ɇȺɐȱɈɇȺɅɖɇȺ ȺɄȺȾȿɆȱə ȾȿɊɀȺȼɇɈȽɈ ɍɉɊȺȼɅȱɇɇə ɉɊɂ ɉɊȿɁɂȾȿɇɌɈȼȱ ɍɄɊȺȲɇɂ
Ƚ.Ʌ.ɊəȻɐȿȼ
ɉɈɅȱɌɂɑɇȺ ɋɂɋɌȿɆȺ ɋɍɋɉȱɅɖɋɌȼȺ ɇɚɜɱɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɩɨɫɿɛɧɢɤ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɬɭɩɧɢɤɿɜ
Ʉɢʀɜ ɇɌɐ «ɉɫɿɯɽɹ» 2015
ɍȾɄ 321 ȻȻɄ 66.3(0) Ɋ98 ɋɯɜɚɥɟɧɨ ȼɱɟɧɨɸ ɪɚɞɨɸ ɇɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɿʀ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɩɪɢ ɉɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬɨɜɿ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ (ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ ʋ 223/4-7 ɜɿɞ 28 ɬɪɚɜɧɹ 2015 ɪɨɤɭ)
Ɋɟɰɟɧɡɟɧɬɢ: ɘ. ȼ. Ʉɨɜɛɚɫɸɤ, ɩɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬ ɇɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɿʀ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɩɪɢ ɉɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬɨɜɿ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ, ɞɨɤɬɨɪ ɧɚɭɤ ɡ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɨɪ, Ɂɚɫɥɭɠɟɧɢɣ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɫɬ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ Ɍ. ȼ. ɉɨɫɩɽɥɨɜɚ, ɡɚɜɿɞɭɜɚɱ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɢ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɨɫɜɿɬɨɸ Ʉɢʀɜɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɭɧɿɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɭ ɿɦɟɧɿ Ȼɨɪɢɫɚ Ƚɪɿɧɱɟɧɤɚ, ɞɨɤɬɨɪ ɧɚɭɤ ɡ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ Ɇ. Ɇ. Ƚɚɡɿɡɨɜ, ɞɨɰɟɧɬ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɢ ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɡɦɭ ɬɚ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɭ ɇɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɿʀ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɩɪɢ ɉɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬɨɜɿ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ, ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɧɚɭɤ Ɋ98 Ɋɹɛɰɟɜ, Ƚ. Ʌ. ɉɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɫɭɫɩɿɥɶɫɬɜɚ [Ɍɟɤɫɬ] : ɧɚɜɱ. ɩɨɫɿɛ. ɞɥɹ ɜɫɬɭɩɧɢɤɿɜ / Ƚ. Ʌ. Ɋɹɛɰɟɜ. – Ʉ. : ɇɌɐ «ɉɫɿɯɽɹ», 2015. – 72 ɫ. ISBN 978-617-7234-06-6 Ɋɨɡɤɪɢɬɨ ɫɭɬɧɿɫɬɶ, ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɬɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ. ɉɪɨɚɧɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɨ ɡɦɿɫɬ ɿ ɬɢɩɢ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ, ɨɡɧɚɤɢ ɬɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɢ ɜ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɨɦɭ ɫɭɫɩɿɥɶɫɬɜɿ. ȼɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɨ ɫɩɿɜɜɿɞɧɨɲɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɬɚ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɨʀ ɜɥɚɞɢ. ɇɚɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɭ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɩɚɪɬɿɣ ɿ ɩɚɪɬɿɣɧɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ. ɉɪɨɚɧɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɨ ɫɭɬɧɿɫɬɶ ɿ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɢ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɿɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɿɜ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɹɧɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɫɭɫɩɿɥɶɫɬɜɚ. Ɋɨɡɤɪɢɬɨ ɡɦɿɫɬ ɟɬɧɨɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿɜ ɭ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɿɣ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ. ɉɨɫɿɛɧɢɤ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɜɫɬɭɩɧɢɤɿɜ ɞɨ ɇɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɿʀ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɩɪɢ ɉɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬɨɜɿ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ ɬɚ ʀʀ ɪɟɝɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɿɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɿɜ, ɫɥɭɯɚɱɿɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ, ɩɟɪɟɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ, ɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɤɜɚɥɿɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɯ ɤɚɞɪɿɜ, ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɢɯ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɜɰɿɜ ɬɚ ɩɨɫɚɞɨɜɢɯ ɨɫɿɛ ɦɿɫɰɟɜɨɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɜɪɹɞɭɜɚɧɧɹ. ɍȾɄ 321 ȻȻɄ 66.3(0) © Ƚ. Ʌ. Ɋɹɛɰɟɜ, 2015 © ɇɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɿɹ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɩɪɢ ɉɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬɨɜɿ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ, 2015 ISBN 978-617-7234-06-6
ɁɆȱɋɌ ȼɫɬɭɩ............................................................................................................................. 5 1. ɉɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɫɭɫɩɿɥɶɫɬɜɚ: ɫɭɬɧɿɫɬɶ, ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɬɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ........................ 6 1.1. ɉɨɥɿɬɢɤɚ ɹɤ ɫɭɫɩɿɥɶɧɟ ɹɜɢɳɟ ...................................................................... 6 1.2. ɋɭɛ’ɽɤɬ ɬɚ ɨɛ’ɽɤɬ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɤɢ.......................................................................... 9 1.3. ɉɨɧɹɬɬɹ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ..................................................................... 10 1.4. Ɍɢɩɨɥɨɝɿɹ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ................................................................... 11 1.5. ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɬɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ............................................... 13 ȼɢɫɧɨɜɤɢ ............................................................................................................ 15 Ɂɚɩɢɬɚɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɚɦɨɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ .......................................................................... 15 Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɿ ɡɚɜɞɚɧɧɹ ......................................................................................... 16 Ɍɟɫɬɨɜɿ ɡɚɜɞɚɧɧɹ................................................................................................ 16 2. Ɂɦɿɫɬ ɿ ɬɢɩɢ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ........................................................................ 17 2.1. ɉɨɧɹɬɬɹ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ................................................................... 17 2.2. Ɍɢɩɨɥɨɝɿɹ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿɜ ................................................................ 18 2.3. Ɂɦɿɫɬ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ........................................................................ 19 2.4. ɋɭɬɧɿɫɧɿ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ ...................................... 20 2.5. Ɋɟɠɢɦɢ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ ................................................................... 21 ȼɢɫɧɨɜɤɢ ............................................................................................................ 22 Ɂɚɩɢɬɚɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɚɦɨɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ .......................................................................... 22 Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɿ ɡɚɜɞɚɧɧɹ ......................................................................................... 23 Ɍɟɫɬɨɜɿ ɡɚɜɞɚɧɧɹ................................................................................................ 23 3. Ⱦɟɪɠɚɜɚ ɬɚ ʀʀ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɜ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɨɦɭ ɫɭɫɩɿɥɶɫɬɜɿ ................................................. 24 3.1. ɋɭɱɚɫɧɟ ɪɨɡɭɦɿɧɧɹ ɨɡɧɚɤ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɢ ........................................................... 24 3.2. ɋɭɬɧɿɫɬɶ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɢ ....................................................................................... 25 3.3. Ɏɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɢ......................................................................................... 27 3.4. Ɏɨɪɦɢ ɿ ɦɟɬɨɞɢ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɣ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɢ .......................................... 29 ȼɢɫɧɨɜɤɢ ............................................................................................................ 31 Ɂɚɩɢɬɚɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɚɦɨɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ .......................................................................... 32 Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɿ ɡɚɜɞɚɧɧɹ ......................................................................................... 32 Ɍɟɫɬɨɜɿ ɡɚɜɞɚɧɧɹ................................................................................................ 33 4. ɋɩɿɜɜɿɞɧɨɲɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɿ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɨʀ ɜɥɚɞɢ. ɉɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɿ ɩɚɪɬɿʀ ɬɚ ɩɚɪɬɿɣɧɿ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ...................................................................... 34 4.1. ɋɩɿɜɜɿɞɧɨɲɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɿ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɨʀ ɜɥɚɞɢ....................................... 34 4.2. ɉɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɿ ɩɚɪɬɿʀ.......................................................................................... 35 4.3. ɉɚɪɬɿɣɧɿ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ........................................................................................ 38 4.4. ɉɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɢɣ ɩɥɸɪɚɥɿɡɦ ɿ ɛɚɝɚɬɨɩɚɪɬɿɣɧɿɫɬɶ ............................................ 39 4.5. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɧɚɩɪɹɦɢ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɡɚɰɿʀ ɭɤɪɚʀɧɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɫɭɫɩɿɥɶɫɬɜɚ ................. 40 ȼɢɫɧɨɜɤɢ ............................................................................................................ 43 Ɂɚɩɢɬɚɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɚɦɨɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ .......................................................................... 44 3
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɿ ɡɚɜɞɚɧɧɹ ......................................................................................... 44 Ɍɟɫɬɨɜɿ ɡɚɜɞɚɧɧɹ................................................................................................ 44 5. ɋɭɬɧɿɫɬɶ ɬɚ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɢ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɿɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɿɜ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɹɧɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɫɭɫɩɿɥɶɫɬɜɚ......... 46 5.1. ɋɭɬɧɿɫɬɶ ɬɚ ɿɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɢ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɹɧɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɫɭɫɩɿɥɶɫɬɜɚ ............................... 46 5.2. Ɏɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɹɧɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɫɭɫɩɿɥɶɫɬɜɚ ....................................................... 47 5.3. ɋɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɹɧɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɫɭɫɩɿɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ.............................. 48 ȼɢɫɧɨɜɤɢ ............................................................................................................ 51 Ɂɚɩɢɬɚɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɚɦɨɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ .......................................................................... 52 Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɿ ɡɚɜɞɚɧɧɹ ......................................................................................... 52 Ɍɟɫɬɨɜɿ ɡɚɜɞɚɧɧɹ................................................................................................ 52 6. ȿɬɧɨɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɿ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢ ɜ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɿɣ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ ........................................................ 54 6.1. ȿɬɧɨɩɨɥɿɬɢɤɚ ɹɤ ɧɚɭɤɚ ............................................................................... 54 6.2. ȿɬɧɨɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɿ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢ .............................................................................. 56 6.3. Ɏɨɪɦɢ ɟɬɧɨɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ............................................................ 58 6.4. ȿɬɧɨɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɿ ɤɨɧɮɥɿɤɬɢ: ɩɪɢɱɢɧɢ ɬɚ ɲɥɹɯɢ ɜɢɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ...................... 58 6.5. ɋɭɬɧɿɫɬɶ ɬɚ ɩɪɿɨɪɢɬɟɬɢ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɨʀ ɟɬɧɨɩɨɥɿɬɢɤɢ ɜ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɿɣ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ ............................................................................................. 59 ȼɢɫɧɨɜɤɢ ............................................................................................................ 61 Ɂɚɩɢɬɚɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɚɦɨɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ .......................................................................... 62 Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɿ ɡɚɜɞɚɧɧɹ ......................................................................................... 62 Ɍɟɫɬɨɜɿ ɡɚɜɞɚɧɧɹ................................................................................................ 62 ɉɿɫɥɹɦɨɜɚ ................................................................................................................... 64 Ɍɟɪɦɿɧɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɣ ɫɥɨɜɧɢɤ......................................................................................... 65 ɋɩɢɫɨɤ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɨɜɚɧɨʀ ɥɿɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɢ......................................................................... 71
4
ȼɋɌɍɉ Ɂ 1991 ɪɨɤɭ ɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ ɫɮɨɪɦɨɜɚɧɨ ɜɫɿ ɩɿɞɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɚɧɿ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɿɣ ɜɥɚɞɿ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɿ ɿɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɿʀ, ɳɨ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɸɬɶ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɭ ɬɚ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɸɬɶ ɿɧɲɿ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɫɶɤɿ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ. Ɏɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɸɬɶ ɨɪɝɚɧɢ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɜɱɨʀ ɜɥɚɞɢ ɬɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢ ɦɿɫɰɟɜɨɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɜɪɹɞɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɡɚɩɪɨɜɚɞɠɟɧɨ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɭ ɫɥɭɠɛɭ ɬɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɭ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɯ ɦɿɫɰɟɜɨɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɜɪɹɞɭɜɚɧɧɹ. Ⱥɥɟ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɟ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɡɚɥɢɲɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɟɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɢɦ, ɝɪɨɦɿɡɞɤɢɦ, ɧɟɡɛɚɥɚɧɫɨɜɚɧɢɦ, ɫɯɢɥɶɧɢɦ ɞɨ ɤɨɪɭɩɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɞɿɣ, ɡɚɤɪɢɬɢɦ ɜɿɞ ɫɭɫɩɿɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɣ ɜɿɞɿɪɜɚɧɢɦ ɜɿɞ ɣɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛ. ɀɢɬɬɽɜɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿ ɡɦɿɧɢ ɜɿɞɛɭɜɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɞɭɠɟ ɩɨɜɿɥɶɧɨ. ɋɩɨɫɬɟɪɿɝɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɜɿɞɯɿɞ ɜɿɞ ɫɮɨɪɦɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɭ 1995-2001 ɪɨɤɚɯ ɜɢɦɨɝ ɞɨ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɨʀ ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɢɯ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɜɰɿɜ. ɑɟɪɟɡ ɜɿɞɫɭɬɧɿɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɡɨɪɨɫɬɿ ɣ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɭ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹɯ ɩɪɨɫɬɟɠɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɨɡɧɚɤɢ «ɤɭɦɿɜɫɬɜɚ» ɣ ɪɨɬɚɰɿʀ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤɿɜ ɩɭɛɥɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɣ ɩɪɢɜɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɿɜ. ɋɤɨɪɨɱɟɧɧɹ ɱɢɫɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɢɯ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɜɰɿɜ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɟ ɜ 2009-2014 ɪɨɤɚɯ, ɧɟ ɡɛɿɥɶɲɢɥɨ ɜɿɞɞɚɱɭ ɜɿɞ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɚɩɚɪɚɬɭ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ, ɨɫɤɿɥɶɤɢ ɧɟ ɫɭɩɪɨɜɨɞɠɭɜɚɥɨɫɹ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹɦ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɣ ɧɚɩɪɹɦɿɜ ɡɦɿɧɟɧɧɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɣ ɿ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɿʀ, ɮɨɪɦ ɿ ɦɟɬɨɞɿɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ. Ȼɿɥɶɲɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɭ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɛɚɝɚɬɶɨɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɜ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɨʀ ɜɥɚɞɢ, ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨ ɩɿɫɥɹ ɨɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɚɩɚɪɚɬɭ, ɪɿɜɟɧɶ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɿ ɜɩɚɜ, ɫɩɨɫɬɟɪɿɝɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɟɧɚɥɟɠɧɟ ɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɜɰɿɜ ɞɨ ɫɜɨʀɯ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɿɜ, ʀɯɧɹ ɧɟɫɩɪɨɦɨɠɧɿɫɬɶ ɞɨ ɚɧɚɥɿɡɭ, ɯɨɱɚ ɨɫɬɚɧɧɿɣ ɦɚɽ ɞɨɩɨɦɚɝɚɬɢ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤɨɜɿ ɨɪɝɚɧɭ ɜɥɚɞɢ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɬɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɭ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɤɭ ɬɚ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ ɭɪɹɞɨɜɿ ɩɪɿɨɪɢɬɟɬɢ. Ɂ ɨɝɥɹɞɭ ɧɚ ɰɟ, ɩɢɬɚɧɧɹɦ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɨʀ ɜɚɝɢ ɫɬɚɽ ɡɚɩɪɨɜɚɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɣ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɤɜɚɥɿɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɢɯ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɜɰɿɜ ɬɚ ɩɨɫɚɞɨɜɢɯ ɨɫɿɛ ɦɿɫɰɟɜɨɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɜɪɹɞɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɩɨɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɬɪɟɧɿɧɝɨɜɢɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦ, ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ ɞɥɹ ɬɢɯ, ɯɬɨ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɜ ɩɪɢɫɹɝɭ ɜ 2014-2015 ɪɨɤɚɯ. ɐɟ ɞɨɡɜɨɥɢɬɶ ɩɨɫɚɞɨɜɰɹɦ ɤɪɚɳɟ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ ɫɜɨʀ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɢ, ɝɨɬɭɜɚɬɢ ɨɛ’ɽɤɬɢɜɧɿ ɬɚ ɧɟɭɩɟɪɟɞɠɟɧɿ ɩɪɨɩɨɡɢɰɿʀ, ɩɪɢɣɦɚɬɢ ɜɢɜɚɠɟɧɿ ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɭɜɚɧɨɫɬɿ, ɨɛʉɪɭɧɬɨɜɚɧɨɫɬɿ ɬɚ ɭɡɝɨɞɠɟɧɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɤɢ. ȼɢɤɥɚɞɟɧɢɣ ɭ ɰɶɨɦɭ ɩɨɫɿɛɧɢɤɭ ɧɚɜɱɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɦɨɞɭɥɶ «ɉɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɫɭɫɩɿɥɶɫɬɜɚ» ɽ ɫɤɥɚɞɨɜɨɸ ɜ ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɰɿ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɢɯ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɜɰɿɜ ɿ ɩɨɫɚɞɨɜɢɯ ɨɫɿɛ ɦɿɫɰɟɜɨɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɜɪɹɞɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɞɨ ɜɢɜɱɟɧɧɹ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɿɧ ɦɚɝɿɫɬɟɪɫɶɤɨʀ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɢ ɡɚ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɿɫɬɸ «ɉɭɛɥɿɱɧɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɭɜɚɧɧɹ», ɫɩɪɢɹɽ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɜɿɬɨɝɥɹɞɭ, ɽɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɦɢɫɥɟɧɧɹ, ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɫɜɿɞɨɦɨɫɬɿ ɬɚ ɧɚɞɚɽ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɿ ɡɧɚɧɧɹ ɳɨɞɨ ɫɭɬɧɨɫɬɿ, ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ ɬɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɣ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɨʀ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ; ɡɦɿɫɬɭ ɣ ɬɢɩɿɜ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ; ɨɡɧɚɤ, ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɣ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɢ; ɫɩɿɜɜɿɞɧɨɲɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɬɚ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɨʀ ɜɥɚɞɢ; ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿɜ ɡɚɪɨɞɠɟɧɧɹ, ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɩɚɪɬɿɣ ɿ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɨɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɨɛ’ɽɞɧɚɧɶ; ɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɿɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɿɜ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɹɧɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɫɭɫɩɿɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɬɚ ʀɯɧɶɨɝɨ ɜɩɥɢɜɭ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɿ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢ. 5
Навчальний посібник включає: рисунки Рис. 1.1. Політична сфера Рис. 1.2. Найпростіша модель політичної системи (за Д. Істоном) Рис. 1.3. Особливості політичної системи таблиці Таблиця 1.1 Типи політичних систем Таблиця 2.1 Типологія політичних процесів Таблиця 4.1 Спільні та відмінні риси державної й політичної влади