Applications, Classifications, and Selections of Energy-Efficient Routing Protocols for by ISERP ISERP

Shio Kumar Singh et al. / (IJAEST) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGIES Vol No. 1, Issue No. 2, 085 - 095

Applications, Classifications, and Selections of Energy-Efficient Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks M. P. Singh

Dept. of Comp Sc. Engg. National Institute of Technology Patna, Bihar, India writetomps@gmail.com

network (WSN). It has been extensively studied for conventional wireless networks in the last couple of decades and significant advances have been obtained in various aspects of wireless communication. At the physical layer, a variety of modulation, synchronization, and antenna techniques have been designed for different network scenarios and applications. Whereas at higher layers, efficient communication protocols have been developed to address various networking issues, for example medium access control, routing QoS, and network security. These communication techniques and protocols provide a rich technological background for the design of wireless communication in WSNs.

Abstract - Wireless sensor network (WSN) is an emerging technology that promises a wide range of potential applications in both civilian and military areas. It provides unprecedented opportunities for a variety of civilian and military applications namely, environment monitoring, industrial process control, and battle field surveillance [1]. Wireless sensors have significant advantages over conventional wired sensors [8]. They can not only reduce the cost and delay in deployment, but also be applied to any environment, especially those in which conventional wired sensor networks are impossible to be deployed, for example, inhospitable terrains, battle-fields, outer space, or deep oceans.

D. K. Singh

Dept. of Electronics & Com Engg Birla Institute of Technology Sindri, Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India dkdingh_bit@yahoo.com

Shio Kumar Singh*

Maintenance Engineering Department (Electrical) Tata Steel Limited, Jamshedpur-831001, Jharkhand, India shio.singh@tatasteel.com

A wide variety of applications and systems with vastly varying requirements and characteristics have been designed and implemented. Thus, a single routing protocol cannot be efficient for sensor networks across all applications and it is daunting engineers to select network architectures and associated routing protocols for application areas of WSNs. In this paper, we analyze the design issues of sensor networks and present a classification and selection of routing protocols that are suitable for a particular application. Keywords - Wireless Sensor Networks, Routing protocols, Applications I.

INTRODUCTION

Wireless communication is a key technology for enabling the normal operation of a wireless sensor

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Today, most conventional wireless network use radio frequency (RF) for communication, which has advantages of not requiring a line of sight. However, RF has some limitations, for example, large radiators and low transmission efficiencies [5,6], which make RF not the best communication medium for tiny energy-constrained sensor nodes. Another communication medium in sensor networks is freespace optical communications, which has many advantages over RF communication [6] such as extremely small mirrors and diodes, high antenna gains, no communication overheads, more energy efficient, and thus producing higher transmission efficiencies. However, optical communication requires a line of sight and accurate pointing for transmission, which also limits the use in many sensor network applications. On the other hand, most communication protocols for conventional wireless networks, for example, cellular systems, wireless

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II.

APPLICATIONS OF WSN

Wireless sensors networks (WSNs) [4,5] have attracted tremendous attention of the research community in recent years and a vast amount of research work has been conducted solve the practical and theoretical issues. This has resulted in a surge of civil and military applications over the last few years. Today, most deployed WSNs measure scalar physical phenomenon line temperature, pressure, humidity, or location of objects. In general, most sensor networks are designed for delay-tolerant and low-bandwidth applications. For this reason most research on sensor networks has concentrated on this low-power and delay-tolerant network paradigm, which is referred as terrestrial sensor networks.

WSN is distinguished from traditional wireless communication networks, for example, cellular systems and mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) and have unique characteristics such as densely deployment of node, higher unreliability of sensor nodes, and severe energy, computation, and storage constraints [5,14], which present many new challenges in the development and applications of WSNs.

The remainder of this paper is organized in the following way. Section 2 summarizes typical applications of WSN. Sections 3 and 4 contain the classification of WSN and routing protocols. Section 5 presents comparative table for selection of appropriate routing protocols for applications. Finally, paper is concluded in Section 6.

local area networks (WLANs), wireless personal area networks (WPANs), and mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) do not consider the unique characteristics of sensor networks, in particular, the energy constraint in sensor nodes. Therefore, they cannot be applied directly without modification. A new suite of network protocols are needed to address various networking issues, taking into account the unique characteristics of WSNs.

Wireless sensor network (WSN) is an emerging technology that promises a wide range of potential applications in both civilian and military areas. The development of WSNs largely depends on the availability of low-cost and low-power hardware and software platforms for sensor networks. With the micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) technology, the size and cost of a sensor node have been significantly reduced. On the other hand, energy efficiency can significantly be enhanced if energy awareness is incorporated in the design of system software, including the operating system, and application and network protocols. System lifetime can considerably be prolonged by incorporation energy awareness into task scheduling process [7].

WSNs were originally motivated by military applications, which range from large-scale acoustic surveillance systems for ocean surveillance to small networks of unattended ground sensors for ground target detection [1]. However, the availability of low-cost sensors and wireless communication has promised the development of a wide range of applications in both civilian and military fields. In this section, we introduce a few examples of sensor network applications. Applications of WSN [5] are summarized in Table 1.

Table 1: Applications of WSNs

Area Environmental Monitoring

Purpose

Applications

Monitoring variety of  Habitat monitoring: conditions of wild animals or plants in wild habitats, environmental environmental parameters of habitats, for example, humidity, pressure, temperature, parameters or conditions and radiation.  Air or water quality monitoring: hydrochemistry field, air pollution control.  Hazard monitoring: biological or chemical hazards in locations, for example, a chemical plant or a battlefield.  Disaster monitoring: detecting forest fire or floods, direction and magnitude of quake, providing assessment of the building safety.

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Military Applications

Industrial Process Control

Security and Surveillance

Home Networks

Health Care Applications

Military command,  Battlefield monitoring: presence and tracking movements of forces and vehicles, control communication enabling close surveillance of opposing forces. and intelligence (C3I)  Object protection: protection of atomic plants, strategic bridges, oil and gas system [4,5] pipelines, communication centers, military headquarters.  Intelligent guiding: to guide the unmanned robotic vehicles, tanks, fighter plans, submarines, missiles, or torpedoes around the obstacles to target and to lead them to coordinate with one another to accomplish more effective attacks or defenses.  Remote sensing: remote sensing of nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons, detection of potential terrorist attacks, and reconnaissance [4,5]. To monitor and track  Behavior monitoring: to monitor behavior of the patient at home for alerting elders and patients for doctors for providing emergency medical attention, providing instructions to the health care purposes, patient over television or radio. thereby significantly  Medical monitoring: monitoring of vital signs, environmental parameters, and relieving shortage of geographical locations for long-term, noninvasive, and ambulatory monitoring of health case personal and patients or elderly people with instantaneous alerts to health care personal in case of reducing health care emergency, immediate reports to users about their current health statuses, and realexpenditures [9] time updates of user’s medical records [10]. For monitoring  Monitoring and control of production processes: monitoring and control of manufacturing processes assembly lines, production plants and processes. and condition of  Condition monitoring: of pipelines, machines. manufacturing equipment for reducing maintenance cost, increasing machine lifetime, and safety of personnel For surveillance of  Identifying and tracking intruders: deployment of sensors in building, airports, buildings and critical subways, and other critical infrastructures, for example, nuclear power plants or installations communication centers to identify and track intruders to provide timely alarms and protection from attacks. To provide more  Smart home: a smart refrigerator connected to smart stove or microwave oven can convenient and prepare a menu based on the inventory of the refrigerator and send relevant cooking intelligent living parameters to the smart stove or microwave oven for setting desired temperature and environments for human time for cooking [11]. Remote monitoring and control of contents and schedules of beings TV, VCR, DVD, or CD players.  Remote monitoring: to remotely read utility meters in a home, for example, water, gas, or electricity, and then send the readings to a remote center through wireless communication [12].

In addition to the above applications, configurable WSNs can be used in many application areas, for example, disaster relief, control, warehouse management, and engineering. III.

selfother traffic civil

CLASSIFICATIONS OF WSN

According specific application, different characteristics and different criteria, WSNs can be classified into the following categories:  Static and mobile network: There are many applications that require static sensor network, which is simpler to control and easier to implement.

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However, there applications which require mobile sensor network, for example, wireless biosensor network using autonomously controlled animals [15]. The design of mobile sensor networks increases the complexity of implementation due to the mobility effect.  Deterministic and non-deterministic network: Deterministic sensor network are used in situations where the positions of sensor nodes are preplanned and are fixed once deployed. However, in harsh or hostile environments where sensors cannot be deployed in preplanned manner, non-deterministic sensor network is used which are randomly deployed without preplanning and

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engineering. Non-deterministic sensor networks are able to autonomously organize and maintain their are more scalable and flexible, but require higher connectivity by themselves and collaboratively control complexity. accomplish a sensing task. They are suitable for largescale networks to perform complicated sensing tasks.  Static-sink and mobile-sink network: In a staticOn the other hand, in non-self-configurable sensor sink sensor network, the sink(s) is static with a network, sensor nodes have no ability to organize fixed position located close to or inside a sensing themselves into a network and rely on the central region. Static-sink network is simple to control, controller to control each sensor node and collect but causes hotspot effect [16] due to increased information from them. They are suitable for smalltraffic that sensor nodes are required to forward in scale networks. the event of distance becoming smaller to the data sink. This results into sensor nodes closest to the  Homogeneous and heterogeneous network: In a data sink to die early and causing network homogeneous sensor network, all sensor nodes have the partition and disruption of normal network same capabilities in terms of energy, computation, and operation. On the other hand, in mobile-sink storage. Whereas, a heterogeneous sensor network has sensor network, the sink(s) move around in the some sophisticated sensor nodes that are equipped with sensing region to collect data from sensor nodes, more processing and communicating capabilities than which can balance the traffic load of sensor nodes normal sensor nodes. This improves the energy efficiency and prolongs the lifetime of network. and alleviate the hotspot effect in the network.  Single-sink and multi-sink network: In a singleAccording the way that data are collected, WSNs can be sink sensor network, there is only one sink located classified into the following three types; close to or inside the sensing region and all sensor nodes send their sensed data to this sink. In multi Homogeneous sensor networks: A homogenous sink sensor network, there may be several sinks network consists of base stations and sensor nodes located in different positions close to or inside the equipped with equal capabilities in terms of sensing region and sensor nodes can send their computational power and storage capacity. There sensed data to the closest sink, which can are two structures used in such network namely, effectively balance the traffic load of sensor nodes flat and hierarchical networks. In flat network, and alleviate the hotspot effect in the network. data aggregation is accomplished by data-centric routing where the base station usually transmits a  Single-hop and multi-hop network: In a single-hop query message to the sensor nodes via flooding, sensor network, all sensor nodes transmit their and the sensor nodes that have data matching the sensed data directly to the sink, which makes query will send response messages back to the network control simpler to implement. However, base station. The sensor nodes communicate with this is costly in terms of both energy consumption the base station via multi-hop routes by using peer and hardware implementation. It is suitable for nodes as relays. The choice of a particular applications in small sensing areas with sparsely communication protocol depends on the specific deployed sensor nodes. In multi-hop sensor application [16]. In a hierarchical network, sensor network, sensor nodes transmit their sensed data to nodes are organized into clusters where the cluster the sink using short-range wireless communication heads serve as simple relays for transmitting the via one or more immediate nodes where they may data. Since the cluster heads have the same perform routing, aggregation and forwarding of transmission capacity as the sensor nodes, the data. It eliminates data redundancy and improves minimum requirement on the number of clusters the energy efficiency of the network. It has wider can be derived from the upper bound of the range of applications at the cost of higher control throughput. Higher throughput can be achieved by complexity.  Self-reconfigurable and non-self-reconfigurable using clustering at the cost of having extra nodes network: In a self-configurable network, sensor nodes functioned as cluster heads. Data aggregation in a

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real-time manner. Hybrid sensor networks can achieve longer lifetime and can also improve the efficiency of data gathering [17]. A mobile base station prefers the hybrid architecture, by which a mobile base station can communicate with other sensor nodes by using a WSN protocol and with other base stations by using a MANET protocol. IV.

CLASSIFICATION OF ROUTING PROTOCOLS IN WSN

There are different ways in which the routing protocols of WSNs can be classified. Table 2 and 3 show classification and comparison respectively of major routing protocols proposed for WSNs [56, 57, 58].

hierarchical network involves data fusion at cluster heads, which reduces the number of messages transmitted to the base station, and hence improves the energy efficiency of the network. ď&#x201A;ˇ Heterogeneous sensor networks: A heterogeneous sensor network consists of base stations (fixed and mobile), sensor nodes, and sophisticated sensor nodes with advanced embedded processing and communicating capabilities as compared to normal sensor nodes. Data gathering can be executed at the mobile base stations [17]. In such networks, mobile base stations move randomly in the area of the deployed network, collecting data directly from normal sensor nodes, or use some surrounding sensor nodes to relay the data. ď&#x201A;ˇ Hybrid sensor networks: In a hybrid sensor network, several mobile base stations work cooperatively to provide fast data gathering in a

Table 2: Classification of Routing Protocols for WSNs

Data-centric Protocols

Hierarchical Protocols

Description Sensor nodes are addressed by means of their locations. Location information for sensor nodes is required to calculate the distance between two particular nodes for estimating energy consumption. When the source sensors send their data to the sink, intermediate sensors can perform some form of aggregation on the data originating from multiple source sensors and send the aggregated data toward the sink, thereby resulting into energy savings because of less transmissions requirement to send data. Hierarchical clustering protocol is an energy-efficient communication protocol that can be used by the sensors to report their sensed data to the sink. In mobility-based routing protocols, sink mobility requires energy-efficient protocols to guarantee data delivery originated from source sensors toward mobile sinks. In multipath routing, each source sensor finds the first shortest paths to the sink and divides its load evenly among these paths.

Category Location-based Protocols

Mobility-based Protocols

Multipath-based Protocols Heterogeneitybased Protocols

Quality of service (QoS)-based protocols

In heterogeneity sensor network architecture, there are two types of sensors namely line-powered sensors which have no energy constraint, and the battery-powered sensors having limited lifetime. QoS considers requirements in terms of delay, reliability, and fault tolerance in routing in WSNs.

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Representative Protocols MECN[26], SMECN[27], GAF[19], GEAR[20], Span[21,22], TBF[23], BVGF[24], GeRaF[25] SPIN[28,29], Directed Diffusion[30,31], Rumor Routing[32], COUGAR[33], ACQUIRE[34], EAD[35], LEACH[36,37], PEGASIS[38], HEED[39,30], TEEN[41,42], APTEEN[43], Singh et al. [3] SEAD[46], Joint Mobility and Routing[44], Data MULES[45], Dynamic Proxy Tree-Base Data Dissemination[47] Sensor-Disjoint Multipath[48,49], Braided Multipath[48,49], N-to-1 Multipath Discovery[50] IDSQ[49,50], CADR[51], CHR[52]

SAR[53], SPEED[54], routing[55]

Energy-aware

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Table 3: Comparison of Routing Protocols in WSNs Classification

Scalability

Power Usage

Mobility

Overheads

Querybased

Data Aggregation

Localization

MECN[26], SMECN[27] GAF[19] Span[21,22] GEAR[20] TBF[23] BVGF[24] GeRaF[25] SPIN[28,29] Directed Diffusion[30,31] Rumor Routing[32] COUGAR[33] ACQUIRE[34] LEACH[36,37] PEGASIS[38] HEED[39,30] TEEN[41,42] APTEEN[43] Singh et al. [3] Joint Mobility and Routing[44] Data MULES[45] Sensor-Disjoint Multipath[48,49] Braided Multipath[48,49] IDSQ[49,50] CADR[51] SAR[53] SPEED[54]

Location-based Location-based Location-based Location-based Location-based Location-based Location-based Location-based Data-centric Data-centric

No No Good Limited Limited Limited Limited Limited Limited Limited

Maxm. Maxm. Limited Limited Limited Limited High Limited Limited Limited

No No Limited Limited Limited Limited Limited Limited Possible Limited

Moderate Moderate Moderate High Moderate Moderate Moderate Low Low Low

No No No No Yes No No No Yes Yes

No No No No No No No No Yes Yes

Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No No Yes

Data-centric Data-centric Data-centric Hierarchical Hierarchical Hierarchical Hierarchical Hierarchical Hierarchical Mobility-based

Good Limited Limited Good Good Good Good Good Good Moderate

Low Limited Low Maxm. Maxm. Maxm. Maxm. Maxm. Maxm. Medium

Limited No Limited Fixed BS Fixed BS Fixed BS Fixed BS Fixed BS Fixed BS High

Low High Low High Low Moderate High High Low Low

Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No No

Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No

No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No

Mobility-based Multipath-based

Good Limited

Low Medium

High Possible

Low Moderate

No No

No Yes

Multipath-based

Limited

Medium

Possible

Moderate

Yes

Possible No No No

Moderate Low High Low

Yes Yes Yes No

No No No No

A Limited Limited Limited Limited

High Limited High Low

SELECTION OF ROUTING PROTOCOLS

Heterogeneity Heterogeneity QoS QoS

Routing Protocols

There are number of routing protocols proposed to the wireless network environment. Different applications require different types of routing protocols having different grades of reliability. However, routing protocols in WSNs should be energy-efficient,

Yes Yes Yes

functionally distributed to exploit resources, and should provide reliability differentiation to support different reliability grades in order to suit the requirements of different applications regarding throughput, latency and energy consumption [18]. Tables 4 present selection of routing protocols in WSNs for particular applications [56,57,58].

Table 4: Selection of Routing Protocols for particular applications in WSNs Application

Environmental Monitoring

Routing Protocols

SPAN, COUGAR, ACQUIRE,

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GAF, Direct

Topology

Data Delivery Model

Cluster Head, Multi-hop, Multi-path

Periodic, Locationaware, Query-driven

QoS

Fault tolerance

Amount of Data

Minimum and Large

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VI.

Diffusion (DD) GAF GBR, SAR SAR

Multi-hop Cluster-head Three-tiered

GEAR, APTEEN

Three-tiered

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE RESEARCH

Collaborative Real-time Reliable

Large Maximum Moderate

Hybrid

Collaborative

Large

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In this paper, we have presented comparison and applications of existing routing protocols in tabulated form. Based on analyzing the application requirement factors and comparing routing protocols with these factors, appropriate routing protocols for particular applications in WSNs are selected. However, as discussed in this paper, no routing algorithms will have good performance under all scenarios and for all applications. Thus, there are many issues that still need to be addressed and resolved.

Location-aware Periodic Continuous

Military Healthcare Industrial Process Control Home Networks

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Short Biography

Shio Kumar Singh is Head of Maintenance Engineering Department (Electrical) at Tata Steel Limited, Jamshedpur, India. He received degrees in both Electrical and Electronics engineering, as well as M.Sc.(Engg.) in Power Electronics from Regional Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur, India. He also obtained “Executive Post Graduate Diploma in International Business” from Indian Institute of Foreign Trade (IIFT), New Delhi, India. He is an accomplished academician with rich industrial experience in design, development, implementation and marketing & sales of IT, Automation, and Telecommunication solutions, Electrical & Electronics maintenance, process improvement initiatives (Six-sigma, TPM, TOC), and Training & Development in a distinguished career spanning over 30 years. He has published number of papers in both national and international journals and has presented these in various seminars and symposiums. He is author of several engineering books such as Database Management System, Industrial Instrumentation and Control, and Process Control Systems published by Pearson Education, McGraw-Hill, and Prentice-Hall of India. He is widely traveled and has visited various industries in Europe and South Asian countries for study and marketing of process automation systems. He has been conferred the Eminent Engineer and Distinguished Engineer Awards by The Institution of Engineers (India) for his contributions to the field of computer science and engineering. He is a Chartered Engineers and also a Fellow Member (FIE) of The Institution of Engineers (India).

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Dr. M. P. Singh is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Computer Science and Engineering at National Institute of Technology Patna, Bihar, India. He has experience of five years. He has authored number of papers which have been published in both national and international journals. His research interest is in the area of Wireless Sensor Network, Mobile Computing

Dr. D. K. Singh is presently working as Head, Department of Electronics and Communication & Information Technology, BIT Sindri, Dhanbad. He has more than 20 years of teaching experience. He is heading the department of Electronics and Communication & Information technology since 2002. He is instrumental in starting the curriculum on information technology. He has published more than 35 papers in journals and conferences. He has already supervised 01 thesis in computer Science & Engg and 05 research scholars are presently enrolled for their doctoral degree. The area of research he works are Coding theory, cryptography, optical Amplifiers, Photonic Crystal Fibers, e-Governance and Educational Planning. He is member and conveners of various computerization programs of BIT Sindri, Vinoba Bhave University, Ranchi University. He is also a Fellow Member (FIE) of The Institution of Engineers (India).

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