LIST OF FIGURES

PART 1

Figure 1.1. Brazil in the world map. Figure 1.2. City of Rio de Janeiro in the states map of Brazil. Figure 1.3. States map of Rio de Janeiro Figure 1.4. The Statue of “Christ the Redeemer” Figure 1.5. Mountains and the sea of Rio de Janeiro Figure 1.6. Pedra da Gavea Mountain Figure 1.7. Parque Nacional da Tijuca Figure 1.8. Declaration of independence from Portugal when a constitutional monarchy was established. 1822 September 7th Figure 1.9. View of Rio de Janeiro from the church of the monastery of São Bento c. 1820 Figure 1.10 . Slave market in Rio – 1823 Figure 1.11. The acclamation ceremony of King John VI of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil on 6 February 1818 Figure 1.12. Map of Rio de Janeiro, 1820 Figure 1.13 Average monthly rainy days in Rio de Janeiro. Figure 1.14 Flood in Rio de Janeiro due to the heavy rain, 9 April 2019 Figure 1.15. Convenient wind allows surfing activities in Rio de Janeiro Figure 1.16. The citizens handle extreme summer heat by cooling in the ocean Figure 1.17. Rio de Janeiro - Division of Geographical Zones Figure 1.18. Rio de Janeiro - Map of planning areas and administrative regions Figure 1.19. Age Pyramid of Rio de Janeiro Figure 1.20. Human Development Index by administrative regions - 2000 (IPP Rio, 2000c) Figure 1.21. Average monthly income in minimum salaries of head of household by neighbourhood- 2000 (IPP Rio, 2000c) Figure 1.22. Primary education in Rio Figure 1.23. Literacy rate of Rio de Janeiro throughout the years Figure 1.24. Number of students enroll to the schools. Figure 1.25. Proportion of literate people aged 15 or more by neighbourhood- 2000 (IPP Rio, 2000c) Figure 1.26. Avenida Central in 1900s Figure 1.27. Avenida Central in 1900s Figure 1.28. The opening of the Avenida Central and the impact on the city’s urban fabric Figure 1.29. Demolition of Morro do Castelo, 31/08/1922 Figure 1.30. Demolition of Morro do Castelo, 09/10/1922 Figure 1.31. Demolition of Morro do Castelo, 24/10/1922

Figure 1.32. Demolition of Morro do Castelo, 22/11/1922 Figure 1.33. Agache Plan zoning diagram for residentials Figure 1.34. Urban fabric before the construction of Avenue Presidente Vargas Figure 1.35. Urban fabric after the construction of Avenue Presidente Vargas Figure 1.36. Urban fabric after the construction of Avenue Presidente Vargas Figure 1.37. Urban fabric before the construction of Avenue Presidente Vargas Figure 1.38. Urban fabric before the construction of Avenue Presidente Vargas Figure 1.39. Urban fabric before the construction of Avenue Presidente Vargas Figure 1.40. Constantino Doxiadis presenting his plan Figure 1.41. Doxiadis plan, or also known as Polychromatic Plan for the large circulation routes Figure 1.42. The red line almost finished in 1994 Figure 1.43. Construction of viaduct over Avenida Brazil, 1991 Figure 1.44. Gated communities in Rio de Janeiro Figure 1.45. Gated communities in Rio de Janeiro

PART 2

Figure. 2.1. Inequality, poverty and slum formation. Source: United Nations Figure. 2.2. World distribution of slum dwellers (millions) by region, 2001. Source: United Nations Figure. 2.3 Urban health map of Rio de Janeiro, 2002. Source: RionOnWatch Figure. 2.4 Urban health map of Rio de Janeiro, 2010. Source: RionOnWatch Figure 2.5. Income share held by 20% the most wealthiest of Brazil. Source: World Bank Data. Figure 2.6. Poverty Headcount Ratio at $1.90 a day (2011 PPP) Source: World Bank Data. Figure 2.7. Conjunto in Citade de Deus in Rio de Janeiro. Photo: Márcio Alves. Source: https://oglobo.globo.com Figure 2.8. Rocinha Favela in Rio de Janeiro. Figure. 2.9 Alemao Favela in Rio de Janeiro Figure 2.10 The spatial development of Rio's favelas in 1910 Figure 2.11 The spatial development of Rio's favelas in 1940 Figure 2.12 The spatial development of Rio's favelas in 1970 Figure 2.13 The spatial development of Rio's favelas in 1995 Figure 2.14 The spatial development of Rio's favelas in 2000 Figure 2.15 The spatial development of Rio's favelas in 2010. Figure 2.16 Growth of Favela and Non favela in Rio de Janeiro. Population Index 1950 = 100. Source: Pereira Passos Riio de Jnaeiro taken from Perlman, 2010 Figure 2.17 Proportion of total favela population in each year, according to AP - Rio de Janeiro - Source: IBGE, Demographic Census Figure 2.18. Favela population map by neighbourhood, 2010. Source: IPP Instituto Pereira Passos Figure 2.19 Favela residents building their own houses. Photo: Solene Veysseyre. Source: Arcdaily. Figure 2.20 Marcio's house. He grew up in a single story, gabled-roof house that his father built. 25 years ago, he built a first floor above the house; today he has resumed work and is gradually building a second floor. Photo: Solene Veysseyre. Source: Arcdaily.

List of Figures

Figure 2.21 Facade of a favela building. Photo: Solene Veysseyre. Source: Arcdaily. Figure 2.22 Interior of one of the favelas in Complexo do Alemao. Photo: Solene Veysseyre. Source: Arcdaily. Figure 2.23 Interior of one of the favelas in Complexo do Alemao. Photo: Solene Veysseyre. Source: Arcdaily. Figure 2.24 Thr roof of one of the favelas in Complexo do Alemao. Photo: Solene Veysseyre. Source: Arcdaily. Figure 2.25 Interior windows. Usually steel bars in star-like shaped are used as protection. Photo: Solene Veysseyre. Source: Arcdaily. Figure 2.26 Some of the abandoned buildings are used as social places due to the lack of space and facility. Photo: Solene Veysseyre. Source: Arcdaily. Figure 2.27 Density of favelas. Photo: Solene Veysseyre. Source: Arcdaily. Figure 2.28 Narrow spacing between buildings. Photo: Solene Veysseyre. Source: Arcdaily. Figure 2.29 House for Sale in Vidigal Favela. Source: http://tyba.com.br/ Figure 2.30 House for Sale in Favela. Source: http://tyba.com.br/ Figure . 2.31 Sewage problem in favelas Figure. 2.32 Water tanks are located on the rooftops in favelas Figure 2.33 Garbage problem in favelas Figure 2.34 Illegal electricity cables in favelas Figure . 2.35 Ambulance in favela streets Figure 2.36 To fight the fire, the agents used coastal pumps and dampers, due to the difficulty of accessing the community's alleys with pressurized water, using hoses. Fiure. 2.37 Military tanks in favela streets Figure 2.38 Narrow streets of favela

PART 3

Figure. 3.1 Proletariat Parks Figure. 3.2 FAFERJ meeting, still active today Figure. 3.3 Conjuntos in Vila Kenedy Figure. 3.4 Paved streets in Acari Figure. 3.5 Mail route in Acari Figure. 3.6 Before Favela-Bairro - Salgueiro Figure. 3.7 After Favela-Bairro upgrades by Jorge Mario Jauregui Architecture – Salgueiro Figure. 3.8 Before Favela-Bairro - Campinho Figure. 3.9 After Favela-Bairro upgrade by Jorge Mario Jauregui Architecture Campinho Figure. 3.10 Before Favela-Bairro - Vidigal Figure. 3.11 After Favela-Bairro upgrade by Jorge Mario Jauregui Architecture Vidigal Figure. 3.12 Cable Car in Complexo de Alemao opened in 2011,funded by PAC

Figure. 3.13 Pedestrian bridge designed by Oscar Niemeyer,funded by PAC Fig. 3.14 "Pica-Pau, in the North Zone's Cordovil, is one of the 815 favelas to receive upgrades according to the Morar Carioca decree. Residents say their hopes for the upgrades center on water and trash collection." Source: RioonWatch: A History of Favela Upgrades Part III: Morar Carioca in Vision and Practice (2008 – 2013) Figure 3.15 "To prepare for Morar Carioca in Asa Branca, iBase organized workshops in which residents spoke about both their desires from and their duties to the government and each other in the urbanization process." SOURCE: RioonWatch. Figure 3.16 "The President of the Asa Branca Residents’ Association watches as a resident is interviewed by an iBase documentary film crew in preparation for the community’s upgrades under Morar Carioca. This began in ten groups of favelas; iBase’s contract was then cut". SOURCE: RioonWatch. Figure 3.17 An upgrade example: Before Morar-Carioca Figure 3.18 An upgrade example: After Morar-Carioca Figure 3.19 One of the winning teams analysis and proposals for Morar Carioca - Flat And Sloped Areas. SOURCE: Vigliecca Associados Figure 3.20 One of the winning teams analysis and proposals for Morar Carioca SOURCE: Vigliecca Associados

PART 4

Figure 4.1. Map of Rio de Janeiro - AP1 Figure 4.2. Map of Planning Area 1 Figure 4.3. Satellite view of Favela Vila Arara. Source: Google Earth Figure 4.4. Satellite view of Favela Mangueira. Source: Google Earth Figure 4.5. Satellite view of Favela Morro da Providencia. Source: Google Earth Figure 4.6. Satellite view of Favela Catumbi. Source: Google Earth Figure 4.7. Satellite view of Favela Bispo. Source: Google Earth Figure 4.8. Map of planning area 1 with regional administration divisions Figure 4.9. Map of favela Vila Arará, its borders and immeadiate surrounding Figure 4.10. Map of favela Morro da Providencia, its borders and immeadiate surrounding Figure 4.11. Map of favela Mangueira, its borders and immeadiate surrounding Figure 4.12. Map of favela Catumbi its borders and immeadiate surrounding Figure 4.13. Map of favela Bispo, its borders and immeadiate surrounding Figure 4.14. Map of Rio de Janeiro - AP2 Figure 4.15. Map of Planning Area 2 Figure 4.16. Satellite view of Favela Parque Vila Isabel. Source: Google Earth Figure 4.17. Satellite view of Favela Borel. Source: Google Earth Figure 4.18. Satellite view of Favela Morro dos Cabritos. Source: Google Earth Figure 4.19. Satellite view of Favela Rocinha. Source: Google Earth Figure 4.20. Satellite view of Favela Vidigal. Source: Google Earth Figure 4.21. Map of planning area 2 with regional administration divisions Figure 4.22. Map of favela Vidigal, its borders and immeadiate surrounding Figure 4.23. Map of favela Rocinha, its borders and immeadiate surrounding

List of Figures

Figure 4.24. Map of favela Morro dos Cabritos, its borders and immeadiate surrounding Figure 4.25. Map of favela Salgueiro, its borders and immeadiate surrounding Figure 4.26. Map of favela Parque Vila Isabel, its borders and immeadiate surrounding Figure 4.27. Map of Rio de Janeiro - AP3 Figure 4.28. Map of Planning Area 3 Figure 4.29. Satellite view of Favela Jacarezinho. Source: Google Earth Figure 4.30. Satellite view of Favela Morro do Alemao. Source: Google Earth Figure 4.31. Satellite view of Favela Nova Holanda. Source: Google Earth Figure 4.32. Satellite view of Favela Parque Proletario de Vigario. Source: Google Earth Figure 4.33. Satellite view of Favela Parque Unidos. Source: Google Earth Figure 4.34. Map of planning area 3 with regional administration divisions Figure 4.35. Map of favela Jacarezinho, its borders and immeadiate surrounding Figure 4.36. Map of favela Morro do Alemao, its borders and immeadiate surrounding Figure 4.37. Map of favela Nova Holanda, its borders and immeadiate surrounding Figure 4.38. Map of favela Parque Unidos, its borders and immeadiate surrounding Figure 4.39. Map of favela Parque Proletario de Vigario Geral, its borders and immeadiate surrounding Figure 4.40. Map of Rio de Janeiro - AP4 Figure 4.41. Map of Planning Area 4 Figure 4.42. Satellite view of Favela Rio das Pedras. Source: Google Earth Figure 4.43. Satellite view of Favela Santa Efigenia. Source: Google Earth Figure 4.44. Satellite view of Favela Tijuquinha. Source: Google Earth Figure 4.45. Satellite view of Favela Canal do Cortado. Source: Google Earth Figure 4.46. Satellite view of Favela Canal das Tachas. Source: Google Earth Figure 4.47. Map of planning area 4 with regional administration divisions Figure 4.48. Map of favela Rio das Pedras , its borders and immeadiate surrounding Figure 4.49. Map of favela Santa Efigenia, its borders and immeadiate surrounding Figure 4.50. Map of favela Tijuquinha, its borders and immeadiate surrounding Figure 4.51. Map of favela Canal das Tachas, its borders and immeadiate surrounding Figure 4.52. Map of favela Canal do Cortado, its borders and immeadiate surrounding Figure 4.53. Map of Rio de Janeiro - AP5 Figure 4.54 Map of Planning Area 5 Figure 4.55. Satellite view of Favela Fazenda Coqueiro. Source: Google Earth Figure 4.56 Satellite view of Favela Saibreira. Source: Google Earth

Figure 4.57. Satellite view of Favela Vila do Vintem. Source: Google Earth Figure 4.58. Satellite view of Favela Nova Citade. Source: Google Earth Figure 4.59. Satellite view of Favela Vila Mnagueiral. Source: Google Earth Figure 4.60 Map of planning area 5 with regional administration divisions Figure 4.61. Map of favela Fazenda Coqueiro, its borders and immeadiate surrounding Figure 4.62. Map of favela Saibreira, its borders and immeadiate surrounding Figure 4.63. Map of favela Vila do Vintem, its borders and immeadiate surrounding Figure 4.64. Map of favela Nova Citade, its borders and immeadiate surrounding Figure 4.65. Map of favela Vila Mangueiral, its borders and immeadiate surrounding Figure 4.66 Representation of existing elevation of favelas Figure 4.67 Representation of D2 - Verticalization method Figure 4.68 General view of favela before D2 - Verticalization method Figure 4.69.General view of favela after D2 - Verticalization method. Collage by author Figure 4.70 Contributions of Public Spaces to local economy. Sketch Source: https://www.uclg-planning.org/public-space-driver-urban-economics Figure 4.71. One of the rare empty spaces in favelas - Favela Vila Mangueiral AP5. Figure 4.72. Transformation of the space into public space for economic activities Collage by author Figure 4.73. Diagram shows daily usage of multifunctional public space Figure 4.74 Interior of Santa Marta favela Figure 4.75 Organizing the space for educational playing area for children. Collage by author. Figure 4.76 Favela Canal das Tachas is located on the edge of a canal Figure 4.77 Favela Canal do Cortado is located on the edge of a canal Figure 4.78 Proposed activities around the canal Figure 4.79 Favela with river inside Figure 4.80 Revitalization of the river with economic activities . Collage by author Figure 4.81 Favela in Copacabana and upper class Figure 4.82 Rocinha favela and its neighbours private villas Figure 4.83 Favela and gated communities in AP4 Figure 4.84 Location of possible integration point for public space design Figure 4.85 A lost space between favela and private villas Figure 4.86 Transformation of the space into an integration point for favela and villa residents Figure 4.87 Favela Parque Proletario de Vigario Geral bordered with highway and railway Figure 4.88 Favela Parque Unidos with highway dividing favela diagonally Figure 4.90 One of the main roads in favela Parque Unidos Figure 4.91 Transformation of the infrastructure to "Zona 30" to make it more pedestrian friendly