenient urban opportunities for residents to work, shop and interact within a community and neighborhood.

In that way a mixed use complex is becoming a significant tool for realizing the vertical urban development in the dense cities, where the land is limited and has great value, and long transport between uses is time consuming. The diversity of functions in tall buildings could vary from one floor to another creating more option activities for different users, design flexibility and city vitality than single use function building.

The tall building should be considered a “vertical urban design” and that “all the conventional considerations in the groundplane of any typical urban design project need to be applied to the vertical plane of the skyscraper”

02.3 NEGLECTIONS

High-rise apartments are usually located in premium neighborhoods or could have an insulated location in the urban fabric. It is clear that in many cases the highrise apartments lead to a series of social problems including the deterioration in the mental health of the residents, a reduced sense of belonging, deficient supporting facilities and a lack of monitoring that leads to an increased crime rate.

The modern era of tall buildings started in 1885 with the office buildings of Chicago and New York. Skyscraper design has gone through a series of evolutionary changes, whereby what was the ‘tallest building in the world of 1885’ was only 10 storeys, the building type is now reaching 1000m in the Kingdom Tower of Jeddah. Heights have increased, technology and engineering have become far better and much more

sophisticated; but most if not all the skyscrapers constructed in the 20th century remain fundamentally the same in-built configuration, as a single use container of stacked floorplates.

Therefore, it is important to mark a difference from the concept of Vertical Urbanism from the stereotype of a vertical city. The vertical cities planned and built in the traditional manner and often characterized by the layout of “towers in the park” influenced by Le Corbusier’s theory of urban planning.This approach to planning has led to development patterns like superblocks and gated communities that segregate buildings from their context and result in disconnected urban landscapes. In contrast, Vertical Urbanism is not a static form; rather, it represents a dynamic and adaptable strategy of urban design and development.

This strategy moves away from the Modernist notion promoting tall buildings as dominant urban typology and toward the exploration of physically interactive and socially engaged forms, which address the city as a multi-layered and multidimensioned organism.

03 DRIVING QUESTIONS

Vertical Urbanism is not a new idea. Architects and planners have been dreaming of urban forms to address increasing density since more than a century ago. The notion of Vertical Urbanism as a flexible design strategy instead of a static form suggests its adaptability to contemporary urban conditions in different geographic and cultural contexts.

To create cities that are livable, dynamic and vibrant, we must think of new ways to create public, open spaces within these urban places. We know that incorporating mixed-use into our urban plans – combining retail, living, cultural institutions, parks and office spaces into walkable neighborhoods – leads to more livable cities.

There is a need to better understand the implications of high density development, specifically in environmental quality, and explore

research methodologies to support innovative planning and design of high density development that do not compromise environmental performance.To do this, we need to reimagine urbanism and the “intersections” of people and experiences that make a city vibrant in a way that includes the vertical dimension. That’s where “vertical urbanism” comes into play.

Taking this into consideration and seeing the need for a discussion on this subjects as an opportunity this project is driven by the following questions:

Is it possible to provide truly public space within the complex section of a high-rise building?

How can we start thinking of clever models for building vertical communities that will respond to the high housing demand and will simultaneously assure the creation of attractive and healthy urban environments?

04.1 LIVABLE CITY

Many aspects of urban design and new approaches to city form are based on the concept of liveability. There are many different ways to define what makes a liveable city. We each have our own conception of what a place being ‘liveable’ means, based on our own perspective, experience, professional background and subjective opinions.

There are five fundamental aspects of great, liv able cities according to the Livable City organi sation in San Francisco:

1. robust and complete neighborhoods

2. accessibility and sustainable mobility

3. vibrant public spaces

4. a diverse and resilient local economy

5. affordability

04.2 URBAN QUALITY OF LIFE

The term “urban quality of life” refers to the urban planning which objective is to realize the sustainability of the development with respect to an individual’s quality of life, the relationships, the dynamics, and the reticular relationships that exist between the various dimensions of this concept.

According to Heptagon Shape the urban quality is the result of the relationship between these seven dimensions:

1. Environmental Urban Quality of Life: the natural aspects of the neighborhood.

2. Physical Urban Quality of Life refers to facilities, urban fabric, land use, services and facilities and infrastructure.

4. Social Urban Quality of Life comprises the indicators that refer to the social dimension of the neighborhood and to the people's interaction, that is, questions regarding individual choices and the participation of citizens.

5. Psychological Urban Quality of Life it discusses the issues concerning the feeling of citizens toward their neighborhood, such as the identity of the place.

6. Economical Urban Quality of Life which characterizes the neighborhood as a place of economic activities.

The first three aspects are about designing and creating places that are good for people (robust neighborhoods and communities), movement (accessible and sustainable ways to get around), and place (vibrant public spaces).

3. Mobility Urban Quality of Life, discusses the accessibility, traffic and transportation issues.

7. Political Urban Quality of life, refers to the city policies which support the concept of urban quality of life and the extent to which these policies are implemented.

Five of the seven dimensions could be measured physically in the place through the amount of green space, daylight access, the concentration of buildings in an area, the building enclosure degree of an area, the concentra-

tion of networks in an area and the openness of the urban environments in relation with the height of the buildings.

04.3 HIGH-BUILDING COMPOSITION

Any kind of human settlement like houses with gardens, apartment buildings, or skyscrapers can represent the lifestyle in different shapes. However, the most essential differentiation in these areas in terms of gaining social and environmental contact is the way of gathering people. It can be inferred that low and middle rise dwellings represent a horizontal life by spreading the functions in the street. In fact, the street is a gathering area in itself in a horizontal line.

Together with this, courtyards, semi spaces or squares are the elements of horizontal life as a social arena.

Communal spaces emerged as a result of different building typologies and they could be defined with regard to public and private space continuity.

Figure 4.3.1 Vertical Grain vs Horizontal Grain

Figure 4.3.2 Vertical transformation

In the high-rise building typology, the social and environmental contact spaces can be formed in diversified types in urban design scale. However, these diversified forms of contact spaces could be defined differently depending on their dominant public or private characteristics. Even though the common spaces open for the users of the buildings are accepted as the spaces of communication, it can be seen as problematic because it creates a fragmented and isolated pattern rather than integrate one in whole.

Common space is the space that exists between the public space and the private space. It acts to connect two domains and to create a buffer zone as a transitional space between different sectors.

As an indispensable part of the high-rise buildings, the design of communal space depends on the structure of the building. The level of continuity between public and private spheres changes in many projects depending on many factors like the type (area or point) and level of control, the activities that the building comprises or the penetration level of public in and around the building.

The ground outside can only be designated as public space, and even interior circulation spaces like elevators and stairs are shared by many people and are therefore very public, such that they could be designated as semi-public space.

While the corridors on each floor could be designated as semi-private space because these spaces are shared by the apartments of people living on the same floor. And the private space exists only within the apartment units.

Common spaces open for the users of the buildings are accepted as the spaces of communication, it can be seen as problematic because it creates a fragmented and isolated pattern rather than integrate one in whole.

However, the semi-private and semi-public spaces could be too small to allow people to develop a sense of community. That is why It is important to create interaction spaces between the circulation spaces (the corridors, elevators, stairs, and the outside ground space) that constitute the different levels or zones of space.

Figure 4.3.4 Four levels of space in a high-rise residential building

Figure 4.3.3 Public and Private Continuity Models in High-rise Residential Buildings

The objective is to present some solutions in high-rise residential buildings for creating social and environmental contact spaces that is based on both allowing the public and control of the residential zone. In order words, taking the steps of bringing the public into a vertically rising urban environment.

Create communal spaces with a multi-functional character, that absorbs the territorial boundaries of two domains, half public and half private. It will contain the activities for building occupants while allowing the access from outside public streets to the private building properties. And also, it will provide intermediate space for resting like a park as an urban infrastructure.

Here, some considerations with the built form (building):

Connect with the street and has a high degree of conformity with the surrounding environment of the city.

Connect public and private space to play a transitional role. Multiple path nodes create space with hierarchical characteristics. Create communal space that can connect a broader range of public and private domains, throughout continuous multi-level spatial network that gradually strengthens the formation of the spatial domain.

Traditional communal space is multifunctional. Expand shared areas to integrate daily life, entertainment and neighborhood social activities, among other things.

Create a diverse implantation of natural elements. The communal spaces have a higher native vegetation coverage rate.

Figure 4.3.5 Integration of four levels of spaces in a mix-used building

05.1 MALMÖ

Malmö is the third-largest city in Sweden, with a population of 280,000. It is perfectly situated along the straights separating Sweden from Denmark and linking the North Sea to the Baltic. In 2000, Malmö became Sweden’s principal point of entry with the opening of the ‘Öresundsbron’, the bridge over the Sound that connects Sweden to Denmark.

Indeed, Malmö is often described as a multi-cultural city, with more than half of its population (54%) of a foreign background - either born outside of Sweden or having at least one parent born outside of Sweden. Amongst themselves, the inhabitants of Malmö hold 179 different nationalities and speak more than 150 different languages. Most of the foreign-born population comes from the former Yugoslavia, Iraq, Denmark, Poland and Syria.

The largest sectors of the local economy are logistics, retail and wholesale trade, construction and property (Malmö Stad, 2016).

It is the third largest city in Sweden and the fastest-growing.

05.2 HYLLIE

Hyllie is the district that connects southern Malmö with the Skåne plain. From fertile almost undeveloped arable land, the district has grown rapidly to become a densely populated place with a strong climate focus.

Hyllie is today in rapid development with planning and construction of homes, offices, schools, preschools, parks and streets. In 2021, the creation of the large Hyllievångsparken be gan and Hyllie boulevard will be extended so that the district can grow further south and the city buses can take travelers all the way to Ikea's office.

Hyllie will be the Öresund region's most cli mate-smart area and constitute an attractive city center with lots of greenery that attracts residents and companies, both nationally and internationally. In 2040, it is estimated that 25,000 people will live here.

Hyllie's central place in the region should give an international character with a clear identity of its own: Öresund cosmopolitan.

Itook the last three aspects of the concept of livability that refer to designing and creating places that are good for people (robust neighborhoods and communities), movement (accessible and sustainable ways to get around), and place (vibrant public spaces).

In the other hand, selected Five of the seven dimensions of the urban quality (according to Heptagon Shape) because they could be showed graphically in my proposal, like the green space, daylight access, the concentration of buildings, the building enclosure degree, the concentration of networks and the openness of the urban environments in relation with the height of the buildings.

However, I needed a third concept that allow me to integrate these two concepts in the design of the tower. The concept is based in the composition of a high building and how is the connections from outside and inside.

Summing up the previous concepts create three qualities that have the objective to work in the complex section of a high building through combining a good design of the physical infrastructure of the built environment together with ways to engage and enable the people and communities that will live there to thrive: Mobility, Physical and People.

DEVELOPING THE CONCEPT

Mobility: connecting the existing spatial structure through a fine network encourages walking from the different entrances. The main flow paths are comprised for a series of public space and service facilities that give a 5-minute life circle in the community. It starts with the boulevard (from south to north) through a local street with active façades to get to the school and plaza and go further.

The implementation of the new tall building to ensure its harmonious interaction with the existing urban functions and allow a new and mixed urban development that creates a varied and beautiful edge to Hyllie’s district park and Hyllie.

The west edge give continuity from the city park to the Iduns Park. In other hand, the high-rise building is proposed as an important element that work together with the central plaza. The latest became a key place that will serve as starting point of orientation towards the vertical intersection and it will used for both informal gathering and events.

Physical: The spaces of social and environmental contact were formed by the diversification of different in the scale of urban design and clearly depended on the structure of the building. The idea was to create and allow direct connections from the street or the surrounding to the tower.

And it was achieved through the surrounding buildings and pedestrian path, which functioned as a smooth transition zone that allowed to bring the public into the urban environment that rises vertically. In addition, the building itself was designed with several functions that contribute to and complete the active urban environment (street level).

Finally, the integration of multi-levels sharing platforms was desirable since it can restore the lost contact with the street level, or even in a confined time, these spaces will become crucial to the wellbeing of dwellers with access a least to an open space that allow do outdoor exercise and other activities while it is keeping a social distancing.

People: The building form together with the ‘soft edges’ with a lively transition between private and public and different functions and activities around and inside the building allow not only physical benefits but also social. It means that access to daylight, views, connection to nature, thermal comfort, air quality, and spaces for social interaction, have positive psychological and social benefits, such as reduced stress, better emotional state, increased communication, and a stronger sense of belonging.

Results:

- a place with destination points and life for large parts of the day.

- a safe and pleasant living environment with conditions for cohesion and meetings between the residents in the area. - lush and safe street spaces to stay in, especially for children.

- the tower strengthen the meeting place and the character of the site. The ground floor interact with its immediate surroundings and have a high degree of contact between inside and outside and a high degree of detail.

Ymers gata

Horizontal flows

Vertical flows

The floor are conected by stair that also work as sitting area. In the upper leves, the pedestrian can find different activities or even engage their human senses (sight, smell, taste, hearing tocuh, movement)

Create articulation between buildings and public spaces that form areas for recreation, learning areas, encounter, health and wellness places.

CONNECTING HORIZONTAL LIFE WITH VERTICAL PATH

ACTIVITIES OF DAILY LIVING

ENCOURAGE WALKING

DIFFERENTACTIVITIES TO DIFFERENT USERS

SPATIAL CONFIGURATIONDIVERSITY OF SPACES

TRANSITION OF SCALE

Functions are arranged according to the site´s sola exposure: living spaces are placed with a east-south orientation for maximum natural daylighting while working blocks are north-east.

FLEXIBLE SPACES

The ground floor zones are designed as lively spaces with restaurants, retail shops, etc.

APARTMENT BLOCK (15 HOUSEHOLD, 3 STORIES)

MUSEUM BLOCK (3 STORIES)

OFFICE BLOCK (3 ROOMS, 3 STORIES)

The office courtyard is a quite green space that greatly improves the quality of the work environment.

According the classification based on the studies of Adrian Smith and Gordon Gill in their book “Residenty: a carbon analysis of house typology” where the aim is to put the attributes of different typologies into perspective like density comparison and the relative environment impact. It concluded that the Courtyard and the Three-Flat have the smallest carbon footprints.

However, a well-designed high-rise building can have a lower carbon footprint than a courtyard or three-flat building that is not designed to be efficient or is in an isolated area that requires more infrastructure. In a similar way, a single family house in the suburbs or a single-family house in the city can perform better than a courtyard building—if it is designed to be high performing. In that way the solution is not about one ideal density for the built environment. It is about designing intelligently within a range of densities that are appropriate for the specific place that is being designed.

DENSITY

A

FINAL WORDS

CONCLUSIONS

This project had a clear vision about the struggle and search to create even better vertical cities or interventions that could make a difference related to a better quality of life for residents, through good and lively neighborhoods for communities that encourage social interaction. Having rediscovered that the term "Vertical Urbanism" is not new from the point of student of sustainable urban design was interesting. It could be said that a century ago or more there were already projects and ideas that were based on new approaches in architecture and urbanism, reversing traditional perceptions and combining architecture, technology and society.

Although these futuristic cities and buildings never built, skyscrapers are a reality and dominate many urban centers and new central business districts around the world. In addition, many vertical cities were planned and built in the traditional way and often characterized by the "towers in the park" design under the influence of Le Corbusier. Moreover, many new buildings are usually located in exclusive neighborhoods with fixed uses or could have an isolated location in the urban fabric. If it is the second case, these

REFLECTIONS

residential buildings generate a series of social problems including the deteriorating mental health of the residents, a reduced sense of belonging, poor support facilities and a lack of monitoring that leads to an increase in crime.

The project aimed to not only understand these challenges, but also to explore what makes a city liveable, dynamic and vibrant. And thus, presenting design principles that can serve as a guide when designing high-rise buildings.

The chosen site has a unique location within Hyllie District that is in a rapidly developing an is in the middle of two large projects which are the city park, a green and unifying lung for the whole district, and the Hyllie Boulevard, the most important artery in the district. Moreover, Hyllie is one of the areas where several tall buildings can be built, and it is there where the second tallest building, the new Point Hyllie (110 meters high), is located. This provides an area with space for experimentation and new solutions in the term of vertical urbanism to ensure its harmonious interaction with the existing urban functions and allow a new and mixed urban development that creates a varied and beautiful edge to Hyllie’s district park and Hyllie.

It is clear that Hyllie's character is special and there are several examples of buildings that do not quite meet the guidelines proposed by city planning or the guidelines just remain outside the structure of the building. Not all high-buildings have public ground floors and they do not fit in with the surrounding buildings, they may have a strong character but do not add value to the place and a city experience.

All the major elements of the city's texture and fabric could be arranged with a greater degree of vertical master planning, with horizontal connectivity. We shouldn't designate a district for high-rise buildings, as it's not about height and being tall. And it is important not to fall into the mistake that the construction of a high-rise building only solves the problem of only increasing commercial and residential real estate areas, and that it is not capable of redistributing various functions of the city, zoning it and providing it with the necessary resources.

An HLM tower block in Saint-Denis.

Elinebergshusen, Helsingborg

The point, Hyllie

Vertical buildings have more to do with urban structures, combining the life and vitality of the city, the presence of many public spaces, desire for self-sufficiency and respect for the environment, opportunity to offer a new unique environment and comfortable for its residents. Perhaps these concepts are especially relevant to various cities in Southeast Asia, where the population density is extremely high, but as have mentioned before the city is an organism that is never complete, it is a work in progress always waiting for new characters to be added and functions.

Mixed-use can be interpreted as a vertical city, where people can live, work and relax in the same building and an obvious challenge is maintaining a proper balance between “privacy” and “openness” where the design must carefully consider how to isolate the residential from the other functions, since noise and strangers were the major concerns of the residents. This project can be considered ambitious, since projecting a 21-story building must entail a serious process that involves deeper studies in early phases such as:

-The orientation and location of the building to be able to mitigate its impact with its surroundings, this is studies of shadow and wind.

-Solar analysis of the facades to control a minimum of direct sunlight, as well as a vertical skycomponent study to analyze the potential of daylight in standard rooms, which all this is closely related to wellbeing.

-In the same way, other studies of sunlight and daylighting in terraces and gardens (public and semi-public spaces) could be very interesting according to the projected use and function.

It is said that a good architecture is one that does not detract from what exists, but on the contrary, adds more value. And if the vision for Hyllie is being the Öresund region's most climate-smart area, the exploring points for asustainable development must be to understand and analyze the perspective of human oriented requirements, identify residents’ needs for the surrounding environment, absorb the essence of traditional architecture, and incorporate the technology as an ally into the design process.

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BUILDINGS

hyllie-malmö

creating community in HIGH-RISE