Revitalising Brownfields: Self-Sufficient Transitional Housing by Bamboo Afforestation & Industry

Revitalising Brownfields Self-Sufficient Transitional Housing by Bamboo Afforestation and Industry

Chan Yeung Chun MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE National University of Singapore

Revitalising Brownfields Self-Sufficient Transitional Housing by Bamboo Afforestation and Industry

Chan Yeung Chun Thesis submitted to the Department of Architecture In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE National University of Singapore 02 May 2020 [2nd Edition]

© 2020 Chan Yeung Chun ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

Abstract This thesis aims at striving to address the livelihood issues of the numerous vulnerable in Hong Kong, by designing a fast-built, durable and low-cost medium-high density of bamboo transitional housing and afforesting bamboo plantation for construction materials self-sufficiency on brownfields. The study involves transitional housing module innovation and atpyical urban form, to tackle the social segregation of different families with social characteristics, such as elderly households, singleparent households, new-arrival households, youth households and households with children. The transitional housing involves the strategic use of brownfields in New Territories, misused fragmented former agricultural lands between the urbanised area and traditional rural settlements, in order to expand its proximity to the context with traditional culture and neightbourhood harmoniously, to achieve the future model of brownfields revitalisation.

Keywords: Transitional Housing, Brownfields, Bamboo Afforestation and Bamboo Structure.

Thesis Supervisor: A/P Shinya Okuda Title: Associate Professor

I

Acknowledgment I would like to extend my heartfelt gratitude to the following persons who have contributed significantly to the writing of this thesis:

Prof. Shinya Okuda for your invaluable guidance and provocative insights.

My Studio-mates – Jaslyn, Mingzhou, Nicholas, and Sharne for learning from each other and making my last studio enjoyable.

My Family and Friends in Hong Kong for being supportive during this long journey, and pampering me when I went home to Hong Kong.

The Wonderful People Whom I Met This Year in NUS for showing me what joy it is to work for something you love.

II

List of Illustrations Part I

Research

Figure 1.1

Land Resource & Housing Supply in Hong Kong

Figure 1.2

New Residential Unit Completion by Property Type

Figure 1.3

Housing Affordability: Very Large Market

Figure 1.4

Housing Affordability: Major Market

Figure 1.5

Average Waiting Time for Public Rental Housing from 1997-2018

Figure 1.6

Typology and Rental of Subdivided Units

Figure 1.7

Rental Rent-to-rent Public Housing and Private Flat in Sha Tin

Figure 2.1

Typology of Brownfield Sites

Figure 2.2

Distribution of Brownfields and Rural Settlements in New Territories

Figure 2.3

Location of Brownfields

Figure 2.4

Area of Exclusion and Inclusion in Existing Development Project

Figure 2.5

Size of Brownfields Clusters

Figure 2.6

Top 10 Original Land Use of Existing Brownfields

Figure 2.7

Trend of Area of Brownfields (1993-2017)

Figure 2.8

Area of Different Types of Brownfields

Figure 2.9

Parameters Requirements of Small House

Figure 2.10

Concessionary Right in New Territories

Figure 3.1

Mechanical Strength Properties

Figure 3.2

Industrial Bamboo Products Made of Wide Varieties of Extracted Raw Materials

Figure 3.3

Carbon Sequestration and Rhizome System

Figure 3.4

Carbon Footprint over Life-cycle for Various Engineered Bamboo Products

Figure 3.5 Figure 3.6

Carbon Footprint over Life-cycle for Various Engineered Bamboo Products with Carbon Sequestration Carbon Footprint over Life-cycle for Various Common Construction Materials

Figure 4.1

Residential Densities in Rural Areas

Figure 4.2

Site Area Proportion of Transitional Housing to Bamboo Plantation

Figure 4.3

Average Living Space Per Person of Hong Kong, Singapore and Worldwide

III

Figure 5.1

Sejima Wing, Gifu Kitagata Apartment Building, by Kazuyo Sejima

Figure 5.2

Hawley Wing, Gifu Kitagata Apartment Buildingi, by Christine Hawley

Figure 5.3

Trellick Tower, by Erno Goldfinger

Figure 5.4

Dortheavej Residence, by Bjarke Ingels Group

Figure 5.5

Carabanchel 11, by Morphosis

Figure 5.6

Transformation of 530 Dwellings, by Christopher Hutin

Figure 5.7

Demography below the Poverty Line

Figure 6.1

Site Selection

Figure 6.2

Site Analysis

Part II

Collage

Collage 1

The Revival

Collage 2

The Habitat

Collage 3

The Authenticity

Collage 4

The Hybrid

Collage 5

The Proximity

Part III

Design Journal (Cont’d)

Illustration 1

Perspective 1: Bamboo Plantation & Transitional Housing Complex

Illustration 2

Perspective 2: Conveyance of Raw Bamboo Materials on Canal

Illustration 3

Perspective 3: Main Entrance of the Transitional Housing Complex

Illustration 4

Master Planning: Exploded Isometric of Project Layers

Illustration 5

Design Strategy: Linear Village

Illustration 6

Design Strategy: Clustering

Illustration 7

Manufacturing Workshop of Construction Materials for Transitional Housing

Illustration 8

Residential Layout: Transitional Housing

Illustration 9

Residential Layout: Low-rise Block

Illustration 10 Residential Layout: Midium-rise Block with Typical Lift Lobby Illustration 11 Residential Layout: Midium-rise Block with Communal Lobby

IV

List of Illustrations Part III

Design Journal

Illustration 12 Sectional Isometric A&B Illustration 13 Sectional Isometric C Illustration 14 Perspective 4: Proximity to Tranditional Village Bringing Festive Celebration Illustration 15 Perspective 5: Lift Waiting Area of Medium-rise Block on he Communal Deck Illustration 16 Perspective 6: Communal Lobby of Typical Floor in Medium-rise Block Illustration 17 Perspective 7: Light Void Created from the Quadrille Snub Tiling Layout Illustration 18 Perspective 8: Two Residential Modules Connected by a Continuous Verandah Illustration 19 Perspective 9: A Residential Module at High Level Illustration 20 Construction Details: Exploded Diagram of Residential Module Illustration 21 Construction Details: Blow-up Details A-E Illustration 22 Perspective 10: Facade of Transitional Housing Illustration 23 Interior Layout: Modules Combination of Transitional Housing Illustration 24 Interior Layout: Module 1-8 Illustration 25 Interior Layout: Module 9-10 Illustration 26 Site Section (Cont’d) Illustration 27 Site Section (Cont’d) Illustration 28 Site Section (Cont’d) Illustration 29 Site Section

List of Tables Table 1.1

Long Term Housing Strategy (LTHS) Public Housing Supply Shortfall

Table 1.2

Housing Affordability Ratings & 2017 Median Multiples

Table 3.1

The Net Present Value

Table 3.2

Yearly Harvest Production

Table 3.3

The Working Capital Requirements

Table 4.1

Total Domestic Area Required in Response to PRH Supply Shortfall

Table 4.2

Number of Bamboo Poles Produced Annually in 65% of Brownfields V

Content

Contents Abstract

I

Acknowledgment List of Illustrations

I

II III

List of Tables

V

Introduction

1

Part I: Research Chapter One: Housing Crisis in Hong Kong

5

1.1

Housing Shortfall

7

1.2

Housing Affordability

9

1.3

Average Waiting Time of PRH

9

1.4

Cubicles of Shame

10

Chapter Two: Brownfields and Rural Settlement

15

2.1

Definition of Brownfields

21

2.2

Distribution of Brownfields

21

2.3

Mishandling of Brownfields

22

2.4

Proximity to Rural Settlement

22

2.5

Developers-landlord Collusion

23

Chapter Three: Bamboo

25

3.1

The Use of Bamboo in Hong Kong

27

3.2

Mechanical Strength Properties

27

3.3

Ecological Benefits of Bamboo Afforestation

29

3.4

Concept of One-hectare Bamboo Plantation

30

Chapter Four: Design Parameters

33

4.1

Required Domestic Area for Transitional Housing

35

4.2

Site Area Proportion of Transitional Housing to Bamboo Plantation

35

4.3

Annual Bamboo Poles Production

35

Chapter Five: Typology Invention of Transitional Housing

39

5.1

Case Study of Social Housing

40

5.2

Demography Under Poverty Line

47

II

Chapter Six: Site

51

Part II: Collage

III

Five Collages

55

Part III: Design Journal Overview

62

Master Planning

70

Design Strategy

72

Manufacturing Workshop

76

Residential Layout

78

Sectional Isometric

82

Construction Details

92

Interior Layout

95

Site Section

100

Conclusion

109

Appendices Appendix A Presentation Panel of Architectural Design Thesis (Semester 2)

113

Appendix B Presentation Panel of Architectural Design Research (Semester 1)

116

Appendix C Full Set of Transitional Housing Plans

118

Bibliography

154

14

Introduction The worst scenario of Hong Kong’s housing shortfall is yet to come. The amount of public rental housing completions is set to plunge in the coming decade, whereby the median multiples of housing affordability have reached a new peak and average waiting time for public rental housing for general applicants has risen to 5.5 years notoriously. To mitigate the livelihood issues of the grassroots and influx of immigrants from Mainland China, the Government is urged amid the looming housing crisis by allocating poverty to transitional housing.

Hong Kong is not deficient in land resource but lacking efficient use of lands. Brownfields site, former agriculture land in New Territories converted to other uses, such as warehouse, open storage, container yard, and open vehicle parking, is a case of inefficient use of lands. Brownfield sites have great proximity to rural settlements in New Territories, where are mostly well-equipped with transportation system. Brownfields is undoubtedly a potential location to situating the transitional housing, to provide the residents with a coherent relationship with the surrounding neighbourhood.

An urgent and great need for temporary transitional housing supply implies a low cost, durable and rapid construction system and technique needed – bamboo structure. Proposing bamboo afforestation on brownfields not only provide transitional housing project with primary bamboo resource and secondary products, but also remediates the soil by carbon sequestration and revives the forgotten greenery on brownfields among the rural settlements. Along with bringing back economic values to brownfields, bamboo grove becomes a linkage, such as park and open space, to significantly create a coherent integration between the residents and context.

1

2

Research

Communal Space in Hong Kong Source: Nicolas Petit

4

Chapter One

Housing Crisis in Hong Kong Worsening housing shortfall in Hong Kong

incurs undesirable livelihood issues from the grassroots. The poverty crams into tiny cubicles due to the high rental cost and unaffordability of housing market. The shortage of public rental housing (PRH) supply results in a long average waiting time for public housing allocation. That is why transitional housing is an urgent need for the coming decade.

5

Private Residential 2.3% Public Housing 1.4% Rural Settlement 3.2% Commerce & Industry 1.3% Community, Institution and Recreation Facilities 4.6% Land Transportation Infrastructure 4.0% Ports & Airport 1.6% Utilities 0.7% Others 4.0%

Shrubland 23.8%

Hong Kong

Ratio

4:6 Public 44.8%

Warehouse and Open Storage 1.5% Reservoir 2.3% Agriculture 4.6% Mangrove/ Swamp 0.5% Badland 0.2% Quarries 0.1% Rocky Shore 0.4% Fish Pond/Gei wai 1.4% Stream & Nullah 0.5%

Area

1,104 km2 Woodland 24.8%

Private 55.2% Rent 29.1% *Subsidised Sale Flats

% of Residents living in Public Housing

Home Purchased Rate 49.2%

No. of Public Housing

1,208,000

Area of Total Built-up Land: 24.3%

Ratio

Private Residential 11.6% Public Residential 2.5%

Parks & Nature Reserve 8.0%

Reservoir 5.2%

8:2

Unaccounted 1.2%

Commerce and Industry 13.7%

Others 14.1%

Singapore

Public 82%

Area

Defence Requirements 18.7%

Home Purchased Rate 90.7%

Private 18%

Rent 3%

722.5 km2 Community, Institution & Recreation Facilities 7.6%

Population 5.61 Million

44.8%

Purchased : 400,000 Rent : 808,000

Grassland 16.8%

Population 7.41 Million

Purchased* 15.7%

Purchased 79%

% of Residents living in Public Housing

82%

Utilities 2.6% Transport Infrastructure 11.7%

Ports & Airport 3.1%

No. of Public Housing

1,017,335

Area of Total Built-up Land: 85.6%

Figure 1.1 Land Resource & Housing Supply in Hong Kong Source: HK01 (2018)

100,000

80,000

No. of Units

Public Rental Flats Subsidised Sale Flats Private Flats

Decreased by 57% 1997-2006 Average 59,800 Units Per Year

60,000

2007-2016 Average 25,700 Units Per Year

40,000

20,000

Year

Figure 1.2 New Residential Unit Completion by Property Type Source: Task Force Land Supply (2018)

Image: Michael Wolf

6

2017

2016

2015

2014

2013

2011

2012

2010

2009

2008

2007

2006

2005

2004

2003

2002

2001

2000

1999

1998

1997

1996

1995

1994

1993

1992

1991

1990

1989

1987

1986

1985

0

“New Residential Unit Completion is set to plunge in coming decade.”

1.1

Housing Shortfall

In 2018, the Hong Kong housing market is comprised of 44.8% of public housing, 54.6% of private flats, and 0.6% of temporary housing (HKHA, 2019a) . The number of public rental housing (PRH) and subsidised sale flats (SSFs) are accounted for 29.1% (808,000-Unit) and 15.7% (400,000-Unit) of the amount of public housing supply respectively (Figure 1.1). Compared with Singapore’s public housing condition, the proportion of HDB to private residence is 8:2. 82% of Singaporeans are living in public housing.

Housing shortfall started in 2002. The first executive of HKSAR stopped building SSFs due to the prevention of property prices to slump during the Asian financial crisis. The average annual housing completion slid from 59,800 to 25,700 units, by over 50% drop between 2007 and 2016 (Figure 1.2), which leads to the growth of the total number of PRH applicants (Task Force on Land Supply, 2018a).

(a)

2015-2016 to 2024-2025 Target of LTHS Public Housing Supply

290,000 Units

(b)

2015-2016 to 2024-2025 LTHS Public Housing Supply According to Land Sufficiency

254,000 Units

(c)

2015-2016 to 2024-2025 LTHS Public Housing to be Built

192,000 Units

(a) - (c) Shortage

97,800 Units (-34%)

Table 1.1 Long Term Housing Strategy (LTHS) Public Housing Supply Shortfall

According to Long Term Housing Strategy (LTHS) Annual Progress Report 2018, the target of public housing supply is 290,000 units from 2015-2016 to 2024-2025. Nonetheless, only 192,000-unit will be completed, which means there is a 97,800-unit PRH shortfall in the coming decade (Table 1.1)(Ip & Poon, 2019).

7

Rating Affordable Moderately Unaffordable Seriously Unaffordable Severely Unaffordable Total

Median Multiple 3.0 or Less 3.1 to 4.0 4.1 to 5.0 5.1 & Over

Major Markets (Count) 10 24 30 28 92

All Markets (Count) 62 84 71 76 293

Median Multiple: Median House Price Divided by Median Pre-Tax Gross Household Income Table 1.2 Housing Affordability Ratings & 2017 Median Multiples Source: 14th Annual Demographia International Housing Affordability Survey Hong Kong Sydney Los Angeles London GLA Toronto London Exurbs Miami New York Singapore Tokyo-Yokohama Washington D.C. Dallas-Fort Worth Chicago Houston Philadelphia Osaka-Kobe-Kyoto Atalanta

0 Severely Unaffordable

2

4

6

8

10 12 Median Multiple

14

16

18

20

Very Large Market - 2017: Population Over 5,000,000

Figure 1.3 Housing Affordability: Very Large Market Source: 14th Annual Demographia International Housing Affordability Survey

24

Median Multiple

21

HK NZ AU IE SG UK CA US

18 15 12

Hong Kong

9 6 3 0

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

2016

2018

Major Market: 2004-2018: Population Over 1,000,000

Figure 1.4 Housing Affordability: Major Market Source: “Housing Affordability and the Standard of Living: The 14th Annual Demographia International Housing Affordability Survey.� Housing Affordability and the Standard of Living: The 14th Annual Demographia International Housing Affordability Survey | Newgeography.com. Accessed August 26, 2019. https://www.newgeography.com/content/005858-housing-affordability-and-standard-living-the-14th-annual-demographia-international-housing-affordability-survey.

Image: South China Morning Post

8

“Hong Kong housing is still the world’s least affordable for the ninth straight year.”

1.2

Housing Affordability

Hong Kong housing market is the world’s least affordable one in the past nine years (Performance Urban Planning, 2018). Hong Kong’s Median Multiple has soared to 20.9 and 18.1 among major markets and very-large markets worldwide (Figure 1.3 & 1.4), and far outweighs all other property markets and severely more unaffordable.

Undoubtedly, the high Median Multiple is a consequence of housing supply shortfall and inclination to developers on land policies. The Governments generate an enormous amount of revenue from offering lands to developers, so as to keep the taxes low for providing a desirable business environment for entrepreneurs.

It is criticised that, “Hong Kong housing is built to serve the market, not the people.”(Chan, 2018).

“The average waiting time for general applicants stands at 5.5 years.”

1.3

Average Waiting Time for PRH

In mid-2019, Hong Kong Housing Authority (HKHA) accumulatively received 147,900 general application of PRH. The average waiting time for the general PRH application is 5.5-year (HKHA, 2019b) (Figure 1.5). Worse still, the average waiting time for the non-elderly one-person applicant can reach 10-year under the annual quota for allocation.

Influx of immigrants from Mainland China is also a factor of long average waiting time for PRH. Although HKSAR has a high level of autonomy based on basic law, HKSAR is unable to control a quota of 150 immigrants a day permanently settling in Hong Kong from Mainland China, with a One-way Permit issued by the People’s Republic of China (Home Affairs Department, 2019). The population growth of newarrivals in Hong Kong is about 50,000 new-arrivals every year and accumulatively 265,000 new-arrivals from 2004 to 2016.

9

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

General Applicant

Elderly One-person Applicant

Figure 1.5 Average Waiting Time for Public Rental Housing from 1997-2018

1.4

Cubicles of Shame

Considering that the low-income citizens cannot rent a private flat or rent-to-rent public housing due to high rental cost (Figure 1.6) and waiting for allocation of PRH, they have to live without dignity – living in a subdivided unit.

The Thematic Report: Persons Living in Subdivided Units (SDUs) in 2016 reveals 209,700 people living in 92,700 SDUs in Hong Kong. For example, a subdivided apartment is commonly 80-200 square feet, with a shared toilet, which costs HKD3,500-6,000 monthly. The cage homes or coffin cubicles are even worse, which are about 15-20 square feet, can just fit a 4 feet bed, which cost HKD1,500-2,500 monthly (Figure 1.7).

Hong Kong used to provide them with transitional housing, but all of them have been demolished due to land resources of new development areas and the Government’s underestimation of housing. Why not reestablish transitional housing? Where can the Government site transitional housing in a condition of alleged “land supply shortage”? The next chapter shows you the potential option.

10

Mezzanine Coffin Occupancy Beds Baths Kitchens Area Rental Rental / ft2 Personal Space

1 1 Shared Shared 15ft2 HKD1,500 2,500 USD190 - 320 HKD100 -160 USD12 - 21 15ft2 - 2.5ft2

Subdivided Unit Occupancy 2-4 Beds 1 Baths Shared Kitchens

Shared

Area

80ft2 - 200ft2 HKD3,500 - 6,000 USD445 - 765 HKD35 -63 USD12 - 21

Rental Rental / ft2 Personal Space No. Units in a flat

20ft2 - 200ft2 4-5Units / 1000ft2

Cage Home Occupancy Beds Baths Kitchens Area Rental Rental / ft2 Personal Space

1 1 Shared Shared 15ft2 - 25ft2 HKD1,500 2,500 USD190 - 320 HKD100 -160 USD12 - 21 15ft2 - 2.5ft2

Luxury Subdivided Unit Occupancy Beds Baths Kitchens Area Rental Rental / ft2 Personal Space No. Units in a flat

1-4 1-2 Shared or 1 Shared 80ft2 - 200ft2 HKD7,500 - 20,000 USD955 - 2,550 HKD95 - 100 / USD11 - 12 20ft2 - 200ft2 4-12 Units / 1000ft2

Figure 1.6 Typology and Rental of Subdivided Units Image: South China Morning Post

11

Cubicle Home Occupancy Beds Baths Kitchens Area Rental Rental / ft2 Personal Space

1 1 Shared Shared 15ft2 - 25ft2 HKD1,500 2,500 / USD190 - 320 HKD100 -160 / USD12 - 21 15ft2 - 2.5ft2

Container Apartment Occupancy Beds Baths Kitchens Area Rental Rental / ft2

1-4 1-4 1 1 or Nil 160ft2 - 320ft2 HKD3,000 - 5,000 USD380 - 640 HKD15 - 19 USD2 - 2.5

Personal 40ft2 - 320ft2 Space Subdivision 1-2Units / Container

Sh i

ng

M

un

Ri v

er

C

USD6.30/ft2 City One MTR Station

A

Sha Tin Wai MTR Station

USD4.60/ft2

B Che Kung Temple MTR Station

USD1.83/ft2

A

B

Pok Hong Estate

C

City One Shatin

[Public Housing]

The River Park

[Private Condo]

[Private Condo]

Occupancy

3-4

Occupancy

3-4

Occupancy

2-3

Beds

1-2

Beds

3

Beds

2

Baths

1

Baths

1

Baths

1

Kitchens

1

Kitchens

1

Kitchens

1

Area

520ft2

Area

484ft2

Area

509ft2

Rental

HKD7,500 USD955 HKD14.4 USD1.83 130ft2

Rental

HKD17,500 USD2,230 HKD36 USD4.6 121ft2

Rental

HKD25,000 USD3,185 HKD49 USD6.3 169ft2

Rental / ft2 Personal Space

Rental / ft2 Personal Space

Figure 1.7 Rental Rent-to-rent Public Housing and Private Flat in Sha Tin

12

Rental / ft2 Personal Space

A Cluster of the Densely Populated City’s Many Tower Blocks Source: Michael Wolf

13

Brownfields Sites in Hung Shui Kiu, Yuen Long Source: GovHK

14

Chapter Two

The Brownfields and Rural Settlements The Government constantly alleges the housing shortage is a result of lack of land resources and therefore, the Government plans to obtain more lands from the periphery of country parks and land reclamation, which received instant criticism from NGOs and the public.

Nevertheless, Liber Research

Community, an NGO undertaking independent research of the development in Hong Kong, revealed more than a thousand hectares of brownfield sites were identified. These sizable brownfield clusters were undercounted by the Government, which is a potential land resource for the upcoming housing supply.

15

Container Yard

Vehicle Parking

Warehouse/Workshop

Filled/Destroyed Land

Figure 2.1 Typology of Brownfield Sites

16

Open Storage/Recycle

Typology of Brownfields

Other/Unidentified

17

深 圳

Shenzhen

新 界

深 圳

NewTerritories

九 龍

Shenzhen

Kowloon

香 港 島

離 島

Outlying Islands

Hong Kong Island

4 Regions of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region

HKSAR Boundary District深Boundary Frontier圳 Closed Area Boundary 灣 Frontier口Closed Area 岸 Cross-Border Control Point Shenzhen Bay Buildings Rural Small House Rural Settlement 屏 山 鄉

n io

in

Border Crossing

Ping Shan Heung

eg eR tiv a r ist

ry da

of

pe gS on K ng Ho

cia

dm lA

Frontier

un Bo

Rural Committee District

陳

Chan

鄧 Major Indigenous Clan

Tang 陳

Chan

曾

Minor Indigenous Clan

Tsang

Brownfields

天 水 圍

Warehouse, Open Storage or Recycling Open Vehicle Parking Container Yard Abandoned or Filled Land

十 八 鄉

Tin Shui Wai

Existing New Town Proposed New Development Areas

屏 山 鄉

Sap Pak Heung

Ping Shan Heung

鄧

廈 村 鄉

Tang

Ha Tsuen Heung

鄧

Tang

蔡 駱

Choi Lok

元 朗

Yuen Long

鍾

Chung

楊

Yeung

屯 門

屯 門 鄉

Tuen Mun 陶

Tuen Mun

To

km

屯 門 區

Tuen Mun District Scale 1:750000

0

1

2

3

4

5

Figure 2.2 Distribution of Brownfields and Rural Settlements in New Territories, Hong Kong

18

Fron tier C

文 錦 渡 口 岸

losed

沙 頭 角

Zone

Man Kam To Border Crossing

皇 崗 口 岸

Huanggang Border Crossing

福 田 口 岸

Sha T

羅 湖 口 岸

Futian Border Crossing r ntie Fro

se d

Clo

er nti Fro

se d

C lo

ne Zo

Lo Wu Border Crossing

e

打

Zon

鼓 嶺

Ta Kwu Ling

Liu

侯

FanlingSheung Shui

Kan

文

Man

上

彭

North District

Pang

水

鄉

Sheung Shui

新 田 鄉

粉 嶺 鄉

San Tin Heung

溫

Wan

Fanling

元 朗 區

大 埔

Yuen Long District 八 鄉

大 埔 鄉

Tai Po

成

Pak Heung

Tai Po

Shing

文

鄧

Man

Tang

大 埔 區

錦 田 鄉

Tai Po District

Kam Tin Heung

荃 灣 區

沙 田 區

Tsuen Wan District

荃 灣

荃 灣 鄉

Tsuen Wan

楊

Yeung

新 界 棕 地 及 鄉 村 分 佈

沙 Sha Tin District 陳

Chan

田

鄉

Sha Tin

Tsuen Wan

Distribution of Brownfields and Rural Settlements in New Territories

Closed Zone

Hau

簡

北 區

粉 嶺 上 水

廖

19

沙 田

Sha Tin

1200

1000

800 Hactre

7 pieces

448.5 38%

600

Area 1171.5 Hectares

548.3 hectares

723 62%

4 pieces

101.9 hectares

400

15 pieces

200

210.9 hectares

42 pieces

26 pieces

176.9 hectares

133.5 hectares

0

1993

2003 2017 Year North Distrct Tai Po

Yuen Long Tuen Mun Others

Figure 2.3 Location of Brownfields

Included by Existing Development Project and not Having Development Time Table

Figure 2.4 Area of Exclusion and Inclusion in Existing Development Project

>=2 to 5hectares >=5 to 10hectares >=10 to 20hectares >=20 to 30hectares >=30 hectares

Figure 2.5 Size of Brownfields Clusters

700

250 215

200

Excluded by Existing Development Project and not Having Development Time Table

Open Vehicle Parking 8.3% Filled/Destroyed Land 8.1% Container Yards 7.9% Others 1.3%

600

200

500 123 8.1%

154

150

400

126 8.3%

Hactre

Hactre

137 109

300

100 81

73

66 65 64

11 120 7.9% 0.7%

Area 1171.5 Hectares

646 42.5%

496 32.6%

200

50

0

Open Storge Agriculture Other Use Village Type Green Belt Residential Undeterimed G/IC Open Space Recreational

100

Land Use

Figure 2.6 Top 10 Original Land Use of Existing Brownfields

Image: HK01

0

1993

2003 Year

2017

Covered Warehouse 42.5% Open Storage & Recycling

Open Storage & Recycling Covered Warehouse Open Vehicle Parking Container Yards Filled/Destroyed Land Others

Figure 2.7 Trend of Area of Brownfields (1993-2017)

20

Figure 2.8 Area of Different Types of Brownfields

“Hong Kong gov’t ignored 450 hectares of brownfield land.”

2.1

Definition of Brownfield

The definition of brownfields in Hong Kong refers to former agricultural properties being converted to other uses due to the decline of agricultural activities (Task Force on Land Supply, 2018b). Brownfield sites are idle or vacant and commonly converted to Container yards, outdoor vehicle parking, open storage/ recycling, covered warehouse and filled/destroyed land (Figure 2.1).

Compared to the definition of brownfields in other countries, brownfields in the United States indicates the expansion, re-development or reuse of properties might be complicated by the potential presence of special hazard of contamination (EPA, 2019); brownfields in the United Kingdom refers to developed properties or premises subsequently become idle, derelict or polluted (Politics.co.uk, 2012).

2.2

Distribution of Brownfields

1,172 hectares of brownfield clusters are identified, and span across the New Territories, mainly in Yuen Long District, Northern District and Tuen Mun District (Figure 2.3)(Liberal Research Community, 2018a).

Brownfields being included in existing development projects or having a development timetable accounted for 62%, where the New Development Areas (NDAs) are Hung Shui Kiu NDA, Yuen Long South NDA, Ping Che NDA and Fanling North NDA (Figure 2.2). On the contrary, more than a third on brownfields have been excluded by government development plan(Figure 2.4), on the grounds of allegedly “fragmented and scattered pieces of land.”

Brownfield clusters are not fragmented and scattered. The 7-top clusters of brownfields were identified as over 30 hectares each, cumulatively 548.3 hectares. Brownfield clusters less than 5 hectares and 5 to 10 hectares were found to be over 42 pieces (133.5 hectares) and 26 pieces (176.9 hectares)(Figure 2.5).

A large amount of land parcels is located in the periphery of the new town area, which is the potential for middle to high-density development mode.

21

2.3

Mishandling of Brownfields

Most of the brownfield clusters had not been handled in priority by the government, which resulted in a severe expansion of brownfields towards agriculture lands, village-type development lands and preserved green belt (Figure 2.6). Two types of brownfields namely covered warehouse/workshop and open storage/ recycling had increased drastically from 1993 to 2017, to 650 hectares and 500 hectares respectively (Figure 2.7). Currently, covered warehouse/workshop and open storage/recycling are also accounted for the majority of brownfields, 42.6%, and 32.6% respectively. Open vehicle parking, filled/destroyed lands and container yards are accounted for about 8% each(Figure 2.8)(Liberal Research Study, 2018b).

The reason why brownfields’ expansion being out of controlled and mishandled by the government, was the government lost its lawsuit from “Attorney General v Melhado Investment Ltd. CACV79/1982, [1983] HKLR 327”. The High Court ruled that the use of land listed in the schedule in the Block Crown Leases for the rural New Territories, was “descriptive only and no implied covenant of the type contended for” and only the unauthorised structure, buildings and clamorous, offensive and noisome activities were forbidden(Legislative Council & Panel on Planning, Lands and Works, 2017). Thereafter, those uncultivated agriculture lands were converted to brownfields among the rural settlements.

2.4

Proximity to Rural Settlements

Brownfields are potential for residential development because they are located in the middle of nowhere, whereas brownfields are located in the periphery of the developed new town and have high proximity to existing rural settlements in New Territories (Figure 2.1). The rural settlement environment and fabric would become a significant context for the transitional housing proposal on brownfield sites.

Rural settlements vary from villages to small towns, mainly distributed in New Territories. The indigenous villages were delineated the under British Colonial Government after the New Territories being leased to Great Britain for 99 years in 1898. The descendants of the original inhabitants are still living in the remaining historical walled villages, or new-built villa-style building, called “Small House”.

The New Territories Small House Policy was implemented in 1972, which entitles one concessionary grant for an18-year-old New Territories male indigenous villager descended

22

through the male line from a recognised indigenous village since 1898, to build a Small House (Fowler, 2018a). An exemption is permitted under the Building Ordinance (Application to New Territories) if the Small House has fulfilled the spatial parameters, such as a height of no more than 3-storey and 27-feet, site coverage area not exceed 700 square feet, etc. (Figure 2.9).

Plan

Section

Stairhood

80sq.ft.

(7.44m2)

2.14m 7ft.

1.22m 4ft.

2nd Floor

1.22m 4ft.

700sq.ft.

(65.03m2)

Stairhood

8.23m 27ft.

1st Floor

Balcony Roofed-Over Area

Ground Floor

Figure 2.9 Parameters Requirements of Small House (Lands Department, 2018) 2.5

Developer-Landlord Collusion

Some indigenous inhabitants improperly sold their concessionary rights and lands to the developers for profits over the decades. More than 1,000-hectare of agricultural lands held by major developers in Hong Kong for land reserves, for future profitable residential development after getting the permission of change of land use and development parameters from the relevant authority.

丁權

Concessionary Right (Ding Right) 丁 : Male Descendant 權 : Right

Indigenous Male Inhabitant Descended Through the Male Line from Recognised Villages is Endowed with Small House Concessionary Right

Eligibility of Small House Grant

18+

丁

Do not Obtain Land for Housing Development

丁

Never Apply for Small House License or Purchase a Small House without Paying Premium

To Complete Small House Application and Obtain Land From Government

Never Obtain Land for Small House from Moving Out to Other Village

Lands Reserves at Concessionary Price Under Private Treaty Grant

Concessionary Right cannot be Transferred

Obtain Land for Housing Development

丁

Privately Transferring Concessionary Right to Developer is breach of the Condition of Grant. Authority can Take Back the Lands by Land Resumption Ordinance.

Figure 2.10 Concessionary Right in New Territories

23

丁

To Apply for Small House License To Declare the Status of the Applicant as an Indigenous Inhabitants

Bamboo Grove Source: Getty Images

24

Chapter Three Bamboo

In Hong Kong, Bamboo is common construction material for temporary structure due to its appeals, such as inexpensive cost, fast construction, durability and intensive renewability.

The high flexibility of bamboo structure is one of the potential construction methods for transitional housing, so as to cater to diversified and varied groups of residents for transient dwelling environments.

25

30 25

kN/cm2

20 15 10 5

0

Tensile Strength

Compressive

kN/cm2 Modulus of Elasticity Compressive Strength Tensile Strength Bending Strength Shearing Strength

Concrete 6000 - 41000 20 5 5.5 17

Sheering Strength

Bending Strength

Steel 2,100 14 16 14 902

Spruce Wood 1,100 4.3 9.8 6.8 0.7

Bamboo 2,000 6.2 - 9.3 14.8 7.6 - 27.6 2

Figure 3.1 Mechanical Strength Properties

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

5

6

1

2

3

4

1 Bamboo 2 Solid Splits/Slats/Strips 3 Crushed Bundles/Mats 4 Strands 5 Fibres 6 Particles 7 Vertical Laminated Board

8 9 10 11 12 13

Horizontal Laminated Board Woven Strand Board Parallel Strand Lumber Oriented Strand Board Medium Density Fibre Board Particle Board

Figure 3.2 Industrial Bamboo Products Made of Wide Varieties of Extracted Raw Materials18 Source: Felix Bock (2017)

26

“The upscaling bamboo production technologies provide various types of engineered bamboo products .”

3.1

The Use of Bamboo in Hong Kong

The temporary bamboo structure can be classified into constructional use and traditional use.

Hong Kong construction industry is renowned for its speedy and efficient bamboo scaffolding techniques (HK Magazine, 2018). Compared to steel, the lighter weight of bamboo allows scaffolders six-time faster to erect and 12-time faster to dismantle . Currently, there are more than 1,500 registered bamboo scaffolders and 200 scaffolding companies are operating this diminishing profession.

Temporary bamboo structure is also used for Chinese festivals and traditional events, for instance, bamboo opera theatre and flower plagues for celebrations of Lunar New Year, Hungry Ghost Festival, Tin Hau’s Birthday, Cheung Chau Bun Festival. Temporary bamboo structure and flower plagues can be discovered in the events of babies’ hundred-day banquet, wedding in traditional villages or business opening in Town.

3.2

Mechanical Strength Properties

Bamboo has good adaptability and strong mechanics. It has a tensile strength as steel, compressive strength as concrete and high bending strength as well (Figure 3.1)(Gutu, 2013). Currently, the upscaling bamboo production technologies have been adapted to provide various types of engineered bamboo products made of a wide variety of extracted raw bamboo poles, such as bamboo laminated board, woven strand board or particle board, etc. (Figure 3.2)(Böck, 2017). In addition, the lifespan of bamboo pole materials has been extended to more than 50-year after applying an appropriate treatment, while the life of natural bamboo is less than 2-year (Schröder, 2014).

27

0.8

kgCO2eq/kg product

0.6 0.4 0.2 0

Energy Consumption of Processing

-0.2 -0.4

Not use of glue but the erngy consumption in China involved with coal energy plant.

-0.6 -0.8

Transport (China)

Energy

Transport (International)

Glue

Bioenergy (End of Life)

Total

Figure 3.4 Carbon Footprint over Life Cycle for Various Industrial Bamboo Products21 0.8

kgCO2eq/kg product

0.6 0.4

Reforestation on degraded land will lead to a net carbon gain

0.2 0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8

Carbon Sequestration

Transport (China)

Energy

Bioenergy (End of Life)

Glue

Total

Figure 3.5 Carbon Footprint over Life Cycle for Various Industrial Bamboo Products with Carbon Sequestration21

Source: Felix Bock (2017)

Aluminium Steel Reinforced Concrete PVC Meranti Natural Forest Meranti FSC PEFC European Softwood Strand Woven Bamboo (Outdoor) Strand Woven Bamboo (Indoor) Laminated Bamboo Flattened Bamboo -5

0

5

10

15

tonCO2eq/m product 3

Figure 3.6 Carbon Footprint over Life-cycle for Various Common Construction Materials21

28

20

“Carbon sink can be effectively created to remediate degraded lands.”

3.3

Ecological Benefits of Bamboo Afforestation

Converting brownfields to the bamboo plantation by afforestation to remediate the soil of brownfields, meet construction materials demands, bring back greenery and economic values to brownfields, is one of my thesis strategies. What does bamboo benefit to the environment?

Bamboo is an evergreen species in the subfamily Bambusoideae which is part of the grass family Poaceae.

It grows rapidly, even in degraded land. Carbon sequestration, a process of long-term carbon sink can be effectively created by underground biomass of bamboo’s rhizome system (Edwards, 2017). The rigid and dense rhizome system is also an excellent soil stabilising feature. That is why bamboo can grow in degraded land, remediate and restore the soil nutrients by carbon sequestration.

According to the life-cycle analysis of engineered bamboo products, if the carbon sequestration advantaging for afforesting degraded lands with bamboo and being credited from land-use change in the same region is taken into account, the four main engineered bamboo products could achieve negative carbon footprint , and far lower than other energy-intensive materials pertaining to the technological cycle (Figure 3.3, 3.4 and 3.5)(Lugt, 2017).

Thick-walled Hollow Culm

Internode

Thin-walled Hollow Culm

Carbon Sink Large underground biomass of the rhizome system is effective at creating carbon sink, to restore degraded soil.

Solid Culm

CO 2

CO 2

CO CO

2

CO 2

Sympodial Rhizomes Systems (Clumping Bamboo)

CO

2

CO 2

2

Figure 3.3 Carbon Sequestration and Rhizome Systems

29

2

CO 2

Monopodial Rhizomes Systems (Running Bamboo)

CO

CO

2

Roots at Nodes

CO

2

CO 2

CO 2

3.4

Concept of 1-hectare of Bamboo Plantation

Before calculating how many bamboo poles can be produced if bamboo afforestation is implemented in New Territories, a study of 1-hectare of plantation is conducted.

For standard density and medium density of plantation, it is recommended 400 and 1,500 clumps are planted on a 1-hectare plantation. Each clump of bamboo grows more than 30 bamboo poles every year.

5 mature poles could be harvested per year based on conservative calculations. Based on the standard density of plantation, harvesting activities could start from the third year and a stable number of 2000 of mature bamboo poles, ranging from 6-14 cm diameters of bamboo poles annually after the fifth year (Table 3.2)(Eco Bamboolot, 2013). According to a medium and large scale bamboo plantation study in China, the accumulative net present value of bamboo afforestation could reach RMB48,487 per hectare (Table 3.1, 3.3)(Xiao, 2001).

Net Cash Value

Net Present Value

Accumulation of Ne Present Value

1st

-7,360

-6,815

-6,815

2nd

-3,380

-2,898

-9,713

3

-2,490

-1,977

-11,689

4th

6,510

4,785

-6,904

5th

7,510

5,111

-1,793

6th

11,010

6,938

5,145

th

7

11,010

6,424

11,569

8th

11,010

5,948

17,518

9th

11,010

5,508

23,025

10th

11,010

5,100

28,125

th

11

11,010

4,722

32,847

12th

11,010

4,372

37,219

13th

11,010

4,048

41,268

14th

11,010

3,748

45,016

15

11,010

3,471

48,487

rd

th

Source: INBAR - RISF - Transfer of Technology Model: Medium and Large Scale Bamboo Plantations Table 3.1 The Net Present Value

30

Year

Diameters in Centimeters 4cm

6cm

8cm

10cm

12cm

14cm

Total Poles

Harvest Length (m)

Price per m (USD)

Total Length (m)

1

st

2nd 3rd

800

800

5.1

0.28

4,080

4th

1,600

1,600

6.4

0.28

10,240

2,010

8.6

0.61

17.286

2,100

10.2

0.78

21,420

2,010

5th

2,100

6th

2,200

7

th

2,000

8th

2,200

13.4

0.85

29,480

2,000

15.2

0.89

30.400

9th

2,000

2,000

15.2

0.92

30.400

10th

2,000

2,000

15.2

0.92

30.400

11

2,000

2,000

15.2

0.92

30.400

th

12

2,000

2,000

15.2

0.92

30.400

13th

2,000

2,000

15.2

0.92

30.400

th

14

2,000

2,000

15.2

0.92

30.400

15th

2,000

2,000

15.2

0.92

30.400

th

Source: Eco Bamboolot Investing in Ecology Digital Brochure Table 3.2 Yearly Harvest Production

Output Annual Output

Cost Salary

Management

Equipment Maintenance

Others

Total

750

4,000

400

20

30

6,630

50

750

1,950

400

20

30

3,380

50

750

1,060

400

20

30

2,490

Fertilizer

Seedlings/ Plantlets

Transports

Land

1st

180

1,200

50

2

nd

180

3rd

180

Year

Shoots

Culms

th

6,000

3.000

180

50

750

1,060

400

20

30

2,490

5th

6,600

3,400

180

50

750

1,060

400

20

30

2,490

th

6

9,000

4,500

180

50

750

1,060

400

20

30

2,490

7th

9,000

4,500

180

50

750

1,060

400

20

30

2,490

8

9,000

4,500

180

50

750

1,060

400

20

30

2,490

4

th

9

9,000

4,500

180

50

750

1,060

400

20

30

2,490

10th

9,000

4,500

180

50

750

1,060

400

20

30

2,490

th

11

9,000

4,500

180

50

750

1,060

400

20

30

2,490

12th

9,000

4,500

180

50

750

1,060

400

20

30

2,490

th

13

9,000

4,500

180

50

750

1,060

400

20

30

2,490

14th

9,000

4,500

180

50

750

1,060

400

20

30

2,490

15

9,000

4,500

180

50

750

1,060

400

20

30

2,490

th

th

Total

154,000

Source: INBAR - RISF - Transfer of Technology Model: Medium and Large Scale Bamboo Plantations Table 3.3 The Working Capital Requirements

31

Indigenous Village Houses in Yuen Long Source: Winson Wong, South China Morning Post (2019)

32

Chapter Four Design Parameters

In Chapter Two, the research shows that brownfields excluded from government development projects are accounted for 448.5-hectare, 38% of the total area of 1171.5-hectares of brownfields. This Chapter is going to explore the area allocation proportion for transitional housing and bamboo afforestation.

33

RR1 - 12-Storey

Medium Rise Residential Block Max. Plot Ratio -

3.6

R1 - High6.5Density

RR2 - 6-Storey

R2 - Medium Density - 5.0 Max. Plot Ratio

Rural Area Residential Zone (RR)

New Town Residential Zone (R)

Max. Plot Ratio -

R3 - Low3.6 Density

Low Rise Residential Block Max. Plot Ratio -

2.1

RR3 - 3-Storey Terraced House or Flat Max. Plot Ratio -

0.75

RR4 - 3-Storey

Max. Plot Ratio -

Semi-detached or Detached House Max. Plot Ratio Village Type (V)

0.4

RR5

V - Very Low Density 3

- 2-Storey

Small Detached House Max. Plot Ratio -

Max. Plot Ratio Site Coverage - 100% (700ft2)

0.2

Figure 4.1 Residential Densities in Rural Areas

34

4.1 Required Total Domestic Area for Transitional Housing Before calculating the area required for alleviating 97,800-unit public rental housing shortfall, the permission of residential density relaxation needs to be acquired from the Planning Department. In New Territories, residential density is categorised into “New Town Residential Zone” and “Rural Area Residential Zone”.

Brownfields are mostly distributed in the agricultural or village-type development lands in the rural New Territories and therefore, only six Rural Residential Density Zones, ranging from RR1 to RR5 and villagetype are available for brownfield sites.

To maximise the residential density and development potential, such as plot ratio and building height, RR1 and RR2 are recommended for transitional housing development, which relates to “medium-rise residential block with up to 12 floors including at most two commercial lower floors” and “low-rise residential block with up to 6 floors and no commercial elements” respectively (Figure 4.1)(Hong Kong Planning Department, 2016).

4.2

Site Area Proportion of Transitional Housing to Bamboo Plantation

To cater to the same amount of 97,800-unit public rental housing shortfalls, 5,496,300 square-meter of the overall domestic area needs to be provided for transitional housing in Hong Kong. This figure is based on the ratio of existing size of households and ideal living space for different sizes of households (Table 4.1).

To allocate 5,496,300 square-meter of the total domestic area with rural residential density category RR1 (Plot Ratio 3.6), 35% and 65% of brownfields excluded from government development project would be distributed for construction of transitional housing and bamboo afforestation respectively (Figure 4.2).

4.3

Annual Bamboo Poles Production

From the above calculation, it is known that about 291-hectare of brownfields is planned for bamboo afforestation. According to the concept of 1-hectare of bamboo plantation in Chapter Three, a stable number of 595,960 of mature bamboo poles on average, ranging from 6-14 cm diameters of bamboo poles can be harvested annually after the fifth year (Table 4.2)(Eco Bamboolot, 2013).

35

Units

Public Housing Supply Shortfall

Worldwide

12.5m2

Parking Space in Hong Kong (2.5m x 5m)

Average Living Space Per Person

4.5m2

Hong Kong Subdivided Unit

14.8m2

24m2

Hong Kong Apartment

30m2

Singapore Apartment

36m2

Japan Apartment

New York City Apartment

Source: New York Times

Hong Kong 7m2 Public Housing Living Space#

1-Person Flat

14m2

22m2

1 to 2-Person Flat

2 to 3-Person-Flat

31m2

35m2

3 to 4-Person Flat

More than 4-Person Flat

Source: Hong Kong Housing Authority

Singapore HDB Living Space@

25-33m2 1-Room Flat

35-45m2

2-Room Flat

50-65m2

70-90m2

3-Room Flat

120-135m2

4-Room Flat

5-Room Flat

Source: Teoalida

Table 4.2 Average Living Space Per Person of Hong Kong, Singapore and Worldwide

Total Domestic Area Required for 97,800 Units Domestic Household

Living Space per Person

Household Distribution

Domestic Area

Ideal Average Living Space (m2)*

Household Distribution to 97,800 Units (Nos. of Household)

Total Domestic Area Required (Ratio x Ideal Average Living Space)(m2)

Nos. of Person

Nos. of Residents

Nos. of Households

Ratio

Existing Average Living Space (m2)

1

460,000

460,000

460

7-14

31

17,900

554,900

2

1,330,000

665,000

665

14-21

31-45

25,900

984,200

3

1,830,000

610,000

610

21-31

45-68

23,800

1,344,700

4

1,960,000

490,000

490

31-35

68-95

19,000

5

1,010,000

202,000

202

35

95

8,100

>6

520,000

86,000

86

35

95

3,100

Table 4.1 Total Domestic Area Required in Response to PRH Supply Shortfall

36

2,612,500

Plot Ratio 3.6 (12-Storey)

448.5ha

224.25ha

156.975ha

4,485,000m2 x3.6P.R. =16,146,000m2

2,242,500m2 x3.6P.R. =8,073,000m2

1,495,000m2 x3.6P.R. =5,651,100m2

(100%)

(50%)

112.125ha

(35%)

(25%)

448.5 38%

Area 1171.5 Hectares

1,121,250m2x3.6P.R. =4,036,500m2

723 62%

Plot Ratio 2.1(6-Storey)

Excluded by Existing Development Project and not Having Development Time Table Included by Existing Development Project and not Having Development Time Table

448.5ha

280.31ha

224.25ha

149.5ha

4,485,000m2 x2.1P.R. =9,418,500m2

2,803,100m2 x2.1P.R. =5,886,562m2

2,242,500m2 x2.1P.R. =4,709,250m2

1,495,000m2 x2.1P.R. =3,139,500m2

(100%)

(62.5%)

(50%)

(33.3%)

Total Domestic Area Required: > 5,496,300m2

Figure 4.3 Site Area Proportion of Transitional Housing to Bamboo Plantation Diameters in Centimeters

156.975ha Plot Ratio 3.6 (12-Storey)

(7/20)

1,495,000m2

291.525ha (13/20)

2,915,250m2

4cm 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th

8cm

6cm

10cm

12cm

14cm

Accumulation

Bamboo Poles per Unit

583,050 583,050 583,050

233,220 699,640 1,285,605 1,897,807 2,539,162 3,122,212 3,705,262 4,288,312 4,871,362

2 7 13 19 25 31 37 43 49

14cm

Accumulation

Bamboo Poles per Unit

336,380 336,380 336,380

134,552 403,656 741,717 1,094,916 1,464,934 1,801,314 2,137,694 2,474,074 2,810,454

1 4 7 11 14 18 21 25 28

233,220 466,440 585,965 612,202 641,355 583,050

‌ Diameters in Centimeters

Plot Ratio 2.1(6-Storey)

4cm

280.31ha (5/8)

2,803,100m2

168.19ha (3/8)

1,681,900m2

1 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th

6cm

8cm

10cm

12cm

st

134,552 269,104 338,061 353,199 370,018 336,380

‌

Table 4.2 Number of Bamboo Poles Produced Annually in 65%(291-hectare) of Brownfields

37

Bamboo House Source: Green Village Bali

38

Chapter Five

Typology Invention of Transitional Housing To alleviate the public housing supply shortfall and long average waiting time, transitional housing becomes an urgent need for poverty’s livelihood.

39

5.1

Case Study of Social Housing Six case studies are conducted for the understanding of various aspects and considerations on social housing worldwide. The six case studies as below:-

Sejima Wing, Gifu Kitagata Apartment Building, by Kazuyo Sejima (Figure 5.1)

-

Hawley Wing, Gifu Kitagata Apartment Building, by Christine Hawley (Figure 5.2)

-

Trellick Tower, by Erno Goldfinger (Figure 5.3)

-

Dortheavej Residence, by Bjarke Ingels Group (Figure 5.4)

-

Carabanchel 11, by Morphosis (Figure 5.5)

-

Transformation of 530 Dwellings, by Christopher Hutin (Figure 5.6)

The planning of traditional transitional housing in Hong Kong used to be ruthlessly uniform, inflexible, compact and environmentally dysfunctional. The case studies guide the thesis to create a new typology of transitional housing, to cater to different social characteristics of vulnerable groups, provide them with a wider range of atypical internal planning and volumetric arrangement, and circulate the residents laterally and vertically through communal space strategically.

40

4-Cell Unit

Typical Plan (Source: afasia archzine: SANAA)

Dining

Public Area

Single

2000 Kazuyo Sejima

Kitagata, JP

4843m2

Completion Total Floor Area

5-Cell Unit

Bedroom

Couple

Couple+1

Japanese Style Room

Couple+2

10-storey

107nos

Height

No. of Unit

Figure 5.1 Sejima Wing, Gifu Kitagata Apartment Building, by Kazuyo Sejima

41

Terrace

6-Cell Unit

Couple+3

49m2 80m2

min.

max.

30 Types of Unit

Typical Plan (Source: Christine Hawley Architects)

Public Area

2001 Christine Hawley Kitagata, JP

Typical Unit Plan ‘B” Lower Level (Source: Christine Hawley, 2013)

-m2

Completion Total Floor Area

10-storey

107nos

Height

No. of Unit

Figure 5.2 Hawley Wing, Gifu Kitagata Apartment Building, by Christine Hawley

42

Typical Unit Plan ‘B” Upper Level (Source: Christine Hawley, 2013)

49m2 90m2

min.

max.

7 Types of Unit

Typical Floor Plan with Coomon Corridor (Source: Frontier of Architectural Research, 2018) UP DOWN DOWN

Typical Floor Plan with Common Corridor (Source: UMA Laboratory of Sustainable Architecture Production, 2012)

1972 Erno Goldfinger London, UK

-m2

Completion Total Floor Area

Figure 5.3 Trellick Tower, by Erno Goldfinger

43

Cut-away Perspective showing Triple Approach (Source: Royal Academy of Arts, 1976)

31-storey

217nos

-m2

Height

No. of Unit

Unit Size

Unit Study of 2nd & 4th Floor Plan (Source: Floornature, 2018)

Unit Study of 1st, 3rd & 5th Typical Floor Plan (Source: Floornature, 2018)

1-Bedroom Apartment (Type A) 1-Bedroom Apartment (Type B)

2-Bedroom Apartment (Type A) 2-Bedroom Apartment (Type B)

2018

6800m2

Bjarke Ingels Copenhagen, DK Completion Total Floor Area Figure 5.4 Dortheavej Residence, by Bjarke Ingels Group

44

2-Bedroom Apartment (Type C) 3-Bedroom Apartment

5-storey

66nos

Height

No. of Unit

Studio Flat Common Area

60m2 115m2

min. max.

Unit Size

3rd Floor Plan (Source: Morphosis)

Pergola Diagram (Source: Morphosis)

2006 Morphosis

Madrid, ES

Courtyard Private Upper Courtyard Private Courtyard Public Public Plaza

21999m2 14-storey

Completion Total Floor Area

Figure 5.3 Carabanchel 11, by Morphosis

45

Height

141nos

Pergola Planter (Type x1) Planter (Type x2) Planter (Type x3) Precast (Type x1) Precast (Type x2)

-m2 -m2

min.

max.

No. of Unit 30 Types of Unit

Before Transformation (Source: Archdaily)

Christophe Hutin Bordeaux, FR

After Transformation (Source: Archdaily)

2017 Completion

81000m

16-storey

530nos

m2 max.

-m2

Total Floor Area

Height

No. of Unit

Unit Size

2

(Renovation/Remodel)

Figure 5.6 Transformation of 530 Dwellings, by Christopher Hutin

46

min-

1.38 Million Poor Population 594 thousand Poor Households Income & Total Net Asset Limit for PRH Maximum Income Limit (Per Month) Total Net Asset Limit

1-Person $11,830 $257,000

2-Person $18,690 $348,000

3-Person $23,010 $454,000

Source: Hong Kong Housing Authority (2019)

4-Person $29,240 $530,000

5-Person $35,280 $589,000

6-Person 38,810 $637,000

7-Person $44,550 $680,000

1USD = 7.83268HKD or 1SGD = 5.74747HKD Last Updated: 2019-11-13 13:16UTC

YH 22.7 6.8

2.8 CH 5.8

HC

161.3

154.5

559.8 NAH

24.5

Social Characteristics Population ‘000 (Inner)

85.4

313.3 111.1

319.7

42.2

175.8

Household Size

175.8

398.8

617.3

Population ‘000 (Inner)

Social Characteristics

199.4

1-Person Household 2-Person Household 3-Person Household

Economically Active Households - Working Households - Unemployed Households Economically Inactive Households

4-Person Household 5-Person Household 6-Person+ Household

CSSA Households

Elderly Households

Single-Parent Households

New-Arrival Households

Domestic households in poverty with at least one member who is One-way Permit Holder and has resided in HK for less than 7 years.

Households with Children

Domestic households in poverty with at least one member aged below 18.

YH

Youth Households

Domestic households in poverty with all members aged 18-29.

Figure 5.7 Demography below the Poverty Line

47

688.4

290.5

Population ‘000 (Inner)

Nos. of Household ‘000 (Outer)

Domestic households in poverty with at least one widowed, divorced or never married member living with children aged below 18.

HC

Housing Characteristics

Population ‘000 (Inner)

21.9

Nos. of Household ‘000 (Outer)

Domestic households in poverty with all members aged 65 and above.

NAH

450.2

210.6

59.6 21.5

Domestic households in poverty receiving Comprehensive Social Security Assistance (CSSA).

SPH

207.1

706.4

52.9

EH

Nos. of Household ‘000 (Outer)

EH

Economic Characteristics

361.6

333.2

101.0 222.5

CH

113.4

332.1

35.4 SPH

78.3

136.1 52.1

Nos. of Household ‘000 (Outer)

Public Rental Housing Tenents in Private Housing Owner-Occpiers With Mortgages or Loans Owner-Occpiers Without Mortgages or Loans

5.2

Demography Under Poverty Line

In prior to further study on typology invention of transitional housing, research on the demography of people living under the poverty line is conducted (Figure 5.7). There is 1.37 million poor population, with 1 in 5 people considered living below the poverty line (Lam, 2017). The poverty could be categorised into five groups by the social characteristics, Comprehensives Social Security Assistance (CSSA) households, elderly households, single-parent households, new-arrival households, households with children and youth households (Census and Statistics Department, 2017). The data of types of household size, ranging from 1-person household to more than 6-person household, is also significant information for the proposed numbers of different household size and social characteristic groups in transitional housing (Table 5.1).

1 -Person

2 -Person

3 -Person

4 -Person

5 -Person

>6 -Person

Total

CSSA Households

15

160

65

40

10

5

295

Elderly Households

30

230

10

25

30

10

5

5

75

10

15

15

5

5

55

40

100

120

30

10

300

Single-Parent Households New-Arrival Households

5

Households with Children Youth Households

5

5

5

Total

60

470

220

270

15 180

50

30

1010

Table 5.1 Nos. of Different Household Size of Units to be Proposed according to the Ratio of Social Characteristics of Households.

48

Satellite Aerial Image of Ping Shan Source: HKMS 2.0

49

Bamboo Groveof Ping Shan Satellite View Source: Source: Getty HKMSImages 2.0

50

Chapter Six

Site

The site selection for thesis is located in Ping Shan, New Territories (Figure 6.1). The site comprises fragmented brownfields, for instance, vehicles, coaches and truck parking, garage and squatter structure, which are misused land resource on village-type development land use (Figure 6.2). The site is adjacent to three indigenous villages with Ping Shan Heritage Trail and has a close proximity to Tin Shui Wai New Town and future Hung Shui Kiu New Development Area with well-equipped transportation. These are the significant elements of social integration for the residents living in the proposed transitional housing.

51

Figure 6.1 Site Selection

52

Figure 6.2 Site Analysis

53

Collage

The Revival Collage 1

55

The Habitat Collage 2

56

The Authenticity Collage 3

57

The Livelihood Collage 4

58

The Proximity Collage 5

59

Design Journal

Overview

Master Planning of Transitional Housing, Bamboo Plantation & Industry

at

footprint of 700m continuous communal deck

revitalizing the brownfields by establishing a self-

on the podium for social gathering and market

sufficient transitional housing, bamboo plantation

placemaking.

and industry. Numerous clusters of brownfields

Trail is also integrated onto the deck, to introduce

have a close proximity to the developed urban

the traditional village features to the complex and

space and rural settlements.

Not only are the

encourage the residents of transitional housing

brownfields being underused as private carpark,

to participate in the celebration of traditional

container yards or unauthourised garages, etc.,

festivals and ceremonies.

but also reduce the economic values of land and

bamboo built transitional housing rises as sets

disconnect the linkage between urban and rural

of clustering modules extruded upwards to form

area.

terraces, which does not merely have less visual

A brownfield cluster with a total area of 5.5

impact for the surroundings, but also create a

hectares at the intersection of Tin Shui Wai New

contour, as if an artificial mountain of Chinese

Town, Hung Shu Kiu New Development Area

Garden upheaves itself on the horizon, stood upon

and some traditional villages in Ping Shan rural

a green bamboo grove.

area, is selected as the site of thesis, due to its

Below the deck is where the transitional housing

proximity to both high-density urban fabric and

originated from – bamboo plantation and

low-density rural settlements. Typical fragmented

industrial space. On the periphery of the podium,

and scattered characteristic of brownfields is

brownfields are transformed and afforested to

challenging for revitalizing brownfields cluster

bamboo plantation. Bamboo culms are harvested

with traditional urban form and layout. Hence,

and thrown onto the canal by the workers.

an innovative and atypical housing planning

Bamboo poles flow on the canal via luxuriant

approach would be proposed in this thesis.

bamboo forests, and flow to the final collection

The design strategy of linear layout of clustering

point of the canal afterwards. Workers deliver

residential units link the fragmented brownfields

the raw materials from the shallow canal to the

as a whole.

manufacturing workshops inside the podium. The

This

architectural

thesis

design

aims

The linear village casts the

62

The existing Ping Shan Heritage

The engineered-

engineered bamboo poles and laminated bamboo

and citizens living in the town.

lumber manufacturing process and production

Brownfields are undoubtedly potential sites for

line fit into the linear footprint of industrial space.

future models of transitional housing planning

Vertical alignment of manufacturing workshops

and bamboo afforestation. Afforesting bamboo

and transitional housing envisions the feasibility

plantation and establishing engineered bamboo

of

industry on brownfields physically supply self-

self-sufficient

construction

material

for

proposed transitional housing.

reliant construction material for transitional

The skilled and non-skilled labour of the bamboo

housing,

plantations and manufacturing workshops are

employment opportunities, productivity, values

mainly recruited from the grassroots living in the

of land. Existing comprehensive infrastructure

transitional housing. More regional employment

and neighbourhood in the vicinity of brownfield

opportunities would be available due to its

sites - proposed transitional housing complex

vicinity to new town and new development area,

and bamboo plantation relations are mutually

which reduce their commute time and cost, and

beneficial, where the project act as a significant

enhance the residents’ sense of belonging as they

linkage among people with different backgrounds

contribute to the community.

and profiles. Revitalising Brownfields with

3.3 hectares of bamboo plantations would

green infrastructure and transitional housing is

not be underused.

Plantations are also act

absolutely a great move to reclaim the underused

as a recreational open space, facilitated with

land properties, and significantly to provide

paved walkways, water features and pavilions.

the residents from grassroots with a socially

Emergence of public space with the existing

inclusive and harmonious community. Living in

heritage trail, weekend market and traditional

transitional housing is no more shame, but a home

Cantonese opera bamboo theatre in the plantation

promoting physical health and mental well-being

parks cultivates a good quality of living style and

for the invulnerable groups in Hong Kong.

provide a healthy well-being for both the residents of transitional housing, indigenous inhabitants

63

and

economically

imbue

local

Bamboo Plantation and Transitional Housing Complex Tin Shui Wai New Town View from a Unit at High Level

64

65

Conveyance of Raw Bamboo Materials on Canal

Sheung Cheung Wai Entrance Gate(Left) and Outdoor Manufacturing Workshop (Right)

66

67

Main Entrance of the Transitional Housing Complex

Next to Tin Shui Wai MTR Station and Tsui Sing Lau Pagoda (Starting Point of Heritage Trail)

68

69

70

71

Master Planning

Private Car Parking

Garage

Truck Parking

Squatter Structure

Coach Parking

Brownfield Distribution (2019)

Cadastral Boundary (2019)

72

Linear Village & Clustering

Design Strategy Connecting Fragmented Site

Linear Village in Dragon Form

73

Traditional Village Layout

Aggregation of Units

74

Linear Village & Clustering

Design Strategy Clustering and Elevating

Potential Green Space Below Light Void

75

of Construction Materials for Transitional Housing

Manufacturing Workshop

Lam ina ted B Wa ambo reh o L ous um e ber go Carft Li

Lam Mainated nuf Ba actu mb ring oo L Wo umb rksh er op B9

Loa d in Cing Do arp ck A ark 1

B8

B7

B6

B5

ber Lumop o o h s b k Bam Wor atedturing n i c Lamanufa M

sted rve (Ha

nt) Poi tion c e l l l a Caninal Co oo F A3 b Bam A3

A6

B2

ng ani Cle g vin mo s Re A5 t o Kn g & op ttin orksh u c W ss Cro

A8

A7

e ativ serv t Preeatmen Tr

ring ctu p Punrksho Wo

A4

go Car ing Lift y r D p Kilnrksho Wo A9

go Carft Li

boo Bamuse d e er o ine areh Engoles W P

B1

boo Bamouse d e ycl reh Recles Wa Po

B4

B3

boo Bamssing d e t ina roce Lam ber P Lum

B ock g Drk 2 n i d a Loa Carp in

2 1 04 2020-05-

Labelling New Shoots

Labelling the date on new bamboo shoots for recognising the age of bamboo

1

3

Storing

Raw Bamb

[ST-A1 Raw Ba 35m W x 6m D

Harvesting Bamboo Culms

Harvesting 3-8 year-old bamboo culms. To minimize starch content, harvest bamboo in the very early morning, after rainy season and during dry season.

2 Recycling

Cleanin

with High-P

[WS-B1 High-Pre 20m W x 6m D x

Bamboo Poles from Construction [ST-B Recycled bamboo Storage] 35m W x 50m D x 6m H

Storage for 10,000 nos. of recycled bamboo poles co from the construction site

76

Manufacturing workshops is located in the middle of the site, facilitated with a curvilinear canal passes through the edge of the plantation which functions as a natural conveyance medium and temporary storage.

Manufacturing workshop

comprises engineered bamboo poles and laminated bamboo lumber production lines, where produces structural materials from engineered bamboo for the construction of

A

transitional housing.

red nee i g En

5

6

7

ng

Bamboo in Required Length [WS-A1 Cross-cutting Workshop] 35m W x 6m D x 4m H

4

boo Culms

3

5

horizontally or Ver-

Boric Acid / Copper Sulphate / Zinc Chloride / Sodium Dichromate [WS-A5 Treatment Zone] 35m W x 6m D x 6m H

the Internodes with Steel Rod

with High-Pressure Washer

6

with Industrial Brush

a water-based exterior, self-priming pigmented topcoat designed for use on bamboo surfaces with an enhanced transparent appearance.

Kiln Drying

Preservative Treatment

[WS-A3 High-Pressure Cleaning Workshop] 20m W x 6m D x 4m H

with Knots Removing Machine

10

[ST-A2 Kiln Drying Storage] 6m W x 20m D x 4m H

Removing External Knots

Cross-cutting

amboo Storage] D x 6m H

Puncturing

9

[WS-A4 Puncturing Workshop] 35m W x 6m D x 4m H

Cleaning

[WS-A2 Knots Removing Workshop] 35m W x 6m D x 4m H

4

8

ops rksh o W ring u t c fa anu M s ole oo P b External Coating Bam

7

8

9

Sanding

to Flatten& Smoothen the Final Surface [WS-B8 Sanding Workshop] 20m W x 20m D x 4m H

Trimming

into Required Size

[WS-B7 Trimming Workshop] 20m W x 20m D x 4m H

Laminating

by Sided Press or Plain Press [WS-B6 Laminating Workshop] 40m W x 20m D x 4m H Bamboo strips glued together horizontally and plain pressed bamboo plywood has a thickness of 5 mm.

Bamboo strips glued together vertically and side pressed bamboo plywood has a thickness of 20 mm.

Planing and Gluing Horizontally or Vertically [WS-B5 Gluing Workshop] 40m W x 20m D x 4m H

Removing Internal Knots and sanding the old outer layer [WS-B4 Knots Removing Workshop] 20m W x 6m D x 4m H

Splitting

ted ina m a L

into bamboo slats [WS-B3 Splitting Workshop] 20m W x 6m D x 4m H

Cross-cutting

Bamboo into Required Length [WS-B2 Cross-Cutting Workshop] 20m W x 6m D x 6m H

ng

Pressure Washer

essure Cleaning Workshop] 4m H

n

collected

77

ops rksh o W ring u t c fa anu M r be Lum o o b Bam

B

聚 月 樓

聚 日 樓

Block

Block

of Transitional Housing

Residential Layout

2

Block 1A

1

Block 1B

Block 2A

Block 1C

Block 2B

Block 1D

Block 1E

Block 2C Block 2D Block 2E

聚 鑫 樓 3

Block

Block 3B Block 3C

Block 3A

Block 4H

Block 4G

Block 4F Sectional Isometric

A Block 4E

Block 5D Block 5C Block 5B Block 5A

聚 淼 樓

Block 4D

5

Block

聚 森 樓 4

Sectional Isometric

Block 4C Block 4B Block 4A

Block

B Block 7A

Block 6A Block 7B Block 6B

聚 熹 樓

Block 6C

Block 7C

Block 7D

6

Block

聚 堯 樓

Block 7E Sectional Isometric

C

7

Block

Scale 1:2000

0

20

40

78

60

80

100

Low-Rise Block Village-type Block A Open Staircase

Low-Rise Block

Village-type Block B Semi-enclosed Staircase Shaft

Scale 1:150

0

2

4

79

6

8m

Medium-Rise Block With Typical Lobby

Scale 1:150

0

2

4

80

6

8m

Medium-Rise Block

With Communal Lobby

81 of Transitional Housing

Residential Layout

f per oo Up000 R16000 M 2 18 el 3 Lev0el v e L 000 1200 M 14 l1 el 2 Leve v e L 000 8000 M 10 l 1 Level e v Le00 4000 d 60 n rou G r pe Up00

Sectional Isometric A Engineered Bamboo Manufacturing Workshop, Market & Low-rise Transitional Housing Scale 1:200

20

Ro o 380 f 00 Lev 340 el 8 00 Lev 300 el 7 00 Lev 260 el 6 00 Lev 220 el 5 00 Lev 180 el 4 00 Lev 140 el 3 00 Lev 100 el 2 00 Lev 600 el 1 0

ng

uri act f u an op L Morksh B L W

Up 200 per Ba0s Grou -20 em 00 ent nd 1 L Bas BL -60 em Ma 00 ent Wonufac 2 r tu

ksh rin op g Car go Lift

Co Kil mm nD una Wo ryi lD rks ng eck hop Wa Eng reh i & R neere ou ec y d B a s e cled mb Bam oo boo

Sectional Isometric B Engineered Bamboo Manufacturing Workshop, Communal Deck & Medium-rise Transitional Housing Scale 1:200

82

d r un o ro Flo G d er un pp ro 1 U00 G t 0 n 20 e m sa e 2 B000 nt e -2 m se a 0 B00 60

-6

e al D

un m m Co

Car Car

Sectional Isometric C Carpark,Communal Deck & Medium-rise Transitional Housing Scale 1:200

83

par

k

par

k

ck

Sectional Isometric

of Transitional Housing, Communal Deck & Manufacturing Workshop

of R80o00 3 l8 ve e 0 L400 3 l7 ve e L0000 3 l6 ve L6e000 2 l5 ve Le000 22 l4 ve e 0 L00 18 l3 ve e 0 L00 14 l2 ve Le000 10 l1 ve Le00

The Heritage Market in the Bamboo Theatre Park on the Heritage Trail A Market Space for Indigenous Villagers Selling their Traditional Artifacts and Food

84

The Deck Marke A Market Space of Grocery St

The Deck Market on the Communal Deck below Block 4E, F G & H

A Market Space of Grocery Store, Stationery Store, Medical Clinic, Pharmacy, etc. for Residents

et on the Communal Deck below Block 4E, F G & H tore, Stationery Store, Medical Clinic, Pharmacy, etc. for85Residents

Proximity to Traditional Village Bringing Festive Celebration The Public Space Between Block 1 and Block 2 (Low-rise Residential Block)

86

The Deck Marke A Market Space of Grocery St

Lift Waiting Area of Medium-rise Block on the Communal Deck Block 6C

et on the Communal Deck below Block 4E, F G & H tore, Stationery Store, Medical Clinic, Pharmacy, etc. for87Residents

Communal Lobby on Typical Floor in Medium-rise Residential Block Block 7E

88

Light Void Created from the Quadrille Snub Tiling Pattern Lightening up the Communal Lobby and Common Corridor

89

Two Residential Modules Connected by a Continuous Verandah Space With a View Facing to Tin Shui Wai New Town and MTR Station

90

The Deck Marke A Market Space of Grocery St

A Residential Module at High Level

With a View Facing to Another Transitional Housing Block

et on the Communal Deck below Block 4E, F G & H tore, Stationery Store, Medical Clinic, Pharmacy, etc. for91Residents

12 1

13 11 14 15 15 14

18

20 19

9

8

7

6

5

22 25 24

23 3

3 22 1 200mmW x 200mmH Engineered Bamboo Beam 2 Metal Strap 3 80mm Vertical LBL 4 Pressed Metal Angle 5 12.5mm Plywood Sheathing 6 12.5mm Acoustic Mat 7 60 mm Cast-in-place Concrete Topping Slab 8 5mm Foam Pad 9 25mm Strand Woven Bamboo Floor Tile 10 Composite Shear Connector 11 Engineered Bamboo Column 12 Column Steel Connector 13 Concealed Beam Hanger 14 Laminated Bamboo Lumber Wall 15 Interior Finish 16 Insulation 17 Exterior Finish 18 Laminated Bamboo Window Frame w/. Single Glazed Panel 19 Engineered Bamboo Poles 20 Steel Mero System Connector 21 V-Support Steel Connector 22 Steel Edge Trim 23 Weatherproof Bamboo Decking 24 Balustrade 25 Sprinkler

Ceiling: Vertical LBL

Floor: Strand Woven Bamboo

Column Steel Connector

Concealed Beam Hanger

92

7

8 9

4 3 2 1

11 12

10

21

24

13 10 9 8 7 6 5

23 3 22

14 15 16 17

1

25

18

20 19

A. Floor to Wall Interface on Typical Floor Scale 1:25

D. Engineered Bamboo Poles Balcony Fixing Details on Typical Floor Scale 1:25

5

5

6

7

8 9

4 3 2 1

11 12

6

7

8 9

10

12

13

13 1

B. Floor to Wall Interface Between Typical Floor and Communal Deck

3 10

E. Column-Slab-Beam Interface Scale 1:10

Scale 1:25

A

E

D

B C

C. Column to Concrete Slab Interface on Communal Deck

Section of Typical Mid-Rise Residential Block Scale 1:400

Scale 1:25

93

Unit Modules of Transitional Housing

6

Construction Details

5

Facade of Transitional Housing

Engineered Bamboo Poles with Mero Steel Connection System form Verandah Hanging on LBL Modules

94

Studio Flat

1-Module Unit 26sq.m Indoor l 12 sq.m Verandah

Module 3 Living, Dining, Kitchen and Bathroom Module 10 Children Bedroom

New Family Flat 2-Module Unit

52sq.m Indoor l 24 sq.m Verandah

Large Family Flat 4-Module Unit

96sq.m Indoor l 48 sq.m Verandah

Module 7 Master Bedroom and Bedroom

Module 4 Dining, Kitchen & Toilet

Module 6 Master Bedroom

Module 3 Living, Dining, Kitchen and Bathroom

Module 5 Living Room

Module 10 Children Bedroom

Module 2 Living, Dining and Kitchen Module 8 2 Bedrooms

Small Family Flat 3-Module Unit

72sq.m Indoor l 30 sq.m Verandah

Small Family Flat 3-Module Unit

Module 9

72sq.m Indoor l 36 sq.m Verandah

Master Bedroom and Bathroom

95

Modules Combinations of Transitional Housing

Module 1 Studio Flat

Interior Layout

Module 7 Master Bedroom and Bedroom

Verandah

Verandah

Liv.

Liv.

Kit.

Bath.

Bed. Din. Kit.

Bath.

Module 1: Studio Flat

Module 3: Living, Dining, Kitchen and Bathroom

Verandah

Verandah

Liv.

Din.

Bath.

Din. Kit.

Kit.

Module 4: Dining, Kitchen and Bathroom

Module 2: Living, Dining and Kitchen

96

Verandah

Verandah

Liv.

Bed.

M. Bed.

Module 7: Master Bedroom and Bedroom

Module 5: Living Room

Verandah

Verandah

M. Bed. Bed.

Bed.

Bath.

Module 6: Master Bedroom with Bathroom

Module 8: 2 Bedrooms

97

Verandah

Bed. Bed.

Bath.

Module 9: 2 Bedroom(s) and Bathroom

Verandah

Children Bed.

Module 10: Children Bedroom

98

The modules of transitional housing are arranged

between indoor and outdoor is blurred since there

in quadrille snub tiling pattern, so as to provide

is no solid concrete wall as a barrier.

driven light void and maximise daylight for

Construction materials for transitional housing

residential units, lift lobby and communal deck.

are self-reliant. Locally-sourced bamboo from

The transitional housing complex is consisting

the site or other bamboo plantations nearby

of 3 types of blocks: low-rise village-type block

transformed from brownfields, are engineered

with one staircase (max. 3 storeys), mid-rise

and manufactured into specified architectural

block with typical lift lobby and mid-rise block

components. Architectural components forming

with communal lift lobby (4-8 storeys). Elderly

enclosed living space such as, decking, walls,

households, single-parent household and new-

columns and beams, are made of laminated

arrival households would be allocated to the

bamboo lumber and engineered glulam bamboo.

same mid-rise block with communal lift lobby,

Verandah, the extension of living space is

in order to provide them with a sharp transition

constructed in hanging structure with engineered

to the communal area from the flats, for taking

bamboo poles and steel connector, which brings

care of each other and enhance neighbourhood

contrast among indoor and outdoor. Residents

relationship as if living in a traditional village.

could also experience the textural variety of

Each module is 5m x 5m large.

bamboo secondary products, where the ceiling

Full height

is the vertical strip pattern of laminated bamboo

windows and folding doors with glazed panels

lumber; the floor tiles are strand woven bamboo

on two sides maximise daylight penetration in the

texture.

unit. Also, 1m deep verandah on 2 sides not only acts as an extension of living space, but also acts as a shading device like the traditional verandah of tong lau (Chinese tenement building) in Hong Kong, in order to block sunlight and keep indoor area cool, and capture natural light as mush as it could. The concept of verandah is inspired from the bamboo vernacular house, where the boundary

99

Tin Shui Wai New Town

Tin Shui Wai MTR Station

100

Tsui Sing Lau Pagoda

Site Section

, Site ium Pod Pl and

g usin l Ho iona nsit Tra

tion anta

Roof 38000

Level 8 34000

Level 7 30000

Level 6 26000

Level 5 22000

Level 4 18000

Level 3 14000

Level 2M 12000

Level 2 10000

Level 1M 8000

Level 1 6000

Level M 4000

Upper Ground

2000

Ground Level 0

Basement 1

Block 1

Block 2

-2000

Car Ramp to Carpark B

Basement 2 -6000

Scale 1:400

101

0

5

10

15

20

25

Carpark B

Loading Dock B

102

Block 3

Site Section

, Site ium Pod Pl and

g usin l Ho iona nsit Tra

tion anta

Roof 38000

Level 8 34000

Level 7 30000

Level 6 26000

Level 5 22000

Level 4 18000

Level 3 14000

Level 2M 12000

Level 2 10000

Level 1M 8000

Level 1 6000

Level M 4000

Upper Ground

2000

Ground Level 0

Basement 1

Canal

-2000

Sheung Cheung Wai (Walled Village)

Basement 2 -6000

Scale 1:400

103

0

5

10

15

20

25

Sheung Cheung Wai (Heritage)

Canal

Block 5

104

Manufacturing Space (Semi-enclosed)

Site Section

, Site ium Pod Pl and

g usin l Ho iona nsit Tra

tion anta

Roof 38000

Level 8 34000

Level 7 30000

Level 6 26000

Level 5 22000

Level 4 18000

Level 3 14000

Level 2M 12000

Level 2 10000

Level 1M 8000

Level 1 6000

Level M 4000

Upper Ground

2000

Ground Level 0

Basement 1 -2000

Basement 2 -6000

Warehouse

Block 4

Loading Dock A

Block 6

Scale 1:400

105

0

5

10

15

Carpark A

20

25

Block 7

106

Site Section

, Site ium Pod Pl and

g usin l Ho iona nsit Tra

tion anta

Roof 38000

Level 8 34000

Level 7 30000

Level 6 26000

Level 5 22000

Level 4 18000

Level 3 14000

Level 2M 12000

Level 2 10000

Level 1M 8000

Level 1 6000

Level M 4000

Upper Ground

2000

Ground Level 0

Basement 1 -2000

Old Ping Shan Police Station

Ching Shu Hin & Kun Ting Study Hall

Basement 2 -6000

Scale 1:400

107

0

5

10

15

20

25

108

Conclusion Hong Kong is not lacking in land resource, but deficient in an efficient land management. Having the great proximity to indigenous villages and the periphery of new towns in New Territories, brownfield sites are the potential land resource for re-establishing transitional housing for the vulnerable living below the poverty line and afforesting bamboo plantation for self-reliant construction materials for the transitional housing, other than land reclamation and developing country parks.

The strength, flexibility, rapid growth cycle of bamboo makes it as the most environmental conscientious construction materials for the proposing self-sufficient transitional housing. Bamboo afforestation on brownfields also revives the economic values of lands and local employment opportunities. Also, bamboo afforestation and its soil remediation transform brownfields to a lush urban greenery, recreation, health and well-being for the residents and neighbourhood.

Re-establishing transitional housing on brownfields alleviates the livelihood issues of the poverty by providing them with employment opportunities from engineered bamboo industry and existing new development area. The communal role of the revitalised brownfields acts as a significant platform to connect people from variety of backgrounds and profiles, through social gathering and participating in the traditional festive celebrations and ceremonies in the vicinity of indigenous villages.

Accommodating the vulnerable in the proposed in the transitional housing not only saves them from darkness and hopelessness, but also promote a self-reliant livelihood, healthy well-being and socially inclusive community, in order to cultivate their sense of security, belonging and coherence. Before being allocated to the public rental housing, the transitional housing complex on brownfields becomes their home, where they inhabit in, they contribute to. Let’s revitalise the brownfields!

109

Appendices

112

Appendix A

Presentation Panel of Architectural Design Thesis (Semester 2) 113

114

Appendix A

Presentation Panel of Architectural Design Thesis (Semester 2) 115

Legend

深 圳

BROWNFIELDS

HKSAR Boundary District Boundary Frontier Closed Area Boundary Frontier Closed Area Cross-Border Control Point

Shenzhen

新 界

(RE)ESTABLISHING TRANSIENT DWELLINGS AND AFFORESTING BAMBOO PLANTATIONS

The worst scenario of Hong Kong’s housing shortfall is yet to come. The amount of public rental housing completions is set to plunge in the coming decade, whereby the median multiples of housing affordability has reached a new peak and average waiting time for public rental housing for general applicants has risen to 5.5 years notoriously.

To mitigate the livelihood issues of the grassroot and influx of immigrants from Mainland China, government is urged amid the looming housing crisis by allocating the poverty to transitional housing.

Hong Kong is not deficient in land resource but lacking of efficient use of lands. Brownfields site, former agriculture land in New Territories converted to other uses, such as warehouse, open storage, container yard and open vehicle parking, is a case of inefficient use of lands.

Brownfield sites have a great proximity to rural settlements in New Territories,

New Town

屏 山 鄉

Rural Committee District

Ping Shan Heung

鄧

Major Indigenous Clan

陳

Minor Indigenous Clan

Tang

Existing New Town Proposed New Development Areas

District

天 水 圍

Tin Shui Wai

Chan

Mass Transit Railway (MTR) Light Rail Transit (LRT)

九 龍

文

廖

Man

Since

彭

Liu

Since

Southern Song Dynasty

11th Century

13th Century

深 圳

皇 崗 口 岸

Since

Later Yuan Dynasty

14th Century

14th Century

General Applications Total Number of Applications

粉 嶺 上 水

北 區

Liu

Hau

簡

上

Kan

North District 彭

FanlingSheung Shui

水

Man

鄉

Pang

Sheung Shui

新 田 鄉

天 水 圍

Re ive trat inis

Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory: 99-Year Lease Image Source: The Splendid Chinese Culture

ry da

of

g Sp on gK Hon

ecia

gion

粉 嶺 鄉

溫

Wan

Fanling

屏 山 鄉

un Bo

Choi Lok

元 朗

Tang

Ha Tsuen Heung

八 鄉

蔡 駱

鄧

廈 村 鄉

Image Source: The Land Registry of Hong Kong

大 埔

Yuen Long District

Sap Pak Heung

Ping Shan Heung

Since the British government had declared that all land in Hong Kong could only be leased and not to be sold, a

元 朗 區

十 八 鄉

Tin Shui Wai

dm lA

Block Crown Lease (now known as Block Government Lease) was issued for each Demarcation District/Survey District in 1905 to establish and register the titles of all the owners in that district.

Pak Heung

Shing

文

鄧

Man

大 埔 區

鍾

Tang

Chung

錦 田 鄉

Hong Kong 1967 Leftist Riots Image Source: South China Morning Post

楊

British colonial rule. Instigated by events in the People’s Republic of China, leftists called for massive strikes, organised demonstrations and clashed violently with the Hong Kong Police Force.

Yeung

Tai Po District

Kam Tin Heung

19 83

Tai Po

大 埔 鄉

Tai Po

成

Tang

Yuen Long

鄧

While originating as a minor labour dispute, the tensions later grew into large scale demonstrations against

Image Source: Hong Kong Free Press

朱

Chu

鼓 嶺

文

Frontier Closed Zone

Surveying New Territories and the Issue of the Block Crown Lease

The Small House Policy for the Indigenous

打

侯

深 圳 灣 口 岸

Shenzhen Bay Border Crossing

19 67

The Small House Policy is a legacy of the British colonial government.

In order to cater for the needs of an increasing demand for housing and to prevent another 1967 Riots, the outbreak of which was partly due to people’s discontent towards the indifferent attitude of the colonial government toward public welfare, threatening the colonial

屯 門

rule, the colonial government was keen on improving the living conditions of Hong Kong dwellers in the 1970s.

Tuen Mun

19 85

屯 門 鄉

Melhado Case: The Birth of Brownfields Image Source: South China Morning Post

The High Court ruled in the “Melhado” case that lots granted under the BGLs are subject to no restriction on the use of land, other than the clause preventing “Noisome or Offensive Trades”. In other words, so long as the development does not include any buildings, the agricultural lot owner under BGLs may use the land for purposes other than agriculture.

Decline of Agriculture: More Brownfields

19 97

Image Source: South China Morning Post

Tuen Mun

荃 灣 區

陶 To

屯 門 區

荃 灣

20 03

Stop Subsidised Sale Flats: Housing Shortfall

荃 灣 鄉

Tuen Mun District Handover of Hong Kong

成

Shing

沙 田 區

Tsuen Wan District

Image Source: China Daily

西 貢 區

田

鄉

Chan

Sai Kung District

Sha Tin

楊

Yeung

Tsang

溫

Initiated in 2012, the housing project aims to develop 17,000 public housing units in three phases.

Phase 1 refers to ongoing development of 4,000 units in a “green-belt” site; while phases 2 and 3 refer to the deferred plan to build the rest of the targeted units in the “brownfield” site. After government consultation, the proposal only included the plan to build 4,000 public flats on the green belt site, with

0

Scale 1:300000

1

2

3

4

Wan

5 km

no reference to any planned development on the brown belt sites.

HOUSING UNAFFORDABILITY

Severely Unaffordable

Atalanta

0

Decreased by 57% 2007-2016 Average 25,700 Units Per Year

6

8 Median Multiple

10

12

14

16

18

20

Housing Affordability: Major Market

0

-The Task Force on Land Supply

18

40,000 15

Median Multiple

20,000

Year Public Rental Flats

6

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

2016

Hactre

2003 Year

646 42.5%

Open Storage & Recycling Covered Warehouse Open Vehicle Parking

Container Yards Filled/Destroyed Land Others

Top 10 Oringinal Land Use of Existing Brownfields

Covered Warehouse 42.5% Open Storage & Recycling 32.6%

2019-03

146,300

108,300

254600

2018-12

150,200

117,400

267600

2018-09

150,200

117,500

267700

2018-06

150,600

117,900

268500

2018-03

153,300

119,000

272300

2017-12

155,100

127,800

282900

2017-09

152,700

127,400

280100

2017-06

150,200

127,600

277800

128,600

148,800

133,500

282300

152,000

134,000

286000

2016-06

153,000

135,300

288300

2015-06

140,200

142,000

282200

2014-06

125,400

130,400

255800

(Ding Right)

250,000

No. of Public Rental Flats

7 pieces 548.3 hectares

137

81

73

$5,300

$13,032

65

$12,238

$5,510

$1,935

$11,110 0 Jun 2008

Jun 2009

Jun 2010

Jun 2011

Jun 2012

Jun 2013

Jun 2014

Jun 2015

Jun 2016

Jun 2017

Jun 2018

$10,690 Average Monthly Salary

7

$15,913

Source: Rating and Valuation Department and South China Morning Post

$1,132

$1,300

$1,390

2001

2006

$1,210

$1,500

10.6%

10.4%

Land Use

42 pieces 133.5 hectares

26 pieces 176.9 hectares

8%

9.3%

Result 1996

2011

2016

Source: Rating and Valuation Department and South China Morning Post

1996

2001

2006

2011

2016

Source: Rating and Valuation Department and South China Morning Post

USD6.30/ft

General Applicant Elderly One-person Applicant

In the early 1980s, 13 sections of demarcation districts of farm land in So Kwun Wat, New Territories were abandoned and were rent by Melhado Investment Ltd. and used extensively for open storage of steel girders.

The Crown objected that such use was contrary to the terms of the Crown lease. The land had been included in a Block Crown Lease granted in 1905. In a Schedule to the lease the use of each lot was described as it then was.

2

C

It was argued that there was an implied covenant in the lease against use of the land for any purpose other than that for which it was used at the time the Crown lease was granted. The decision of the Court of Appeal is well known that the use of the land as listed in the Schedule to the Block Crown lease is descriptive only and has no effect on the restriction of land use. It was held that the purpose of the Schedule was to identify the lands to which the lease related.

Shin g Mun

6

is Endowed with >=2 to 5hectares >=10 to 20hectares >=30 hectares

>=5 to 10hectares >=20 to 30hectares

Small House Concessionary Right

6.516m

7.375m

2.463m

2.168m

600

1997

0

2017

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Source: Housing Authority

3-4

700000

448.5 38%

Area 1171.5 Hectares

0

1993 Yuen Long Tuen Mun

2003 Year North Distrct Tai Po Others

2017

Population

Moso Bamboo 毛竹

The bamboo forests is around 140,000km2 in the world. Although there are 75 genera and 1250 bamboo species, Mao Jue and Kao Jue are the most commonly used bamboo for scaffoldings.

Phyllostachys Pubescens

Source: Cartographic Perspectives (2013), Lobovikov, M(2007)

Bamboo and Rattan Trading

Area

520ft2

Rental

Area

484ft2

Area

509ft2

HKD7,500 / USD955

Rental

HKD17,500 / USD2,230

Rental

HKD25,000 / USD3,185

Rental / ft2

HKD14.4 / USD1.83

Rental / ft2

HKD36 / USD4.6

Rental / ft2

HKD49 / USD6.3

Personal Space

130ft2

Personal Space

121ft2

Personal Space

169ft2

2005

Included by Existing Development Project and Not Having Development Time Table

398 Hectares

2006

2007

2008

2009

Cage Home

Occupancy

1

Occupancy

1

Beds

1

Beds

1

Cubicle Home Occupancy

1

Beds

1

Baths

Shared

Baths

Shared

Baths

Shared

Kitchens

Shared

Kitchens

Shared

Kitchens

Shared

Area

15ft2

Area

15ft2 - 25ft2

Area

15ft2 - 25ft2

Rental

HKD1,500 - 2,500 / USD190 - 320

Rental

HKD1,500 - 2,500 / USD190 - 320

Rental

HKD1,500 - 2,500 / USD190 - 320

HKD100 -160 / USD12 - 21

Rental / ft2

HKD100 -160 / USD12 - 21

Rental / ft2

HKD100 -160 / USD12 - 21

Personal Space

15ft2 - 2.5ft2

Personal Space

15ft2 - 2.5ft2

Personal Space

15ft2 - 2.5ft2

No. Residents in a flat

20-28 Residents/ 1000ft2

No. Residents in a flat

20-28 Residents/1000ft2

No. Residents in a flat

20-28 Residents / 1000ft2

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

Median age

16678

29

2005

55106

40568

-356

29

2006

54170

37779

580

27

Development Restrictions

Became Indicative

Past

2007

33865

24798

20885

28

2008

41610

31435

13140

28

48587

38854

6163

29

Subdivided Unit 2-4

Luxury Subdivided Unit Occupancy

1-4

Container Apartment Occupancy

1-4

Beds

1

Beds

1-2

Beds

1-4

Baths

Shared

Baths

Shared or 1

Baths

1

2010

42624

34071

1216

29

Kitchens

Shared

Kitchens

Shared

Kitchens

1 or Nil

2011

43379

35916

11371

31

Area

80ft2 - 200ft2

Area

80ft2 - 200ft2 -

Area

160ft2 - 320ft2

254

36

9719

33

Rental

HKD3,500 - 6,000 / USD445 - 765

Rental

HKD7,500 - 20,000 / USD955 - 2,550

Rental

HKD3,000 - 5,000 / USD380 - 640

HKD35 -63 / USD12 - 21

Rental / ft2

HKD95 - 100 / USD11 - 12

Rental / ft2

54646

47721

45031

37797

“Hong Kong’s citizens are watching as their civil and political liberties are being eroded by an increasingly intolerant Beijing regime.” The National Interest

2013 2014

40496

32627

14254

32

2015

38338

31423

16412

32

Personal Space

20ft2 - 200ft2

Personal Space

20ft2 - 200ft2

Personal Space

40ft2 - 320ft2

Controversy: Privilege

2016

57387

47358

-2492

32

No. Units in a flat

4-5Units / 1000ft2

No. Units in a flat

4-12 Units / 1000ft2

Subdivision

1-2Units / Container

Rental / ft2

Bamboo Construction

Compressive Strength

Tensile Strength

Sheering Strength

Bending Strength

12

Mechanical Strength of Bamboo, Laminated Bamboo, Glue Laminated Spruce and Spruse 16

Domestic 96%

Bamboo Laminated Bamboo Glue Laminated Spruce Spruse

14 12

8.23m 27ft.

1st Floor

Balcony

10

S-Shaped Bamboo Growth Curve 9

6

8 6

3

4

Ground Floor

International 4%

2 0 Compressive Strength

郭 Kwok

Furniture and Crafts

Food

Income Generation

Fastest Growing Plants in the World 15

0

2.14m 7ft.

1.22m 4ft.

Laminated Plywood

18

5

Tensile Strength

0

Sheering Strength

Bending Strength

1-day

9-day

18-day

Bamboo Shoot Underground Growth

李 Lee

Handerson Land Group

158ha

Industrial Bamboo Products Extracted from Raw Materials

Engineered Bamboo Product 24% Bamboo Shoots

Woven Bamboo Products

7

8

9

10

11

12

28-day

36-day

44-day

56-day

1-year

2-year

3-year

4-year

Bamboo Shoot Underground Growth

Concept of One-Hectare Bamboo Afforestation

100m

13

Private Agricultural Land Reserve

out of 987 ha Agriculture Land Reserves are located in Wetland Reserve Area

19% Woven Rattan Products

92ha

Private Agricultural Land Reserve

145 Hectares

1 hectare

1 hectare

1 hectare

CK Asset Holdings Limited

417ha

Private Agricultural Land Reserve

out of 398 ha Agriculture Land Reserves in Wetland Reserve Area involve with Unauthorized Developement: Brownfields

Bamboo Charcoal

2

20%

Bamboo & Rattan Furniture

3

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

10% Raw Bamboo

3% Raw 1% Rattan Source: International Bamboo and Rattan Organization

6%

17%

1

Source: Felix Bock (2017)

4

Bamboo Solid Splits/Slats/Strips Crushed Bundles/Mats Strands Fibres Particles Vertical Laminated Board

5

8 9 10 11 12 13

6

Horizontal Laminated Board Woven Strand Board Parallel Strand Lumber Oriented Strand Board Medium Density Fibre Board Particle Board

Low-Density Plantation No. of Clumps

4m

625

4m

Spacing (m)

4x4

Grid

Retangular

Bamboo Theatre & Flower Plague

400 5x5

Grid

Triangular

Managerial Labour

Total Labour

Entrance Flower Plague Audience Terrace

No. of Clumps Spacing (m)

High-Density Plantation

5m 5m

7m

No. of Clumps

205

Spacing (m)

7x7

Grid

Rectangular

7m

The Labour Requirement of 10 ha of Bamboo Plantation

Carbon Sequestration and Rhizome Systems

Temporary Bamboo Theatre

Medium-Density Plantation

Source: Guadua Bamboo

Ecological Benefits

鳳頂 Phoenix at Top

長 Banner

Thin-walled Hollow Culm

Male

Skilled Labour

Female

Male

Non-killed Labour

Female

or

Move-out

Harmony

Village House

Thick-walled Hollow Culm

Vehicle Parking

Involvement

長 Banner

Present

Hong Kong Traditional Festaival

Sympodial Rhizomes Systems (Clumping Bamboo)

CO 2

CO

2

Carbon Footprint over Life-cycle for Various Common Construction Materials

Hong Kong Traditional Festaival

Demolishing Village

Phase 3 On Brownfield Site

Phase 2 On Brownfield Site

日

宴

初

一

日

1 First Day

農曆新年

傳 統 婚 嫁 Open Storage/Recycle

Warehouse/Workshop

農 曆 三 月

Lunar March

廿

23rd

三

日

Day

天后寶誕

Lunar New Year

Tin Hau’s Birthday

農 曆 五 月 Lunar

May

初

五

日

5th Fifth Day

端午龍舟

Dragon Boat Festival

13th

Energy Consumption Not use of glue but the of Processing energy consumption in China involved with coal energy plant.

12th 11th 10th

Transport (China)

Energy

Glue

Transport (International)

Bioenergy (End of Life)

Total

Carbon Footprint over Life Cycle for Various Industrial Bamboo Products with Carbon Sequestration 0.8 0.4 0.2

Hong Kong Traditional Festaival

0

5 10 tonCO2eq/m3 product

15

20

HKD15 - 19 / USD2 - 2.5

-USD123,410

Carbon Sequestration

Transport (China)

Energy

Glue

Bioenergy (End of Life)

4cm Dia.

Gain per month

Profit per month USD892,040

12cm Dia.

15.2m L.

14cm Dia.

Diameters (cm)

The Working Capital Requirements

Year

Annual Output Shoots

Culms

1st

農 曆 七 月 Lunar

July

十

15th

五

Day

盂蘭勝會

Tsang Shu-wo owns 1800 sqaure feet of land, can obtain

日

HungryGhostFestival

喪 事 殯 葬

USD688,440 (Landlord Price)

Filled/Destroyed Container Yard Land

Other/Unidentified

116

Mourning & Funeral

農 曆 八 月

Lunar August

十

15th

五

日

Day

中秋佳節

Mid-AutumnFestival

西曆十二月 December

冬

廿

22nd

二

至

Winter Solstice

日

Day

Cantilever Scaffolding

Suspended Scaffolding

10 Million 50,000 Tonnes Bamboo Scaffolding Waste

*The weight of a standardized piece of bamboo is 11.97kg.

50,000 Tonnes (50,000,000kg) is approximately equal to 4 Million pieces of Bamboo

Source: Occupational Safety & Health Council (2016) and So Yu Shing (2009)

Ceilng Scaffolding

Slope Scaffolding

Hemispheric Slope Scaffolding

Seedlings/ Plantlets

180

1,200

180

Transports 50 50 50

Land 750 750 750

Salary 4,000 1,950 1,060

Management 400 400 400

Equipment Maintenance 20 20 20

Others 30 30 30

Total 6,630 3,380 2,490

4th

6,000

3.000

180

50

750

1,060

400

20

30

2,490

5th

6,600

3,400

180

50

750

1,060

400

20

30

2,490

6th

9,000

4,500

180

50

750

1,060

400

20

30

2,490

7th

9,000

4,500

180

50

750

1,060

400

20

30

2,490

8th

9,000

4,500

180

50

750

1,060

400

20

30

2,490

9th

9,000

4,500

180

50

750

1,060

400

20

30

2,490

10th

pieces of bamboos are imported

Fertilizer

180

3rd

Double Scaffolding

Unit: x103 RMB Yuan

Cost

2nd

Opening

Difference USD284Million

USD221,630 (Government Price)

10cm Dia.

Source: Eco Bamboolot Investing in Ecology Digital Brochure

USD411Million (Landlord Price)

Monthly profit of operating brownfields > Land Compensation

13.4m L.

Total

開 張 大 吉 Business

Providing USD0.51/square feet to rent open storage in the same district +USD1,015,450

6cm Dia.

Bamboo Scaffolding Industry in Hong Kong

Hong Kong Traditional Festaival

2000

2200

15.2m L.

2100

8cm Dia.

10.2m L.

2010

8.6m L.

6.4m L.

1st

Output

Landlord obtain USD127Million (Government Price)

1600

800 5.1m L.

2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000

The re-afforestation cycle for the majority of sympodial bamboo species is 15 years. The annual working capital requirements are shown in the following table.

Government Ex-gratia Compensation on Rural Landlord’s Agricultural Land Offer USD118 per square USD382

Rent per square feet: USD0.11

8th 7th

4th

Source: Pablo van der Lugt (2017)

Hong Kong Traditional Festaival

Bamboo Poles Production / Year After 5th Year

3rd

-0.6 -0.8

Pest Control

Bamboo Pole/Shoot Harvesting

2nd

-0.4

Flattened Bamboo

>2000

5th

Reforestation on degraded land will lead to a net carbon gain

0

-0.2

Laminated Bamboo

9th

6th

0.6

Strand Woven Bamboo (Outdoor) Strand Woven Bamboo (Indoor)

Fertilizing & Earthing-up

Weeding & Soil Loosening

Annual Numbers of Harvesting Bamboo Poles Projections

14th

0

Propagation

Soil Preparation

0.2

-0.8

Nos. 14

Operation

CO 2

CO 2

-0.6

-5

Traditional Wedding

Benefits of Rural Committee Member Example of Tsang Shu-wo, Chairman of Ping Shan Rural Committee

2

0.4

-0.4

European Softwood

農 曆 一 月

Lunar January

Result After government consultation, the proposal only included the plan to build 4,000 public flats on the green belt site, with no reference to any planned development on the brown belt sites.

CO

15th

-0.2

PVC

Meranti FSC PEFC

Background Initiated in 2012, the housing project aims to develop 17,000 public housing units in three phases. Phase 1 refers to ongoing development of 4,000 units in a “greenbelt” site; while phases 2 and 3 refer to the deferred plan to build the rest of the targeted units in the “brownfield” site.

Monopodial Rhizomes Systems (Running Bamboo)

Carbon Footprint over Life Cycle for Various Industrial Bamboo Products

Meranti Natural Forest

Hundred Days Banquet

Phase 1 On Green Belt

Nos.10

2

0.6

Reinforced Concrete

Triad

2

Nos. 8

CO 2

0.8

Steel

Business

CO

Nos. 7

CO

2

CO

CO 2 Source: Hong Kong West Kowloon Cultural District

Chinese Traditional Festival Celebration Hong Kong Traditional Festaival

CO Roots at Nodes 2

雲柱 兜 肚 Cloud Column Bodice

Source: Radio Television Hong Kong (RTHK)

Daily Event

CO 2

CO 2

圓包 Round

Nos. 1

Establishment

方包 Sqaure

掙角 Angle

Non-indigenous Residents

Container Yard

Nos. 40

Carbon Sink Large underground biomass of the rhizome system is effective at creating carbon sink, to restore degraded soil.

Solid Culm Isolation 紅布 Red

Celebration

Agriculture Land Use Filled Land

珠 Bead 龍柱 Dragon

Festival Celebration

Rental Private Land: 10 Hectare

Occupancy

Biochemical Industry

10

Stairhood

Section 1.22m 4ft.

To Declare the Status of the Applicant as an Indigenous Inhabitants

New World Development

枕柱 Pillow

Indigenous Inhabitants

Owner of Vehicle Parking & Rental Open Storage

Remaining quota by year

26752

Pharmaceutical Industry

Chemical Industry

Source: Planning Department - Hong Kong Planning Standards and Guidelines - Chapter 2: Residential Densities

15

(65.03m2)

2nd Floor

丁 To Apply for Small House License

鄭

Traditional Celebration for the Indigenous only?

Brownfields

Tsang Shu-wo

Year

OWPHs aged 15+

38072

Tourism

Concrete Steel Spruce Wood Bamboo

20

700sq.ft.

Traditional Culture in the Rural Settlement

Wang Chau Controversy (2016)

Statistics on One-way Permit Holders (OWPHs) No. of OWPHs

Microclimate

Bamboo species in Guangdong and Guangxi are suitable for scaffoldings in construction due to its rough surfaces, in oder to provide more friction in contact.

Land Compensation 2004

Soil Erosion Control

Water Treatment

Mechanical Strength Properties 25

Roofed-Over Area

Obtain Land for Housing Development

Non-indigenous Residents Crown Lease in New Territories

Government

Rental / ft2

Year

Advanced Technology

Mechanical Strength of Concrete, Steel, Spruce Wood and Bamboo 30

Total World Market Value (Domestic and International) for Bamboo and Rattan Products

(7.44m2)

Cheng

Private Agricultural Land Reserve

Excluded by Existing Development Project and Not Having Development Time Table

Typology of Brownfield Sites

2 1 1

Mezzanine Coffin

207,230

2004

2012

...

80sq.ft.

To Complete Small House Application and Obtain Land From Government Lands Reserves at Concessionary Price Under Private Treaty Grant

丁

320ha

百

155,957

2009

Kan

楊

Stairhood

丁

Privately Transferring Concessionary Right to Developer is breach of the Condition of Grant. Authority can Take Back the Lands by Land Resumption Ordinance.

Sun Hung Kai Properties

723 62%

200

2-3

Beds Baths Kitchens

100000

0

成

Tsang Shing Yeung

Build a Small House Plan

Collusion

200000

Controversy: A Quota of 150 People Per Day

Controversy: With “top priority” not only given to the interest of the citizens, but also PRC Government

[Private Condo]

Occupancy

Rural Landlord

Average annual growth rate over the past 5 years: 0.4%

Background

Although the permit is specifically for the purpose of family reunion, not for general immigration, the scheme is controversial. Hong Kong currently has a quota of 150 people per day and the waiting time for spouses is currently 4 years. The scheme is alleged that beneficiaries are at the sole discretion of the PRC government and outside of the vetting procedures of the Hong Kong Immigration Department, is an infiltration mechanism by spies and friends of the regime into Hong Kong; those that are not filled by spies become a graft mechanism for officials.

3 1 1

Average annual growth rate over the past 5 years: 0.7% 265,009

Average annual growth rate over the past 5 years: 0.6%

One-way Permit issued by the People’s Republic of China allowing residents of mainland China to leave the mainland permanently to settle in Hong Kong or Macau. When settling to Hong Kong or Macau, the household registration in the mainland is relinquished, however, a person need to reside in the HKSAR for 7 years for the permanent resident status, which grants citizen rights.

3-4

Baths Kitchens

Population of One-way Permit Holders Population of the Hong Kong Residents (Census) Population of the Hong Kong Residents (Non-Census)

400000

300000

曾

To

14th Century

Aluminium

500000

Hong Kong

C

The River Park

[Private Condo]

Beds

1 1

Cubicles of Shame: Subdivided Units in Hong Kong

600000

China

B

City One Shatin Occupancy

1-2

Baths

Accumulative Population Growth in Hong Kong (2004-2016) 800000

陶

Since

Later Yuan Dynasty

Isolation

Kitchens

Influx of Immigrants from Mainland China

(Permit for Proceeding to Hong Kong and Macao)

Activated Bamboo Charcoal

Employment

Celebration

A

One-way Permit

Since

14th Century

400

Festival Celebration

[Public Housing]

Beds

Source: Rating and Valuation Department and South China Morning Post

Industry Development

Foliage and Hedges

Indigenous Inhabitants

Occupancy

1

Hau Early Ming Dynasty

Source: Hong Kong Lands Department

USD1.83/ft2

Pok Hong Estate

2

Urban Landscape

Protection of Waterbodies

800

ASha Tin Wai

Che Kung Temple

3

Between 1997 and 2015, a total of 879,000 one-way permit holders have become Hong Kong citizens

13th Century

丁

李 Li

Sha Tin

B 4

Since

Southern Song Dynasty

簡

Developer’s Acquisition of Concessionary Right

Area of Excluded by Existing Development Project

Influence

USD4.60/ft2

City One

Location of Brownfields (1993-2017) 1000

5

0.8m

0.67m

Soil Temperature Control

Rehabilitation of Degraded Land

Recognised Indigenous Inhabitants and Villages

彭

Do not Obtain Land for Housing Development

Concessionary Right cannot be Transferred 丁 : Male Descendant 權 : Right

Indigenous Male Inhabitant Descended Through the Male Line from Recognised Villages

1200

L

Attorney General

Background

Rent of Rent-to-rent Public Rental Housing & Private Housing in Same District

Average Waiting Time for Public Rental Housing

Man

Since

14th Century

Never Obtain Land for Small House from Moving Out to Other Village

64 15 pieces 210.9 hectares

0

T OS

VS

Melhado Investment Ltd

25.7%

25.2%

$5,100

$1,940

13.5%

50,000

18+

4 pieces 101.9 hectares 66

50

Melhado Case (1983)

N WI

Soil Stabilization

Indonesia

British Hong Kong

Minor 陳 蔡 鍾 駱 Clans Chan Choi Chung Lok Pang

侯

109

100

AG v Melhado Investment Ltd. CACV79/1982, [1983] HKLR 327

30.7%

26.2%

$6,500

Population of Public Rental Flats

2.774m

Public Rental Housing

28.6%

$7,500

$2,390

$5,295

100,000

Source: Reseach Office of Legislative Council Secretariat

2.049m

Private Residential

The average rent-to-income ratio for subdivided flat tenants at 41% in 2015

$15,898

$6,430 200,000

150,000

Liu

Later Yuan Dynasty

Never Apply for Small House License or Purchase a Small House without Paying Premium

154

2018

Median Rent to Income Ratio

Public Rental Housing

$10,000

Permanent Living Quarters Total Population

Median Income Private Residential

In 2017 the average monthly salary for a fresh unversity graduate HKD14,000 2018

275900

2016-12 2016-09

Source: Housing Authority

Total Number

Hong Kong Island

2003

r

147,300

Kowloon

1997

Rive

2017-03

New Territories

Average Price 400ft2 Flat (HK$/ft2)

300,000

11th Century

Eligibility of Small House Grant

丁權

Concessionary Right

150

Northern Song Dynasty

文

The New Territories Small House Policy for Indigenous Inhabitants

Distribution of Brownfields Clusters

200

200

廖

Tang Since

Exist before 1898

“The Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting an Extension of Hong Kong Territory” (“The Second Convention of Peking”) in 1898

鄧

100m

256100

The Five Great Clans

215

Hactre

Total Applicant

108,200

Hong Kong

Ecuador

Qing Dynasty of China

Leased for 99-Year

2017

Source: Sohcradio

Private Residential Property

350,000

No. of General Applicant

147,900

Industry

Guangdong, China Guangxi, China

India

Sunburst Bamboo 篙竹

1993

Figure Source: Demographia (2019)

Applications for Public Rental Housing Non-elderly One-person Application General Applications Total Number of Applications

Chan’s Sam Tung Uk in Tsuen Wan

kgCO2eq/kg product

Subsidised Sale Flats

Hong Kong

9

Tang’s Walled Village in Kam Tin

kgCO2eq/kg product

Private Flats

Source: Task Force Land Supply (2018)

12

Hong Kong New Zealand Australia Ireland Singapore United Kingdom Canada United States

2016

2015

2014

2013

2012

2011

2010

2009

2008

2007

2006

2005

2004

2003

2002

2001

2000

1999

1998

1997

1996

1995

1994

1993

1992

1991

1990

1989

1987

1986

1985

0

Tsang Tai Uk in Sha Tin

Bambusa Pervariabilis

0

250

3

2004-2018: Population Over 1,000,000

21

Old Village House in Kam Tin

Myanmar Vietnam

Area 1171.5 Hectares

496 32.6%

100

-politics.co.uk [HK definition] ‘Brownfield’ generally refers to former agricultural land in the New Territories (NT) which has been converted to other uses due to the decline of agriculture.

Brownfield sites are not idle and are commonly used for open storage, port back-up facilities (including container lorry parks and container yards), logistics operations, vehicle parking, vehicle repair workshops, recycling yards, rural workshops and storage areas for construction machinery and materials.

24

1997-2006 Average 59,800 Units Per Year

60,000

4

The Six-Day War in 1899

Tsui Sing Lau Pagoda in Ping Shan

a

Countries with Largest Bamboo Resources

Internode

80,000

No. of Units

2

11 0.7%

kN/cm2

Chicago Houston Philadelphia Osaka-Kobe-Kyoto

Figure Source: Demographia (2019)

120 7.9%

200

G/IC

Dallas-Fort Worth

Source: HK01 (2018)

126 8.3%

300

Environmental

[UK definition] ‘Brownfield’ land is an area of land or premises that has been previously used, but has subsequently become vacant, derelict or contaminated. This term derived from its opposite, undeveloped or ‘greenfield’ land.

Residential

Washington D.C.

No. of Public Housing

1,017,335

Transport Infrastructure 11.7%

Area of Total Built-up Land: 85.6%

New Residential Unit Completion by Property Type 100,000

Socio-economic

India

Others

kN/cm2

-United States Protection Agency

Miami

Open Space

Toronto

Tokyo-Yokohama

123 8.1%

400

New York Singapore

82%

500

Recreational

Ports & Airport 3.1%

London GLA London Exurbs

Purchased 79%

% of Residents living in Public Housing

Utilities 2.6%

Defence Requirements 18.7%

2017: Population Over 5,000,000

Los Angeles

Private 18%

Rent 3% Community, Institution & Recreation Facilities 7.6%

Potential Application Ecological & Ornamental

Environmental

Open Vehicle Parking 8.3% Filled/Destroyed Land 8.1% Container Yards 7.9% Others 1.3%

Chin

[US definition] A brownfield is a property, the expansion, redevelopment, or reuse of which may be complicated by the presence or potential presence of a hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant.

Sydney

Public 82% Commerce & Industry 13.7%

Area

722.5 km2

Home Purchased Rate 90.7%

76 293

Hong Kong

8:2

Public Residential 2.5%

28 92

Housing Affordability: Very Large Market

Purchased : 400,000 Rent : 808,000

Ratio

Private Residential 11.6%

Reservoir 5.2%

5.1 & Over

Total

BAMBOO AFFORESTATION

Worldwide Distribution of Bamboo

Indigenous Inhabitants in New Territories

Area of Different Types of Existing Brownfields

600

Undeterimed

Parks & Nature Reserve 8.0%

Unaccounted 1.2%

Others 14.1%

Severely Unaffordable

Trend of Area of Brownfields (1993-2017) 700

/ˈbrounˌfēld-/ (noun)

Hactre

1,208,000

Area of Total Built-up Land: 24.3%

Home Purchased Rate 49.2%

Singapore

84 71

Other Use

No. of Public Housing

Grassland 16.8%

62

24 30

Green Belt

Woodland 24.8%

Source: 14th Annual Demographia International Housing Affordability Survey

44.8%

% of Residents living in Public Housing

All Markets

10

3.1 to 4.0 4.1 to 5.0

BAMBOO

RURAL SETTLEMENT

BROWNFIELDS

Major Markets

3.0 or Less

Ecuador Myanmar Vienam

*Subsidised Sale Flats

Agriculture 4.6% Mangrove/Swamp 0.5% Badland 0.2% Quarries 0.1% Rocky Shore 0.4% Fish Pond/Gei wai 1.4% Stream & Nullah 0.5%

Median Multiple

Affordable Moderately Unaffordable Seriously Unaffordable

Indonesia

1,104 km2

Rating

Agriculture

Median House Price Median Multiple= Median Pre-Tax Gross Household Income

Purchased* 15.7%

Village Type

Private 55.2%

Rent 29.1%

Warehouse & Open Storage 1.5% Reservoir 2.3%

Brownfield

Housing Affordability Ratings & 2017 Median Multiples

Ratio

4:6 Public 44.8%

Others 4.0%

Area

Open Storge

Private Residential 2.3% Public Housing 1.4% Rural Settlement 3.2% Commerce & Industry 1.3% Community, Institution & Recreation Facilities 4.6% Land Transportation Infrastructure 4.0% Ports & Airport 1.6% Utilities 0.7%

Shrubland 23.8%

Hong Kong

No. of Elderly One-Person Applicant

藍

Lam

Wan Chau Controversy Image Source: South China Morning Post

HOUSING CRISIS IN HONG KONG

2019-06

新 界 棕 地 及 鄉 村 分 佈

曾

20 16

WHAT’S NEXT?

Month

Sai Kung North

沙 陳

Tsuen Wan

Image Source: Michael Wolf

Population 5.61 Million

西 貢 北

沙 田

Sha Tin

Sha Tin District

Tsuen Wan

The first executive of HKSAR stopped building Subsidised Sale Flats due to the prevention of property prices to slump during the Asian financial crisis. The average annual housing completion slid from 59,800 to 25,700 units, by over 50% drop between 2007 and 2016.

Population 7.41 Million

Sha Tau Kok

ne Zo

曾

Image Source: Spark

19 72

gion

Tsang

Six-Day War: Recognition of Villages

but to prevent future resistance made concessions to placate the indigenous inhabitants, such as preserve their land rights, land use, and traditional customs. The special status and rights of the minority indigenous people of Hong Kong are extant to this day.

Re tive nistra

Admi

Image Source: Encyclopaedia

The Six-Day War was fought between the British Empire and the

major punti clans of the New Territories in Hong Kong in April 1899. The British quickly and decisively ended armed resistance,

ecial

Treaty of Nanjing: Ceded Hong Kong Island

18 60 18 98 18 19 99 05

Non-elderly One-person Application

e

Ta Kwu Ling

Since

Image Source: Illustrated London News

osed

Zone

廖

14th Century

Treaty of Peking: Ceded Kowloon Peninsula

r Cl tie Fron

sed

Clo

San Tin Heung

18 42

沙 頭 角

ed Zon

Sp Kong Hong

Futian Border Crossing

4 Regions of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region

陳

Hau

福 田 口 岸

ntier Fro

Early Ming Dynasty

Source: Sky Post

Huanggang Border Crossing

Shenzhen

Chan

侯

Pang

Since

Later Yuan Dynasty

Fron tier Clos

Height (m)

鄧

Tang

文 錦 渡 口 岸

Man Kam To Border Crossing

羅 湖 口 岸

of dary Boun

Sha Tau Kok Border Crossing

Lo Wu Border Crossing

香 港 島 Hong Kong Island

BEFORE

Northern Song Dynasty

沙 頭 角 口 岸

- Village/Rural - Village - Farm/Field - Ridge - Lake - Water - Bay - Delta - Cape - Cross - Port

Kowloon

離 島

Outlying Islands

18 42 The Five Great Clans Migrating to Hong Kong

鄉 Heung 村 Tsuen 田 Tin 嶺 Ling 湖 Wu 水 Shui 灣 Wan 洲 Chau 角 Kok 渡 Kok 埔 Po

Distribution of Brownfields and Rural Settlements in New Territories

An urgent and great need of temporary transitional housing supply imply a low cost, durable and rapid construction system and technique needed – bamboo structure. Proposing bamboo afforestation on brownfields not only provide transitional housing project with primary bamboo resource and secondary products, but also remediates the soil by carbon sequestration and revives the forgotten greenery on brownfields among the rural settlements. Along with bringing back economic values to brownfields, bamboo grove become a linkage, such as park and open space, to significantly create a coherent integration between the residents and context.

Yuen Long District

Warehouse, Open Storage or Recycling Open Vehicle Parking Container Yard Abandoned or Filled Land

Buildings Rural Small House Rural Settlement

NewTerritories

where are mostly well-equipped with transportation system.

Brownfields is undoubtedly a potential location to situating the transitional housing, to provide the residents with coherent relationship with the surrounding neighborhood.

Romanization of Cantonese

元 朗

Brownfields

9,000

4,500

180

50

750

1,060

400

20

30

2,490

11th

9,000

4,500

180

50

750

1,060

400

20

30

2,490

12th

9,000

4,500

180

50

750

1,060

400

20

30

2,490

13th

9,000

14th

9,000

15th

9,000

Total Source: INBAR - RISF

154,000

4,500

180

50

750

1,060

400

20

30

2,490

4,500

180

50

750

1,060

400

20

30

2,490

4,500

180

50

750

1,060

400

20

30

2,490

Legend

Brownfield Type

Site Selection

Private Car Parking

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Building

Truck Parking

Rural Small House

Coach Parking

洪 聖 宮

覲 廷 書 室

鄧 氏 宗 祠

聚 星 樓

Squatter Structure

仁 敦 岡 書 室

楊 侯 古 廟

Heritage Trail

俞 喬 二 宗 祠

上 璋 圍

Garage

述 卿 書 室

清 暑 軒

Heritage Building

舊 屏 山 警 署

Heritage Spot

Open Storage

Light Rail Transit (LRT)

Recycing

Mass Transit Railway (MTR)

Filled Abandoned Land

Ping Shan Heritage Trail

Old Ping Shan Police Station

Hung Sing Shut Temple Hing Study

Ching Shu Hin

Kun Ting Study Hall

Hall

A

Total Site Area 5.5ha

F

J

I

G

Sheung Chuising Yeung Cheung Pagoda Wai Hau Temple

Tang Ascestral Yu Yan Hall Kiu Tun Ascestral Kong Hall Study Hall

E

C

B

Bamboo Afforestation 3.575ha

=

THE AUTHENTICITY

The strength, beauty, and flexibility of Bamboo and also its rapid growth cycle and carbon sequestration capacity make it as

The strength, beauty, and flexibility of Bamboo and also its rapid growth cycle and carbon sequestration capacity make it as

(35% of 5.5ha)

Permitted GFA: 19,250m2 x 3.6(Plot Ratio) = 69,300m2 Max. Nos. of Storey: 12-Storey Approx. Nos. of Units:

Production: 3.575ha x 1500(Bamboo Clumps) = 5362.5 clumps Annual Production after 5 Years 3.575ha x 2000(Bamboo Poles) =7150 poles

K

THE REVIVAL

Transitional Housing 1.925ha

+

(65% of 5.5ha)

Preliminary Massing Study Bamboo Afforestation

H

New Town / New Development Area

天 水 圍

坑 頭 村

Tin Shui Wai

Hang Tau Village

(New Town)

Tin Shui Wai West Rail Station

Site Selection for Brownfield Sites Planning in Ping Shan

屏 山 鄉 棕 地 規 劃 選 址

A

上 璋 圍

Axonometric of Site

Buildings Site and Brownfields Heritage Buildings Existing Heritage Trail Possible Heritage Trail

坑 尾 村

rridor ge Co

Herita

Hang Mei Village

Sheung Cheung Wai

屏 山

上 璋 圍

the most environmentally conscientious building material conceivable. Bamboo afforestation brings economic values and soil

the most environmentally conscientious building material conceivable. Bamboo afforestation brings economic values and soil

remediation to the brownfields.

remediation to the brownfields.

THE HYBRID

THE AUTHENTICITY

Ping Shan

Sheung Cheung Wai

Cadastral Boundary in 2019 Image Source: Hong Kong Map Office

C

B

坑 頭 村

D

坑 頭 村

Hang Mei Tsuen LRT Station

上 璋 圍

K

Hang Tau Village

E

Hung Shui Kiu

(New Development Area)

Tong Fong Village

OU

Image Source: Hong Kong Map Office

Hang Mei Village

J

塘 坊 村

R(A) V

G/IC

I

橋 頭 圍

OU

Outline Zoning Plan

Village-type Development Open Use Government, Institution or Community Comprehensive Development Area Residential (A)

Kiu Tau Wai

Scale 1:750

0

20

40

Hang Mei Village

Casdestral boundaries are based on former agricultural land demarcation.

坑 尾 村

G H

60

80

坑 尾 村

Sheung Cheung Wai

Aerial View of Tang’s Ascestral Settlement in 1949

F

洪 水 橋

Hang Tau Village

100

Steven Holl said “hybrids are incomplete and necessarily rely on the organization of the whole in a way that reorganizes the social

CDA

dimension of the building.”. Hybrid building is a well planning product, shared common areas or other high linkage spaces, which

OU

Image Source: Statutory Planning Portal 2

makes the hybrid as a whole building, as each part relays on each part.

Bamboo Afforestation as back garden of transiotional housing and surrounding settlement.

Case Study - Social Housing Japanese Style Room

4-Cell Unit

12-Storey

3-Storey

Max. Plot Ratio - 3.6

Max. Plot Ratio - 0.4

High Density Max. Plot Ratio - 6.5

RR2

RR5

R2

6-Storey

2-Storey

Typical Plan (Source: afasia archzine: SANAA)

Max. Plot Ratio - 2.1

RR3

6-Cell Unit

R1 Dining

Public Area

Bedroom

Terrace

Income and Total Net Asset Limit for PRH

Japanese Style Room

Max. Plot Ratio - 0.2

R3

4-Person

5-Person

6-Person

K Kitchenism Cell

7-Person

$23,010

$29,240

$35,280

38,810

$44,550

$348,000

$454,000

$530,000

$589,000

$637,000

$680,000

1USD = 7.83268HKD or 1SGD = 5.74747HKD Last Updated: 2019-11-13 13:16UTC

Kitagata, JP

Couple

Couple+1

Couple+2

2000

4843m2

10-storey

107nos

Completion

Total Floor Area

Height

No. of Unit

5.8

HC

Couple+3

49m2 80m2

559.8 24.5

NAH

78.3

161.3

154.5

min.

max.

113.4

313.3 111.1

Population ‘000 (Inner)

SPH

175.8

398.8

617.3

207.1

706.4

450.2

210.6

Nos. of Household ‘000 (Outer)

Hong

Nos. of Household ‘000 (Outer)

Economically Active Households - Working Households - Unemployed Households Economically Inactive Households

Maximizing Verticality

Typical Unit Plan ‘B” Upper Level (Source: Christine Hawley, 2013)

RESIDENTIAL Rural Area Residential: RR1 or RR2

Christine Hawley Kitagata, JP

2001

-m2

10-storey

107nos

Completion

Total Floor Area

Height

No. of Unit

49m2 90m2

7 Types of Unit

14m2

1-Person Flat

22m2

DOWN

Erno Goldfinger

25-33m2

35-45m2

1-Room Flat

2-Room Flat

50-65m2

70-90m2

3-Room Flat

London, UK

120-135m2

4-Room Flat

Cut-away Perspective showing Triple Approach (Source: Royal Academy of Arts, 1976)

Typical Floor Plan with Common Corridor (Source: UMA Laboratory of Sustainable Architecture Production, 2012)

More than 4-Person Flat

-m2

31-storey

217nos

-m 2

Total Floor Area

Height

No. of Unit

Unit Size

7-14

31

17,900

14-21

31-45

25,900

984,200

45-68

23,800

1,344,700

68-95

19,000

95

8,100

95

3,100

1

460,000

460,000

460

2

1,330,000

665,000

665

3

1,830,000

610,000

610

21-31

4

1,960,000

490,000

490

31-35

5

1,010,000

202,000

202

35

>6

520,000

86,000

86

35

554,900 1-Bedroom Apartment (Type A) 1-Bedroom Apartment (Type B)

2-Bedroom Apartment (Type A) 2-Bedroom Apartment (Type B)

2,612,500 Bjarke Ingels Copenhagen, DK

2-Bedroom Apartment (Type C) 3-Bedroom Apartment

2018

6800m2

5-storey

66nos

Completion

Total Floor Area

Height

No. of Unit

Plot Ratio 3.6 (12-Storey)

448.5ha

(100%) 4,485,000m2 x3.6P.R. =16,146,000m2

224.25ha

(50%) 2,242,500m2 x3.6P.R. =8,073,000m2

156.975ha (35%) 1,495,000m2 x3.6P.R. =5,651,100m2

112.125ha (25%) 1,121,250m2 x3.6P.R. =4,036,500m2

Pergola Diagram (Source: Morphosis)

291.525ha (65%) 2,915,250m2

1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th

Plot Ratio 2.1(6-Storey)

(100%) 4,485,000m2 x2.1P.R. =9,418,500m2

280.31ha

(62.5%) 2,803,100m2 x2.1P.R. =5,886,562m2

224.25ha

(50%) 2,242,500m2 x2.1P.R. =4,709,250m2

149.5ha

(62.5%) 2,803,100m2

(33.3%) 1,495,000m2 x2.1P.R. =3,139,500m2

168.19ha

233,220 466,440 585,965 612,202 641,355 583,050 583,050 583,050 583,050

233,220 699,640 1,285,605 1,897,807 2,539,162 3,122,212 3,705,262 4,288,312 4,871,362

2 7 13 19 25 31 37 43 49

(37.5) 1,681,900m2

1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th

Accumulation

Bamboo Poles per Unit

134,552 403,656 741,717 1,094,916 1,464,934 1,801,314 2,137,694 2,474,074 2,810,454

1 4 7 11 14 18 21 25 28

134,552 269,104 338,061 353,199 370,018 336,380 336,380 336,380 336,380 …

> 5,496,300m2

Bamboo Poles per Unit Morphosis

Year Number of Poles

280.31ha 448.5ha

Accumulation

Madrid, ES

Courtyard Private Upper Courtyard Private Courtyard Public Public Plaza

2006

21999m2

14-storey

141nos

Completion

Total Floor Area

Height

No. of Unit

Pergola Planter (Type x1) Planter (Type x2) Planter (Type x3) Precast (Type x1) Precast (Type x2)

-m 2 -m 2

min.

max.

30 Types of Unit

Study and Kitchen Quiet Side

Study

Communal Side

Kitchen

L KD S L T

LK

BBB DKB T B

DK TB

E DK L

BKD T

B BK L KD BT DKB T B

Balcony Side Elderly Households Single-Parent Households Households with Children Youth Households

DKB T

DKB T B

Total 295

S B B

30

10

5

5

75

15

15

5

5

40

100

120

30

10

300

180

50

30

1010

5

5

470

220

2-Person Households

3-Person Households

Corridor Side

BBB B L KD S L T

BBB

15

4-Person Households

BB DK T B L

55

10

5 60

BB KD L

5 cell unit (2-3 Person) 7-cell units (3-4 Person) 10-cell units (5-6 Person) Family Type: Single-parent Family, Small Family, Happy Family or ThreeGeneration Family

270

E DK L

New-Arrival Households

B

Domestic households in poverty with at least one member who is One-way Permit Holder and has resided in HK for less than 7 years.

BK L

4-cell unit (1-2 Person) 5 cell unit (2-3 Person) 7-cell units (3-4 Person) 10-cell units (5-6 Person)

5-Person Households

Family Type: Single Lady, Just Married, Small Family, Living with Parents, Three-Generations or Numerous

6-Person Households

BDK L

Reside the project with proximity by using contrast, juxtaposition, or paralleling to give attention to the surrounding culture and context. Create an unique contextual relationships that contribute to the project.

BB

B B EK L

B

DK E L T

BB B DK S L

B

B

S B K L

DKB L

STORYLINE Grandparents

Elderly Couple + Carer

BES B B D KB L T

Single Mum

Part-time Dad

Divorved Mom

Divorced Dad

Single-parent Households

Domestic households in poverty with at least one widowed, divorced or never married member living with children aged below 18.

Brownfields

5 cell unit (2-3 Person) 7-cell units (3-4 Person) 10-cell units (5-6 Person)

Numerous

Family Type: Single Mum, Part-time Dad, Divorced Mum or Dad with Children, Numerous

Single Lady

B B B KD S L

Just Married

Small Family

Living with Parents

Three Generations

Numerous

Single-parent Family

Small Family

Happy Family

Numerous

Three Generations

B DK S L

BBB B S KD L E L

E B K L

B B EK L

BB

Youth Households

Domestic households in poverty with all members aged 18-29.

4-cell unit (1-2 Person) 5 cell unit (2-3 Person)

Siting

Family Type: Single Man, Single Lady, Young Couple, Group of Friends.

EB K L

Single Man

Transformation of 530 Dwellings

Young Couple

Land Resumption Ordinance & Land Compensation

Public-Private Partnership

Land Intensification

Group of Friends

Siting

Buiding Block of Transitional Housing

Issues of Different Social Characteristic Categories

Corridor

Existing Use of Brownfields

Proposed Balcony

Unit / Module

Transitional Housing

…

> 5,496,300m2

Year Number of Poles

Unit Size

3rd Floor Plan (Source: Morphosis)

Area of Bamboo Grove

(35%) 1,495,000m2

60m2 115m2

min. max.

Carabanchel 11

TOTAL DOMESTIC AREA REQUIRED FOR 97,800 UNITS 156.975ha

25 5

Youth Households Total

Households with Children

= <Nos. of Household>/<Total Nos. of Household> x 97,800 Units = <Household Ratio> x 97,800 Units = Nos. of (p)-Person Household Required in 97,800 Units Supply = <Nos. Domestic Household Distribution to 97,800Units> x <Ideal Average Living Space> = 5,496,300m2

Proportion of Transitional Housing to Bamboo Grove

Studio Flat Common Area

5,496,300

*<Nos. Domestic Household Distribution to 97,800Units>

**<Total Domestic Area Required>

5

Widower Unit Study of 1st, 3rd & 5th Typical Floor Plan (Source: Floornature, 2018)

(m2)

97,800

Total

6-Person

10

Domestic Area **Total Domestic Area Required (Ratio x Ideal Average Living Space)

*Household Distribution to 97,800 Units (Nos. of Household)

# Existing Average Living Space(m2)

5-Person

40

10

Single-parent Households

Household Distribution

@ Ideal Average Living Space (m2)

Ratio

4-Person

65

230

6 Minor Types of Households Size

5 MajorTypes of Residence

Living Space Per Person

Nos. of Household

3-Person

160

30

Variety of Family Types

Source: Teoalida

Nos. of Residents

2-Person

15

1-Person Households

Unit Study of 2nd & 4th Floor Plan (Source: Floornature, 2018)

Existing Domestic Household Statistic

KD BT

K L

Domestic households in poverty with at least one member aged below 18.

1-Person

Elderly Households

Nos. of Different Household Size of Unit to be Provided According to Ratio of Social Characterisics of Households

1972 Completion

HDB Living Space@

Nos. of Person (p)

KD BT

Households with Children

Youth Households

CSSA Households

Dortheavej Residence

5-Room Flat

Singapore

Study Rooms of Different Units Adjacent to Each Other Children could easily study togther

Combinations of Unit

Households with Children

35m2

3 to 4-Person Flat

DK S L

E DK L

DKB T

Family Type: Widiwer, Grandparents, Elderly Couple + Carer

New-Arrival Households

Public Housing Living Space#

Source: Hong Kong Housing Authority

BB B

BBB

DKB T

Level 1

LK

4-cell unit (1-2 Person) 5 cell unit (2-3 Person)

Single-Parent Households

New York City Apartment

31m2

2 to 3-Person-Flat

1 to 2-Person Flat

UP DOWN

36m2

Japan Apartment

A Gathering Space for the Elderly, Connecting to the Balcony

Elderly Households

Eldery Households

7m2

30m2

DK T B L

EK L

Level 2

BE

B

Households with Children

HC

New-Arrival Households

Hong Kong

24m2

Singapore Apartment

Hong Kong Apartment

B B

Level 3

BS

BBB B

Domestic households in poverty with all members aged 65 and above.

Youth Households

Average Living Space Per Person Source: New York Times

14.8m2

Hong Kong Subdivided Unit

Level 4

B KD S L

New-Arrival Households

Volumetric Arrangement

Domestic households in poverty with at least one member aged below 18.

Trellick Tower

Typical Floor Plan with Coomon Corridor (Source: Frontier of Architectural Research, 2018)

PUBLIC HOUSING SUPPLY SHORTFALL 4.5m2

S KD L E L

Elderly Households

New-Arrival Households

Domestic households in poverty with at least one member who is One-way Permit Holder and has resided in HK for less than 7 years.

min.

Study

Kitchen as a centre of a family Semi-open Space as an Extension of Kitchen

Study Unit B

Single-Parent Households

SPH

NAH

max.

Teahouse

Study Unit A

Compact Furniture Layout in a Subdivided Unit

Domestic households in poverty with at least one widowed, divorced or never married member living with children aged below 18.

YH

Parking Space in Hong Kong (2.5m x 5m)

BBB B

BB

Open Space

“Kitchenism” by Charles Jencks

Public Rental Housing Tenents in Private Housing Owner-Occpiers With Mortgages or Loans Owner-Occpiers Without Mortgages or Loans

CSSA Households

EH

Typical Unit Plan ‘B” Lower Level (Source: Christine Hawley, 2013)

Public Area

E Entertainment Cell

Design Strategy

Domestic households in poverty with all members aged 18-29.

12.5m2

S Study Cell

K L

K L

*Pattern is indicative for use of function only

Domestic households in poverty with all members aged 65 and above.

Typical Plan (Source: Christine Hawley Architects)

Bmaboo Afforestation

Target Number of Units to be Built to Alleviate Long Avergae Housing Waiting Time

Worldwide

T Teahouse Cell

K Kitchenism Cell

B Bedroom Cell

B B

S B

Level 5

290.5

136.1 52.1

Nos. of Household ‘000 (Outer)

4-Person Household 5-Person Household 6-Person+ Household

688.4

Population ‘000 (Inner) 59.6 21.5

21.9

Nos. of Household ‘000 (Outer)

1-Person Household 2-Person Household 3-Person Household

Housing Characteristics

Population ‘000 (Inner) 52.9

199.4

EH

Social Characteristics

AGRICULTURE

Get Permission from Kong Planning Department

D Dining Cell

THE PROXIMITY

EB

B

Level 6

Semi-open Space Economic Characteristics

361.6

333.2

101.0 222.5

Low Density Max. Plot Ratio - 3.6

700 ft2

CHANGE OF LAND USE

L Living Cell

175.8

Household Size Population ‘000 (Inner)

319.7 85.4

Gifu Kitagata Apartment Building - Hawley Wing

42.2

332.1

Social Characteristics

35.4

30 Types of Unit

Domestic households in poverty receiving Comprehensive Social Security Assistance (CSSA).

Over-roofed Area -

(Existing Usage)

OPEN STORAGE AGRICULTURE VILLAGE-TYPE (Orginal Land Use)

Level 7

22.7 6.8 CH

Single

Kazuyo Sejima

V

BROWNFIELD

3-Person

$18,690

$257,000

2.8

Medium Density Max. Plot Ratio - 5.0

Village-type Development Small House

Max. Plot Ratio - 0.75

TYPOLOGY INVENTION

Typology of Cell

YH

Small Detached House

3-Storey

Tarraced House or Flat

2-Person

$11,830

Total Net Asset Limit

CH

3-Storey

1-Person

Maximum Income Limit (Per Month) Source: Hong Kong Housing Authority (2019)

Semi-detached or Detached House

Low Rise Residential Block

5-Cell Unit

594 THOUSAND POOR HOUSEHOLDS

RR4

Medium Rise Residential Block

1.38 MILLION POOR POPULATION

Gifu Kitagata Apartment Building - Sejima Wing New Town Residential Zone (R)

TYPOLOGY INVENTION

DEMOGRAPHY UNDER POVERTY LINE

CASE STUDY - SOCIAL HOUSING Residential Densities in New Territories Rural Area Residential Zone (RR) & Village Type (V)

RR1

Bamboo Afforestation

Architectural Planning Social Isolation

Before Transformation (Source: Archdaily)

Children Caring

Cooking

No Emotional Support

Low Mobility

Malnutrition

Traditional Layout of Transitional Housing (E.g. 3rd to 6thGeneration of Resettlement Estate in Hong Kong)

Traditional Layout of Transitional Housing (E.g. 1st to 2nd Generation of Resettlement Estate in Hong Kong)

After Transformation (Source: Archdaily)

Building Construction

Movement & Communal Space

Completion

3m Wide Communal Balcony Semi Public and Semi-Enclosed Space Private Outdoor Space Communal Space on Ground Level Lateral Movement

Christophe Hutin Bordeaux, FR

m2

min-

2017

81000m2

16-storey

530nos

max.

Completion

Total Floor Area

Height

No. of Unit

Unit Size

(Renovation/Remodel)

-m 2

Unemployment

Housekeeping

Poor Study Condition

Private Space

Language Barrier

Wide Balcony as Communal Space Each Floor for Extension of Living Space of Each Unit

Risk of Fall Hazard Proposed Central Corridor Layout

Vertical Movement

Maintenance

Production Recreation Recycled Bamboo Poles Bamboo Drying & Processing

Soil Preparation Planting & Harvesting Bamboo Culm

Bamboo Shoots

Proposed One-side Corridor Layout

Appendix B

Presentation Panel of Architectural Design Research (Semester 1) 117

日 倫 樓 1A Block

Block 1A Scale 1:150

0

2

4

6

8m

118

日 辰 樓 1B Block

Appendix C

Block 1B Scale 1:150

0

2

4

6

Full Set of Transitional Housing Plans

8m

119

日 陽 樓 1C Block

Block 1C Scale 1:150

0

2

4

6

8m

120

日 規 樓 1E

Block

Appendix C

Block 1E Scale 1:150

0

2

4

6

Full Set of Transitional Housing Plans

8m

121

日 冕 樓 1D Block

Block 1D Scale 1:150

0

2

4

6

8m

122

Scale 1:150

0

2

4

6

Appendix C

Full Set of Transitional Housing Plans

8m

123

月 華 樓 2A Block

Block 2A Scale 1:150

0

2

4

6

8m

124

月月 圓影 樓樓 2B 2C Block Block

Appendix C

Block 2B & 2C Scale 1:150

0

2

4

6

Full Set of Transitional Housing Plans

8m

125

月 曜 樓 2D Block

Block 2D Scale 1:150

0

2

4

6

8m

126

月 榭 樓 2E

Block

Appendix C

Block 2E Scale 1:150

0

2

4

6

Full Set of Transitional Housing Plans

8m

127

金 龍 樓 3A Block

Block 3A Scale 1:150

0

2

4

6

8m

128

金 鑾 樓 3B Block

Appendix C

Block 3B Scale 1:150

0

2

4

6

Full Set of Transitional Housing Plans

8m

129

金 元 樓 3C Block

Block 3C Scale 1:150

0

2

4

6

8m

130

Scale 1:150

0

2

4

6

Appendix C

Full Set of Transitional Housing Plans

8m

131

林 林 業 蔭 樓 樓 4A 4B Block Block

Block 4A & 4B Scale 1:150

0

2

4

6

8m

132

林 湍 樓 4C Block

Appendix C

Block 4C Scale 1:150

0

2

4

6

Full Set of Transitional Housing Plans

8m

133

林 士 樓 4D Block

Block 4D(Cont’d) Scale 1:150

0

2

4

6

8m

134

Appendix C

Block 4B Scale 1:150

0

2

4

6

Full Set of Transitional Housing Plans

8m

135

Block 4D Scale 1:150

0

2

4

6

8m

136

林 士 樓 4D Block

Appendix C

Block 4B Scale 1:150

0

2

4

6

Full Set of Transitional Housing Plans

8m

137

林林林林 檎榔衡藪 樓樓樓樓 4E Block 4F 4G 4H Block Block

Block

Block 4E, 4F, 4G & 4H Scale 1:150

0

2

4

6

8m

138

淼 寥 樓 5A Block

Appendix C

Block 5A Scale 1:150

0

2

4

6

Full Set of Transitional Housing Plans

8m

139

淼 漫 樓 5B Block

Block 5B Scale 1:150

0

2

4

6

8m

140

淼 浩 樓 5C Block

Appendix C

Block 5C Scale 1:150

0

2

4

6

Full Set of Transitional Housing Plans

8m

141

淼 晶 樓

5D Block

Block 5D Scale 1:150

0

2

4

6

8m

142

喜 信 樓 6A Block

Appendix C

Block 6A Scale 1:150

0

2

4

6

Full Set of Transitional Housing Plans

8m

143

喜 慶 樓 6C Block

Block 6C Scale 1:150

0

2

4

6

8m

144

Appendix C

Block 4B Scale 1:150

0

2

4

6

Full Set of Transitional Housing Plans

8m

145

喜 洋 樓 6B Block

Block 6B Scale 1:150

0

2

4

6

8m

146

堯 天 樓 7A Block

Appendix C

Block 7A Scale 1:150

0

2

4

6

Full Set of Transitional Housing Plans

8m

147

堯堯 年心 樓樓 7B 7C Block Block

Block 7B & 7C Scale 1:150

0

2

4

6

8m

148

堯 禪 樓

7D Block

Appendix C

Block 7D Scale 1:150

0

2

4

6

Full Set of Transitional Housing Plans

8m

149

Block 7E Scale 1:150

0

2

4

6

8m

150

堯 舜 樓 7E

Block

Appendix C

Block 4B Scale 1:150

0

2

4

6

Full Set of Transitional Housing Plans

8m

151

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