Boletin Tabla de Contenidos Publicaciones Ingenieria Sept 2011

Publicaciones

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Volume31 Number4

Features 3

Guest Editors' Introduction:

Big Chips

Andrew B. Kahng and Vijayalakshmi Srinivasan 6

Toward Dark Silicon in Servers Nikos Hardavellas, Michael Ferdman, Babak Falsafi, and AnastasiaAilamaki

16

Scaling with Design Constraints: Predicting the Future ot Big Chips Wei Huang,Karthick Rajamani,Mircea R. Stan, and Kevin Skadron

30

Rigel: A 1,024-Core Single-Chip Accelerator Arch itectu re

COV" artwork by Peter Nagy peternagy@earthiink.net

Daniel R fohmon, Matthew R fohmon,fohn H Kelm, William Tuohy, StevenS. Lumetta, and SanjayJ Patel 42

MOPED: Accelerating on Future CM Ps

Data Communication

funli Gu, Yihe Sun, StevenS. Lumetta, and RakeshKumar 51

63

Physical Synthesis with Clock-Network Optimization tor Large Systems on Chips David Papa, Natarajan Viswanathan, Cliff Sze,Zhuo Li, Gi-foon Nam, CharlesAlpert, and Igor 1. Markov Attaining Single-Chip, High-Performance Computing through 3D Systems with Active Cooling AyseK Coskun,fie Meng, David Atienza, and Mohamed M Sabry

Departments 2

From the Editor in Chiet Big Chips and Beyond

74

Prolegomena What GPU Computing Means for High-End Systems

80

Micro Economics An Honest Policy Wonk Compurer Society Information, p. 1 Advertising/Product Index, p. 29

On the Web WWW.coRlputer.org/Rlicro Formoreinformationon computingtopics, visit the ComputerSocietyDigitalLibraryat www.computer.org/csdl.

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IN THIS ISSUE

16 Guest Editors' Introduction Social Networking in the Enterp単se Sun;1 M;thas, Thomas Costello, and AIi Taft;

18 Motivations for Social Computing V;shal Sachdev

Organizations trying to leveragethe social computing phenomenon in their enterprises must motivate knowledge workers to contribute and share knowledge.

A new framework for designing interfaces helps determine which features will motivate users to contribute.

24

29

36

Social Networking in Knowledge Management

Supercharging Enterprise 2.0

Foreign-Born IT Workers in the US: Complements, not Substitutes

Konstantinos Chr;st;d;s, Gregor;s Mentzas,

Stephen Anderson and Kannan Mohan

and O;m;tr;s Apostolou

Can enterprises use Web 2.0 technologies to improve the output of knowledge workers?

A study of four knowledgeintensive firms offers insight into their use of social networking for knowledge management and the challenges it presents.

Semantic and linkeddata technologies are key to leveraging Enterprise 2.0. Integrating such technologies into a mainstream content management system can bring relevant information to employees, encourage innovation, and increase business performance.

Henry C. Lucas, Jr. and Sunil M;thas

A study of over 50,000 IT professionals suggests that efforts to restrict the numbers of skilled foreign professionals working in the US and foreign students seeking higher education in US universities are counterproductive. r

COLUMNSAND DEPARTMENTS

4 From the

Editors Physical Presence through Virtual Worlds Irena Bojanova

6 Trends Ender Wiggin Played Mafia Wars Too Phil/ip A. Laplante

9 Insecure

IT Vetting Mobile Apps Steveauirolgico, Jeffrey Voas,andRick Kuhn

12 Smart

IT Toward a User-Centric Digital Ecosystem Mi/e Co"igan

and H. Gilbert Mil/er

53 IT in Emerging

Markets Connecting the Next Billion: Empowering Rural India Ashok Jhunjhunwala and Janani Rangarajan

56 Perspectives The Evolution of Ubiquitously Intelligent Computing GeorgeHurlburtandJeffrey Voas

64 CIO Comer Social Media for the Collaborative Enterprise

41

46

Business Investments in IT:Managing Integration Risks

Sharing Medical Records: The XDS Architecture and Communication Infrastructure

ChrisAsakiewicz

Rita Noumeir

Organizations invest hundreds of millions of dollars in IT infrastructure and applications to reduce costs and enhance productivity. Benefiting from such investments requires identifying and mitigating integration risks associated with IT-enabled businessprocess changes.

Learn how the CrossEnterprise Document Sharing (XDS) integration profile helped provide the interoperability necessary to deploy electronic health records, giving healthcare providers access to medical records regardless of location or institution.

Beverly Prohaska

35 IEEECS Ihformation 55 Advertiser Index :;'~~::.Calls for Papers: Mobile Health Technologies; IT in Emerging Markets

On the Web: computeยก-,oยก-g/itpl'o For more information on computing topics, visitthe Computer Society Digital Library at www.computer.org/csdl.

JULv/AUGUST

IEEE

2011

VOLUME9, NUMBER4

PRIVACY BUILDING DEPENDABILlTY, RELlABILlTY, AND TRUST

Features Trustworthy Computing

14

Toward Scalable Trustworthy Computing Using the HumanPhysiology-Immunity Metaphor LEE HIVELY, FREDERICKSHELDON, AND ANNA Ă&#x153;NZIA

SQUICCIARINI

Achieving scalable trustworthy computing is possible through real-time knowledge-based decisions about cybertrust. This vision is based on the human-physio/ogy-immunity

metaphor

and the human brain's ability to extract knowledge from data and information.

Intrusion-Tolerant

24

COVERARTWORKBYGlACOMOMARCHESI. WWW.GIACOMOMARCHESI.COM

Systems

A Comparison of Intrusion-Tolerant System Architectures QUYENL. NGUYEN AND

ARUN

Threat Modeling

SOOD

attacks, protecting open systems is increasingly challenging. Intrusion tolerance should be

DANNYDHILLON

part of overall in-depth security. This article

This article describes EMe's real-world

compares three types of intrusion-tolerant architectures.

experiences with threat modeling, including

system

major challenges encountered, lessons learned, and a description of the company's

Ethics

32

41

Developer-DrivenThreat Modeling: Lessons,Learnedin the Trenches

With the advancing sophistication of security

developer-driven .

current

approach.

Building an Active Computer Security Ethics Community DAVID DITTRICH,MICHAELBAILEY,AND SVENDIETRICH In

spite of significant ethical challenges faced

by researchers evaluating modern threats, the computer security field has yet to grow its own active ethics community

to describe and evaluate

the ethical implications of its work.

For moro information on computing tapies, visit the Computer Society Digital Library at www.computer.org/csdl.

Postmaster: Send undelivered copies and address changes to IEEESecurity & Privacy, Membership Processing Dept., IEEEService Center, 445 Hoes lane, Piscataway. NJ 08854-4141. Periodicals postage rate paid at New York, NY, and at additional mailing offices. Canadian GST #125634188. Canada Post Publications MaU Agreement Number 40013885. Return undeliverable Canadian addresses to PO Box 122, Niagara Falls, ON l2E 6S8. Printed in the USA. Circulatlon: IEEE Securlly & Privacy(ISSN 1540-7993) is published bimonthly by the IEEEComputer Society.IEEE Headquarters, Three ParkAve., 17th Floor. NewYork, NY 100165997; IEEEComputer Society Publications Office, 10662 los Vaqueros Cirele, los Alamitos. CA 90720-1314, phone +1 714821 8380; IEEEComputer Society Headquarters, 2001 l St., Sle. 700, Washington, D.e. 20036. 5ubscription rates: IEEE Computer Sociely members get the lowesl rates and choice of media option-S31/61/965 US memberlsister society/nonmember institutional print + online. Go to www.eomputer.org/subseribe to order and tor more intormation on other subseription prices. Baekissues: $20 tor members and $161 tor nonmembers. IEEESecurity & Privacy iseopublished by the IEEEComputer and Reliability Societies. For more intormation on eomputing topies, visit the Computer Society Digitallibrary at www.computer.org/csdl.

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Departments From the Editors

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A DoctrinalThesis FRED

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SCHNEIDER AND DElRDRE K. MUlllGAN

News

6

News Briefs LEE GARBER

Interview 9

SilverBulletTalkswithjohn Savage GARY MCGRAW

Education

48

Embracingthe Kobayashi Maru: Why You Should Teach Your Students to Cheat GREGORY

CONTI

AND

IAMES

Trust Management

in the PervasiveComputing Era DENIS

TRĂŠEK

Privacy Interests

56

BasicTraining

64

Securityas if People Mattered TARA WHALEN

Attack Trends

68

Mobile Attacks and Defense CHARLlE

MILLER

Was Stuxnet an Act of War? Decoding DAVID

a Cyberattack

P. FIDLER

Secure Systems

71

Crypto Corner

60

SYSTEMS,

CAROLAND

On the Horizon

52

SECURE

A Failure-Based Discipline of Trustworthy Information MICHAEL E. LOCASTO

Systems

AND MATTHEW C. LITTLE

Room at the Bottom: Authenticated Encryption on Slow Legacy Networks

Security

SEAN W. SMITH

76

& Privacy Economics

Reading:From Paper to Pixels MICHAEL

LESK

Building Security In

Columns

80

For Good Measure

85

IOHN

DIAMANT

AttackSurfaceInflation DANIEL

E. GEER

IR.

ClearText

88

Resilient Security Architecture: A Complementary Approach to Reducing Vulnerabilities

EisenhowerRevisited DANIEL

E. GEER

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13,51 67 78 86

Calls for Papers IEEE

Computer SocietyInformation

IEEEReliability Society Information Advertiser Index

P. 71

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FEATURES

6 The Attentive Co-Pilot: Towards a Proactive Biologically-Inspired Advanced Driver Assistance System Thomas Mlchalke and Robert Kastner ON THE COVER: ClSTOCKPHOTO.COMINARVIKK

24 Modeling Dynamic 3D Environments

by Means 01The StixelWorld

IEEE Inte/ligent Transportation Systems Magazine (ISSN 1939-1390) (IITSBO) is published quarterly by The Institute of ElecbicaI and Electronics Engineers, !nc.

Headquarters: 3 Park Avenue, 171h Floor, New York,NY 10016-5997,USA+1 212419 7900. Responsibility for Ihe contents rests upon Ihe aulhors and not upon Ihe IEEE, the Society, or its members. The magazine is a membership benefit of Ihe IEEE !ntelligent 1ransportation Systems Society, and subscriptions are included in Society fee. Replacement copies for members are available for $20 (one copy only). Nonmembers can purchase individual copies for $94.00. Nonmember subscription prices are available on request. Copyright and Reprint Permissions: Abstracting is permitted wilh credit to Ihe source. Libraries are permiued to photocopy beyond Ihe limits of the U.S. Copyright law for private use of patrons: 1) Ihose post-1977 arUeles Ihat carry acode at Ihe bottom of Ihe first page, provided Ihe per-copy fee indicated in Ihe code is paid through Ihe Copyright Clearance Center, 222 RosewoodDrive, Danvers, MA 01970, USA; and 2) pre-1978 articles wilhout fee. For olher copying, reprint, or republication permission, write to: Copyrights and Permissions Department, IEEE Service Center, 445 Hoes Lane, Piscataway NJ 08854 U.S.A.Copyright @ 2011 by The Institute of Elecbical and Electronics Engineers, !nc. All rights reserved. PeriodicaIs postage pending. Posbnaster: Send address changes to IEEE Intelligent 1hmsportation Systems Magazine, IEEE, 445 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.Canadian GST #125634188 Prinled in USA

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DEPARTMENTS & COLUMNS 2 EDITOR'S COLUMN 4 PRESIDENT'S MESSAGE 38 ITS EVENTS 41 SOCIETY NEWS 44 BOOK REVIEW 46 CALENDAR

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SocialComputing andCulturalModeling

29 32 40

Guest Editors' Introduction

Rebecca Goolsby and Chandra Curtis

Why Do Users Employ the Same System in So Many Different Ways7

Justin Fidock and Jennie Carroll

Representation and Comprehension in Machine Translation and Intelligent Decision Support Robert S. Bolia and Raymond E.Slyh

48

Spectral Regression with Low-Rank Approximation for Dynamic Graph LinkPrediction Chunsheng (Victor) Fang, Mojtaba Kohram, and Anca L.Ralescu

Features

54 62

Automated Interactive Sales Processes Tomas Klos, Koye Somefun, and Han La PoutrĂŠ

Knowledge Consolidation and Inference in the Integrated Neuro-Cognitive Architecture Richard J. Oentaryo and Michel Pasquier

Hallof Fame

5 6 7 8

Fei-YueWang Introduction Edward Feigenbaum EngineeringKnowledge John McCarthy Logicand Common Sense Marvin Minsky CognitiveScience andAI

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9 10 11 12

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Douglas Engelbart Aland InteractiveComputing Tim Berners-Lee CollectiveKnowledge Lotfi Zadeh Fuzzy Logic and Computationallntelligence

Noam Chomsky

13 14 15

Raj Reddy Al and Societallmpact Judea Pearl Probability, Causality, and Intelligence Nils J. Nilsson Problem Solving and Planning

Computational Linguistics and Cognitive Science

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Editor in Chlel Fei-Yue Wang ChineseAcademy01Sciences Assoclale

Edltors

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HslnchunChen University01Arizona Daniel Zeng University01Arizona Editor

In Chlel

Emerltus

JamesHendler RensselaerPolytechnicInstitute hendler@cs.rpLedu EDITORIAL

2

A Letter from the Editor Fei-Yue Wang

A Question for AAAl: Does Al Need a Reboot?

16

News Anteing up for Poker Bots UsingAl to Catch Criminals Allmproves Robotic Sensors

22 72 80 92

Intelligent Transportation Systems KaiWangand ZhenShen Artificial Societies and GPU-BasedCloud Computing for lntelligent Transportation Management Expert Opinion QingshiGaoand XiaoyuGao A Theoretic System for Unified Linguistics: An lntroduction Trends & Controversies HsinchunChen,Judee K.Burgoon,DouglasC.Derrick,AaronElkins, AntonioSanfilippo,and LiamMcGrath Social lntelligence and Cultural Awareness Cyber-Physieal-Social Zhong Liu, Dong-sheng and Wenji Mao

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Cyber-Physical-Social Systems for Command and Control

31

ADVISORY

RlchardJ. Ooyle

Systems Yang, Ding Wen, Wei-ming

BOARD

RussBlaglo Allman Enrlco Motta Stanlord Universily OpenUniversily Rlchard Benjamlns Natasha Noy TelelónicaR&D Stanlord University SlIvla Coradeschl LynneParker GrebroUniversity University01Tennessee Ulrlch Furbach Terry Payne University01Koblenz University01Southamplon YolandaGil RaymondPerrault University01Southern SRllnternational Calilornia Alun Preece Ashok Goel Cardill University GeorgiaInstitute DavidSkllllcorn 01Technology Queen'sUniversityCanada JamesV. Hansen AlessandroSperdutl BrighamYoungUniversity University01Padova,Italy Robert R. Hoffman Steffen Staab Institule lor Human UniversityKoblenz-Landau and MachineCognition RonaldYager SubbaraoKambhampatl lona College ArizonaSlate University QlangYang Hlroakl Kltano HongKong SonyComputerScience University 01Science Laboratories andTechnology Ee.PengLlm Junplng lhang SingaporeManagement FudanUniversity Hallhuge University SeanLuke ChineseAcademy01Sciences GeorgeMasonUniversity Chengqlnglong Wenjl Mao NationalLab~r~toryo! Pattern ChineseAcademy01Sciences RecogmtlOn,China

OleterFensel University01Innsbruck C.LeeGlles Pennsylvania State Universily HaymHlrsh RutgersUniversity ErlcHorvltz MicrosoftResearch RobertLaddaga BBNTechnologies RlchardH.Lathrop University 01Calilornia,Irvine

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DanielE.G'Leary University 01Southern California NlgelShadbolt Universily01Southamplon RudlStuder University01Karlsruhe WllllamR.Swartout University 01Southern California AustlnTate University01Edinburgh DavidL.Waltz Columbia University

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uest Editors' Introduction: Surveying the Landscape 01 FPGA Accelerator Research

Copublished by the IEEEComputer Society and the IEEECircuits and Systems Society

George A. Constantinides and Nicola Nicolici

8N

umerical Data Representa. tions lor FPGA.Based Scientilic Computing

George A. Constantinides, Adam B. Kinsman, and Nicola Nicolici

18 D

esigning Custom Arithmetic Data Paths with FloPoCo

58 C

omputational Mass Spectrometry in a Reconligurable Coherent Coprocessing Architecture Devi Sravanthi Yalamarthy,Joel Coburn, Glen Edwards, Mark Kelly, and Rajesh K Gupta

68 A

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Scientilic Computing Greg Stitt, Alan George, Herman Lam, Melissa Smith, Vikas Agganval, Gongyu Wang, James Coole, Casey Reardon, Brian Holland, and Seth Koehler

Florent de Dinechin and Bogdan Pasca

28 H

igh.Level Languages , and Floating.Point Arithmetic lor FPGA.Based CFD Simulations

Diego Sanchez-Roman, Gustavo Sutter, Sergio Lopez-Buedo, Ivan Gonzalez, FranciscoJ Gomez-Arribas,Javier Aracil, and Francisco Palacios

38 D

ata Reorganization and Preletching 01 PointerBased Data Structures Joonseok Parkand PedroC.Diniz

Other Features

78 C

Yberphysical Systems: Workload Modeling and Design Optimization

Paul Bogdan and Radu Marculescu

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Based Diagnosis Techniques lor Logic Cores Shyue-KungLu, Yin-MouChen, Shi-}Ă&#x161;Huang,and Cheng-WenWu

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ABDUTTHISISSUE

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t's been 30 years since the first IBMPC changed history. We in the computer industry have a notoriously short collective memory, but now and again it's wise to take a look back, to honor the pioneers for their contributions, and also to see where decisions made a long time ago still resonate today. In this issue, IBMersDave Bradley and Mark Dean give the inside story of the creation of the IBMPC,Edward Bride discusses early PC software, and Intel's Gurbir Singh talks about the chips inside.

1 computing

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CDVERFEATURES

19 A Personal History of the IBMPC [j David Bradley The development of the IBMPCwas an exciting time-a brand-new design, a short design schedule, and lots of things to go wrong. An insider recalls the things that happened, the problems solved, and the interesting adventures along the way.

26 [j

34

IBM PC Retrospective: There Was Enough Right to Make It Work

40 The IBMpc: The Silicon Story Gurbir Singh [j The longevity of the IBMPCarchitecture, which has had an enormous impact on the evolution of both personal computers and server systems, can be attributed largely to its backward compatibility with existing software applications.

CDMPUTING PRACTICES

46 Remote Display Solutions for Mobile Cloud Computing

Greg Goth

Pieter Simoens, Filip De Turck, Bart Dhoedt, and Piet Demeester

Mark Dean, a participant in the originallBM PC design team, looks back 30 years to review the events that led to the design of a very "un-IBM" computer-a small device that used hardware and software from outside vendors and made the logic and BIOScode available to anybody.

Proposed optimization techniques address the major challenges that varying wireless channel conditions, short battery lifetime, and interaction latency pose for the remote display of cloud applications on mobile devices.

The IBM Personal Computer: A Software-Driven Market Edward Bride Instead of designing the fastest or most powerful computing platform based on new technology, IBMchose the fastest path to market, creating its product from already available parts and signing up with a community of independent software vendors to provide the operating system, tools, and a library of applications.

For more information

on computing

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PERSPECTIVES

55 Using Mathematical Modeling in Provisioning a Heterogeneous Cloud Computing Environment Sungkap Veo and Hsien-Hsin S. Lee Mathematical models demonstrate that to achieve optimal performance in a heterogeneous cloud infrastructure, the slowest node's response time should be no more than three times that of the fastest node.

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ECOGEM:A European Framework-7 Project Toward Cooperative and Intelligent Optimization of Travel Planning and Energy Saving for Drivers of Fully Electric Vehicles Jianmin Jiang, James Charles, and Konstantinos Demestichas

27 ECOGEM: A European Framework-7 Project, pp. 22-26

Impact of Mounting Blocks 00 Drivability Study on an Electric Vehicle Benjamin El/erand Jean-Fran~ois Hetet

34 CarInteriorNoise Sound Quality Analysis Using Design of Experiment Shuming ChenandDengfengWang

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60 A Novel Modulatio~:Sensing Method Remedy for Uncertainty Around the Practical Use of Cognitive Radio Technology Jide Julius Popoola and Rex van Olst

70 KeepingIdeotity Private Establishing Trust in the Physical and Digital World for Identity Management Systems Joseph K Adjei andHenningOlesen Maximum Permissible Rail Potential,

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By Paul H. Carr

20

24

The Right stuff A visionary IEEEvolunteer

ABOUT THIS IMAGE: The 1999 IEEE Board of Directors. Find out who sat on the board in

and inspiring role model.

By JanVan der Spiegel

"The Making of the President,

1999."

A Resonant Influence Ken Laker's impact on his field, his students, and IEEE.

By T.R. Viswanathan

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61 PORTFOUO RISK IN MULTIPLE FREQUENCIES MustafaU.Torun, Ali N.Akansu, and MarcoAvellaneda

16 STATISTICALMODEUNG OF HIGH-FREQUENCY FINANCIAL DATA Rama Cont

12 TIME-SERIES MODELS OF DYNAMIC VOLATlUTY AND CORRELATlON DavidS. Matteson and DavidRuppert

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83 BUSINESS ANALYTICS BASED

THE SCIENCE BEHIND RISK

MANAGEMENT Douglas E. lohnston and Petar M. Djurié

37 MULTlFAaOR MODELS Emmanuelle lay, Patrick Duvaut, Serge Darolles, and Arnaud Chrétien

49 A SUBSPACEAPPROACH TO PORTFOUO ANALYSIS Girish Ganesan

ON FINANCIAL TIME SERIES Kush R. Varshneyand AleksandraMojsilovié

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APPUCATlONS CORNER Financial Applications ot Nonextensive Entropy NikolaGradojevicand Ramazan Gen~y

122 DSP EDUCATION Incorporating Financial Applications in Signal Processing Curricula IIyaPollak 126 LEauRE NOTES Speech Recognition, Machine Translation, and Speech Translation-A Unitied Discriminative Leaming Paradigm XiaodongHe and Li Deng 134 DSP TlPS & TRICKS A Simple Algorithm tor Fitting a Gaussian Function

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94 AESTHETlCS AND EMOTlONS IN IMAGES Dhiraj loshi, Ritendra Datta, Elena Fedorovskaya,Quang-Tuan Luong, lames Z.Wang,lia Li, and lieboLuo

138 BESTOF THE WEB TechWare:FinancialDataand Analytic Resources Xiao-Ping (Steven) Zhang and David Kedmey 142 BOOK REVIEWS

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Steganographyin DigitalMedia: Principies,Algorithms, and Applications Mauro Barni

COLUMNS 2 FROM THE EDITOR New Honor; New Initiatives, and New Impact To Come Li Deng

Sparse Image and Signal Processing: Wavelets, Curvelets, Morphological Diversity Michael B. Wakin

6 PRESIDENT'S MESSAGE SPS Publications

Statistics and Data Analysis tor Financial Engineering

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SCOPE: IEEE Signal Prrxessing Magazine publishes tutorial-style articles on signol processing research and applications, as well as columns and forums on issues of interes!. lis coverage ranges from fundamental principies lo practica! implementation, reflecting Ihe multidimensionaI facets of interests and concerns of Ihe community. 115 mission is lo bring up-to-date, emerging and active technical developmenls, issues, and events to Ihe research, educational, and professional communities.

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IEEESIGNAL PROCESSING MAGAZINE (lSSN 1053-5888) (lSPREG)ispublishedbimonthlybythe InstituteofElectricaland Electronics Engineers, Inc., 3 Park Avenue, 17th Flcor, NewYork,NY 10016-5997 USA(+1 2124197900). Responsibility for the contenls rests upon the authors and not the IEEE, the Society, or ils members. Annual member subscriptions included in Society fee. Nonmember subscriptions avaHable upon reques!. Individual copies: IEEE Members $20.00 (first copy only), nonmembers $141.00 per copy. Copyright and Reprint Permissions: Abstracting is permitted wilh credit to Ihe source. Libraries are permitted to photocopy beyond the limits of U.S. Copyright Law for private use of patrons: 1) those post-1977 articles that carry acode at the bottom of Ihe first page, provided the per-copy fee indicated in the code is paid through Ihe Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA01923 USA;2) pre-1978 articles wilhout fee. Instructors are permitted to photocopy isolated articles for noncommercial classroom use without fee. For all other copying, reprint, or republication permission, write to IEEE Service Center, 445 Hoes Lane, Piscataway,NJ 08854 USA.Copyright@201l by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. AlI righls reserved. Periodicals postage paid at New York, NY,and at additional mailing offices.

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By KennethR. Laker

17 HighQuality Ken Laker's pioneering research on surface acoustic wave (SAW) filters.

By Paul H. Carr

20

24

The Right stuff A visionary IEEEvolunteer

A80UT THIS lMAGE: The 1999 IEEEBoard of Directors. Find out who sat on the board in

and inspiring role model.

By JanVan der Spiegel

HThe Making of the President, 1999. H

A ResonantInfluente Ken Laker's impact on his field, his students, and IEEE.

By T.R. Viswanathan

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Robotic Surgery

FormalVerificationof Plans

By Riccardo Muradore, Davide Bresolin, Luca Geretti, Paolo Fiorini, and Tiziano Villa

33

HybridSystems in Robotics TowardReachability-Based ControllerDesign

By Jerry Ding, Jeremy H. Gillula, Haomiao Huang, Michael P. Vitus, Wei Zhang, and Claire J. Tomlin

44

Semiautonomous Multivehicle Safety A HybridControlApproach ByRajeevVermaandDomitillaDelVecchio

55

Motion Planning with Complex Goals A MultilayeredSynergistic Approach

By Amit Bhatia, Matthew R. Maly, Lydia E. Kavraki, and Moshe Y. Vardi

65

Corred. Reamve, High-LevelRobot Control Mitigatingthe State ExplosionProblem ofTemporal LogicSynthesis

By Hadas Kress-Gazit, Tichakorn Wongpiromsarn,

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Ramón Cáceres Albrecht Schmldt AT&TLabs Universityof Marla R. Ebllng Duisberg-Essen IBMTJWatson Research Joseph Paradlso Center MIT Paul Lukowlcz University of PassauGermany

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Pervasive Health Pervasive Healthcare 2010: Two Perspectives Anind K. Dey and Deborah Estrin VVorksinProgress Support for Context,Aware Pervasive Computing Environments Antti Oulasvirta, Tero Hasu, Mario Muñoz-Organero, Athanasios Plessas, VassiliosStefanis, john Garofalakis, and Andreas Komninos

Experimental

Methodology

Experimental Technology in Emotion,Oriented Computing Elisabeth André

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EDITORIN CHIEFEMERITI Roy Want Google M. Satyanarayanan Carnegie Mellon University

Conferences Mobile Computing Systems and Applications NicholasSkehinand jaewooChung

Education & Training To Support and Defend: A Spirited Engineering Competition Grant jacoby and Kurt Keville

EDITORIALBOARD Mary Baker Jason Hong Hewlett-Packard Labs Carnegie Mellon Tucker Balch University Georgia Inst.

Anthony Joseph of Technology UC Berkeley John Canny Tlm Klndberg UC Berkeley Matter 2 Media Ltd. Eyal de Lara James Landay University University of Toronto of Washington Anlnd Dey Natalla Marmasse Carnegie Mellon Google University Scott Mldklff Deborah Estrln VirginiaTech UCLA Kenton O'Hara Hans Gellersen CSIRO La~cas~er Bernt Schlele Umverslty MPllnformatics Su~1 H,;lal Rahul Sukthankar Umver~lty Intel Research of Flonda Pittsburgh

ADVISORYBOARD M. Satyanarayanan (chalr) Carnegie Mellon University Gaetano Borrlello University of Washington and Intel Research Seattle Daniel Slewlorek Carnegie Mellon University Roy Want Google

CS MAGAZINE OPERATlONS COMMITTEE Dorée Duncan Seligmann (chair), Erik Altman, Isabel Beichl, Krishnendu Chakrabarty, Nigel Davies, Simon Liu, Dejan Milojicié, Michael Rabinovich, Forrest Shull, John R. Smith, Gabriel Taubin, Ron Vetter, John Viega, Fei-Yue Wang, )effrey R. Yost

7 51

Advertising Index IEEEComputer Society Member Information

CS PUBLlCATIONS BOARD David A. Grier (chair), Alain April, David Bader, Angela R. Burgess, Jim Cortada, Hakan Erdogmus, Frank E. Ferrante, Jean-Luc Gaudiot, Paolo Montuschi, Dorée Duncan Seligmann, Linda 1. Shafer, Steve Tanimoto, George Thiruvathukal

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September 2011 Volume5 Number3

Far the 21st Century Technologists

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Innovative solutions for the management ofthe elderly and chronic diseases.

NAZIMAGOULMINE, M. JAMAL DEEN, JEONG-SOOLEE, AND M. MEYYAPPAN

InsulinDetecdon12 01ClinicalPlasDlaSaDlPles Development of a PDMS microfluidic system.

ZHIKUN ZHAN, ZAILI DONG,AND STEVETUNG

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lar OraanicSolarCells Power conversion efficiency with an interdigitated bulk heterojunctions structure.

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ONTHECOVERNanotechnology isthebackbone lor ellective healthmonitoring intheluture.

Low-COSl Nanolilhouraphv25 Illuminating new markets.

JOHN MAl, RUNG-YWANTSAI, AND CHIN-TIENYANG

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Volume 11, Number 3 Third Quarter

2011

TemporallyAdvanced Signal Detection: 10 A Review of the Technology and Potential Applications ChrisM. Hymel, Malcolm H. Skolnick, RonA. Stubbers, and MichaelE. Brandt In recent years. a physicalphenomenonreterred to as NegativeGroupDelay (NGD)or superluminal wave propagation has been implemented in electronic circuitry and shown to temporally advance the detection of analog signals. Specifically,the output of such a circuit precedes the complete detection of its input as the group (and therefore time) delay through the circuit is negative. In this article we describe the background and theory behind this phenomenon, discuss its implementation in electronics and demonstrate a specific biomedical signal application(the humanECG).WediscusssomekeyNGDcircuitdesignconsiderations/configurations and potential applications in which this technology could offset or eliminate entirely, closed loop control system delays.

26 . . e

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COMSTOCK

Q ~AS IEEE Circuil. and Systems Magazine (1SSN1531~ OCDMEN) Is publlshed trtcal and Electronlcs

quarterly by the Institute 01 El..,.

Englneers. Ine. Headquarters: 3 Park Avenue.17th Aoor. New York. NY. 10016-5991USA. Responslbillty for the cantents rests upon the authors and nol upon the IEEE. the Soclety, or lis members. IEEE Servlce Center (for arders. subscrlptlons. address changes): 445 Hoes Lane, Plscalaway. NJ 08854 USA. Telephone: +1 732981 0060. +1 800 678 4333. Individual copies: lEEE members $20.00 (fIrst copy only), nonmembers $128.00 per copy; $7.00 per member per year Oncluded In Soclety lee) for each member of the IEEEClrcuits and Systems Sedety. Subscriptioo rates available upon request. Copyright ud Reprint Permission: Abstracting is permitted with credlt lo the source. Ubrarles are permlUed to photocopy beyond the limlts 01 the U.s. Copyright law for private use 01 palrons: 1) those post-1977 artieles that carry acode al the bottom al the first pase. provlded' the per-copy fee Indleated in the eode 15 pald through the Copyright Clearance Center. 222 Rosewood Drtve, Danvers. MA 01923; and 2) pre-1978 artleles wlthout fee. For other copylng, reprint, or republleatlon permlsslon, write to: Copyrlghts and Permisslons Department. IEEE Service Center, 445 Hoes Lane, Plseataway, NJ 08854 USA. Copyright @ 2011 by the Institute of Electrieal and Electronlcs Englneers. Ine. AlI rights reserved. Perlodicals postage pald at New York, NY. and at addltlonal mailing olOees. PostmasIer. Send address ehanges to IEEEClrcuits and Systems Magazine, IEEEOperatlons Center.445 Hoes Lane. Piseataway,NJ, 088S4USA.

38

Clock Jitter Effects on Sampling: A Tutorial Carlos Azeredo-Leme

The effect of jitter in data converters is analyzed, with a focus on the frequency domain treatment of the corresponding phase noise. The analysis is mostly intuitive, to give the reader a good feeling for the mechanisms involved. 80th open loop oscillators and phase locked loops are considered as clock sources.

Several application examples are included to illustrate the concepts. Jitter selfreferenced measurements are also covered with their relationships to jitter.

Nanoscale FinFET Based SRAM Cell Design: Analysis of Performance Metric, Process Variat~on, Underlapped FinFET and Temperatu..e Effect Balwinder Raj,A.K. Saxena,and s. Dasgupta In this paper the analysis of SNM. RNM. WNM and static power variation with width of access, load and driver are carried out for nanoscale FinFET based SRAM cell. FinFET based SRAM design is proposed as an alternative solution to the bulk devices. Further. the effect of process variation on the SRAM cell performance is analyzed using Monte Carlo simulation on HSPICE. Two structures of the FinFET viz. the standard PTM model and an underlapped FinFET are also used for the simulations. In this work we also analyze the effect of temperature on noise margins and static power for FinFET based SRAMcell. FinFET is suitable for future nanoscale memory circuits design due to its reduced Short Channel Effects and leakage current.

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volume 48. number 9 international

ctrum

COVER STORY

26 DIGITAL RANDOMNESS

Intel's latest random-number generator is powered by thermal noise and could give developers a whole new sense of security.

By Greg Tay/or & George Cox COVER: CARL DETORRES THIS FW3E. CLOCKWISE FROM TOf> PETER AOAMSlGETTY IMAGES: SIMQN e FW3E: ABC PH07D ARCHIVESlGETTY IMAGES: CARL DETDRRES

SPECTRUM.lEEE.ORG

9.ll

30 BENEATHTHE ICE5HEET5 .

A new kind of radar will help polar researchers investigate the thick masses of ice that blanket Greenland and Antarctica.

By John Paden, David Braaten & Prasad Gogineni

38 THE TERAHERTZ FRONTIER Notoriously inaccessible, the terahertz region of the electromagnetic spectrum finally has its first IC devices.

By Michae/ C. Wanke & Mark Lee

44 THE PICTUREPHONE 15 HERE. REALLV. With 4G, interoperability, and new compression schemes, we'll soon start using the videophones already embedded in our smartphones and tablets.

By Thomas Wiegand & GaryJ.Su//ivan

SEPTEMBER2011 . IEEESPECTRUM . INT 1

SYSTEMR

IEEE AEROSPACE and ELECTRONIC

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August2011 ISSN0885-8985

Volume Twenty Five

MAGAZINE NumberEight

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Editor-in-Cbief - Teresa L. Pace Assoeiate Editor-in-Chief - Maria Greco Administrative Editor - David B. Dobson Ass't. Admin.Editor - Susanne J. Walsh VP Publieations - Open AVP Publieations - W. Dale Blair Tutorials Editor - Lance M. Kaplan AESS President (20 11) Marina Ruggieri

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AUjlust2011 ISSN0885-8985

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This Issue - Technically

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Associate Editors and Areas of Specialty Tom Bowman Ground Systems, Vision Systems, Eleetronics Guidance Shirley Cheng Mauro De Sanctis - Space Systems Maria Greco Clutter Models, Radar Signal

Processing, Radar Systems Haiying Liu - Fusion, Image Processing, Tracking Rao Mannepalli - Satellites, Modeling and Simulation, Energy Illir Progri - Position, Navigation, Timing Ralph Teague - Sensors, Eleetro-Opties, Radar Peter Willett - Traeking, Fusion, Signal Proeessing Haidong Yu - Eleetronies, Power, Transportation Contributing Editors - Erwin C. Gangl Conferenees - Mark E. Davis Edueation - Steve E. Watkins

From the Editor-in-Chief

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. o o . . o o o o o . o o o . . . .

3

. Cassini Spacecraft Post-Launch Malfunction . o . . . . . . o . . . . 4 Correction Success PoS. Morgan

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Spacecraft Solar Array Technology Trends

o o . o .

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P.A. Jones & B.R. Spence

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Ethies - Open History - Henry Oman. Ron Schroer Standards - Richard Hochberg Teehnieal Panels - Theodora Saunders

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Radar and Electronic Warfare Cooperation: o o . . . . . . . . . . . 32

How to Improve the System Efficiency S. Kemkemian, M Nouvel-Piani & E. Chamouard

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Simulation of Radar Signal on Wind Turbine ,

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MeetingsCalendar . o . . . . . . . . . o . . . . . o . . . o . . . . Inside back cover

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Table of Contents Feature Articles New Development of Parallel Conformal FDTDMethod in Computational Electromagnetics Englneering WenhuaYu,XiaolingYang,YongjunUu,RajMittra,Dau-Chyrll Chang,Chao-Hsiang Liao,MutoAkira,WenxingU,andLeiZhao MlnlatureMeander-Line Dlpole Antenna Arrays, Deslgned vla an Orthogonal-Array-lnltiallzed HybridParticle-Swarm Optimizer ZikriBayraktar;DouglasH. Wemer;andPingjuanL.Wemer On the Use of U-Slots in the Deslgn of Dual-and Triple-Band Patch Antennas K F.Lee,K.M.Luk,K M.Mak,andS. L. S. Yang The MinlmumQfor Spheroldally Shaped Objects: Extenslon to Cylindrically Shaped Objects and Comparison to Practical Antennas

42

PederHansenandRicharrJ Adams

75

A Quaslstatlc Antenna Deslgn Approach for Mlnlmum-QAntennas ThomasO.Jones11I

84

Hlstorical and Planned Uses of Antenna Technology for Space-Bome DhavalPujara,S. B. Sharma,andS. B. Chakrabarty

15

60

Mlcrowave Radlometers 95

An Old Tool and a New Challenge for Deplcting Antenna Array Radlatlon Pattems (belng also A Classroom Demonstration for the Principie of Wave Interference Underlying Antenna Array Theory) JuanR. Mosig Also in This Issue Departments (Confd) Correction.; 41 MeetingsandSymposia- Wasky ChangeofAddressor DeliveryProblems 41 ShortCourses- Wasky

182 184

Trying to Interprret Modem Art as a Finite-Element Practiitioner

188

ReportonACES2011 Deparbnents

158

Report of Awards and Fellow Committee

168 EducationColumn- Kelley

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8alanis

115

192

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AP-STumstile- 8ansal

Henderson 8 Telecommunications HealthandSafety Un 126 Wireless Comer Christodoulou and Rajo-Iglesias 136 IEEE-USA Schneider and Kemp 138 AMTA Comer 140 Report of the Transnational Committee Jackson 150 Historical Comer Pefosi 168 Testing Ourselves Sevgi 174 AntennaApplicationsComer Rao and Kralovec

197 198 202 204 211 212 222 226 231 255

EtCetera-AkgOI

176 EurAAP Comer- Mosig

264

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Editor's Comments Stone Presidents Message - Salazar-Palma Minutas of the AdCom Meeting Tyo AP-S Chapter News - Shen AP-S Distinguished lecturer Program Antenna Designer's Notebook MiIIigan Measurements Comer Fischer and laHaie EM Programmer's Notebook Davidson

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Hidden Word Gardiol Intellectual Property and Patent Abstracts

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Cover: A comparison between the exact and Geometrical Optics (GO) solutions for the total fields diffracted by a wedge with soft and hard boundary conditions (BC), for two different angles of incidence. See the contribution by Feray Haclvelioglu, Levent Sevgi, and Pyotr Ya. Ufimtsev In the Testing Ourselves column.

Address editorial correspondence to the Editor-in-Chief, W. Ross Stone, Stoneware Limited, 840 Annada Terrace, San Diego, CA 92106 USA; Tel: +1 (619) 222-1915; Fax: +1 (619) 222-1606; E-mail: r.stone@ieee.org.

The IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine (ISSNI045-9243) is published bimonthly beginning in February of each year by the Antennas and Propagation Society of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc. It is mailed at the end of the month of issue. IEEE Headquarters: 445 Hoes Lane, Piscataway NJ 08855-1331 USA, Tel: +1 (800) 678-4333, +1 (732) 981-0060; Fax: +1 (732) 981-9667; E-mail: customerservice@ieee.org. $6.00 per member per year included in Society fees is paid as the subscription price. The Magazine is the successor publication 10 the IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society Newsletter. The Newsletter carried volume numbers 1 through 31, ending with December, 1989; the Magazine began with volume number 32 in 1990. Institutional and non-member subscriptions: Institutions and individuals who are not members of the IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society may subscribe to the Magazine for $565 per year. Contact Customer Service at IEEE Headquarters.

Copyright and reprint permissions: Abstracting is permitted with credit to the source. Instruc10rs are permitted to photocopy isolated articles for noncornmercial classroom use without fee and with credit to the source, in accordance with the "fair use" doctrine ofUS and intemational copyright laws. Libraries are permitted to photocopy beyond the limits of the copyright law for the private use of patrons 1) those post-1977 articles that carry acode at the bottom of the first page, provided the per-copy fee indicated in the code is paid through the Copyright Clearance Center, 27 Congress Street, Salem, MA 01970 USA; and 2) pre-1978 articles without fee. Contact the Editor-in-Chief regarding reprinting by other IEEE publications and other publications. For all other copying, reprinting, conversion into electronica1ly-readable forro. or republication permission, write 10 Copyrights and Permissions Department, IEEE Service Center, 445 Hoes Lane, Piscataway NJ 08855-1331 USA. Copyright @2011 The Institute ofElectrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., acting as agent and trustee for the Antennas and Propagation Society. AlI rights reserved. Printed in USA. Periodicals postage paid at New York, NY, and at additional mailing offices. Postmaster: Send address changes to Antennas and Propagation Magazine Address Change at the IEEE Service Center, 445 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08855-1331 USA. IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, Vol. 53, No. 3, June 2011

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Project LeadershipSkillsin CooperativeProjects

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Criticismand OutstandingLeadership:An Evaluationoí Leader Reactionsand CriticalOutcomes

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Integrating LeadershipDevelopmentand Succession Planning Best Practices ...

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Groomingthe NextGeneration

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Project Leadership:Getting It Right

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Developingan IntegratedApproachto SystemSafetyEngineering

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BeyondFrontiers oí TraditionalProject Management: AnApproachto Evolutionary,Self-OrganizationalPrincipiesand the ComplexityTheory

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ExaminingEffectiveand IneffectiveTransíormationalProjectLeadership , IneííectiveLeadership:Investigatingthe NegativeAttributes oí Leadersand OrganizationalNeutralizers

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