June 2019
EDUCATION THAT ENGAGES Madrid Ba-rocks! THE MAGAZINE
BA Augmented Reality Immersive and interactive Scenes using CoSpaces Edu and Blippar.
360ยบ pictures Enjoy your visit to the capital city of the country with our 360ยบ pictures.
CLIL methodology
vol.2
Content and English language completely integrated.
Interdisciplinary project Discover Madrid from different points of view: artistic, historical and geological.
ABOUT BEATRIZ CASTAĂ‘ARES Bilingual Biology and Geology Sciences teacher at IES Sapere Aude (Madrid). Aware of the importance of motivation in the teaching and learning process. Constantly researching and developing new and more efficient methodologies of learning.
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US ISABEL GARCĂ?A-VELASCO Bilingual Social Sciences teacher, at IES Sapere Aude (Madrid), chair of the AMPHG. Passionate about ICT, active learning and methodologies such as PBL or gamification. Convinced that educating means working for the future. @teachermsisabel
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86 07
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Contents Buildings
07 13 19 30
Casón del Buen Retiro Centro cultural Conde Duque Convento de las Trinitarias San Antonio de los Alemanes
35 49 56 64
Iglesia de las Calatravas San Ginés de Arlés Iglesia de San José Iglesia del Sacramento
72 82 86
Monasterio de los Jerónimos Real Hospicio de San Fernando Palacio Real
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How to read this magazine This magazine has hidden extra information. To access it, you should use different apps...we will tell you how!
To access to the hidden information you need to introduce in the app the code given at the bottom part of each picture.
In addition to the information that you can read in this magazine, you can listen to baroque music with just a click or see 3D images of the buildings, or watch videos using Blippar , an augmented reality app.
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Download this app and use your mobile devices or tablets to extend and enrich the information given. You can access the information whenever Blippar logo is shown!!
You can also dive into a virtual world with CoSpaces Edu, and make the experience more exciting using your 3D glasses.
Our students have taken 360 pictures of each building so you can enjoy a completely immersive experience. Madrid rocks! vol.2
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CASÓN DEL BUEN RETIRO
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HISTORY
The
Casón del Buen Retiro was constructed thanks to Alonso Carbonel in 1637. It was built for Conde Duque de Olivares during Felipe IV’s reign. Initially, it had the function of a dance room from la Corte de Felipe IV (it was one of the few buildings that survived to the destruction of the Palacio del Buen Retiro), but over time, the Casón Del Buen Retiro had become a museum. Alfonso Carbonel started the building, but José de Olmo continued and finished it in the 17th century. In the early 19th century, its baroque style was altered, and then in 1868, the revolutionary government nationalised it, and it became the Museo Nacional de Reproducciones Artísticas. In that time, social conflicts with the validos occurred, and in 1640, a big crisis appeared but, finally at the end of this century, most of the economy and society problems disappeared and evolved.
Alegoria del Toison de Oro by: Luca Giordano ( 1695) https://investigart.files.wordpress.com/2015/02/detalle.jpg
Alonso Carbonel http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_xsFirePTrZo/RwbN WTB2bsI/AAAAAAAAABY/X7CdYPOk2l4/s1600 /Luis%2BOctavio%2BDivi%25C3%25B1%25C3% 25B3,%2Bel%2Btatarabuelo.jpg
ART On the inside, we can find the Alegoria del Toison de Oro, painted by Luca Giordano in 1695. After the destruction of El Buen Retiro, it experimented with different kinds of applications with the help of neoclassicism style. Originally, the facade was different from the one there today. The front part of the building that we can see from Calle Alfonso XII was redesigned in 1887 by Antonio Felipe Peró, Manuel Antonio Capo and Mariano Carderera. Nowadays, it is one of the buildings that forms part of the Prado Museum, and it has been keeping paintings from the 19th century even though it's not in the same place were the Prado Museum is. Madrid rocks! vol.2
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GRANITE It is an igneous plutonic rock that solidifies slowly inside the earth’s crust. It is composed mainly of three minerals: quartz, feldspar and mica.
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They used granite because igneous rocks are durable, denser and harder than other rocks, so they won't deteriorate with the time.
“What material was used to build the building and why did they used that material? “ CLAY
Clay
is a clastic sedimentary fine-grained rock that is made up of small particles from sediments that have undergone a process of compaction and cementation. This material is dried and baked using molds to create the individual bricks.
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This material was used because it is moldable, impermeable and easy to extract and use. In addition, it was available in the southeast of the Community of Madrid
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This
song is a baroque piece of music, recognisable by a lot of people and covered by many people too. Most of them thinks that it is the basis of many modern songs. Especially in the USA, it is used for weddings. But there are a lot of people too that don’t have any idea who the composer is. Well this song is from Johann Pachelbel in 1680, and it is his most famous piece. He lived from 1653-1706. He lived in Vienna at the age of 18 and then moved again to Nuremberg in 1692, where he spent the rest of his life until his death.
What does this piece of music mean ? Well, canon is the piece of music characterized in repetition and imitation.
INTERESTING FACTS -Nowadays, el casón has lost 80% of the tourists since the Guernica is not there. - The Guernica was taken out in 1992. - The Guernica was moved from NY to the casón by plane. - It is one of the two buildings that survived the destruction of the old palace. - It was turned into a room for parties and dancings by the conde Duque de Olivares. - It was originally built as a break room for the spanish monarchs. - It had paintings that came from the Modern art museum. - It’s name was because of the bleak aspect it showed during years.
1150956 1150748 https://www.biography.com/.image/t_share/M TIwNjA4NjMzOTM0OTM5NjYw/johann-pach elbel-9431433-1-402.jpg
GUERNICA BY: Pablo Picasso https://doitgenially.com/wp-content /uploads/2015/12/guernica.jpg
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1152543 Photo via https://live.staticflickr.com/8161/7234657710_3af2a2b633_b.jpg Finally, an image of the state of the Casรณn after the cyclone that devastated Madrid in 1886.
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WEBLIOGRAPHY: http://www.pachelbelcanon.com/ https://www.gomadrid.com/sights/cason-del-buen-retiro.html http://www.espaciomadrid.es/?p=35639 https://elpais.com/diario/1994/09/01/madrid/778418667_850215.html https://www.viendomadrid.com/2011/08/cason-del-buen-retiro.html#axzz5nKEdZwc z https://bloquescando.com/proceso-de-fabricacion-del-ladrillo/ http://www.historiasiglo20.org/HE/7.htm
Susana Aguado Ismael Madroño María Herranz Mónica Hidalgo Madrid rocks! vol.2
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CULTURAL CENTER CONDE DUQUE Madrid rocks! vol.2
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BEFORE-AFTER BEFORE : It started as a Real Cuartel
Guardias de Corps by the bourbon of Spain, Felipe V in 1717. He ordered Pedro de Ribera to edify this building, which was one of his major buildings that he constructed. It was a military guard created in 1704 as a personal custody for the kings. AFTER: After the two fires that almost
Real Cuartel Guardia de Corps
destroyed the upper floor, between 2016 and 2011 the cultural center was rebuilt. It is used as a library, venue for shows, galleries, flea market sales, food stalls‌ all for entertaining the people.
At the end of 1717, Philip V commissioned the Real Guardias de Corps, for the lodging of 600 guards and 400 horses. DID YOU KNOW THAT THE BUILDING SUFFERED TWO DEVASTATING FIRES?
Before the two devastating fires, 1. 2.
3.
1859: The upper floors were destroyed. 1869: It almost made the tower on the western facade, that was used as a prison, disappeared.. In the middle of the 10th century, it was supposed to be demolished because of the poor state of conservation that the fires left, but a few months later, it was decided that it would be rebuilt as a public center.
THE RESURRECTION OF CONDE DUQUE
In 1969, they decided to rebuild the cultural center. In 1980, they begin to construct the cultural center, directed by the architect Julio Cano Lasso. Finally, between 2006 and 2011 the total restoration of the building was completed. Madrid rocks! vol.2
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Conde Duque construction
1717
Two big fires
Reconstruction project
1859-1869
1981
Rehabilitation Centro Cultural Conde Duque
2006-2011
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GRANITE It is made up of quartz, mica and feldspar. It is known as an igneous plutonic rock since in ancient times we found in the depths of the Earth. It is usually used for facades and the pavement of streets, and is used outdoors often for its resistance.
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It
is composed of large amounts of
calcium carbonate, and is useful for its high resistance to flexibility and impacts. Also it is soft and durable so it is used for masonry and construction. Thanks to the fact that it also has low abrasiveness, they are easy to cut.
1157035 CLAY It is a piece used in construction generally ceramic with rectangular shape, versatile for the handling of a single man. Since it is solid, it has a lot of density, and besides that it depends on the quality of the clay and the temperature that was submitted.
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CONCRETE Concrete is used in most of buildings, bridges, tunnels and dams because it has great strength and resistance
ZINC Zinc is a bluish white metal that conducts electricity. Although it can be a fragile metal, at an approximate temperature between 100 ° and 150 ° C it becomes malleable, it has superplastic properties
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WEBLIOGRAPHY: https://www.madrid.es/portales/munimadrid/es/Centro-Conde-Duque?vgnextfmt=def ault&vgnextoid=9d14c757d9a6b010VgnVCM100000d90ca8c0RCRD&vgnextchannel =a68fed8a96b06010VgnVCM100000dc0ca8c0RCRD&idCapitulo=1248906# https://www.arteespana.com/churrigueresco.htm https://www.condeduquemadrid.es/conde-duque/ediďŹ cio https://artedemadrid.wordpress.com/2010/02/16/el-cuartel-del-conde-duque/ https://es.scribd.com/document/332743044/Caracteristicas-Del-Churrigueresco
Rebeca Moraga Paloma Ribeiro Marcos Cassinello Ana Moreno Madrid rocks! vol.2
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CONVENTO DE LAS TRINITARIAS
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CONVENTO DE LAS TRINITARIAS DESCALZAS DE SAN ILDEFONSO It was built in 1609. 30 years later, María de Villena y Melo, gave it part of its Portuguese legacy, in the first architectural reform, although due to the war of independence of Portugal, which began in 1640, it could not be reformed until 1673. ARCHITECT
The Convento de las Trinitarias was founded by Doña Francisca in 1612. It consists of a church and a convent. In 1639, the building was reformed. Due to the war of independence of Portugal, the construction of the current building could not be undertaken until 1673. In 1673, the convent was enlarged and the chapel in which it was built was destroyed. In 1688, the reform was halted by the death of Marcos López, and the works under the direction of José del Arroyo were finally completed in 1698. In 1698, the church was finished and in 1752, the new convent. The commemorative plaque to Cervantes, is the work of Ponciano Ponzano. ARTISTIC STYLE Convent is a building with an austere personality consisting of a church and a convent. In 1698 the church was finished and in 1752 the new convent. It is located on Lope de Vega street. This building is an example of the baroque and convent architecture of Madrid of the 17th century. It has some of the main characteristics of baroque buildings.
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Historical content In 1612, interest rates decreased in Spain, and the moors were expelled. The Royal Decree declared that all the orders dictated by Lerma had as much authority as the king’s. Felipe III legitimized the position of Duke of Lerma in the Councils so voices of opposition began to be heard, led by the many soldiers from Flanders, who were unemployed due to peace. These protests were supported by the Duke of Uceda and Father Luis de Aliaga. In 1639, it was decided to reform the building, affecting the church and the cloister. The nuns moved to a house on another street. Due to the war of independence of Portugal, which broke out in 1640, the construction of the current building could not be done until 1673. Madrid rocks! vol.2
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ORIGINAL AND CURRENT FUNCTION El Convento de las Trinitarias Descalzas was originally built with the purpose of being a convent and a church. Las Trinitarias is known to preserve the remains of the Spanish writer Miguel de Cervantes. It is a tourist place, where visitors can visit the sepulcher of Cervantes, the church and the convent. MAIN ARCHITECTURAL DECORATIVE ELEMENTS
AND
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The building is simple and austere.
STATE OF CONSERVATION RESTORATIONS CARRIED OUT.
AND
The church is small and stands on a Latin cross plan. Its exterior is simple, and its main facade is composed of two lateral stone strips, a triangular frontispiece at the top and three half-point entrance arches in the center, with the decoration of a bas-relief and the coats of arms of the marquises of the Laguna. On the facade you can see a commemorative tombstone with the bust of Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra.
In 1639, Maria de Villena y Melo initiated the first architectural reform that is known. Due to the war of independence of Portugal. It could not be reformed until 1673. The main altarpiece is dedicated to San Ildefonso, it is "the most important" of the seven baroque altarpieces, which are found in the temple. This work was done by Manuel Mesain. The state of conservation of the altarpiece was not bad, but it presented dirt. Then a reform was made.
http://especiales.memoriademadri d.es/index/verficha/idpk/5460/id/15 /obj/A/idag/39 Madrid rocks! vol.2
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WHO COMMISSIONED CONSTRUCTION?
The
construction
ITS
was
commissioned by Doña Francisca Romero, daughter of Julian Romero, who was a general of the armies of Felipe ll in Flandes.
“Is Cervantes alive? come and discover it”
INTERESTING FACTS There are lot of interesting facts like: ● The comedian Pedro de Villegas hurt the brother of don Pedro Calderón De la Barca in 1629. This violent comedian, Pedro de Villegas took refuge in this convent because the justice and Pedro Calderon were running after him. The building was assaulted by the deputies and they didn't find Villegas. ● Nuns of the convent paid the rescue of Cervantes when he was a prisoner in Algiers. ● Cervantes was buried in this convent in 1616 . ● Cervantes daughter was entered as a nun in this building.
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Geological origin and features of the rocks
DOLOMITE Dolomite is a rock composed mostly of the mineral calcite. It is almost never found in modern sedimentary environments.
The four most representative building stones of Madrid: flint, dolomite, clay and limestone, have been used in the Trinitarias Descalzas of San Ildefonso convent of this city. They use this material because it is a tough and cheap material that was obtained from the nearby quarries of Madrid (Colmenar Viejo‌) LIMESTONE It is a sedimentary rock composed of carbonate mineral. The most important limestone minerals are calcite and aragonite, and, in dolomitic limestones, dolomite. In its purest version it is white, but when mixed, it manages to obtain different shades. It produces effervescence in hydrochloric acid.
https://www.easy.com.co/p/piedra-d olomita-blanca-x2kg/ FLINT It is a hard sedimentary rock. It is surprising, but nowadays the geologist haven’t discovered yet the geological origin of flint.
http://www.escuelacima.com/Pede rnal.htm
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BRICK OF CLAY It is manufactured using clay compounds. This mixture is emptied into molds and then dried and cooked. It is a very resistant stone.It is of high duration and thermal resistance. It has durability and prevents the passage of water through it.
JUSTIFICATION OF THE TYPE OF ROCK CHOSEN Flint is a very hard stone formed mainly by silica and that when breaking forms very sharp edges.
1151013 GRANITE It is a plutonic igneous rock made by cooling magma deep enough in the earth's crust. Granite is known for been a construction material with excellent performance.
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Brick of common resistant humidity
clay is one of the most materials and it is very and strong. It absorbs better than other materials.
Dolomite is components are perfect to used it as stone in buildings. Limestone is a resistant material, suitable for cladding pavements. It isolates the temperature very well and is very toned. They use this material because it is a tough and cheap that was obtained from the nearby quarries of Madrid.(Colmenar Viejo ‌) Granite is used as a building material and in decoration because is strong, dense and hard material. It is not fireproof but resist high temperatures.
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QUARRIES USED FOR THE ROCK EXTRACTION Brick of clay: The brick of clay is manufactured made up of clay compounds, in addition to different minerals. This mixture is emptied into molds and then dried and cooked. Limestone: Limestone can originate in Spain in cities like Valencia, Baleares, Almería, Alicante, Madrid, León. Flint: Rocks in Madrid usually come from La Sierra de Guadarrama, where the quarries of Alpedrete, Zarzalejo, Moralzarzal, Colmenar Viejo, Galapagar and Cadalso de los Vidrios. Dolomite: is from the region of Murcia. Granite. It was extracted from the quarries that were north of Spain as: Valladolid, León, La Coruña and Bilbao.
ALTERATIONS THAT THE MATERIALS HAVE SUFFERED
Over the years, obviously, rocks have suffered alterations. One of main factors that has affected alterations are meteorological phenomena, the passing of the time and pollution. For example, limestone is affected by the passing of years and approximation with acid. Humidity and erosion also deteriorate granite
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Here you can observe the main altarpiece located inside the Church.
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WEBLIOGRAPHY: https://www.ecured.cu/Convento_de_las_Trinitarias_Descalzas https://artedemadrid.wordpress.com/tag/monasterio-de-las-trinitarias/ https://www.rutasconhistoria.es/loc/convento-trinitarias-descalzas http://prometeoviajes.blogspot.com/2013/08/iglesia-del-convento-de-las-trinitarias. html http://madridrocks.iessapereaude.com/our-buildings/monasterio-de-la-encarnacion/ https://www.ecured.cu/Convento_de_las_Trinitarias_Descalzas#Construcci.C3.B3n_y_ ampliaciones https://www.arteespana.com/arquitecturabarroca.htm http://jmnavarron.blogspot.com/2013/12/barroco-caracteristicas-de-la.html http://diariodelsigloxvii.blogspot.com/2017/04/espana-1612.html http://manuelblasdos.blogspot.com/2016/12/las-trinitarias-de-cervantes.html http://www.madridsensations.com/es/convento-trinitarias-descalzas-san-ildefonso/ http://conocemadrid.blogspot.com/2017/06/iglesia-de-las-trinitarias.html
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https://www.viendomadrid.com/2010/01/convento-de-las-trinitarias-descalzas.html# axzz5kd1IBv2v https://todosobremadrid.com/que-hacer/convento-de-san-ildefonso-de-trinitarias-de scalzas/ https://www.esmadrid.com/informacion-turistica/iglesia-y-convento-de-las-trinitaria s-descalzas?utm_referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.es%2F http://www.comunidad.madrid/cultura/patrimonio-cultural/restauracion-retablo-may or-iglesia-convento-trinitarias-descalzas-san-ildefonso https://www.ecured.cu/Convento_de_las_Trinitarias_Descalzas#Construcci.C3.B3n_y_ ampliaciones https://www.rocasyminerales.net/ladrillo/ https://www.madridiario.es/noticia/163924/ciencia-y-tecnologia/piedra-de-construcc ion-tradicional-en-los-monumentos-de-madrid.html https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=6053533 https://www.regmurcia.com/servlet/s.Sl?sit=c,365,m,108&r=ReP-16224-DETALLE_RE PORTAJESABUELO https://www.ecured.cu/Convento_de_las_Trinitarias_Descalzas#Construcci.C3.B3n_y_ ampliaciones https://www.mineralesyrocas.com/cuarzo/ https://www.ecured.cu/Micahttp://www.comunidad.madrid/cultura/patrimonio-cultur al/restauracion-retablo-mayor-iglesia-convento-trinitarias-descalzas-san-ildefonso
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https://artedemadrid.wordpress.com/tag/monasterio-de-las-trinitarias/ https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=6053533 https://geology.com/rocks/limestone.shtml https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/466-limestone-origins https://www.rocasyminerales.net/caliza/ https://www.coavantiastone.com/marmol-842.html https://madridrocks.iessapereaude.com/ http://www.clustergranito.com/granito.php https://www.ecured.cu/Caliza
Lucia Generoso Lúa López Lucia Condado Pablo Gómez Manuel Esteban Madrid rocks! vol.2
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SAN ANTONIO DE LOS ALEMANES
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The construction of the church of San Antonio de los Alemanes began in 1624, and the works continued until 1633. It was built as a complement to the Hospital of San Antonio de los Portugueses, created in 1606 by King Felipe III.
San Antonio de los Alemanes is a church built with a Baroque style with low-cost materials such as brick and plaster. The church is not very colorful on the outside, but inside it is covered by paintings of incalculable value. The church has reduced dimensions with a peculiar 15 way that allows you to contemplate the best in the Baroque. HISTORICAL CONTEXT The church was built between 1624 and 1633. The seventeenth century was a century of economic crisis in Europe in general, in the Mediterranean, and in particular especially in the Iberian Peninsula. In the Spanish Crown, the crisis was earlier and deeper than in the rest of Europe. When this church was built serious demographic problems appeared. COMMISSION The king Felipe III commissioned the church. It was funded for physical and spiritual attention.
From the beginning, it was a hospital for the poor Portuguese people of Madrid. This is the reason of the previous name of the church, San Antonio de los Portugueses. Then with the Portugal’s independence of Spain, the church started to attend to soldiers of the regiment of the king, and later attended to poor Germans that passed through Madrid. This is why nowadays the church is called San Antonio de los Alemanes. Now, it's a social dining room that caters to people who have no money.
“Main architectural & decorative elements” → It was a catholic church and it has a baroque style. In the main entrance above the door, there is a niche with pilasters on the sides. →It has a spire in octagonal shape to the outside. This church is similar to other churches in Madrid, because it has an octagonal spire on the outside. These spires, are in fact domes, the so-called “encamonadas” domes, made with light materials such as wood or plaster. The wall is covered with frescoes painted by Francesco Rizzi en 1662, Madrid rocks! vol.2
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Types of rocks used in the construction of the building: The outside of the walls were made up of bricks. The floor is made up of brown and white marble tiles, and the walls of the inside where frescos -Brown and white marble and the decorative elements and rocks were made up of different marble colours.
1155500 Bricks should be uniform in color, size and shape. Standard size of brick should be maintained. They should be free from cracks and other flaws such as air bubbles, stone nodules etc. with sharp and square edges. They should be sound and compact.
Marble It is a metamorphic rock formed by high quality limestones that reach high temperatures and high pressures, and then they reach a high level of crystallization. Its main component is calcium carbonate, and there are other elements that vary the marble colour. It is a hard rock. It only can be scratched by steel or by a material which has greater hardness. This mineral has a great brilliance and is susceptible to acids.
Bricks:The bricks of this church were bricks that were cooked and made of clay, put into molds and heated at 1000 ° C. Then they cooled outdoors, and are waterproof. It is a hard rock.
1155513 Granite:They are formed by a slow cooling, deep and in large masses of magma. And it is a plutonic rock. It has a process of millions of years. The granitic rocks are made up of three essential minerals: quartz, feldspar and micas. Also it has a variable group of minerals accessories. Madrid rocks! vol.2
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Behind the altar, you can see a sculpture of San Pedro Poveda, linked to the Hermandad and shot at during the Guerra Civil. On one side, visible on the wall, you can see more sculptures.. Madrid rocks! vol.2
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WEBLIOGRAPHY: https://www.miradormadrid.com/iglesia-de-san-antonio-de-los-alemanes/ https://www.arkiplus.com/caracteristicas-y-principales-construcciones-de-la-arquitec tura-del-barroco/ http://www2.ual.es/ideimand/pedro-sanchez-arquitecto-ca-1569-1633/ http://www.historiasiglo20.org/HE/7e.htm https://somosmalasana.elperiodico.com/el-retablo-de-san-antonio-de-los-alemanesvuelve-a-brillar/ https://www.ecured.cu/M%C3%A1rmol https://www.thoughtco.com/geology-of-bricks-1440945 http://www.clustergranito.com/granito.php https://www.rocasyminerales.net/marmol/ http://www.clustergranito.com/granito.php
Rafael Pérez Chema Muñoz Jaime Guzón Héctor Viudez, Madrid rocks! vol.2
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IGLESIA DE LAS CALATRAVAS
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HISTORICAL CONTEXT
The 17th century was for Spain a period of serious political, military, economic and social crisis that ended up converting the Spanish Empire into a second rank power within Europe. The Austrian Habsburgs -Felipe III, Felipe IV and Carlos II- left the government of the nation in the hands of validos, like the duke of Lerma and the count-duke of Olivares. The Duke of Lerma, Philip III’s valido, adopted a pacifist policy ending all the conflicts inherited from the reign of Philip II. Unlike count-duke of Olivares, Philip VI’s valido, involved Spain in the Thirty Years War, in which Spain suffered serious military defeats. Then, France took advantage of the Spanish military weakness and exerted continuous expansionist pressure on the European territories ruled by Charles II. As a result of this pressure, the Spanish Crown lost much of its possessions in Europe, so that at the beginning of the eighteenth century the Spanish Empire in Europe was completely liquidated. In 1609, the Duke of Lerma carried out the expulsion of the Moors.
Later, the policy of the Count-Duke of Olivares provoked numerous uprisings in Catalonia, Portugal, Andalusia, Naples and Sicily. The Catalan rebellion was put down in 1652, while the Portuguese uprising led to the country’s independence (1668). INTERESTING FACTS There is a painting called “El interior de la Iglesia de las Calatravas, in Madrid” and it appears in the nineteenth century in the national museum of Prado in the general section of paintings. This painting shows the Inside of the Iglesia de las Calatravas. It shows a celebration of a ceremony of the military order of its name, whose knights, dressed in their characteristic habit, are lined up in front of the high altar, lit by candles that hasten to light an altar boy. Behind them, the priests and the crowd witness the act.
.
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CALATRAVAS HISTORY
Its history is linked to the Military Order of Calatrava. This Order was founded in the 12th century so that Christians in the south of the peninsula could defend themselves from Muslims attacks during the Reconquest. There, the military orders had feminine equivalents, of monastic character, who welcomed and cared for the wives and daughters of those who left to fight the war. They also helped by offering oration and penitence to the Christian knights. From here came the religious Comendadoras de Calatrava.
Comendadoras de Calatrava.
These convents became prestigious educational centers for the daughters of nobility. The nuns of Calatrava in Madrid first occupied a convent in Almonacid de Zorita (Guadalajara), a town closely linked to the history of the Order. But in 1623, they wanted to be close to the Court. For this they moved their convent to the capital by mandate of Felipe IV. The convent buildings and the church were built at that time.
The convent of the Calatravas was like a palace of the Court where the affairs of the Order were discussed, and it became the first hall of the Court. The exterior of the church was remodeled by Juan de Madrazo in the XIX century under the orders of Francisco de Asís, husband of Queen Isabel II. Its splendor lasted two centuries until the Democratic Sexenio (1868-1874) when it was proposed that the convent and . church be demolished.
Finally,
although the convent building was destroyed, the church was preserved. In this way, one of the most outstanding Baroque churches of Madrid of the XVII century was maintained. Unlike many other churches, it did not suffer much in the Civil War and kept its interior almost intact. In the 2000s, it was modified in neo-Renaissance style by Juan de Madrazo y Kuntz under the order of King Francisco de Asís. The external part of the building (roofing, cleaning of facades and recovery of the original plaster) and the inside were 1609, the Duke of Lerma carried out the expulsion of the Moors. Later, the policy of the Count-Duke of Olivares provoked numerous uprisings in Catalonia, Portugal, Andalusia, Naples and Sicily. The Catalan rebellion was put down in 1652, while the Portuguese uprising led to the country’s independence (1668).
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ABOUT THE CHURCH It was built between 1670 and 1678 according to a design that was started by Fray Lorenzo de San NicolĂĄs and finished by Isidro MartĂnez and Gregorio Garrote.
Felipe IV
commissioned its
construction.
ARTISTIC STYLE The style of this church is baroque like, for example, the altarpiece churrigueresco. The outer facade was remodeled in 1858 in the neo-Renaissance style with neoplateresque characteristics. It is also remarkable for the renaissance style dome.
ORIGINAL AND CURRENT FUNCTION In the past, it was the convent of the Calatravas, which was like a palace of the Court, where the affairs of the Order were discussed. It later became prestigious educational centers for the daughters of the nobility. Today, it is a Christian Church and its current function is religious. STATE OF CONSERVATION The current condition of Iglesia de Las Calatravas is good because it has not deteriorated too much, and currently they are repairing some parts of the facade. BEFORE
AFTER
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MAIN BUILDING AND DECORATIVE ELEMENTS The main faรงade has a reddish or pinkish terracotta color.
Inside, there is a large space in which light envelops everything. It has a Latin cross plan in which the nave is composed by vaults with arches and lunettes.
Main faรงade
There is also a rose window with the cross of Calatrava and a niche with a stucco image of the Immaculate, a work of Sabino Medina. Furthermore, an octagonal dome can be seen though the outside.
Latin cross plan
Rose window
The Immaculate of stucco
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Pendentives by Carreño’s discipline At the crossing of the transept, there is the dome supported by pendentives and painted with frescoes that represent San Benito and San Bernardo, the approval of the rule by Pope Alexander III and San Diego Velázquez, works painted by Carreño's disciple, Francisco Ruíz de la Iglesia.
The shape of the dome is semi-spherical with inner ribs and it is topped with a lantern. The drum has windows, of which eight are stained glass and four are blinded. In addition, the nave is structured in sections separated by elegant Corinthian pilasters that are crowned by a very salient cornice supported by paired brackets.
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MAIN BUILDING AND DECORATIVE ELEMENTS
Then, on the sides of the transept are the images of the Sacred Heart of Jesus and the Immaculate Heart of Mary. Also, two small altars with the images of San José and San Antonio de Padua are found on both sides of the new icons of Saint John Paul II and the Martyrs of the XX century in Madrid. The work was attributed to Luis Salvador, but according to a recent investigation,was done by Juan Pascual de Mena.
Finally, in the transept of the epistle, there is a cover formed by an opening in the wall and a broken molding. It is topped with a royal shield made of plaster over the lintel of the door. The shield is held by two angels, with two lions at their feet. All of this is surrounded by ornaments of flowers and the necklace of the Tolsón de Oro, a symbol of the monarchy as protector of the convent and administrator of the Order. The work could be Bernini or Pietro Martino de Vaese.
In a chapel of the Church, is found the sculpture of the eighteenth century, Santa Rita de Casia, from the Augustinian convent of San Felipe el Real, which is sheltered behind a glass. There are so many images inside this temple, that a popular expression of the time said that inside "all the saints are" … Some of this sculptures are: Virgen de la Soledad, Virgen de Montserrat, Cristo de la Esperanza, Cristo yacente, Santa Teresa de Jesús, Nuestra Señora del Carmen y Santa Maravillas de Jesús, Santa Teresita del niño Jesús, San Expedito, Nuestra Señora del Pilar and San Judas Tadeo
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GEOLOGICAL ASPECTS Materials used Granite: They selected granite because it is an igneous rock and they are extremely resistant. Nowadays it continues to be used in the coating of buildings because of its elegance and durability.
Marble: They selected this material because marble is very hard and is easy to carve for making materials of construction as sculptures, tables, tiles... This material also was a symbol of wealth and prosperity.
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Granite is a light-colored
plutonic igneous rock with large grains. It forms from the slow crystallization of magma below Earth's surface. It is composed mainly of quartz and feldspar with minor amounts of mica, amphiboles, and other minerals. It usually gets a red, pink, gray, or white color with dark mineral grains visible throughout the rock. Granite has a high degree of hardness, is crystalline and has a granular and phaneritic in texture.
Marble is a metamorphic rock originating from limestone rocks. Once the limestone rocks are transformed into marble, it obtains a high quality rock in terms of hardness, brightness, reactivity and solubility. These features turn it into building material. Marble is usually a light-colored rock. When it is formed from a limestone with very few impurities, it will be white in color.Being composed of calcite, As a result, marble is easy to carve, and that makes it useful for producing sculptures and ornamental objects. Madrid rocks! vol.2
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Terracotta clay bricks: They selected this material because brick looks better for much longer and requires less maintenance than other building materials and they offer superior protection to other wall coating materials.
Stucco: They selected this material because stucco gives an appearance of great beauty; if it is well made, it is very resistant to moisture; value the church; It has easy maintenance; it has a large durability and finishes are obtained cheaper than the material they imitate.
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The
clay is a decomposed sedimentary rock constituted by aggregates of hydrated aluminum silicates, results of the decomposition of the rocks that contain feldspar, like granite. Clay has plasticity, resists temperature increases, is breathable, has a smooth surface, has malleability when soft‌ The clay bricks of our buildings have ornamental elements as crosses of the military orders like that of the military order of Santiago.
It is a paste made mainly of lime, which is combined with elements such as plaster, resins and natural pigments. But the magic of stucco lies in its great versatility. It is mainly used to plastering surfaces of walls and ceilings, but it is also possible to model and carve ornamental objects and provide a beautiful appearance that resembles marble through polishing. Madrid rocks! vol.2
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ALTERATIONS SUFFERED.
MATERIALS
HAVE
With the pass of the years rocks had suffered little alterations. One of main factors that affected alteration are pollution or meteorological phenomena as acid rain. For example, granite is affected by humidity and erosion and marble becomes yellow because of strong acids, alkalis or fungus. This is why lemon juice, vinegar and wine can attack the surface and remove the enamel. Repeated exposure of these products can erode the surface even more.
Marble: It begins with the extraction of marble that has been done at open air. This is usually done from top to bottom. When the block is extracted from the quarry it is classified based on quality criteria. Once the quarry blocks have been removed, they are transported by large trucks to the factories for processing. In the production centers they are unloaded and sorted in the block yard to be cut. The blocks are kept outdoors waiting for the next phase of marble transformation to begin. The cutting of the marble is done in the looms or cortabloques. This will depend on the dimensions of the block, that is, the large blocks will go to the loom while the irregular blocks and to a lesser extent the blocks. Finally, after the marble cut is polished.
MATERIALS EXTRACTION AND TRANSPORTATION. Granite: It is extracted in slabs which have been polished and then transported to a special factory where they are cut into sizes. It has to be transported vertically to avoid cracking.
Stucco: To form the stucco, you first have to apply a scratched layer. This will provide a good base for the final layer. To mix your scratched layer, gather a part of Portland cement, a part of hydrated lime and four parts of sand and then add water slowly until the mixture reaches the consistency of a thick paste.
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Stucco:
Clay bricks: Clay is obtained in quarries where it is stored for a long time. After a year, the clay is transported to the feeder box, initiating in this the first stage. Later, it will be used in the manufacturing process. The clay, by means of a conveyor belt is raised to a kneader, where It is freed of impurities. Then, It passes to the rotofilter, where by means of steel rollers, the pellets are formed and metallic impurities are removed. Finally, the clay is deposited into silos. They were transported by mules and in wagon. QUARRIES FROM WHICH THEY WERE OBTAINED: These lesser materials such as granite, stucco or clay are extracted from quarries of Madrid as quarry of Levantina, quarry “Granito Gris” in Quintana, quarry “Cantera Viva” on C/Hermosilla… These quarries were selected due to their proximity. Noble materials as marble could be extracted from quarries near the church or from Italy, one of the countries with more marble.
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WEBLIOGRAPHY: https://es.slideshare.net/mobile/arelar/arquitectura-barroca http://www.alfayomega.es/177630/las-calatravas http://josesanpepe.blogspot.com/2015/08/calle-de-alcala-2-parte.html https://www.museodelprado.es/coleccion/obra-de-arte/interior-de-la-iglesia-de-las-ca latravas-en-madrid/49b4e48b-3ff2-4f81-a139-f63cbda8d83d https://www.iglesiacalatravas.com/ https://geology.com/rocks/granite.shtml https://geology.com/rocks/marble.shtml https://www.pulycort.com/marmol/proceso-elaboracion-del-marmol.html https://www.museodelinares.gob.cl/639/w3-article-46722.html?_noredirect=1 https://www.doityourself.com/stry/transport-granite-countertops http://canalconstruccion.com/estuco.html https://www.rutasconhistoria.es/loc/iglesia-de-las-calatrava https://www.esmadrid.com/en/tourist-information/iglesia-de-las-calatravas https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iglesia_de_las_Calatravas
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http://lugaressacros.blogspot.com/2013/06/iglesia-de-las-calatravas.html https://manuelblasmartinezmapes.blogspot.com/2009/01/iglesias-antiguas-de-madridlas.html?view=ipcard#!/2009/01/iglesias-antiguas-de-madrid-las.html
Noelia Arango Carlota Mulet IvĂĄn Borrego Nuria Prada Madrid rocks! vol.2
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IGLESIA DE SAN GINÉS DE ARLÉS
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Roussillon and Lleida were conquered in 1642. The support of France and England, eager to weaken Spain, finally led to and act by Mariana de Austria (mother-regent of Carlos II). She ended up recognizing the independence of Portugal. There were also separatist dying uprisings in Andalusia, Aragon and Naples. In spite of being crushed all the movements, except the Portuguese, Felipe IV maintained the outskirts of the diverse kingdoms
This church is called Iglesia de San Ginés de Arles. It started its construction in 1642 when the archbishop of toledo, Bernardo de Cluny, ordered its construction. The construction wasn’t over until 1672, and in that time it was used as a mosque, but after some changes it turned into a church. The king in 1642 was Felipe IV (from 1605-1665) The wars of 1642 where: -War between spain and france (1635-1659),Catalan section war (1640-1652),1642: Batalla de honnecourt, Guerra y propaganda en la Cataluña de (635-1659),1642 naval combat of Barcelona. A Gallic army entered Catalonia and defeated the Castilian troops in Montjüic.
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This
church was built by four different architects, Juan de Villanueva, Jose Maria Aguilar, Juan Ruiz and Jose Luis Marin. The actual facade was made of bricks and stone in 1870, originally was neo-plateresque, but after being destroyed in civil war, the original decorative elements were eliminated because of the restoration. The second floor windows were replaced by a third building, in which its window were by the sides, in the buildings centre its located a niche. The columns and arches were also modified and turned completely different. The structure nowadays is because of the improvement made in 1645. This church has suffered 3 different fires in 1724, 1756 and 1824 and because of that, there has been several reformations, like the one in 1903 in which the roofs and walls were improved. During the civil war, the church was closed, even though it was used as a military barrack several times. Due to this, the church was a good location to attack, which led to be repair in 1940.
The baroque architecture maintains the symmetry from the renaissance architecture, the decorations were normally ornamented. Some of the elements are, for example the arches, on the inside of the church there are semicircular arches and on the outside the arches were the basket handle arch, and also the columns, the ones that are inside, next to the altar, the type of column is corinthian.
The interior is full of paintings, like the picture of the high altar, which seems to be the original one that Francisco Ricci painted for the church, or works of Alonso Cano, Lucas Jordรกn and the most important one, "the expulsion of the merchants from the temple" from El Greco.
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Limestone
Mortar It contains the same elements as the cement but including sand. It is a material normally used in masonry and carpentry. It has many types, for example the “N” mix that is recommended using on exterior and has normal strength of compression, the “O” mix that is recommended mainly on interior and has a low strength of compression, the “S” mix is adequate for many projects and has high strength compression, the “M” mix that is recommended for heavy loads because it has a very high strength of compression and the “K” mix that is not usually used in new construction because it has very low strength of compression. It is used to join bricks and stones to construct or to cover walls. The mortar have the same materials as the cement, but including sand, that means that it contain calcined and milled limestone and clay with water, cast and sand.
Some limestones were formed by a chemical decomposition, but some others were made by means of shells and sea creatures. Limestone formation is developed in areas with no sand or mud. This rock is usually white or grey, but sometimes its color can also vary from grey to brown and its texture can change from a really dense material to a really smooth one. When this rock has been through some alterations it acquires a yellowish tone and its recoverings become softer. it may give a tact similar to clay. This rock was mostly obtained in Guadalix, even though they were also obtained in Torrelaguna.
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Brick The brick is a piece of ground kneaded and baked, and are used to make buildings.bricks were one of the oldest known buildings materials,they were discovered in Southern Turkey.the first ones were made up in warm climates,
Granite It's formed by the magma located inside the surface and when it goes out it solidifies and granite is formed. It's formed by different crystals that give it the holes it has. It's the most common magmatic rock in the world. It's made by different rocks like the quartz, feldspar and mica. The rock which was extracted from the quarrie of Talavera de la Reina, used because it's a very resistant rock and it looks good. The color of the granite changes because the humidity of the ground.
They were made of mud and were dried in the sun .Romans prefered to make their bricks in spain and they only used white or red clay to make their own bricks, also the size and shape was different from other ancient bricks. Bricks were used because they help to regulate and keep constant the interior temperature and also has the ability to absorb and slowly release heat.Also the interior walls were made up of bricks because it helps to accommodate their buildings temperature ,to store heat and cool air , and also houses that were entirely made of brick cost less, because they need less energy for heating. Some characteristics of the brick are: Bricks have to be uniform in color, size and shape. They should be sound and compact, the temperature of the bricks has to be so low that it has to keep the buildings cool in summer and warm in winter, was discovered in different archeological sites of Mesopotamia, and was extracted from to make the bricks we need mud with 30% of clay in its composition. What we need: Water,ground, straw or resistant vegetable fiber and the molds, in general wood. Also the interior has suffered a lot modifications, including a restoration after the fire 1824 that affected the head. Madrid rocks! vol.2
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WEBLIOGRAPHY: https://www.viendomadrid.com/2010/01/iglesia-de-san-gines.html#axzz5nEthcCv6% 20%0A%0A https://www.esmadrid.com/informacion-turistica/iglesia-de-san-gines%0A%0A http://manuelblasdos.blogspot.com/2010/03/real-parroquia-de-san-gines.html%20%0 A%0Ahttp://www.foroxerbar.com/viewtopic.php?t=10036%20%0A%0A https://www.quotatis.es/consejos-reformas/preguntas-frecuentes/albanileria-carpinte ria-y-puertas/la-diferencia-cemento-mortero/%0A%0A https://geology.com/rocks/limestone.shtml%0A%0Ahttps://www.thebalancesmb.com/ recommended-guide-for-selection-of-mortar-mix-type-844821%0A%0A http://explocan.com/origen-del-granito/%20%0A%0Ahttps://www.answers.com/Q/Ho w_is_limestone_formed%20%0A%0A
https://www.geniolandia.com/13077891/que-caracteristicas-tiene-la-piedra-caliza% 0A%0A
https://www.thebalancesmb.com/bricks-types-uses-and-advantages-844819%20% C2%A0%C2%A0%0A%0A
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https://www.randerstegl.com/en/wall-bricks/complete-brickworks/advantages-of-bri cks%0A%0Ahttps://civiltoday.com/civil-engineering-materials/brick/69-characteristi cs-and-qualities-of-good-bricks-for-construction%0A%0A
http://www.viajeuniversal.com/spain/ciudadreal/almaden/mina_interior_tunelmamp osteria.htm http://www.puzzledelahistoria.com/?cat=1271 http://www.mcnbiografias.com/app-bio/do/show?key=felipe-iv-rey-de-espanna http://www.enciclopedia-aragonesa.com/voz.asp?voz_id=6629 http://blogs.libertaddigital.com/almanaque-de-la-historia-de-espana/1642-batalla-d e-honnecourt-el-exito-preludio-del-desastre-de-rocroi-9701/ https://blog.todoavante.es/?p=3585
SofĂa Benhammou Alejandra Cruz Paula Lamata Pablo Riaza Madrid rocks! vol.1
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IGLESIA DE SAN JOSÉ Madrid rocks! vol.2
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It
is a typical Baroque building, with a
Latin Cross plan, (one central nave and two ones at its sides), with a high choir at the feet and three parts joined with barrel vault.
The building has two floors. The upper one, has an organ, but this part isn’t accessible because it is being restored. Now, we are going to show to you some more information.
In
the facade, the gable is
In the main interior part, there are two big important elements: San JosĂŠ Church has a dome decorated with stucco in the top, and the It is very big and impressive, and has a big cupola. Also, there is the chapel. It consists of a St. Teresa representation and together with beautiful paintings. Here is some information about the secondary elements: -The arches of the doors are of half point. The interior is decorated with many sculptures and representations of religious characters, and the ceiling has many paintings. -The representative figures (the less important ones) have a Doric style, and the most important ones, the Christ of Desamparo (popularly known as the Siete Reviernes) and a Saint Joseph, (very near to St.Teresa chapel), have a Corinthian style, cause of the acanthus leaves.
decorated with flagons and floors. Also, it has a Virgen del Carmen sculpture. The three entrances have doors with metal grills forged by Juan Gil.
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San José Church was ordered by Fray Nicolás Jesús y María, in 1586, and finished 29 years after, in 1605. But, in the next century, it was demolished.
It was commissioned by Fray Nicolás de Jesús y María.
Was founded by Bernardino
During the last years of the 16th
Fernández de Velasco. This building has its origins in the humilladero dedicated to San Hermenegildo, were Lope de Vega was ordered priest. The church was finished in 1605, but later was demolished at the beginnings of the 18 century. Then in 1730 Pedro de Ribera was in charge for the construction of the actual building, that was finished in 1748 by José de Arredondo and Fausto Manso. It was again demolished in 1836 to build in its place the Apollo Theatre. Later, in 1873 the theatre was demolished to build in its place the Banco de Vizcaya. In 1910, the adjoining house of the priest was demolished because of the construction of the Gran Vía street, but the church survived from the pickaxes and nowadays is still functional and everyone can enter to see it.
century and the firsts ones of the 17th century, Spain was losing its power, economical and international importance. While this building was being built, Philip III was reigning, with his most important valido, (a plugged in) the Duke of Lerma. As the Spanish kingdom was bankrupt, cause of the armed conflicts (the cost of them) against France, England and the Northern parts of the Low Countries, a peace treaty was agreed between them. Furthermore, in the following years (1609), the moriscos were expelled from Spain, because Philip III accused them from heresy. This king did made this economical and ethical catastrophe for demonstrating his obligation with Catholicism.
At first was a convent where they preached and help poor people. Then, when it was abandoned, they established there the Direction of Military Administration. Afterwards, they demolished it, and they built the Apollo Theater, and then it was used as Bank of Vizcaya. Now it's a church where they also give mass.
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The state of conservation isn't bad but it needs revisions and some restorations. It was restored after it's demolition after the Military usage. Other time they made a remodeling for the Vizcaya Bank and other for the Church. Since December 2017, it is has been restored. With this restoration, two Spanish Civil War remains has been discovered. It consists of the two impacts of its cover are the imprint of two howitzers that did not burst inside it.
They used picks made of metal for pick the minerals for getting them we deduce that they used shovels to introduce it in carts were they were transported to the city. They used quarries from Toledo and Madrid.
1153566 The major part of the interior is made of granite and the details are mostly made of marble (together with wood, but this isn’t a rock). And the exterior is made with clay bricks and granite.
1149410 They used granite because it is strong and resistant, perfect for the construction of the church. The marble was used for covering and decorating the interior because was smooth, flat and strong. Clay bricks, they are and were used in most of the buildings, because it was cheap and was easy to use and to stored.
Characteristics of the materials: â—?
â—?
Granite: The granite have three minerals, quartz, feldspar and mica. The granite is a plutonic rock that means that is form in the interior of the earth crust. Marble: is a metamorphic rock composed of recrystallized carbonate minerals, most commonly calcite. Madrid rocks! vol.2
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THE ROCKS GRANITE
MARBLE
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The rock version of the Winter by Antonio Vivaldi Antonio Lucio Vivaldi (Venice, March 4, 1678 - Vienna, July 28, 1741) was a composer and musician of the late Baroque, one of the pinnacles of the Baroque, Western music and universal music. His mastery is reflected in having cemented the genre of the concert, the most important of its time. The first notes describe with a soft and persistent rhythm the slow fall of the snowflakes and in the rapid thrill of the violins the chestnut teeth caused by the intense cold. Let's listen now to a gust of wind that shakes the fall of the snowflakes in the first solo of the violin. Little by little, the strength of the music increases to lead to a great subject.
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WEBLIOGRAPHY: https://www.esmadrid.com/informacion-turistica/iglesia-de-san-jose https://www.viendomadrid.com/2009/12/iglesia-de-san-jose.html#axzz5nEsArgIB https://www.rutasconhistoria.es/loc/iglesia-de-san-jose-madrid https://www.wordreference.com https://todosobremadrid.com/que-hacer/iglesia-parroquial-de-san-jose/ http://madridconencanto-siema.blogspot.com/2016/04/parroquia-de-san-jose.html http://manuelblasdos.blogspot.com/2010/05/iglesia-de-san-jose.html http://madridconencanto-siema.blogspot.com/2016/04/parroquia-de-san-jose.html https://geology.com/rocks/marble.shtml http://www.telemadrid.es/noticias/madrid/Redescubrimos-iglesia-rehabilitada-San-Jos e-0-1963903627--20171204031838.html https://www.elblogalternativo.com/2010/03/09/las-cuatro-estaciones-de-vivaldi-invie rno/
Sergio GarcĂa Varona Hugo Aguado Calatayud Francisco Javier MenĂŠndez de Castilla Jorge Gimeno Lizarraga Madrid rocks! vol.2
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IGLESIA DEL SACRAMENTO 1151575 Madrid rocks! vol.2
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When was it built? It was designed in 1615, and its construction started in 1671 and finished in 1744. It was recognised as a National Artistic Monument in 1982. This church was commissioned by Don Cristรณbal de Sandoval y Rojas, Duke of Uceda and valido of Felipe II.
HISTORICAL CONTEXT Between the years 1615 and 1744, a lot of important events happened in Spain The Thirty Years War began, and in 1621 Philip IV of Spain was crowned
1152665 Then, in 1665, Philip IV died. Afterwards, Charles II was crowned in 1675, and in 1700, he died, which started the War of the Spanish Succession.
ARCHITECT Juan Gรณmez de Mora
The architect of the Cathedral de las Fuerzas Armadas was Juan Gรณmez de Mora, he was s born in Cuenca in 1586 and was the nephew of Francisco de Mora, who was his mentor. Most of his constructions are in Madrid. His buildings are characterised by their symmetry and decoration. in 1615, he began to work on the Cathedral de las Fuerzas Armadas. Madrid rocks! vol.2
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“The style is baroque, but it has some neoclassical paintings” 1153597
ARCHITECTURE At the crossing point of the latin cross plan, a beautiful dome is located, held by pendentives and pillars. The decoration in the interior stands out with pilasters topped by capitals created in the style of Hermano Bautista and an entablature supported by paired brackets and rich, varied plant decoration.
DECORATION Most of the decorative elements
“The church has only one aisle”
including sculptures, capitals and painting, share from the 17th century. There are plenty of frescos that decorate the aisles, similar to those of the Italian churches.There are two paintings of the founders by Luca Giordano that decorate the altarpieces. The plasterwork, decorated with flowers, is exemplary of Madrid's architectural style of the 17th century.The most important painting was the one of San Bernardino and San Benito, which was painted by Goya’s apprentice, Gregorio Ferro. Madrid rocks! vol.2
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What materials did they used? All the exterior is made of brick and the facade is built with granite ashlar
CLAY. Clay is the raw material of the brick. Clay is ideal for this purpose due to its properties. It is impermeable, mouldable, so it is very easy to form bricks with it.. They use masonry to construct the buildings, masonry is a traditional construction system. It consists of adding prefabricated rocks, bricks or concrete blocks to construct walls or ornaments
GRANITE.Is an intrusive or plutonic rock composed mainly of quartz, feldspar, and mica.Granites are rocks that are formed by the slow cooling of magma under the earth's crust. Granite has undergone alterations due to acid rain. Zarzalejo Granite has been used as building stone since the Bronze Age, conserving a Roman road.
1149604 The brick was created in order to become the main buildings material.
TRANSPORTATION OF GRANITE All the extracted granite is polished and then transported to a factory where they are cut into appropriate sizes which can be transported easily. It must be transported in a special way for it not to crack. Granite has to be transported vertically on its edge because if it is laid flat it will crack. Madrid rocks! vol.2
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HOW WAS CLAY EXTRACTED AND TRANSPORTED? The clay was extracted by dismantling the terrain to blocks so they could dig deeper,thanks to this we could get more material without the extraction area being very wide. The soldiers carried the clay on their backs and piled them in large wooden baskets, with the very pressure they had when they piled the clay so the water was extracted
Why did they chose these rocks? Granite
GRANITE QUARRIES Granite has to be extracted in large pieces, so large teams of workers and specialized equipment are needed to extract this type of rock. In that time granite could be extracted from quarries in Zarzalejo, Colmenar Viejo, Alpedrete and others locations of Madrid .
has
been
used
extensively in construction for many year thanks to the resistance of the material. Resistant to deterioration, corrosion, the application of compression forces and its resistance to erosion. Also they used it because it is the most abundant rock of the continental crust and it is resistant to the ice because they absorb only 0,6% of water. Bricks:they used bricks because they were made of clay and clay was molded better and had a greater consistency in shape and size Madrid rocks! vol.2
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WEBLIOGRAPHY:
http://campaners.com/php/catedral.php?numer=2261 https://www.miradormadrid.com/iglesia-catedral-de-las-fuerzas-armadas/ https://www.madridhappypeople.com/ocio-madrid/iglesia-catedral-de-las-fuerzashttps://www.madridhappypeople.com/ocio-madrid/iglesia-catedral-de-las-fuerzasarmadas/?location=&type=&item-tag= https://www.arteespana.com/juangomezdemora.htm https://caumas.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/45-el-granito.pdf https://ladrillos.es/como-se-fabrican-los-ladrillos/ https://geolodiaavila.com/2017/03/03/que-es-el-granito-y-como-se-forma/ https://www.rocasyminerales.net/mamposteria/ http://madridrocks.iessapereaude.com/our-buildings/casa-de-cisneros/ https://eprints.ucm.es/38242/1/T37439.pdf http://www.clustergranito.com/granito.php
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https://www.homify.com.ar/libros_de_ideas/603089/el-ladrillo-un-material-de-constr uccion-con-mucha-historia https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=http://www.cervantesvirtu al.com/descargaPdf/construccion-y-ornamentacion-de-las-fachadas-de-ladrillo-prens ado-al-descubierto-en-la-ciudad-de-valladolid--0/&ved=2ahUKEwjftbXh15DiAhVITho KHVH5DEwQFjAAegQIBRAB&usg=AOvVaw2oLfS74j8FO6FKpgTIKpgG http://manuelblasdos.blogspot.com/2010/12/iglesia-del-sacramento.html
Gabriela Álvarez Claudia Pérez Víctor Ortiz Yaiza Nieto Madrid rocks! vol.2
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LOS JERONIMOS
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Are you ready to discover the unknown beauty of Madrid in the Baroque era? Have you ever wondered how many secretes are hidden behind the walls of the different buildings that are part of this city? If you want to take part in this amazing experience, just continue reading!
Enrique IV of Trastamara ordered its construction in the year 1464, near the Manzanares River. Due to the proximity of the river, the humidity was constant and this made the church not a healthy place for the monks to live.
In Madrid, the 17th century was a
That is why in 1503, it was transferred to the Villa de Madrid.
period of crisis and wars. After the death of Isabella of Castille in 1504, Charles V (1517-1556) inherited the Spanish throne and a large empire, becoming the most powerful ruler of his time.
It becomes one of the most emblematic buildings in Madrid.
It was Philip II who succeeded Charles V in the year 1556. He inherited one of the world’s largest empires. After Philip II, the last Austrian Habsburgs kings ruled Spain (Philip III, Philip IV and Charles II). During this period of the 17th century, Spain fell into decline. Spain started to lose power until it became a second rate power in Europe.
The courts of the kingdom meet in the church and real events begin to take place, such as the swearing in of Felipe II. The church was a place for the Monarchs to rest. Once, it was also used as an artillery park.
The governmental obligations were carried out by the Validos. The most important ones were the Duke of Lerma and the Duke of Olivares. Spain was involved in the Thirty years war and was defeated by France. The country also went bankrupt provoking several domestic rebellions.
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CHURCH FUNCTION
Originally
The
church
was
closely linked to the Spanish monarchy and to the life of the Court. It was used for weddings, funerals, swearing of heirs and for royal proclamations. It was also a place to rest and relax for the Spanish Royal family.
1151287 ARTISTIC STYLE
This building has a Gothic Elizabethan style from the end of the XV and the beginning of the XVI century, but it has undergone a series of changes over the last centuries, so it has different architectural styles.
“During his mandate Philip II, ordered the construction of a room where the monarchs could retire to rest.� Nowadays, the church can be
ARCHITECTURE It is late Gothic with Renaissance influences and it remembers of Madrid architecture, which can be seen in its facade in which stone and brick are mixed.
visited and you can attend to mass every day. It is open to everyone and you do not have to pay to visit it. Also, marriages ceremonies are conducted in the church. It is one of the most emblematic buildings of Madrid.
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ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS
The facade has a rose window made of stone and a pointed arch, there is also a balustrade decorated with geometrical figures. In the entrance of the church there is a carpanel arch that contains fleurs-de-lis, which are the symbol of Bourbon Dynasty. The church has two towers that are decorated with pointed arches windows and with the same rose window as the one in the entrance.
1147540 The church is a Basilica with a central nave and five chapels to either sides of the central nave.
The mayor altar houses an enormous painting, La Última Comunión de San Jerónimo made by Rafael Tegeo. The whole building is covered by a groin vault. The Museo del Prado lent the church 8 paintings in order to decorate it. In the main chapel, there is an altarpiece made by José Menéndez.
The portal jambs are decorated with leaves and columns; the tympanum represents the birth of the Virgin Mary and the lintel has a message written in it. The archivolts are decorated in the same way as the jambs. In the top of the building, there are pinnacles.
There are pillars all along the church with carved capitals and two basket arches in which the jambs are decorated with flowers and leaves. The outside building contains supported elements such as flying buttresses and arches.
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RESTAURATIONS Thanks to King Francisco de Asís, husband of Isabel II, the church was restored twice during the second half of the 19th century. The first one was completed by the architect Narciso Pascual y Colomer between 1848 and 1859. The style used was neo-Gothic.
The monastery of San Jerónimo el Real had two cloisters. The first and older of the two was destroyed between 1855 and 1856, while the second was a Renaissance cloister built in the 16th century for religious and secular use. This latter was replaced about a century after by a Baroque cloister designed by Fray Lorenzo de San Nicolás. The portal was the most affected in the XIX century so Ponciano Ponzano rebuilt it.
Some of the elements introduced by this architect were: the Latin cross plan in the church, a central nave, a ceiling supported by groin vaults, pinnacles in the exterior of the church, basket arches and Gothic tracery. The second restoration, was carried out in 1879 by Enrique María Repullés and Vargas. He continue decorating and restoring the church. He made some changes, and he removed the tribunes of the 16th century in order to replace them with triforium.
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GEOLOGICAL ASPECTS The church of San Jerรณnimo el Real is mainly made of igneous, and sedimentary rocks.
Clay is the material with which the bricks are made. They are rectangular blocks form of baked clay and they can be red or brown. Bricks are popular because they stand corrosion, resist fire and retains heat.
Granite is an igneous rock, which is formed from the slow crystallization of the magma below the surface of the Earth. Is composed of quartz and feldspar with small amounts of other minerals. This mineral composition gives the granite a red, pink, grey, or white with dark mineral grains visible throughout the rock. During formation of granite it is buried below kilometers of rock and sediment necessary to produce enough heat to melt rock.
Limestone is a sedimentary rock composed primarily of calcium carbonate in the form of the mineral calcite. It is an organic sedimentary rock that is formed by the accumulation of shell, coral and algal. Some limestone consists mainly of coral or the shells of other small marine creatures and they can also be precipitated from seawater.
Mortar is used to hold building materials such as brick or stone together. It is composed of a mixture of water, sand, and cement. It is a thicker substance than concrete and it is ideal for bonding elements.
1149399 ALTERATIONS IN THE MATERIALS The main alterations are due to the pass of time and also due to other aspects such as pollution, to the constant change of weather (wind, rain...), also it can be because there is not a regular follow-up of the state of the materials.
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QUARRIES In the Guadarrama Mountain Range, there were a large number of quarries:
“Colmenarejo and Galapagar, La Dehesa de Navalvillar located in Colmenar Viejo and Hoyo de Manzanares.�
FEATURES AND WHY THEY USED THIS ROCKS It was really common to use this type of rocks in constructions because they are dense, durable and hard rocks so this means that they support better the pass of the time.
This were probably the quarries from which they extracted the different materials.
Bricks
are hard materials, they are absorptive in order to absorb rain water and they are durable.
Granite TRANSPORTATION OF ROCKS
has been used for thousands of years in both interior and exterior applications.
As the materials used for the construction of our church were found in the quarries that were near the mountain range in Madrid, the rocks were transported by carts.
It was frequently selected because it was a prestige material, used in projects to produce impressions of elegance, it is a lasting material and it does not deteriorate easily.
Granite and Limestone are extracted directly from open air quarries. Once it is extracted, the stone breaks into blocks and they are transported to factories in which the blocks are sawn into tables with the necessary measures and finishes for their use in construction.
Limestone is a permeable rock. This means that water can enter limestone through pores, joints or cracks in the rock. Another characteristic of limestone is that it can be slowly dissolved by water. This material is less durable than the rest. Madrid rocks! vol.2
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WEBLIOGRAPHY https://www.parroquiasanjeronimoelreal.es/historia http://turismomadrid.es/es/descubre/madrid/de-inter%C3%A9s/5107-iglesia-de-los-jeronimos.htm l https://www.viendomadrid.com/2010/02/san-jeronimo-el-real-los-jeronimos.html#axzz5kWQtH8f9 https://www.britannica.com/art/Isabelline https://www.miradormadrid.com/iglesia-de-los-jeronimos/ https://www.arteguias.com/gotico_madrid.htm https://www.museodelprado.es/en/museum/jeronimos-extension https://www.gomadrid.com/sights/san-jeronimo-el-real.html http://www.madridhistorico.com/seccion5_historia/nivel2_informacion.php?idmapa=8&idinfor macion=656&pag=2 https://www.museodelprado.es/museo/ampliacion-jeronimos https://sciencing.com/how-granite-extracted-4610939.html http://www.clustergranito.com/granito.php https://sciencing.com/quartz-extracted-8700692.html https://baldeagleconstruction.com/what-is-the-difference-between-mortar-and-concrete https://geology.com/rocks/granite.shtml https://www.cupastone.es/transformacion-bloque-granito/ https://geology.com/rocks/limestone.shtml https://sciencing.com/physical-characteristics-limestone-7608531.html
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http://oa.upm.es/13204/1/madrid_hist%C3%B3rico.pdf https://teachermsisabel.com/recursos/3o-e-s-o/geography/history/ http://fincasybodas.com/monasterio-de-san-jeronimo-el-real-madrid-bodas/ http://oa.upm.es/13204/1/madrid_hist%C3%B3rico.pdf
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El Hospicio de San Fernando 1156277 Madrid rocks! vol.2
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Builded in 1725, EL HOSPICIO DE SAN FERNANDO was an hospice transformed into the Madrid history museum that is situated in Calle de Fuencarral, 78, Madrid. El hospicio de San Fernando was commissioned by el marques de vadillo, during the reign of Felipe V. HISTORICAL CONTEXT:
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1156895 ARCHITECTURE AND DECORATION
The
architect Pedro de Ribera decided to build this churrigueresque Baroque building with regular plant. The most remarkable element of the facade is the portico made up of granite. The lower part of the portico is decorated with geometrical forms and stripes. Looking up a little the sculpture of Felipe V showing himself as the ``HELPER OF THE POOR CITIZENS´ At the top curves and counter curves that finally met at the higher part of the facade. Inside the chapel, it is exposed a painting from Luca Giuordano named San Fernando ante la Virgen. In the outside gardens we find the Fuente de La Fama decorated with
HOW WAS BEFORE AND AFTER The Hospicio de San Fernando was originally a few houses at Fuencarral Street. In 1725 those houses were replaced by a only building. Only the original chapel remains from those houses. In 1922 the hospice dissapeared, but the Madrid town hall buyed the building and a few restorations were carried out to transform the old Hospice to the Madrid history Museum. In the year 2000 more restorations occured to renovate the museum.
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WHY THIS MATERIALS AND NOT OTHERS
ALTERATION OF THE ROCKS
The materials used at this time were very resistant to environmental conditions and to impacts.
BRICKS:
THE FACADE OF THE MUSEUM. Made of bricks. The brick is a construction element, made with mud mass, has a rectangular shape and allows to build walls and structures. The use of bricks began in the Neolithic. Today the bricks are built with clay and other minerals.
WERE AND HOW ? Pioneering companies such as the Madrilenian Pottery or the Brick Factory Valderrivas were important in the eighteenth century in the construction of bricks. And they were transported by muleteers and carters. The brick factory Valderribas
GRANITE:
1156209 PORTICO OF THE ENTRANCE Made of Granite. Granite is a plutonic rock created by the slow cooling of magma in the great depths of the earth's
In the XVIII, granite started to be used in many cases, forming most of the monuments in Madrid, in this century, it was mostly found in: ● The Alpedrete quarries ● Cadalso de los Vidrios ● Colmenar Viejo Granite was transported in carriages pulled by oxens until the XX century
crust.This cooling creates crystals giving a crystalline texture that characterizes granite.
Where were located?
this
quarries
Granite
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WEBLIOGRAPHY: https://www.rocasyminerales.net/arcilla/ https://www.google.com/search?safe=strict&client=safari&channel=ipad_b m&ei=773nXJ2WD7Kj1fAPjfWB6A4&q=feldspar&oq=feldspar&gs_l=mobile -gws-wiz-serp.3..0i324j0l2j0i30l5.693577.695494..696524...0.0..0.97.681.8.. ....0....1.......8..0i71j41j0i131j0i67j46j46i131j0i10.SGICjvb6jv4#imgrc=bpDGx 1uQ5JoWXM: https://www.google.com/search?q=mica+mineral&safe=strict&client=safari &channel=ipad_bm&prmd=isnv&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ah UKEwiX59en9bPiAhWxThUIHY8FDcYQ_AUoAXoECA0QAQ&biw=1024&bih =650#imgrc=MB3AVHPE6Y1rAM https://www.piedraspara.com/granito-caracteristicas-usos-tipos-propiedade s/ https://geology.com/minerals/feldspar.shtml
María López Sofía Fernández Lucía Sánchez Alejandro Figueroa Madrid rocks! vol.2
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WHO COMMISSIONED IT'S CONSTRUCTION? Following the untimely death of Filippo Juvara, the architect originally commissioned to design the palace, it was his pupil Juan Bautista Sachetti who eventually drew up final plans. Seventeen years passed between the laying of the first stone in 1738 and final of the work commissioned by Philip V.
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What is the origin of the Royal Palace?
WHEN WAS THE ROYAL PALACE CONSTRUCTED? The Royal Palace construction started in the year 1738 and took 16 years to be completed. They started with the facade extending the works until 1755. As Felipe V died in 1746, he never saw the new palace. The first monarch that established in the new royal palace was Carlos III in 1764.
The origin of the Royal Palace was in the IX century. The first construction was a citadel constructed to defend Toledo from the progress of the Christian troops.In the XVI century,the real Alcรกzar was constructed, but it was destroyed on fire on Christmas Eve of 1734. Finally, on the same place where the Real Alcรกzar was, the first king of the dynasty of the Bourbons, Felipe V, started the construction of the Royal Palace. The royal palace is not the official house of the Kings of Spain, nowadays is used sometimes for receptions, ceremonies and official acts. The Kings of Spain live in The Zarzuela Palace.
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IT'S CONSERVATION
The Royal Palace is in a good state of conservation. During the Spanish Civil War the facades were damaged and the have to reconstruct many of the components of the facade, specially the west facade,in some areas it is still possible to see the impact of the shells which affected the stone ashlars. During this work, the damaged stone was replaced by granite from the area of Zarzalejo and by Colmenar Stone from the so-called sobre Banco. In 1975 substantial work was carried out cleaning the façades and providing specific treatment for protecting the stone.The most recent work was done between 2002-2004 with the cleaning and replacing of the most damaged limestone pieces by Colmenar Stone, especially in the area of the cornices and imposts, where the conservation of the building was most directly affected, which led to it recovering its original colour.
About it's architecture‌ The Royal Palace has a simple square plan layout with the geometric rigor that was characteristic in the Spanish Baroque. The palace was designed with the form of a large square including an interior courtyard. Two large projecting wings were built on the front, forming a square used for military marches and practices
THE MAIN ARCHITECTS The first one,Francesco Sabatini was a Italian architect who worked mainly in Spain. He trained in Rome with his father-in-law Luigi Vanvitelli and collaborated in the construction of the palace of Caserta, in Naples. The second one,Filippo Juvara, combined architecture with stage design in his first years of professional activity, in which he introduced the new concept of scene-painting. The third one, Juan Bautista Sachetti was also an Italian architect with important works in Spain, in the court of Felipe V. And the last one ,Jose segundo de Lema was one of the most important representatives of the medievalist current of Spanish architecture at the end of the 19th century. Madrid rocks! vol.2
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PAINTINGS The gallery of paintings of the Royal Palace is formed by a room of musical instruments, two rooms of flemish paintings, one of Italian paintings, one of Spanish paintings(XVII), another one from the centuries XVIII-XIX, and also one dedicated to paintings from the XIX and beginnings of the XX. SCULPTURES The Royal Palace have a really special collection of sculptures distributed in the facades of the palace, mainly situated in the balustrade. Where ordered by Ferdinand VI at the proposal of Father Martín Sarmiento. They wanted to make more beautiful the facades of the palace and the gardens that surround them, putting 112 statues of all the kings of Spain. For that, 24 sculptors were hired by Doménico Olivieri and Felipe de Castro. IT’S DECORATION… The Royal Palace has a main staircase made of marble and several decorative elements. There are two sculptures of lions and four large stone jars are located on the sides of the stairs representing water, air, wire and fire. The main entrance of the palace is in the plaza de armas square from where you can see the main façade of the palace and the balconies of the most important rooms. On the balustrade of the upper part there are statues of the different monarchs and between them the ancient Inca and Aztec emperors, in tribute to the South American continent.
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INTERESTING FACTS There is a legend that says that Isabel had the same dream during several nights, in which she saw the statues falling down. That’s why the king ordered to remove the statues, because Isabel thought that her children would be dethroned from their reigns. The statues were kept in a basement and they decided to distribute them thro0 different points of the city and even the country, and nowadays are located in the Plaza de Oriente.
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1150744 This is the back part of the Royal Palace, were we can find the Sabatini gardens. IF you enter the code in the left part of the photo in the app Blippar, you’ll see a beautiful video of this gardens.
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MATERIALS USED One of the main material used for the facades of the Royal Palace was granite, witch was used also in the bases and on the flat walls. For the bases, columns, plasters, cornices, parapets‌ limestone from Colmenar de la Oreja was used. This two materials are basic components of the classical ordering monuments of Madrid. At that time the granite and limestone used came from Becerril de la Sierra, Galapagar‌ During the years the palace has been through several extensions in which limestone and granite used were from the mountain range of Madrid. Between 1944 and 1964 the west facade was damage during the Spanish civil war and they used granite to reconstruct it that came from Zarzalejo.
FEATURES OF THE ROCKS USED Granite make up a large part of the continental crust. Granite forms from the slow crystallization of magma below the Earth's surface. Granite is composed mainly of quartz, feldspar and other minerals, it has been used as a construction stone since antiquity. When granite forms, the larger and smaller particles form an interlocking matrix, binding together without air pockets, this is what makes granite a dense and resistant stone. Limestone is composed primarily of calcium carbonate and is a sedimentary rock. It is form in lakes and oceans by some organisms capable of forming calcium carbonate.
1146844 WHY DID THEY USE THIS ROCKS? As the old palace (the AlcĂĄzar) was burned, when the new royal palace was built the monarch commissioned the architect Felipe Juvarra that all the construction should be done in stone (white from the Madrid Town of Colmenar and gray baroque from Sierra de Guadarrama) and brick so that no fire could cause a new tragedy. limestone was used less than granite, and was replaced by apiary stone because was too damage. Madrid rocks! vol.2
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ALTERATIONS THAT THE MATERIALS HAVE SUFFERED Over the years, the materials used to build the royal palace have been damaged because of atmospheric aggressions. Granite is beginning to show the effects of acid rain as many other buildings in big cities because of pollution. The limestone in the ground is also affected because when it rain it is dissolved because of the acid. This problems caused by pollution will change the appearance of the palace since the rocks will wear out little by little. Another common reaction is the production of gypsum on the surface of the limestone that comes into contact with sulfuric acid and the chemicals contained in the air pollution ends with the limestone.
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Quarries used for the rocks extraction The Colmenar Viejo and Sierra de Guadarrama quarries are the ones that have traditionally provided the stone used to build the royal palace of Madrid. Monuments such as as the monastery of El Escorial, the Royal Palace, Puerta de Alcalรก, the National Library, the Almudena Cathedral, the Bank of Spain, the Puerta del Sol square and the Reina Sofia Museum are built with the granite from the Sierra de Guadarrama quarry.
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WEBLIOGRAPHY: https://www.introducingmadrid.com/royal-palace https://www.introducingmadrid.com/royal-palace https://study.com/academy/lesson/royal-palace-of-madrid-architecture-history-facts .html https://vramon1958.wordpress.com/2014/06/04/el-palacio-real-de-madrid-historiasecretos-y-leyendas-de-un-noble-ediďŹ cio/ http://www.madridtourist.info/royal_palace.html http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WMG78K_Palacio_Real_Madrid_Spain https://teachermsisabel.com/recursos/3o-e-s-o/geography/history/ https://www.europapress.es/cultura/noticia-palacio-real-reabre-galeria-pinturas-alb erga-algunos-tesoros-pictoricos-ultimos-siglos-20060228150742.html https://www.edicioneslalibreria.es/las-estatuas-del-palacio-real/ http://www.secretosdemadrid.es/la-curiosa-relacion-entre-madrid-y-pamplona/#co mments https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn%3AANd9GcQsi2DhTYAjzLRFUofJX iWBjkLmAz8mEYoonwU77AThiXTe-VGq https://descubriendomayrit.com/las-estatuas-del-palacio-real/
.
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https://vramon1958.wordpress.com/2014/06/04/el-palacio-real-de-madrid-historia-se cretos-y-leyendas-de-un-noble-edificio http://e-ducativa.catedu.es/44700165/aula/archivos/repositorio//500/616/html/Unida d_06/pagina_21.html https://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/s/sabatini.htm https://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/j/juvara.htm https://planergo.com/es/arquitectos/juan-bautista-sachet https://www.disfrutamadrid.com/palacio-real http://www.madridtourist.info/royal_palace.html https://study.com/academy/lesson/royal-palace-of-madrid-architecture-history-facts.ht ml http://www.spainisculture.com/en/propuestas_culturales/un_paseo_por_el_palacio_real _de_madrid.html https://www.madrimasd.org/English/Science-Society/scientific-heritage/Geomonumen tal-Routes/madrid/palacio.asp?pest=4 https://science.sciencemag.org/content/315/5814/951 https://geology.com/rocks/granite.shtml
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https://www.surreymarbleandgranite.co.uk/the-origins-of-granite/ https://marble.com/articles/where-does-granite-come-fromhttps://geology.com/rocks/limestone.shtml https://www.montkrest.com/granite-characteristics.html https://sciencing.com/physical-characteristics-limestone-7608531.html https://vramon1958.wordpress.com/2014/06/04/el-palacio-real-de-madrid-historia-se cretos-y-leyendas-de-un-noble-edificio/ https://www.madrimasd.org/cienciaysociedad/patrimonio/rutas/geomonumentales/rut as/madrid/palacio.asp?pest=4 https://www.madrimasd.org/cienciaysociedad/patrimonio/rutas/geomonumentales/rut as/madrid/palacio.asp?pest=4 https://www.agenciasinc.es/en/News/The-granite-of-Sierra-de-Guadarrama-Spain-req uests-designation-of-origin https://todosobremadrid.com/biografias-tebiografia-segundo-de-lema-josextos//t https://www.esmadrid.com/informacion-turistica/palacio-real?utm_referrer=https%3A %2F%2Fwww.google.com%2F
Alicia Muñoz Alba Generoso Natalia Ruiz Daniel Cumpa Madrid rocks! vol.2
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Editors in Chief: Isabel García-Velasco & Beatriz Castañares. English teacher: Carlos Hernández.
PBL DESIGNED BY: BEATRIZ CASTAÑARES & ISABEL GARCÍA-VELASCO
Story Editors: 3ºE: Gabriela Álvarez, Sofía Benhammou, Marcos Cassinello, Alejandra Cruz, Daniel Cumpa, Sofía Fernández, Alejandro Figueroa, Alba Generoso, Jaime Guzón, Paula Lamata, María López, Rebeca Moraga, Ana Moreno, Alicia Muñoz, Juan Manuel Muñoz, Yaiza Nieto, Víctor Ortiz, Rafael Pérez, Claudia Pérez, Pablo Riaza, Paloma Ribeiro-Pereyra, Natalia Ruiz, Lucía Sánchez and Héctor Viudez. 3ºF: Hugo Aguado, Susana Aguado, Noelia Arango, Iván Borrego, Lucía Condado, Manuel Esteban, Carlos Figueroa, Lucía Galán, Sergio García, Lucía Generoso, Alba Germán, Jorge Gimeno, Pablo Gómez, María Herranz, Mónica Hidalgo, Lúa López, Ismael Madroño, Francisco Menéndez, Carlota Mulet, Nuria Prada, Lucía Ramos and Jorge Simonin. Language assistant: Sophia Swain
Discover all the details about the project in madridrocks.iessapereaude.com
#Madridrocks
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