Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-3, Issue-2, 2017 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in
Review of Experimental Investigation in CI Engine Using Jatropha with Diesel Blends and Hydrogen R. Chandiran1, A. Sathishkumar2, D. Venkatesa Prabu3, R. Nandhakumar4 1,2,3,4
Assistant professor, Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Mahendra college of Engineering, Salem, Tamilnadu. (India)
Abstract: In the present investigation of the high viscosity of jatropha oil which was considered as a potential alternative fuels for the compression ignition (C.I.) engine were decreased by blending with diesel. Use of vegetable oils in diesel engines results in increased emission control and reduced in brake thermal efficiency. Different quantities of Jatropha oil were used. A single cylinder, four strokes, water cooled, constant speed and direct injection diesel engine typically used in agricultural sector was used for the experiments. The acquired data are analyzed for various parameters such as thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), CO2, CO and HC emissions and smoke opacity. The specific fuel consumption and exhaust gas temperature were reduced due to decrease in viscosity of the vegetable oil. The engine fuel properties and engine test results it has been established that 40–50% of jatropha curcas oil can be substituted for diesel without any engine modification and preheating of the blends.
1. Introduction In the research topics that have main importance on concerning petroleum fuels in vehicle engines are power and energy. However, the last 37 years air pollution due to engine emissions has become a social problem and the achievement of low pollution combustion have become a research subject. Diesel engines were used in a wide range of industry such as automobiles, agriculture, transportation, building, and industry, energy production due to their high efficiency. Besides, with the development in electronics technology more and more used in diesel engines are being in automobiles. Because many diesel engines are being used, we were in need of petroleum more than ever. On the other hand, it is also commonly recognized today that the world petroleum energy resources are finite, thus many researchers has been carried out to find suitable alternative fuels to petroleum products. Researches, the engine are used on alternative fuels to the
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petroleum based fuels; they are increased since petroleum fuels are finite, and as well as pollution resulted from their combustion have sincere affects on environments. However the major disadvantages of vegetable oil are its viscosity, which is considerably higher than that of mineral diesel. Because the high viscosity and low volatility of vegetable oils, the brake thermal efficiency of vegetable oil are inferior to those of diesel. This leads to problems of high smoke, HC, CO2 and CO emissions.
2. History of vegetable oils An India is importing crude petroleum oils & petroleum products from Gulf countries. Indian scientists searched for an alternate’s diesel fuel to preserve global environment to the withstand economical crisis. So, the vegetable oils from plants both edible oils, crude non-edible oils and Methyl esters (Bio-diesels) are used as alternate source for Diesel fuel. Bio-diesel is the found as the best alternate fuel, technically and environmentally acceptable, economically competitive and easily available for vegetable oils.
3. Materials and methods A lot of the research works have been carried out to use vegetable oils both in its neat form and modified form (Agarwal et al., 2008). The Studies has shown that the usage of vegetable oils in neat form was possible but not preferable (Altõn, 1998). The high viscosity of vegetable oils, the low volatility affect the atomization and spray pattern of fuels, leading to the incomplete combustion and the severe carbon deposits, injector choking and piston ring sticking. The methods used to the reduce viscosity are * Blending with diesel * Emulsification * Pyrolysis * Transesterification Among these, the transesterification are the commonly used commercial process to produce the clean and environmental friendly vegetable fuel (Pramanik, 2003). However, this adds extra cost of
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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-3, Issue-2, 2017 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in the processing because of a transesterification reaction involving chemical and process heat inputs.
4. Biodiesel Biodiesel is an environmentally friendly alternative fuels that can be used in any diesel engine without modification. There have been renewed interest in the use of vegetable oils for making biodiesel due to its low polluting and renewable energy nature compared with conventional petroleum diesel fuels. If the biodiesel is valorized efficiently at energy purpose, so would be benefits for the environment and the local population, job creation, provision of modern energy carries to the rural communities.
5. Jatropha Oil It is the vegetable oil produced from the seeds of Jatropha curcas. It is the vegetable oil produced from the seeds of the Jatropha curcas. The jetropha curcas oils are non-edible seeds oil for biodiesel production. The jatropha oils can be used directly after extraction (i.e. without refining) in the diesel generators and engines. Jatropha have the potential to provide economic benefits at the local level since under the suitable management it has the potential to grow in dry marginal non-agricultural lands, thereby allowing villagers and the farmers to leverage non-farm land for income generation. As well, increased the Jatropha oils production delivers economic benefits to India on the macroeconomic or national level as it reduces the nation's fossil fuels import bill for diesel production. The various properties and viscosity of jatropha and diesel is given in Table 1, 2. Table 1. Properties of jatropha oil Sl.No. 1 2
Properties Flash point Fire point
Jatropha oil 70°C 188°C
Table 2. Viscosity in Jatropha oil Sl.No 1 2 3 4 5
Temperature in (*C) 29 39 49 59 69
Time in seconds 660 400 280 170 140
6. Hydrogen Hydrogen is a non-metal. It can become metallic at very high pressures. It can be used in fuel cells to power electric motors or burned in internal combustion engines (ICEs). Hydrogen gases are colorless, odorless, tasteless, flammable and nontoxic. It is exists as a gas at ambient temperatures and atmospheric pressures. Hydrogen gas are the lightest gas known with a density approximately 0.07 that of air. The concentrations of hydrogen gas in the atmosphere volume are 5.0 x 10-5%. Hydrogen are principally shipped and used in gaseous form for
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refineries, petrochemical companies for hydro treating, catalytic reforming and hydro cracking. Hydrogen is also used in heat treating, metal production, welding, lasers, plastics, food production, and semiconductors. The various properties of hydrogen were given in Table 3. Table 3 Properties of hydrogen Color State Melting point Boiling point
7. Literature definition
Colorless Gas -259.14°C, 14.01 K -252.87°C, 20.28 K
survey
and
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F.K. Forson et al. (2004) a single-cylinder four stroke direct-injection engine operating on diesel fuel, jatropha oil and blends of diesel and jatropha oil in proportions of 97.4%/2.6%; 80%/20%; and 50%/50% by volume. Carbon dioxide emissions were similar for all fuels, the 97.4% diesel/2.6% jatropha fuel blend was observed to be the lower net contributor to the atmospheric level. The test further showed increases in brake thermal efficiency, brake power and reduction of specific fuel consumption for jatropha oil and its blends with diesel generally, but the most of significant conclusion from the study were that the 97.4% diesel/2.6% jatropha fuel blend produced maximum values of the brake power and brake thermal efficiency as well as minimum values of the specific fuel consumption. The result were 97.4%/2.6% fuel blend yielded the highest cetane number and even better engine performance than the diesel fuel suggesting that jatropha oil can be used as an ignition-accelerator additive for diesel fuel. K.Pramanik et al. (2003) the high viscosity of the jatropha curcas oil which has been considered as a potential alternative fuels for the compression ignition (C.I.) engine were decreased by blending with diesel. The performance of the engine using blends and jatropha oil were evaluated in a single cylinder four stroke C.I. engine and compared with the performance obtained with diesel. The specific fuel consumption and the exhaust gas temperature are reduced due to decrease in viscosity of the vegetable oil. From the properties and the engine test results it has been established that 40–50% of jatropha oils can be substituted for diesel without any engine modification and preheating of the blends. Deepak Agarwal et al. (2007) Vegetable oils, due to their agricultural origins, are able to the reduce net CO2 emissions to the atmosphere along with the import substitution of petroleum products. The effect of reducing Jatropha oil viscosity by increasing the fuel temperature (using waste heats of the exhaust gases) and thereby eliminating its effects on combustion and the emissions characteristics of the engine. Experiments are also conducted using Page 1219
Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-3, Issue-2, 2017 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in various blends of Jatropha oils with mineral diesel to study the effect of reduced blends viscosity on emissions and the performance of diesel engine. A single cylinder, four strokes, constant speed, water cooled, direct fuel injection diesel engine typically used in agricultural sector was used for the experiments. The acquired data are analyzed for various parameters such as thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), smoke opacity, and CO2, CO and HC emissions. While operating the engine on Jatropha oils (preheated and blends), performance and the emission parameters were found to be very close to the mineral diesel for lower blends concentrations. However, for higher blends concentration, performance and emissions was observed to be marginally inferior. Siddharth Jain et al. (2011) oil, the production of biodiesel from edible oil resources in the India is not a advisable. Therefore it was necessary to explore non-edible seed oils, like Jatropha curcas oil’s (J. curcas) and Pongamia for biodiesel production. The oxidation stability of the biodiesel from J. curcas oil (JCO) was very poor and therefore ideas are given to increase the oxidation stability are biodiesel by blending it with petro-diesel. Jatropha curcas biodiesel (JCB), when blended with the petro diesel leads to a composition having efficient and the improved oxidation stability. Five antioxidants are used namely butylated hydroxytoluene, tert-butyl hydroquinone, butylated hydroxyanisole, propy l gallate and pyrogallol (PY). A B 30 blend (30 % JCB in the blends of JCB and petro-diesel) has been tested for the same purpose. PY are found to be the best antioxidant among all five antioxidants used. The optimum amount of antioxidant (PY) for pure biodiesel tested for the present experiments are around 100 ppm while it was around 50 ppm for B 30 blends to maintain the international specifications of oxidation stability. Ali Can Yilmaz et al. (2010) hydroxy gas are used as a supplementary fuel in a four cylinder, four strokes, compression ignition (CI) engine without any modification and without need for storage tanks. Its effects on exhaust emissions and the engine performance characteristics are investigated. The experiments showed that constant HHO flow rate at low engine speeds (under the critical speed 1750 rpm for this experimental study), turned advantages of the HHO system into the disadvantages for engine torque, carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC) emissions and specific fuel consumption (SFC). The engine speed below 1750rpm due to the long opening time of intake manifolds at low speeds. The HHO system addition to the engine without any modification resulted in increasing engine torque output by a verage of 19.1%, reducing Carbon monoxide emissions by an average of 13.5%, Hydrocarbon emissions by an average of 5% and SFC by an average of 14%. Xiaolai He et al. (2006)
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the use of hydrogen fuel are that it can be renewable and can reduced emissions. A hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) with a hydrogen-fueled internal combustion (IC) engine had the potential of becoming a lowemission low-cost practical solution in the near future. The power train utilized compressed gaseous hydrogen as fuel, a boosted hydrogen IC engine, an induction motor, a hydraulic transmission power, regenerative braking system, advanced nickel–metal hybrid batteries, and a real-time control system. The prototype vehicle and emphasizes some of the unique features of this energy-saving clean environment solution.
8. Summary 1. The diesel and jatropha oil in proportions of 97.4% / 2.6% blends yielded the highest cetane number and even the better engine performance. 2. The 30% jatropha oil is viscosity values close to that diesel fuel. 3. To reduce the viscosity of Jatropha oils close to that of conventional diesel fuel in order to make it suitable for use in a C.I. engine and to evaluate the performance of the engine with new alternate fuels. Viscosity of Jatropha diesel blends (up to 30%) was also found close to diesel. 4. The blending of JCB with petro-diesel with less than 20% (v/v) would not need any antioxidants but at the same time, need large storage capacity. 5. Hydroxy gas (HHO) system addition to the engine without any modification resulted in increasing the engine torque are output by an average of 19.1%, the reducing CO emissions by an average of 13.5%, HC emissions by an average of 5% and SFC by an average of 14%. 6. The hydrogen-fuelled hybrid vehicle can compete with a traditional vehicle in the dynamic of performance and produce much lower emissions.
9. Conclusion The main conclusion of the present investigation was to reduce the viscosity of jatropha oil close to that of conventional fuel to make it suitable for use in a C.I.engine and to evaluate the performance of the engine with new alternate fuels. In the present study, viscosity is reduced by (i) preheating the oil (Jatropha oil) and (ii) by blending the Jatropha oil with diesel. Diesel and Jatropha oil are characterized for their various physical, chemical and thermal properties. It was found that heating the Jatropha curcas oil between 85°C and 100°C is adequate to bring down the viscosity in close range to diesel. Among the various blends, the blends containing up to 30% (v/v) jatropha oil have viscosity values close to the diesel fuel. The blend containing of 40% (v/v) vegetable oil has a viscosity slightly higher than that of diesel. The performance and emissions test are conducted with diesel, preheated Jatropha curcas oil, unheated
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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-3, Issue-2, 2017 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in Jatropha oil and blends of Jatropha oil at different loads and constant speed is 1500rpm. BSFC and exhaust gas temperatures for unheated Jatropha oil was found to be higher compared to diesel and heated Jatropha oil. Thermal efficiency is lower for unheated Jatropha oil compared to heated Jatropha oil and diesel. CO2, CO, HC, and smoke opacity were higher for Jatropha oil compared to that of diesel. These emissions are found to be close to diesel for preheated Jatropha oil. For blends, exhaust gas temperature and BSFC are found higher compared to the diesel. Thermal efficiency was also found to be close to diesel for Jatropha oil blends. Emission parameters such as CO, CO2, smoke opacity, and HC were found to have increased with increasing proportion of Jatropha curcas oil in the blends compared to diesel.
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on Environment, Energy and Biotechnology IPCBEE vol.33 (2012) © (2012)IACSIT Press, Singapore [10] Y.V.Hanumantha Rao, Ram Sudheer Voleti1, A.V.Sitarama Raju and P.Nageswara Reddy “Experimental investigations on jatropha biodiesel and additive in diesel engine” Indian Journal of Science and Te chnology Vol.2 No 4 (Apr. 2009). [11] Raphael M. Jingura, Downmore Musademba, and Rutendo Matengaifa “An evaluation of utility of Jatropha curcas L. as a source of multiple energy carriers” International Journal of Engineering, Science and Technology Vol. 2, No. 7, 2010, pp. 115-122 [12] Vijittra Chalatlon, Murari Mohon Roy*, Animesh Dutta and Sivanappan Kumar “Jatropha oil production and an experimental investigation of its use as an alternative fuel in a DI diesel engine” Journal of Petroleum Technology and Alternative Fuels Vol. 2(5), pp. 76-85, May 2011 [13] M.SenthilKumar, A.Ramesh and B. Nagalingam “Experimental Investigations on a Jatropha Oil Methanol Dual Fuel Engine” sae technical paper series [14] Widodo Budi. Santoso, Rosli Abu. Bakar, Sugeng. Ariyono, and Nur. Cholis “Study of Cyclic Variability in Diesel-Hydrogen Dual Fuel Engine Combustion” International Journal of Mechanical&Mechatronics Engineering IJMME-IJENS Vol:12 No:04.
[3] Deepak Agarwal and Avinash Kumar Agarwal (2007) “Performance and emissions characteristics of Jatropha oil (preheated and blends) in a direct injection compression ignition engine” Applied Thermal Engineering 27 (2007) 2314–2323. [4] Siddharth Jain and M.P. Sharma “Oxidation stability of blends of Jatropha biodiesel with diesel” Fuel 90 (2011) 3014–3020. [5] Effect of hydroxyl (HHO) gas addition on performance and exhaust emissions in compression ignition engines” international journal of hydrogen energy xxx (2010) 1-7. [6] Xiaolai He, Timothy Maxwell, and Micheal E. Parten and Senior Member (2006) “Development of a Hybrid Electric Vehicle With a Hydrogen-Fueled IC Engine” ieee transactions on vehicular technology, vol.55, no.6, november 2006. [6] V Ganesan “Internal combustion engines” Mc Graw Hill. [7] Vijittra Chalatlon, Murari Mohon Roy, Animesh Dutta and Sivanappan Kumar “Jatropha oil production and an experimental investigation of its use as an alternative fuel in a DI diesel engine” Journal of Petroleum Technology and Alternative Fuels Vol. 2(5), pp. 76-85, May 2011 [8] Y. V. Hanumantha Rao, V. S. Hariharan “Use of Jatropha Oil Methyl Ester and Its Blends as an Alternative Fuel in Diesel Engine” Use of Jatropha Oil Methyl Ester and Its Blends as an Alternative Fuel in Diesel Engine. [9] Dang Tien Hoa, Bui Hai Trieu and Le Anh Son “The Potential of Jatropha Curcas for Agriculture and Forest Diesel Engine in Vietnam” 2012 International Conference
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