Construction Journal

WEEK 7 - SPANNING & ENCLOSING SPACE weekly tasks

Roof Systems: - Sheltering element - Slope and form of roof will determine material - Strong enough to span across space - Able to stand dead and live loads - Roof loads - Transferred to wall system - Colums - Flat roof – water proofing membrane - Rafters and Purlins - Concrete roofs - Trafficable roofs - Car parks - Roof top (entertainment) - Fire rating - Over hang - Tapered - Upturn - Folded roof, warped surfaces - Precast roofing panels - Columns and Walls - Larger spacing or span, higher loads carried and therefore larger beams - Beams tapered (design) - Portal Frame - Rigid joint where roof and wall join - Purlins run perpendicular - Roof lining, run systematically so water runs down accordingly - Bracing for purlins - Steel Trusses - Light efficient beams - Basic unit – triangle - Pin joints - Angles directly proportionate to length of side - More efficient to put web members in tension - Space Frames - Span in 2 directions - Steel web joist - More commonly used in floor systems - Purlins run perpendicular to ribs of roofing material

- Gable Roofs - Hip Roof - Ridge beam - Overhand, facia board, eaves lining New Materials: - Use of new materials and old materials in a new way - Shift toward sustainability alters use of materials - The Digital Revolution - Similar to Industrial Revolution - Transforming all aspects of our lives - Sustainability - Simulation Energy - Enclosing Buildings - Monitoring - Ethylene Tetrafluroethylene (EFTE) - The Cloud at London Olympics - 8 floors suspended - Utilises steel truss system - Large webbed columns along the side - Trusses help spread load into the columns - Cushions that do not degrade - Specifically shaped - 3 layers - Each layer moves independent to one another to help light enter - Nitrogen gas enters façade to make opaque - Cross Laminated Timber - Light weight - Similar to prefabricated concrete - Doesn’t need a strong footing system - Re-fabricated Bamboo Flooring - Cork - Very sustainable - Insulation on brick building - Cladding material

WEEK 7 - SPANNING & ENCLOSING SPACE weekly tasks

- Pre-Fabrication, Re-Fabrication & Digital Fabrication - Parametric design - Robotics - Photovolcataic Glass - Walling system - LCD screens on walls - Roofing material - Smart Switchable Glass - Uses electrical currents V4: Spanning Spaces: - Architecture is about enclosing space - The main problem in building is spacing space - How do you span a large space in stone - The stone beam and column - The stone Corbel - The arch - Can be strong - Needs reinforcement to re-centre during construction - The leaning arch - Span an interior space with no timber - When and where was major interior space invented?

- Hyper style hall, Egypt - Hittite (modern turkey) culture invented interior space - Series of columns (timber) - Urartu Temple, Turkey 6th century BC - Open portico - Persepolis, Persia - Hall of 100 Columns - The Telesterion, Greece - Created major interior space - Where democracy invented - Had a stoa - Spanning of Geographical Space - Point-du-Gard, Nimes, France - Baths of Diocletian - Arch used to create large open spaces - The monolithic church, Syria - Arch cut out of single stone - Arch moved to east Europe as Syria was taken over by Muslims.

Title: Smart Glass when Clear Source: http://www.smartglassinternational.com/wp-content/uploads/smart-privacy-switchable-glass-3-1024x764.jpg

Title: Smart Glass when Opaque Source: http://www.smartglassinternational.com/wp-content/uploads/smart-privacy-switchable-glass-4-1024x764.jpg

WEEK 7 - GREENSPACE APARTMENTS RICHMOND Foundation & Footing System

Before any new foundation is placed on site, the land was flattened and the soil was settled. The foundation onsite could be steel reinforced concrete slab as well as strip or pad footings. As the site is on a slight slope a footing system could have been utilised to offset the angle and help support the structure.

In the basement car park, some of the foundation can be seen. The flooring consists of the steel reinforced concrete slab and the steel reinforced columns. These columns are much bigger.

Large steel reinforced concrete columns run through the structure.

They are placed in situ and help transfer loads to the foundation system. Along with Large steel reinforced concrete slabs, steel reinforced concrete bricks are also used as part of the base foundation system.

Above Building D, there is a Centrelink building that has to be operational throughout the construction process. Therefore, all construction has to be done out of working hours. As they are building directly above the existing building they had to strengthen the existing foundation and footing system to accommodate the new structure.

The strengthening of the structure involved putting in place a series of steel reinforcement above in between the roof of the Centerlink and the base of the new structure.

WEEK 7 - GREENSPACE APARTMENTS RICHMOND Flooring System

The flooring system is primarily steel reinforced concrete slabs. The slabs along the roofing system are placed in situ.

As the apartments have balconies, the waterproofing of these areas is necessary. On the balcony, multiple layers of waterproofing are used to ensure that there are no leakages during harsher rain conditions. The first layer in placed along the joints and the next two are layered all over the balcony. The waterproofing membrane is a paint like substance.

The ceiling of the car park runs electrical cabling necessary for the construction site.

The electricity needed for the site originates from a location across the street.

Acoustic matting is a layer of matting placed on the floor of a space which is located above another habitable area – for example a 2nd storey living room above a 1st storey living room, or a 4rd floor bathroom above a 3rd storey bedroom, but not when a habitual or non-habitual space is situated above a non-habitual space – for a example, there is no need for acoustic insulation between a 6th floor dining room and a 5th floor laundry.

WEEK 7 - GREENSPACE APARTMENTS RICHMOND Wall System

Along the exterior, a series of patterned prefabricated concrete sheets are put in place using the cranes.

Apart from Building D, most of the other structures utilise reinforced concrete as a walling system. The waterproofing of the concrete is the main concern.

The solution to this was the use of a waterproof membrane coating and ipex/apex concrete additive, which expands when coming in contact with water.

Steel trays are also put in place to accommodate the runoff.

The walling system in Building D uses a combination of steel and timber framing.

The steel sections are loadbearing beams and columns while the timber structure as floor joists and stud walls.

As timber is used heavily in this building, fire check plasterboard is used as regulation. In the internal rooms, it was evident that fixed glassed panels were also used as part of the walling system.

Steel structural elements are also used as part of the walling system. These large steel columns are used to accordingly with the concrete structure that is being erected behind it.

Some types of beams that are used are universal or I and PFC beams.

WEEK 7 - GREENSPACE APARTMENTS RICHMOND Roofing System

This image shows the bondek formwork that is used when concrete is placed in situ. Bondek is highly efficient, versatile and robust formwork, reinforcement and ceiling system for concrete slabs.  It is a proThe roofing system in the car park is steel reinforced concrete. The Roofing also helps run file steel sheeting widely accepted by the building and construction industry to offer efficiency and speed of construction. Bondek has the electrical cabling. This is where the main services of the construction are being run through. The dead load of the roofing system in the car park is transferred into the larger excellent spanning capacities for greater strength and less deflection.

It also acts as permanent formwork with minimal propping and no steel reinforced columns and down into the foundation system. stripping of formwork is required as well it works as composite slab saving on concrete and reinforcement costs.

Within the roofing system in the car park, the electricity cabling are imbedded in the ceiling.

Along with the walling system, steel beams are used for the roofing system. Here you can see that PFC beams are cantilevered outward on an angle from the steel columns. A series of I beams also run in grid formation for another roofing system.

WEEK 8 - OPENINGS weekly tasks

Openings in Walls: - Form, shapes, solidity - Design, leak, shade, lighting, ventilation - Curtain Wall structure (Wilson Hall) - Walls supported by internal columns - Opaque, transparent - Antonito Gaudi (Spanish Architect) - How windows can be cleaned - Comme des Garcons Store Entrance - Exterior is old warehouse structure - Interior a tunnel - Glen Murcutt - Simpson House - Steel used to frame an opening - Tapered to keep light - Stiffening where necessary - Timber Lintels used above windows to help transfer loads to stud wall - Steel Lintel used in brickwork above window - Head of windows, Sill of Window, Jam of Window Glass: - Glazing of structures - What is glass?

- Sand + Fluxes + Stabilizers - High melting temperature - Sits midway between solid and liquid - Non crystalline structure, allows for transparency - Path fittings used to connect class together - Slump Glass - Glass that has been moulded - Originally a luxury item before invention of the blow pipe - 100AD – glassed used in buildings - 11th -13th Century - Sheet glass developed - Cylinder glass - Crown glass

- Property of Glass - Electrical conductivity or resistivity - Used in cabling (insulator) - Density - Heavier than concrete - Brittleness - Strength - Surface imperfections - Stiffness - Elasticity - Considered to be a stiff material but has the ability to be elastic - Chemical resistance - Doesn’t get affected by acids or bases - Great in laboratories or by the sea - Porosity - Durable - Long lasting - Doesn’t rust or rot - Doesn’t get affected by weathering (sun & rain) - Types of glass - Shaped - Flat - Float glass - 6x3 max - Clear Float Glass - Laminated Glass - Strengthened using plastic - Showers - 2 sheets of glass with a plastic interlayer - barrier from the elements - Tempered Glass (toughened Glass) - Stronger - Small breakage pattern - Created by heating to the point before liquefaction and cooled down rapidly - Holes drilled pre tempering - Tinted Glass - Manufactured same as flat glass - Raw elements used to tint - Iron – Green, brown or blue

WEEK 8 - OPENINGS weekly tasks

- Tinted Glass - Manufactured same as flat glass - Raw elements used to tint - Iron – Green, brown or blue - Gold – Red - Manganese – purple - Wired Glass - Mesh sandwiched between 2 sheets - Patterned Glass - Privacy Glass - Uses electrical current to create opaque glass - Photovoltaic Glass - Glass with solar cells - Curved Glass - Similar to slump glass - Glass Channels - Glass Fibres - Fibre optics - Used in concrete to transmit light Title: Fiber Optics - Installation of Float Glass Source: http://www.sabrina- Not structural material, cannot carry loads sabino.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/fiber-optics.jpg - Regulations - Patch fittings - Spider fitting (connects 4 pieces) - Double glazing (helps insulate) V5 – Glass Skins (Glass History): - Wartwright Building vs RME Tower - From letting light into building to becoming part of the structure - Cultural and technological shifts - What is glass?

- Silicate sand - Molten and cooled slowly - Transparent and malleable - Soda added as a flux (slower drying) - Lime is added as a stabiliser - Seems like the combination of air and water - Susceptible to air, wind and light - Present in all aspects of constructions

- Technology - 1870

- Crown glass - Cylinder glass - Table glass - Various methods - Blowing, casting, cutting, - Gave different purposes - The Crystal Palace in 1851, 300,000 sheets of mouth blown glass - 1920-1950s - Mass produced by machines and computers - Float glass process - Continuous and precise - Alterations created various types - The window frame - Wartwright - Hold, secure and opening - RWE – smaller and in parts - Cultural Apsects - Larger and cheaper - Primary modulator of sunlight - Light, food, power - Affects against wind and rain - Fashion influenced our view and attitude toward the sun - Sunlight kills germs - Health aspects of the sun - Sun was therapeutic and harmful - Sun screen development - Alterations to glass - Heating due to glass - Bring ideal picture of balance of the natural world - Ideal relationship between sun natural environment - Glass glazing systems - Brings us into the natural world

WEEK 9 - DETAILING FOR HEAT & MOISTURE weekly tasks - Water

- Heat

- Penetration of Water (3 factors needed) - An opening - Sealants, backer rods, gaskets - Water present at the opening - Drips, slope, overlaps, flashing - A Force to move water through the opening - Labyrinth, rainscreen, capillary breaks, pressure equalisation chamber - Remove one and water cannot penetrate - Forces that move water - Gravity - Surface tension & capillary tension - Momentum - High pressure to low pressure - Sicilation and Saking - Conduction - Thermal insulation - Thermal break in materials such as metal windows - Glazing - Radiation - Verandas - Eaves - Blinds - Thermal Mass - Desert climates - Thermal mass - Ventilation

Plastics, Rubbers & Paint: - Rubber - Used for good acoustic qualities - Natural occurring - Today synthetic - EPDM - Silicone Rubber - Used to make objects - 19th century used as a water proofing - 20th century first synthetic (Neoprene)

Title: Sicilation Source: Own Image

- Properties - Elastic - Hardness - Reduce friction - Chemical resistance - Porous - Non conductive - Brittle - Plastics - Can be used as a sheeting - Moulded into different shapes - Eg. - PVC - Environmental polluter - Neosprene - Polypropylene - Polystyrene - ETFE - Related to Teflon - Lighter than glass - Melamine - Polycarbonate - Acrylics - Sheeting - Lightweight - Corking - Silicone - Weather proofing - Sealant - Types - Thermoplastics - Recyclable - Can be reheated and melted - Thermosetting Plastics

WEEK 9 - DETAILING FOR HEAT & MOISTURE weekly tasks - Paints

- Oil based - Used prior to plastics - Good high gloss - Brushes cleaned with turpentine not water - Water based - Most paints used today - Improvements in their composition make them durable and flexible - Ingredients - Pigment and diluent - Most paints are opaque, light cannot travel through - Properties - Different colours fade at different times - Colour consistency - Durability - Flexibility - Gloss

V6 – Heroes and Villains (A Framework for selecting materials): - Issues to consider - Health and IEQ (Indoor Environment Quality) - Reduce lifespan - Asthma/bronchitis - Nausea - Headaches - Sick days - Comfort - How to chose?

- Reduce VOC’s - Paints oil vs water - Adhesives, glues, - Reduce particles in air - Reduce dusts - Reduce chemicals, cleaning processes - Waste, recycling, recycled - Costs - Limited resources - Renewable resources - Eg. Bamboo Floor - Think about space

- Energy use and embodied energy - Climate change - Greenhouse effect - Embodied energy is the amount of energy required to make a product - Aluminium – liquid energy (lots of energy) - Light globes - Diode light vs traditional down light - Pollution - Smog - Ozone layer depletion - Acid rain - Toxicity - Radio activity - Eutrification and nutrification - Dioxins - Choose natural and organic materials - PVC – BAD - Life cycle - How easy to clean - How long last - Replacing - Easy diassemble - Durable - Purpose - Green wash - Materials Impacts - 30% of total raw materials - 42% of total energy use - 1% used 6 months later

WEEK 8 - DETAILING

walling and flooring systems - MSLE Building

WEEK 8 - DETAILING

walling and flooring systems - MSLE Building Title: Furring Channel

Source: http://www.ramsalellc.com/Furring_Channel_FINAL.JPG

Cold Rolled Channel Title: 419 Flushline Window Frame

Title: Roof Hanger

Source: http://www.steelnetwork.com/ Product/PrimeWallCold-RolledChannel

Title: 3D System of Ceiling

Source: http://www.kineticsnoise.com/ arch/muta.html Source: http://www.capral.com.au/419Flushline

Plasterboard

Source: http://www.rondo.com.au/products/ceilings/keylock

WEEK 8 & 9 - DETAILING analysis of detail Details:

This detail outlines the glass spandrel panel, window frame and the ceiling/flooring system.

Spandrel Panel: Viridian Glass manufactures the opaque spandrel panel used. The glass is toughened and double-glazed.

Low E Glass: Viridian Glass manufactures the glass above and below the spandrel panel. ‘Low E’ means Low Emissivity, which involves a coating that is fused when the glass is at its molten state (Viridian Glass 2008). The coating is placed along one side and is much more energy efficient having better insulation and solar control (Viridian Glass 2008).

Ceiling/Flooring System: The top most layers is a 2mm vinyl sheeting (Armstrong 2012).

There is then 225mm thick steel reinforced concrete slab.

The companies chosen to source the different parts are all Australian, thus slightly reducing the transport of materials.

Recyclability: The metal parts of the roof hanger and frame can be recycled and reused to create other elements. Concrete is not recyclable. Vinyl maybe broken down again to create new vinyl, however due to imbedded chemicals within it, it could potentially have a large carbon footprint.

Economic:

The steel channels used for the ceiling are specific to that type of hanger thus they would not be as easy to come by.

To connect the 13mm fire check plasterboard roof hangers are chemically attached to the concrete.

As the elements are much more specific such as the window frames and roof hangers, they would be much more costly. However, due to the size of building, the cost of these elements in bulk could potentially be decently priced.

Roof Hanger: The spring wire-tie ceiling hanger is connected to a cold rolled channel and below running perpendicular to the cold rolled channel are furring channels (Kinetic Noise Control 2013). This furring channel is what the plasterboard is screw to (Kinetic Noise Control 2013).

Structurally, the reinforced concrete is necessary however; due to its need there would be extra costs for materials such as the 2 types of channels and ceiling hangers unlike if timber floor joists were used where plasterboard can directly be nailed.

Building Processes:

As for the flooring system, this section shows a major walkway so vinyl is used, as it is tough and durable.

Sustainability:

The glass panels chosen really exemplify environmentally sustainable elements such as the extra insulation and solar control (Viridian Glass 2008).

The choice of long lasting materials such as concrete and vinyl also make the whole system much more sustainable.

The embodied water and energy to source, manufacture and build the materials though would be very high. The steel channels used in the ceiling as well as in the window frame use a lot of water and energy to create. As the glass panels have special elements within them, they too would also increase embodied water and energy in manufacturing.

Things going wrong:

The concrete also needs its vertices are shaped into 45 degree to stop any chopping, which could create weaknesses in the concrete.

The roof hangers need to be adjusted appropriately to allow for a level ceiling, as an ceiling that is not level may cause tension in certain areas.

The window frame has its own waterproofing but a waterproofing grout would be used around the edges where glass meets frame in order to stop any leakages.

The joints such as where the flooring meets the window frame would also need to be seal appropriately. The shadowline helps connect the plasterboard ceiling with the frame.

WEEK 9 - DETAILING 3D Representation

WEEK 9 - DETAILING References

Viridian Glass 2008, Viridian Glass, Australia, viewed 27 September 2013, < http://www.viridianglass.com/default. aspx> Armstrong 2013, Armstrong, Lancaster PA, viewed 27 September 2013, < http://www.armstrong.com/> Kinetic Noise Control 2013, Kinetic Noise Control, Dublin OHIO, viewed 27 September 2013, <http://www.kineticsnoise.com/arch/muta.html>

WEEK 10 - DETAILING STRATEGIES weekly tasks

Construction Detailing: - Focusing on first principals - Best results are interdisciplinary - Shop drawings - Sent to manufacturer - Other detailing considerations - Carpets - Acoustic ceiling systems - Detailing for building movement - Impacts of movement may cause cracking’s - Temperature, chemical, structural deflection, creep, foundation settlement - Expansion joints in brick walls - Health and Safety - Buildings age over time - Materials and material coatings - Setting/location - Matt vs gloss - Copper - Timber - Floorings - Cleaning and maintenance - Constructability - How easy for components be assembled - Shadowline

V7 - Frank Gehry’s House - Everyday Materials - Working hands on with everyday materials on the streets of LA - Chainlink - Metal sheet - Cardboard - Wrapping - Things used to wrap around the precious things - Wrapping in lightweight materials - Camouflage - Collisions and Fragments - Collage and form - Use of unexpected geometries - Colliding together of shapes - Under Construction - Elements of unfinished - Always holding the possibility of change - Humorous and chaos of family life - Local Community - Visual disturbing the peace - Breaking the norm - Over time, historic monument in LA

BIM Amplified: - BIM – Building Information Modelling - 60s -80s that attempted to achieve BIM - The complete process from idea to use of building - 3D Maps out drawing and building - The understanding of all the information of specific elements.

- Get 2D drawings from 3D models

Title: Frank Gehry’s Home Source: http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-UFj6uV4H_Oo/TcatSmTRY0I/AAAAAAAAAFs/PADM8Ph1Zhk/s1600/lg_frank-gehryhouse-santa-monica2.jpg

WEEK 10 - DETAILING Class Details Analysis

WEEK 10 - SITE ANALYSIS oval pavilion - site visit #2

For the roofing system, the structure utilises steel I beams that run around the structure to help spread the dead load of the roofing down through to the 4 Large timber columns and into the foundation system. Steel purlins are also evidently used and they run perpendicular to the battons. As the roof has a low pitch, it utilises a box gutter. Thus, the roofing material would be metal sheeting of some sort such as colourbond kliplock.

In this image, there is evidence of the preparation of formwork in the foreground.

The formwork will act as an encasement that will hold the concrete and allow it to set. The formwork is usually taken off after around a week. This area is for the spectators seating arrangement. The concrete will be placed in situ. Reinforcing steel rebars will be placed accordingly. It is important to ensure that these rods are secured precisely as the seating area tiered and will be made as one structure.

Yellow caps are placed on top of the reinforcing for safety purposes. When the concrete is set and the formwork is removed, timber slats will be placed accordingly as a seating material.

Before any of the enclosure system is placed such as the plasterboard, the mechanical system has to be all in place as they are placed within the wall and roof cavities. Thus, there is some evidence of plumbing, electrical, ducted heating and cooling systems that have all been placed accordingly.

When concrete is poured in situ and formwork is used a finishing technique used on site is to place timber accordingly to emboss the concrete leaving a pattern.

As part of the walling system, large glass panels will be used and steel mulliuns will be used as a separator.

WEEK 10 - SITE ANALYSIS oval pavilion - site visit #2

The orange timber is LVL or glulam timber. It is a series of long, thin and shaven pieces of wood that are glued together. Structurally, it is very strong.

This section of the structure is where the interchangeable gas fireplace will be placed.

As the fireplace is interchangeable, it has the ability to simultaneously face internally and externally. The large faรงade utilises a series of timber planks. The timber planks use a tongue and groove connection system that helps hide the nailing of the planks. This finish is much cleaner and sleeker.

Behind the faรงade timber batons are used to nail the planks to. However, other forms of battens are also evidently used throughout the site. Metal top hat battens are also used. They are much stronger and provide varying sizes.

This displays a small outdoor area that will have a louver roofing system. The walling system consists of a series of steel square hollow section (SHS) pipes (as columns and beams) that are welded together accordingly. The roofing will consist of timber planks that will be spaced so that light will penetrate through intervals between the planks.

WEEK 10 - SITE ANALYSIS oval pavilion - site visit #2

In this image we see the walling system. Evident here is a stud wall. They are at a 450mm interval as the plasterboard that will be used as an enclosure system is prefabricated at specific sizes. In this section of the wall, plywood is used as a wall bracing to stop the stud wall from tilting side to side. A window cut out is also evident. The window frames are all aluminium.

The air duct system has been all placed within the roofing cavities.

Another method of bracing the stud wall is the use of galvanised steel L shaped rods that are crossed along a large wall.

This waling system is placed on top of concrete bricks that have rebars within them.

DEFINITIONS

WEEK 7

WEEK 8

WEEK 9

WEEK 10