International Organization for Migration (IOM) Displacement Tracking Matrix (DTM) Ecuador Earthquake 2016 Site assessments – Round 1 In response to the earthquake in Pedernales, Ecuador, the International Organization for Migration (IOM) is currently implementing the Displacement Tracking Matrix (DTM). DTM Ecuador is collecting information regarding the locations, the numbers, the needs and the vulnerabilities of the population displaced as a result of the earthquake. This first report of DTM Ecuador presents the main findings derived from the information collected in 76 sites hosting 10 or more displaced families in various regions affected by the earthquake1. The evaluation was implemented in different cantons in the provinces of Manabí and Esmeraldas between the 4th and 7th of May 2016. Methodology The assessment was carried out by three IOM mobile teams with a questionnaire administered to key informants2 in order to obtain updated information on the conditions of the sites where displaced persons are hosted. The unit of assessment is a site (i.e. camp, lodgings or collective centers, spontaneous sites and host families) and data from the Ministry of Social and Economic Inclusion (MIES) was used as the basis for identifying the sites on the ground. The data collected includes, among others:
Site classification. Use of the site before the arrival of displaced population. Demographic data of the displaced population. Information on vulnerable groups. Conditions in the sites and needs by sector (e.g. water, health, food etc.). Perceptions of security, privacy and dignity.
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Some of the evaluated sites could have less than 10. Note also that there can be cases of sites hosting 10 or more families which have not been captured by the first evaluation. In future evaluations, DTM will include a greater number of geographical areas in order to provide a more complete view of displacement caused by the earthquake. 2 Including staff from the Ministry of Social and Economic Inclusion, Armed Forces, community leaders and displaced persons.
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Assessed provinces and cantons The majority of assessed sites were in cantons of the Manabí province, Manta standing out with 14 affected sites and Jama and Portoviejo with 7 sites each. The remaining 23 sites are located in the Esmeraldas province in the Muisne canton. Table 1. Number of assessed sites by province and canton Province Canton Esmeraldas Muisne Manabí Bolívar Chone Flavio Alfaro Jama Jaramijó Manta Montecristi Pedernales Portoviejo Rocafuerte San Vicente Sucre Total
Number of sites 23 1 1 4 7 1 14 2 4 7 4 6 2 76
Chart 1. Assesed sites per canton San Vicente 8% Rocafuerte 5%
Sucre 3% Muisne 30%
Portoviejo 9% Pedernales 5% Montecristi 3% Manta 19%
Bolívar 4% Chone 1% Flavio Alfaro Jaramijó Jama 3% 9% 1%
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Displaced population The 76 sites assessed by IOM are currently hosting 2,989 families with a total of 11,274 individuals. As mentioned above, the number includes only families and persons in sites hosting 10 or more families. The number captured by DTM is, thus, smaller than the number reported by MIES and the estimates of the Ministry of Urban Development and Housing (MIDUVI) (based on an assessment of affected homes).
73,000 estimated living based on evaluation of by MIDUVI
33,000 identified by MIES
11,274 monitored by IOM/DTM
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Map 1. Displaced population (individuals) by canton
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Use of the sites before displacement The majority of sites are located in open lots. However, it is important to note that 19 assessed sites – 25% of the total – were used as schools before accommodating the displaced population. Chart 2: Site use before displacement 25 20 20
19
19
15 10
8
8
5
2
0 Lote abierto
Otro
Escuela
Parque o plaza
Centro deportivo
Edificio privado
Water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) In terms of WASH, it is important to note that the distribution and quantity of water varies depending on factors such as location of sites (i.e. rural or urban) and the presence of authorities like MIES and the Armed Forces. More than 50% of the sites report receiving more than two liters of drinking water per person per day. Nonetheless, around 37% reported that they had received drinking water distributions, while in approximately 6% it was reported that less than two liters of water per person were received. A similar situation presents itself with regard to water for domestic consumption purposes: the majority of sites evaluated report receiving sufficient water daily, but a considerable number does not receive water or the quantity is insufficient.
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Chart 3. Daily distribution of drinking water
1% 3%
Sí, más de 2L por persona Sí, menos de 2L por persona
37% 53%
No No sabe
6% No info
Chart 4. Daily distribution of water for domestic use
1%
3%
Sí, más de 15L por persona Sí, menos de 15L por persona
28%
No 8%
60% No sabe No info
Sites accommodating displaced people in rural areas present deficient and in some cases critical conditions, in terms of equipment for sanitation and hygiene. The number of available latrines in the majority of sites is insufficient and there are sites in which there are no latrines or where the number of persons per latrines is higher than 100: in the evaluated sites, 18 do not have latrines and in 4 there are more than 100 people per latrine.
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Chart5. Number of persons per latrine 5% 4% 24%
MĂĄs de 100 Entre 76 y 100 Entre 51 y 75 Entre 26 y 50 Menos de 25 Sin letrinas
9%
21% 37%
Similarly, it was confirmed that a considerable number of sites do not have latrines/bathrooms and separate bathing areas for men and women. Chart 6. Latrines separated for men and women
Chart 7. Shower facilities separated for men and women
25%
35%
No
No
SĂ
SĂ
65% 75%
Diet and nutrition In terms of diet and nutrition, it is reported that in 34% of the assessed sites food distribution is irregular, meanwhile in 22% it is daily and in 18% it is distributed two times per week. The majority of sites report that there is no distribution of supplementary nutrition to lactating mothers, pregnant women and children.
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Chart 8. Frequency of food distributions 30
26
25 20
17 14
15
9
10
4
5
2
1
1
1
1
0 Irregular Todos los Dos Una vez Nunca dĂas veces por por semana semana
No info Una vez Por Cada dos No sabe al mes cuenta semanas propia
Health The primary health issue reported in 33% of the sites are acute respiratory infections, while 20% cite diarrhea. Given the sanitation conditions in the majority of visited sites, it is possible that infections will increase in frequency as many interviewees have mentioned the presence of flies and mosquitos is rising. Chart 9. Principal health concerns 30 25 25 20 15 15 10 10 5
6
4
3
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
0
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Although the majority of sites covered by the assessment have health service points or receive assistance through mobile clinics, 32% of sites reported that the displaced population has no secure Access to health services and installments. Chart 10. Secure access to health services and installations
3% 1% Sí
32%
No
64%
Livelihoods Given that the earthquake-affected zones are on Ecuador’s coast, 34 sites (45% of the total) cited fishing as the occupation of the majority of men, with 11 sites (14% of the total) reporting agriculture as men’s main occupation, and 7 sites (9% of the total) reporting the majority of men to be employed in the informal sector. Meanwhile, in 29 of assessed sites (38% of the total) women’s main occupation is in domestic work, with 10 sites (13%) reporting that the majority of women work in fishing. Chart 11. Principal occupation of men in assessed sites 40 35
34
30 25 20 15 10 5
11
11 7
6
3
2
1
1
0
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Chart 12. Principal occupation of women in assessed sites 35 30
29
25 20 14
15 10
9
10
8 5
5 1 0 Ama de casa
Pesca
Ninguno
No info
Comercio informal
Otro
No sabe
In 60% of assessed sites it was reported that less than 25% of households currently have access to income-generating activities, with fishing activities in the zone affected by the earthquake. Chart 13. Percentage of households with access to incomegenerating activities
3% 1%
5%
Menor al 25%
7%
De 26% a 50% De 51% a 75%
24%
60%
De 76% a 100% No info No responde
Security, dignity and privacy The majority of assessed sites did not report significant security issues. This is largely due to the frequent presence of police and army in or nearby displacement sites. Nevertheless, 37% of assessed sites reported that there is no permanent presence of security forces. 10 www.humanitarianresponse.info/en/operations/ecuador/coordinaci%C3%B3n-y-gesti%C3%B3n-de-campamentos iomecalbergues@iom.int
Chart 14. Permanent security presence on site
1% No 37%
SĂ
62%
No info
It is also noteworthy that a significant number of assessed sites reported not having lighting in communal areas or, where lighting exists, that it is insufficient. Less than half of the assessed sites have adequate lighting in communal areas. Chart 15. Lighting in communal areas No info 1%
None 21%
Deficient 30%
Adequate 48%
Meanwhile, in 25% of assessed sites did key informants confirm that there are places on site which women and girls prefer to avoid.
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Chart 16. Prevalence of areas which women and girls tend to avoid 1%
25%
74%
No
SĂ
No info
Access to Information In 22 assessed sites (29% of the total) the displaced population mentioned more information about access to humanitarian assistance as the primary information need, whilst in 9 sites (12% of the total) they expressed a primary wish for more information about security, and in 7 sites (9% of the total) more information about the situation in areas of origin was considered most important. Chart 17. Additional information which would be useful 25
22
20 15 10 5
11
9
7
7
8 5
4
2
1
0
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