TITLE OF A MAGAZINE
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.
TABLE OF CONTEXT 1
Bruno Munari
16 Name of the designer
2 William Morris
17 Name of the designer
3 Antoni Gaudi
18 Name of the designer
4 Frank Lloyd Wright
19 Name of the designer
5 Ludwig Mies van Der
20 Name of the designer
6 Le Corbusier
21 Name of the designer
7 Louis Kahn
22 Name of the designer
8 Antonio Citterio
23 Name of the designer
9 Josep Antoni Coderch
24 Name of the designer
10 Name of the designer
25 Name of the designer
11 Name of the designer
26 Name of the designer
12 Name of the designer
27 Name of the designer
13 Name of the designer
28 Name of the designer
14 Name of the designer
29 Name of the designer
15 Name of the designer
30 Name of the designer
1.
Bruno Munari
Bruno Munari tend to be one of the most recognisable design person in the whole world. This italian artist was famous not only because of his attempt to visual arts, but also for industian design, film, arcitecture, graphic design, literature and technologies, such as didactic method, tactile learning, games, and movement. He was born in october 24(1907) and spend his childhood and teenage years in Badia Polesine. In the late 1920s Bruno joined the second italian furutist movement and where 1927 he displayed his work in many exhibitions, contributed collages to many italian magazines and created many sculpures, such as his “Useless machines”(on the other side of the page you can see one of them). After WW2 Munari left Italian Futurism because of
his proto-fascist connotations and started to produce contrete art. From 1940 to 1950 he produced many product and industrial designs for the objects which are still popular nowadays, such as televisions, coffee machines and light sources. The other side of Bruno’s work came to designing children’s books, where he used many techniques to teach children about movement, touch and color through kinestetic learning. In visual arts, the main purpose of his works were trasferring philosophical ideas and messages. The famous Bruno Munari’s faces and dots tend to show that you may see the human’s appearance anywhere, no matter alive this object or not. everything comes from your own imagination. He died in september 30th in Milan.
“Cosmic map” 1930 Bruno Munari is best known because of his “Useless Machnies”. It is a series of abstract works using simple materieals such as paper, cupboard, glass and string. The project was inspired by the childhood memories of Bruno Munari when he used to hang paper strings over his window. These geometric mobiles create kinetic compositions in
three-dimensional space, breaking free from the traditional static forms of painting and sculpture. “Futurist” 1931
“Alla faccia” is a book full of faces created through different types of signs. The idea of these works is to how that simple concept can be replitaed in multipal forms and styles. The designer challenged himself of how many faces he will be able to create. You can find those experiments in “design as art” book. “Useless machine” 1953
“Drawings from Design as art book ” 1966
2.
William Morris
William Morris is a British textile designer who is the major contributor of traditional British textile arts. During his lifetime, his was best known as a poet, hovewer in design world he is better recognisable by his unique floral wallpaper designs. He was also an artist and socialist activist of the British Arts and Crafts movement and even designed a special Red House with Philipp Webb. He was born in March 24th(1834) Walthamstow in a normal middle-class family and studied in Oxford university. In 1875, he took control of the Morris, Marshall,
Faulkner & Co, the firm, which influenced the interior decorations throughout the Victorian period, designing wallpapers, fabrics, furniture and textile. After that, the company was renamed as Morris & Co. At the college, Morris met Edward BurneJones, a person, who became his lifelong friend and collaborator. Both friends were influenced by the Romanticist milieu and the Anglo-Catholic movement, deciding to become clergymen in order to found a monastery where they could live a life of chastity and dedication to artistic pursuit.
Interesting fact, William Morris had strong political views, in 1884 he found a Socialist League, and after a year of leading it he was arrested because of disorderly conducting a socialist demonstation, telling the famous quote “...I do not want art for a few, any more than education for a few; or freedom for a few...”
“Peacock and Dragon” 1878
“Strawberry Thief ” 1883
“Snakehead” 1876 “Snakehead”
“Evenlode” 1900
“Every Poem is Perfect” 1981
3.
Antoni Gaudi Antoni Gaudi is a Spanish architect, who is known as the greatest exponent of Catalan Modernism. The majority of his work is located in the capital of Catalonia - Barcelona, the city where he lived and died. His biggest passions were architecture, nature and religion, and those inspired his work. As he claimed, he first felt the sense of space in his dad’s workshop at a young age. In 1878, Gaudi has been able to impress famous entrepreneur Eusebi Guell with his showcase made of wrought iron, wood and glass. Later on, some of the most popular works projected by Gaudi were ordered by Guell. In a period of early creativity, marked by influences from the architecture of Barcelona, as well as the Spanish architect Martorell, his first, richly decorat ed, early Art Nouveau projects were built, such as Casa Vicens, El Capricho, Casa Calvet.
Projecting Palau Guell made him the most recognizable and fashionable architector, projecting special and unique-styled houses for the richest people of Barcelona. Antoni was never married due to his will to sacrifice his time for his work. He was rumoured to be mean, rude and an introverted person.
“Inside the Casa Battlo” 1877
In the period of his youth his clothes were always high-quality and expensive, his beard and hair were always fixed and he looked carefully after himself. It is well-known Gaudi would normally refuse to use transport services and walk anywhere he needs, even at the older age. It once led to the tram bumping into him. People around him did not provide proper first aid neither help, thinking it was a homeless person. He was then delivered to a hospital, where he died at the age of 73.
“Casa Mila” 1906-10
“Casa Vicens” 1883-85
“Casa Battlo” 1877
“Park Guell”1900-14
4.
Frank Lloyd Wright
Frank Lloyd Wright was born in 1967 in USA,Wisconsin, Richland-Center. During his childhood, he would often play developing toy constructor, named Kindergarten, which has affected his abilities and future career. His parents divorced when his was 18 years old due to his father not being able to financially sustain the family. It caused Frank to take the financial responsibility of his mother and two sisters at the young age. At this time he applied to the engineering course of the University of Wisconsin System. He’s had a part-time job as an assistant of the local engineer. He never received the degree as he left the university after two years. After trying multiple jobs, he started working for “Adler and Sallivan ‘’ managed by Louis Sallivan, the ideologist of the “Chicago architecture school”. He was responsible for all the real estate building projects.
He is forced to leave the company after three years as Sallivan finds out he was projecting houses “on the side” He then starts his own company in Oak-Park that expended up to 50 projects in the following 10 years. Frank becomes famous for his “Prairie School” style houses. These are built inspired by organic architecture, that aims integrity and unity with nature. According to Wright, the shape of a building should follow its specific purpose and those unique environmental conditions in which it is built and exists. The prairie houses designed by Wright served as a natural extension of the natural environment, like the evolutionary form of natural organisms. It was common for them to have an open plan, roof slopes, terraces far removed from the house, finishing with raw natural materials, rhythmic division of the facade with frames.
“Norman Lykes House” 1959
“Robie House” 1909
“Frank Lloyd Wright Home and Studio” 1889
“Falling water” 1936-39
5.
Ludwig Mies van Der Rohe
Ludwig Mies van Der Rohe was a German architect-modernist, the leading exemplar of the “International style” in architecture. From 14 to 16 years he used to go to craft school and worked as a stonecutter at his father’s company .After that he moved to Berlin, where he worked in multiple workshops and gained the skill and universal understanding of constructing buildings that he would keep developing for the rest of his life. He was in charge of building the German embassy in Saint-Petersburg from 1911 to 1912.
Then, he worked as an independent in Berlin for 18 years (1912-1930). In 1929, Mies van der Rohe led the construction of the German pavilion at the international exhibition in Barcelona, which was not only a pavilion, but also an exhibit itself. Rejecting the use of ornamentation, Mies used clear geometric designs and reflective properties of natural materials - polished travertine, onyx and glass, as well as the surface of water as a decor.
In the pavilion, Mies created a free-flowing space by shifting the weight of the structure from the load-bearing walls onto the freestanding steel struts. Thanks to this, it became possible to make external walls from thin decorative materials. The pavilion project made Mies world famous. Meis’ work has started an entire architectural movement in the United States known as the Meis’ style. However, even during his lifetime, Mies achieved an almost complete abstraction of his favorite
geometric form, and it turned out to be difficult for his ideas to develop further. The all-glass walls caused problems with excessive insolation, and the neighborhoods built up with the same blocks began to seem dull to many. After Mies’s death, his style gradually began to disappear from the architectural world and in the 1980s was mostly removed by other styles such as postmodernism. Ludwig Mies van Der Rohe passed away in 1969 in Chicago.
“Barcelona Pavilion” 1983-86
“La Villa Tugendhat” 1928-30
“Farnsworths House” 1945-51
“Crown Hall” 1956
6.
Le Corbusier
Le Corbusier (real name Charles-Édouard Jeanneret) was born in 1887 in Switzerland. He started his education in art school at the age of 13. He comes up with his first architect project - Villa Falle - at the age 17 under the control of a professional architect. As he received his payment, he went on an educational trip to Italy. Le Corbusier stayed in Wien for half a year with two architect projects, learning more about Vienna Secession architecture. In 1910, he has an internship at Peter Behren’s workshop, together with other popular architects, such as Mies van Der Rohe and Walter Gropius.Then, he took a trip to the Balkans, Anatolia and Austria-Hungary. This trip has primarily developed his architect and art views. Coming back homeland, he becomes a teacher in the art school he used to go to and opened his first workshop. During that period of his life, he gets an idea of “Dom-Ino House” concept, which foresaw the possibility of building from largesized prefabricated elements, which was an innovative step at the time. The concept of Dom-Ino Corbusier was later implemented in many of his buildings. Later on, in 1917, he moves to Paris and starts his own architect practice with his cousin Pierre Jeanneret. He meets there Amédée Ozenfant, who introduces him to the world of painting. Le Corbusier falls in love with art, and painting becomes his second job. Together with Amédée Ozenfant, they would then organize painting exhibitions that were declared as “Purism Exhibitions”. Le Corbusier formulated his code of architecture -
“Le Corbusier’s Five Points of Architecture”, which defined the basic principles of the new style. He considered architecture as the embodiment of the internal idea of the object. In the beginning of 1930s he became popular and started receiving large orders. He takes charge of projecting the “Tsentrosoyuz Building” in Moscow in 1928, which then turns out to be a completely new and unprecedented for Europe example of a solution to a modern business building. He becomes world popular in the architectural world for building the Swiss Pavilion in Paris. Its originality lies in the novelty of the composition; its most unexpected moment was the open pillars of the first floor, unusual in shape, effectively shifted to the longitudinal axis of the building. Towards the beginning of the post-war 1950s a new era begins in Corbusier’s career. He moves away from the asceticism and purist restraint of his previous works. Now his handwriting is distinguished by the richness of plastic forms, textured surface treatment. One of the buildings that got his fame back was Unité d’habitation located in Marseille, which was a big apartment building. The idea of a building was replicated in multiple cities across the Europe. Le Corbusier died due to drowning at the age of 77 and was burried at Louvre in Paris.
“Villa Savoye” 1931
“Pavillon Le Corbusier” 1967
“National Museum of Western Art in Tokyo” 1959
“Couvent Sainte-Marie-de-la-Tourette” 1956
7.
Louis Kahn
Born - 20th february 1901, Kuressaare Died - 17th march 1974, New York Louis Kahn was born in Kuressaare in 1901. He moved to the USA with his family at the age of 5. He studied in the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts. After graduating from school in 1924, during the decline of American architecture, he turned to the experience of the European avant-garde artists, such as Le Corbusier or Mies van der Rohe, whom he met during a trip to Europe in 1928–1929. Kahn assimilates the reception of structural-rationalistic emphasizing of the structure and draws closer to the functionalists. His development happened to be slow due to economic problems caused by the great depression. He worked as a draftsman assistant, occasionally carrying out small independent projects in the nature of the “international style”. In 1948, he becomes a professor in Yale University, which turned out to be the first of his big jobs. He takes charge of building Yale University Art Gallery with his own style, where the exterior of the structure follows the tradition of international style, but the rough surfaces of the concrete floors and the exposed engineering equipment are striking in the interior design, reflecting Kahn’s faith in the aesthetic merits of the nude structure. Since that, he has had a wide range of orders. The first unitarian church in New York, with cinder block walls was projected by Khan, as well as huge circular concrete openings in the central courtyard of the library in New Hampshire, that shows the variety of shapes and textures that Kahn would use.
However, Bangladesh capital city Dhaka project is considered to be Kahn’s biggest work. He considered the government as a base of the society, and the parliament shape and layout should reflect that. The main volume in the building of the National Assembly - is formed around the cylindrical space of the conference room that is considered “a building inside a building”. The circle was used by the architect as a symbol of the need for social unification and a sign of its center. The outer shell of the building is formed by rectangular and round blocks in the plan. The general plan of the entire government center, which is the Capitol, is the building of the National Assembly that took up a central position; the rest of the buildings surround it, as these were of descending importance. The entire variety of rhetorical planning tools were developed in the Paris School of Fine Arts, primarily the main and secondary axes, culmination points, variations in size and shape - were used to reinforce the metaphor - “parliament is the pinnacle of social order”. Kan strove to reduce the functions of structures to certain general types, eternally existing “institutions” of human society. Such an approach determined the breadth of views on the phenomena, made it possible to see the new in the familiar, but also limited the range of application of the concept - its breadth is excessive for many specific tasks. “Architecture is the thoughtful making of space” - he states.
A book by Louis I. Kahn containing his architectural buildings all over the world, the relationship between light, geometrical figures and international style.
“Salk Institute in La Jolla” 1959-65
“Library” 1965-72
“Yale University Art Gallery” 1951-53
“YSher-e-Bangla Nagar” 1962-83
8.
Antonio Citterio
Antonio Citterio was born in 1950 in Meta. He graduated from Polytechnic of Milan in architecture in 1975. Starting from 1987, he has been working with Terry Dwan, being in charge of building processes in Japan and Europe. He founded an international design company that develops complex planning programs in 2000 together with Patrizia Viel. Their firm develops projects of residential and commercial complexes, industrial plants, conservative restructuring of public buildings, offices, and hotels.
The material for this project were carried out and analyzed carefully, specifically for the chair - new production technology of thermoformed leather that makes the project special. That chair is capable of rotation, as well as having inclined double posture in it.
“Mart chair” 2003
“Sity Sofa” 1986
Must be considered the most popular work by Antonio Citterio. Being founded in 1986, the sofa set new standards in the furniture world that the designers follow up this day. This modular system was based on some central elements, such a straight sofa or a curved version and one with a chaise longue and another twenty pieces, including a bed, which is an extra addition due to consumer’s needs.
“Bio chair” 2018
The chairs are special as they are made from renewable materials not used in the foodstuff. The elegant seat is universal, too, as it may be used both indoors and outdoors. In the end of its life, the product might be recycled.
“Iuta chair” 2000
An iconic product for the Italian market. Iuta chair has become one of the most popular items in the offices since being founded in 2000. It is special due to a technical mesh in metal mesh finished with a polished anodised profile. There are also multiple options, such as one in chromed tubular or with four spokes with fixed height or with five spokes with adjustable height.
9.
Josep Antoni Coderch
Jose Antoni Coderch was born in 1913 in Barcelona. He fought in the Spanish Civil War from 1936-1939. After that, he graduated from Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura in 1940, and worked there as a professor later on. Coderch was gaining his experience in multiple places, such as Director-General of Architecture in Madrid; the City Architect in Sitges, Spain; Obra Sindical del Hogar in Barcelona; and Barcelona’s Naval Institute, until he opened his own architectural practice. Later on, in 1961, he joined an architect team named Team X, where he was an active member. Coderch was influenced by the work of an architect Secundino Zuazu and greatly admired the work of Finnish architect Alvar Aalto. He was also excited by Mediterranean architecture, adapting it with a contemporary modern idiom. One of the biggest footsteps in the architect world left by Coderch was his questioning of the geniuses in the architect world. In his article “There Are No Geniuses That We Need Now” he doubted the need for great leaders, instead, he suggested delegating the work to individually powerful motivated architects who are driven by their goodwill and honour, which leads to a better outcome. Coderch has had a big impact on the Spanish school of architecture. He suggested the students should not only learn about the architecture, but the life overall, and the learning was inspired by this thesis.
He could not stand laziness nor ignorance by students, however, he always kept beliefs for the architectural graduates.One of his most important activities was also exhibitions. In 1951, he presented his pavilion at the exhibition in Milan, in order to prove Spanish presence in the architectural world. A Spanish-made straw cloth sheet; a large, rotating natural finish timber shutter; and a table occupied the pavilion space and were decorated with sculptures, ceramics, and photographs of Spanish crafts. He received a Grand Prize alongside with a Gold Medal for that. He also won a Gold Medal in Paris in 1978, and participated in some more exhibitions, such as FineArt Exhibition in Madrid, and Transformations in Modern Architecture Exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art in New York in 1979. If his early years of work were barely recognised, his latest stage of career was more popular. For example, Exhibitions at the Centre Pompidou and the Museum of Modern Art toward the end of his career have made an impact on his profile, making him a more recognisable architect. His strong opposition to pedagogical systems in architecture and his poetic, climate-responsive designs contributed significantly to 20th-century architecture.
“Ugalde House” 1951
“Ballvè House” 1957
“Hotel del Mar” 1962
“Edificio Girasol” 1966