Guinea Conakry political Leadership Contribution to Economy Stability: A Post-Independence (1958-201

International Journal of Business and Management Invention ISSN (Online): 2319 – 8028, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 801X www.ijbmi.org || Volume 6 Issue 3 || March. 2017 || PP—56-62

Guinea Conakry political Leadership Contribution to Economy Stability: A Post-Independence (1958-2015) Toure Cheick Ahmed Mandian*, Sity Daud * Russli Kamaruddin, Faculty of Political science and Center security Studies. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

Abstracts: This study Examines Guinea political Leaderships Contribution towards economy Stability since independence (1958).Why Guinea Economic stagnation is comparable to the other developing nation. A securities industry-based organization, among its other advantages, promotes economic efficiency and competition and encourages foreign investment. Since independence, the market structure has not changed from one in which prices are determined by the market forces of supply and demand. Because some of political leadership manipulating economic resource and maintaining themselves in power. Analysis proves that a more balanced and symmetric approach to central bank Reforms is urgently warranted. Studies on central bank Reforms entirely ignores the potential risks involved in maximizing central bankers' latitude for discretion. The focus of this study is on monetary andfinancial integration, the analysis also covers other integration pillars such as trade andinvestment, connectivity and infrastructure, and regional public goods.

Keywords: Political leadership, Economy, Reforms

I. Introduction The growth of labor unions in the territory, and particularly of the Communist-dominated C.G.T. Confédération Générale du Travail, in which R.D.A. chief, Sekou Toure, was prominent, introduced another irritant into the political situation in Guinea. Therefore Between 1951 and 1954, important political changes took place in Guinea. While the Socialist Party's influence declined, the increment of the Action Democratique et Sociale (the local arm of the R.P.F.) reflected the increase of the petit Blanc population in Guinea's main towns: Conakry, Kindia, Labé, Mamou, Kankan, Boké, N'Zérékoré, and Macenta.

However Political activity for these people, although they were residents of Guinea, was mostly bound up with politics in France.Metropolitan influence projected itself throughout the Overseas Territories and was felt among all who called themselves Frenchmen, whether blank or blackened.Therefore During the prewar colonial period, political activity in Guinea, as in the other parts of French West Africa, was largely in the hands of a little group of French settlers and even fewer African évolués whose background, status or education qualified them as members of the indigenous elite. According to Victor David Du Bois (1997-2016) Study by Alexis Arieff (2014) Said that, International observers ultimately concluded that the overall conduct of the elections had been acceptable. Study Examines Guinea boasts bountiful natural resources, including the world‘s largest known reserves of bauxite (aluminium ore) sizable deposits of high-grade iron ore, diamonds, gold, and uranium; and potential (as yet unverified) offshore oil and gasoline reserves. It too has significant hydroelectric and commercial, agricultural potential. The economic system relies heavily on mineral exports, These reforms secured $2.1 billion in debt relief in 2012, under the World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF) -managed Highly IndebtedCountries initiative. Nevertheless president Alpha Condé ultimately benefitted from cross-ethnic support, apparently in part because other groups feared political consolidation byThere has never been a Fulbe president in Guinea, but the Fulbe community is prominent in domestic and regional commerce.

According to Alieu Darboe(2010) Explain that. The Guinea`s Fulani ethnic group, is thought to be descended from Berbers in the Niger plains.Among native Africans, the Mali Empire was called Manding, which is why the predominant powefull Ethnic in Guinea, as in The Gambia, are called Mandinka, Mandingo or Malinke, which literally means people from Manding.However The territory that is nowadays the Republic of Guinea was part of succeeding empires of West Africa, historically referred to as the Empires of the Western Sudan, living between the 10th and 15th centuries.

1.1.Background of Study This study approach on Guinea political Leaderships Contribustion Two Economies Expert Stability After Post-Independence (1958). Why Guinea Economic still didn‘t modern is comparable to the other developing nation. because by Somes of political leadership manipulating economice resource .and maintaining themself in power According To Mairi MacDonald (2009)Argued that. Influence in Africa to emphasize the French design in the process and the result of decolonization. And manipulated the larger international community. As did the Provisional Government of interest many contemporary historians. Guinea Conakry www.ijbmi.org

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Guinea Conakry political Leadership Contribution to Economy Stability: A Post-Independence Focusing on international relations also risks assumed the answer to a question placed by some of the political science literature concerning the post-colonial African state.For example By Josephine and MwangiS. (2014) A market-based system, among its other advantages, promotes economic efficiency and competition and encourages foreign investment. Since independence, the market structure has no changed from one in which prices are influenced by the market forces of supply and demand.This led to an environment that encouraged private sector participation in agriculture.

II. Literature review Study by Dirk Kohnert(2009) Certainly, the impact of drug trafficking could endanger democratization and state-building if continued unchecked. The Study examines that Recent development cooperation with Guinea-Bissau, focussing on good governance, state-building and conflict prevention, did not contribute to democratization nor to the stabilization of volatile political, military and economic structures.According To Hazel M. McFerson(2010) Several initiatives have been taken in recent years to foster transparency in mineral production and revenue, but with marginal impact.However The oil addiction of developed and emerging economies remains an oil malediction for African ack of accountability enables elite appropriation of resources which in turn raises the monetary value of political control and finances continued repression.

According to Giovanni Capannelli( 2011) It suggests the need to create new institutions in support of Asian regionalism and to adopt a broad perspective inmoving towards the formation of a region-wide economic community based on strongpolitical commitment and grassroots participation.While the focus of the Study is on monetary andfinancial integration, the analysis also covers other integration pillars such as trade andinvestment, connectivity and infrastructure, and regional public goods.According To Jörg Bibow (2001) The analysis shows that a more balanced and symmetric approach to central bank Reforms is urgently warranted. Therefore Most worrisome, the inflationary bias featured prominently in the time-inconsistency literature has encouraged the development of a dangerously one-sided approach to central bank Reforms that entirely ignores the potential risks involved in maximizing central bankers' latitude for discretion.

According to Mazihid Kat(2015) That is why the main driving force in the self-help world is the national interest. Among its ideas is anarchy. Realists believe that there is no centralized global authority that limits sovereign states and determines their actions. The Study examines Realism is one of the oldest paradigms in International Relation and International Political Economy (IPE). It is ―a spectrum of ideas‖ based on shared principles about what determines states behaviours towards one another. However by Arsalan Alshinawi (2014)Explain that.After independence, the Maltese government faced the challenge of an extremely rigid economic structure,. their foreign policy towards the Soviet Union, and its successor, the Russian Federation.

The ‗bilateral agenda‘ of both parties remained focussed on ‗trade and economicties‘ as the ‗most promising areas of cooperation.Nevertheles ‘On the international stage, in the world system and the European continent, the former was a powerful actor during the Cold War, and the latter is Study Anshuman Gupta & Surbhi Arora ( 2013).The importance of Crude Oil to modern industrial society grew rapidly with the proliferation of automobiles in the early 1900s. But the turning point for Oil's importance was the First World War. Therefore Iraq, Iran, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia have more proven oil reserves than the rest most important commodity due to the development and dependence on energy of all humans in the world. According To Bouffard, Troy.(2016)Argue that.Norway‘s more cautious prevention policies promote domestic economic stability In a progressively interdependent world, this study contributes insight into contemporary international relations regarding aspects of partnerships, energy economics, and geostrategic policy.

Study by Mucci, Steven A(2015) Finally, the institutions supporting the international oil and gas industry can be arranged in a hierarchy based on their relative importance. However First, oil and natural gas are essential for sustaining current economic activity and promoting economic growth.The effectiveness with which these risks are managed in the oil and natural gas industry are important for several reasons. the Study Examines tha, for a secure supply of oil and natural gas affects the political, military and economic relations between countries.Their strategies include corporate finance, joint ventures, project finance, alliances and energy diplomacy.

2.2.The political Origins of Social mobility Study by Shani, Danielle(2009) He identify several viable routes for narrowing inequalities in political interest, since cognitive and cultural resources, The examines the origins of political interest, an approach new to political development study , while underscoring the tension between class reproduction and class mobility.

According to Park, Doyoung(2013) explores the utilitarian aspects of the Neo-Confucianism‘s rise in the early Tokugawa period. Neo-Confucianism was an important intellectual foundation for political leaders because it served as the cultural medium of Chinese civilization. www.ijbmi.org

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Guinea Conakry political Leadership Contribution to Economy Stability: A Post-Independence Another Study Yellin,Steven(2007) Argue that.by woodrow wilson‘s Democratic administration dismantled a Republican Reconstruction-era coalition of black and white liberals that had struggled throughout the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries to safeguard government offices as places of racial egalitarianism. The Authors examines federal employment as a lever and obstacle for racial equality and social mobility in the age of progressive politics. According to Hao, Yu(2013) The Study finds much lower rates of mobility in all eras than previous studies have suggested, though there is some increase in mobility in the Republican and Communist eras.However study estimates the rate of intergenerational social mobility in Late Imperial, Republican and Communist China by examining the changing social status of originally elite surnames over time. Social Mobility of China, 1645–2012: For example .Roger D. (2006) The Study demonstrates that individuals may opt for governmental provision of income security ser-vices, when there is uncertainty about the quality of private club services, because naturally high exit costs allow national governments to economi-cally address the problem of adverse selection. According to . Fernando ( 2010) The Power to tax and taxation is geared towards the creation of mandatory conditions for people and organizations, imposed by a government to get resources to finance spending on public goods and services and to control the volume of private spending in the economy.

2.3. Urban policy Study by Meacham, Terry(2014) While urban agriculture may represent one possible strategy for coping with food insecurity, its contribution should not be over-emphasized in the context of urban environments in Peru. However is but better socioeconomic status and maternal education were positively associated and highly correlated. The Study examines that,Among households in the bottom two quartiles of wealth, increasing wealth of urban residents was shown to help to mitigate food insecurity. According to Clement, Bell (2014) To that end, Johnson relied on presidential task forces rather than Federal agencies in developing his domestic agenda. The Authors examines that,Johnson's effort was directed to consolidating national domestic policymaking power in the executive branch and, to the extent possible, in the Executive Office of the President itself.

Fortheremore .Attwairi, Almokhtar (2015) .Despite the fact that urban planning authorities established and developed several projects and planning generation series, there have been such issues and challenges tackling the fast growth of urban centers, which resulted in population concentration and shortage of services such as housing. This study focuses on the urban growth and management of the city of Tripoli, Libya with an emphasis on the contribution of the economic, social. Study by Bassett, Samuel(2015) The decline in local leadership especially regimes,an increased demand for complex amenities, and the emergence of a trans-urban policy network provide outside actors with agenda setting power.Although urban leaders may rely on outside actors for agenda items, local leaders retain the ability to determine the physical distribution and interaction of infrastructure, which impacts the efficacy of urban revitalization projects.

According to Hana Brixi (2009)It recognizes that China has been undertaking comprehensive reforms to enhance equity and quality in public service delivery. governance challenges in public service delivery in China. perceptions sometimes diverged from the evidence and pointed to significant information asymmetries.

Explaining the survey results, the study reveals problems of inadequacy, inequality and misaligned incentives in public resource allocation.For example by Paul Kantor (2014)Re-making social policy depends upon creating broad interest coalitions that can succeed in promoting redistributive programs.However this distinction makes it possible to identify different obstacles to equality within specific policy boundaries. Accordingly, the Social and Developmental faces must be re-shaped in quite different ways for more equitable policies to emerge According To( J. Vernon :2000) However larger effort in the group to analyze the role of economic geography and urbanization in the development process, particularly as influenced by infrastructure investment and political decentralization. The Studies examines list of countries with highly excessive concentration includes Argentina, Chile, Costa Rica, and Panama (in Latin America); the Republic of Korea and Thailand in Asia Congo in Africa; and Greece, Ireland, and Portugal in Europe. Many of these countries have explicitly unitary governments or federal structures have traditionally been severely constrained.

Another Study by Amy Widestrom(2014) Explain .Urban Studies tend to focus on local political or economic arrangements to explain this phenomenon, while public policy emphasize the role of special interest or bureaucratic influence on policy success or failure. For Examples by (Edward H. :2006) Argue that. Global sustainable development issues are discussed in the comparative context of future growth and urban development in the United States and China. The Authors Argue that, the development of China's modern cities and China's emerging urban planning and growth management programs related to implementing its newly established sustainable development policies. According To Adam Radzimski(2015) Explain that. resulted from the underlying dynamics of socio-economic processes, and to what extent can they be seen as a result of strategic decision making, resulting from a critical evaluation of the initial phase of policy implementation.

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Guinea Conakry political Leadership Contribution to Economy Stability: A Post-Independence III. Housing and Rents According To Ozimek, Adam.(2013)The results present suggestive evidence that the impacts of switching to marginal rents may be large enough to significantly impact monetary policy and allow the Federal Reserve to be more responsive to both the boom and bust of housing bubbles.This Study examines the implications of sticky rents on the measurement of owner-occupied housing in the Consumer Price Index .

However the results show that marginal rents reflect market turning points sooner, and show a larger posthousing bubble decline in rents.Another Study Warren, Emily J.(2016) Studies results indicate that school instability is more strongly and consistently associated than residential instability with increases in internalizing and externalizing behavior.Therefore Housing-related poverty, which includes problems such as residential instability, unaffordability, and overcrowding, are common experiences among many low-income families. This Studies is critical for best directing policy efforts that aim to reduce incidences of housing-related poverty.

According To Dowd, Pamela (2012) During the first half of the decade, housing prices increased at an unprecedented rate and homeownership rates reached an all time high. However in theory, government-imposed land use regulations place constraints on how land can be utilized, which limits supply and increases costs. For Example By Baptiste, Oliver .(2015) Using a sample of 417 consumer reports on rental applicants living in the Los Angeles County, California, market, analyses explore associations between demographic variables, household debt and expenses, and the presence of a court-documented eviction record.The Authors examines that, rental housing industry grew to an unprecedented size, which contributed more than $1 trillion to the economy and added over 5 million households since the collapse of the housing bubble in 2006.Nevertheless economically challenged rental households underscore foreseeable housing instability in the evolving rentership society characterized 4.2.Communist ideology and transformation Study By Hu, Xiao(2009) The Authors explores the political impacts on the architectural profession and demonstrates that the Chinese Communist Party sought a full control over the architectural profession through its operational and ideological restructurings.Therefore This Studies examines changes in China‘s architectural profession between 1949 and 1959, the first decade of the communist regime. Finally, this study creates an understanding of the characteristics of current Chinese architecture, and encourages a further study of recent changes in the architectural profession after China‘s re-adoption of the capitalist system in economy since the 1980s.According To Le Hong Hiep(2012) This Studies examines the link between the legitimation process of the Communist Party of Vietnam.However, it has also presented the with serious challenges in maintaining uninterrupted socio-economic development in the context of the country‘s growing integration with the global economic system which is experiencing instability.

4.3.Education Transformation System in Guinea Conakry Michael Midling (2006) USAID‘s interventions since 1997 have been of two major types. The first involved collaboration with ministry counterparts for improving preparation and teaching. The second has been the reinforcement of communities‘ capacity to participate in the life of the school. However At the kickoff of this period, access to primary education had already commenced to rapidly increase, but the command was marked by low quality levels and a weak capacity for organization-wide planning.USAID/Guinea has invested 57 million bucks for the implementation of its scheme for the current planning cycle (1997-2006). Study by Darshan Datar(2012) Eventually, it will look at what it claims is a raw wave of colonial values that is created by globalization and look at the effects that delivers on the educational arrangement. The Study examines That. The foundation of instruction is one of the mainstays on which the evolution of society rest, the institution is a powerful instrument for both the bed covering of knowledge as well as handling.as handling. Nowhere is this paradox highlighted more than in colonial countries.For examples by Thalia González(2015) Although public education activism is hardly new, the emergence of community organizing as a strategy to reform and challenge punitive school discipline policies is a more recent phenomenon.However School reform organizing has developed most rapidly in low-income neighborhoods and districts where communities of color have long suffered from poor performing schools, shortages of qualified teachers, low academic achievement, Study by Kanishka Jayasuriya(2013) The Study seeks to examine the shift of the public university as it refers to more tolerant state and organization tasks. Therefore Mass higher education has changed substantially in tandem with the broader changes associated with the social and political compromises over the last few decades. And the transformation of the public university needs to be understood in this context. According to Srikant Misra (2012) The total education system of the world under one roof.by which transformation of knowledge in justified manner to attain the goals of life. Nevertheles The term globalization" means integration of economies and societies through cross country flows of information, ideas, technologies, goods, services, capital, finance and people. Cross border integration can have several dimensions cultural, social, political and economic. www.ijbmi.org

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Guinea Conakry political Leadership Contribution to Economy Stability: A Post-Independence 4.3.Politics and immigration Security in guinea Conakry

By Rothchild, and Robert L. (1978) Argeud that ,peoples from Europe imposed their systems, procedures, and values upon the local inhabitants, who were in no position to offer effective resistance for want of technical and organizational knowledge.A fluid situation prevailed in which European administrators had a fleeting opportunity to override fissiparous forces and to promote institutional linkages. The Study examines Decision costs were low. During this unique but transitory phase, foreign administrators, largely unaccountable to local guidance or control, exercised a wide measure of discretion by shaping the state institutions of the future. By Chris Perez(2015) The illegal migrants who were hitching a ride did not have any papers and were identified in the police statement only as ―TD and AB from Guinea Conakry. The four men are now all under official investigation, authorities alleged. However The migrants, both from Guinea, each received first aid after suffering from a lack of oxygen due to their cramped quarters. It is not clear how long the humans had been concealed within the vehicle.

Another Katherine L. Vaughns(2013)this political cauldron, the appearance of border security and control through symbolism and political rhetoric substitute or practical realities that are essential to inform policymakers about the appropriate administration and enforcement.However Immigration reform is the subject of intense discussion among politicians, policy experts, analysts, and advocacy groups. However, Immigrationing to ignore this reality will have consequences adverse to national interests across the panel.For example by Alex Nowrasteh(2016) Terrorism is a hazard to human life and material prosperity that should be addressed in a sensible manner whereby the benefits of actions to contain it outweigh the costs. Foreign-born terrorists who entered the country, either as immigrants Study by Lauren L. Martin(2013) Generally together, these Studies s exemplify legal, governmentality, and ethnographic approaches to immigration enforcement, and a broader ambivalence .Study examines rightscentered policy recommendations in the predominantly promigrant field of immigration studies.However Three recent analyze how this global migration hysteria unfolds in specific national juridico-political contexts.According to Matthew J. Lindsay(2010) Then as now, characterize most immigration lawmaking - but rather to the defense of the nation against foreign aggression.B ( situaThen, asis radical yet extremely durable doctrinal transformation within its appropriate intellectual and political contex.However The Study seeks to denaturalize the ―national security rationale‖ for immigration exceptionalism.

5.1. Business and Management The absence of adequate crisis management strategies in small firms could result in a premature small business closure. According to Wilson, Dovie.(2016) The Examined that ,Small business owners who implement survival strategies may contribute to positive social change by continuing to create employment opportunities that improve economic conditions in local communities.However Recommendations for action include securing adequate insurance coverage, investing in a worker‘s compensation policy, and maintaining transparent and fluent communications with vendors and consumers. Nevertheless By Passamaneck, Linda J.(2016) These consequences continue to renew interest in understanding the ethical decision-making of managers.The Found that.ethical decisions in a globalized business environment and ongoing ethical failures in business organizations yield severe consequences at the individual, organizational, and even global economic level.By Garcia, Joshua R. (2015) This study examined the relationship between the perception of business attire and leadership style, does leader gender matter.Therefore For the leadership style of initiating structure, study results indicate that gender of the follower, number of employees of an organization, and the LAQ rating score were significant and are predictors of the leadership behavior of initiating structure. The results also showed that small organization employees and administrative/support positions perceive leader business attire more important.By Griffey, Arlen.(2010) study investigated relationships between the availability of business infrastructure during the mega-disaster.Results from the study suggested businesses have different needs based on whether operations are traditional brick and mortar or Internet-based organizations. The study examined perceptions of Gulf coast small business leaders who sustained business operations during the 2005 storm season. A statistically significant correlation emerged between small business leaders‘ perceived pre-disaster planning and perceived severity of real results.

6.2.Politics and Ethics Kalie, Merom, (2015) Argued that,the conceptual ethical mechanisms the two thinkers developed in order to prevent connectedness or solidarity from devolving into destructive social and political behaviour.by placing ethical considerations at the basis of his concept of solidarity.The aim of the Study is to examine the ways in which these thinkers dealt with the possible tension between human solidarity and connectedness on the one hand, and the need for ethical restraints on the other.by Hachadoorian, Lee(2011) Explain that.local governments will function as a market in local services, leading to efficient allocation of local public goods. by focusing on socioeconomic difference across local government borders. for supporting local control in public goods with such significant distributive impacts, equalizing transfers are necessary to achieve just outcomes. www.ijbmi.org

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Guinea Conakry political Leadership Contribution to Economy Stability: A Post-Independence Gaudet, Matthew J.(2015)This Study focuses on the nonnative relationship between formal ethical theory and practical moral decision-making. the past four American Presidents, operating in the in the ethically pluralist political landscape of the Stability , justify decisions to use or refrain from using populations force overseas.The Study examines Because of this strong historical influence on the presidential tradition, the case history of "good" and "bad" wars in the American consciousness often serves as the moral standard for involvement in future Stability . Furthermor by Chandran(2016)Argued that,Political treatises since their beginning never got back in emphasizing on ethics.Therefore The emergence of structured state and government together with the growth of democratic values shows several predicaments on the part of both the ruler and the ruled. In fact, ethics sustains politics in all its forms and practices. the ethics in absolute or relative terms always assumes significance. When politicians and governance give up their goodness, it is necessary to public.

IV. Conclusion This study investigated that Guinea political Leaderships Contribution towards economy Stability since independence .Why Guinea Economic stagnation is comparable to the other developing nation. As securities industry-based organization, among its other advantages, promotes economic efficiency and competition and encourages foreign investment. The focus of this study is on monetary andfinancial integration, the analysis also covers other integration pillars such as trade andinvestment, connectivity and infrastructure, and regional public goods.Study seeks to examine the shift of the public university as it refers to more tolerant state and organization tasks. The term globalization" means integration of economies and societies through cross country flows of information, ideas, technologies, goods, services, capital, finance and people. While urban agriculture may represent one possible strategy for coping with food insecurity, its contribution should not be overemphasized in the context of urban environments in Peru. However is but better socioeconomic status and maternal education were positively associated and highly correlated.

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