Stronger Communities A4 booklet Hindi

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eqfDr iQkSt vk/qfud xqykeh vkSj ekuo rLdjh (,e-,l-,p-Vh-) ls yM+us ds fy, iwjh rjg çfrc¼ gSA gekjs ikl ,d /kfeZd vkSj ,sfrgkfld tukns'k gSA ;g ,d varZjk"Vªh; vijk/ gS vkSj ge ,d varjjk"Vªh; eqfDr iQkSt gSaA vkt nqfu;k¡ Hkj esa gekjs ikl vius Hkkb;ksa vkSj cguksa ds bl nq"V O;kikj vkSj 'kks"k.k dks jksdus ds fy, tquwu] yksx vkSj lalk/u gSaA viuh 'kq#vkr ls] eqfDr iQkSt us ,e-,l-,p-Vh- ds f[kykiQ yM+kbZ yM+h gSA 1885 esa] fofy;e VhLVhM tSls lkekftd çpkjdksa ds lkFk xBca/u esa] eqfDr iQkSft;ksa us yanu ds os';ky;ksa esa ;qok yM+fd;ksa vkSj efgykvksa ds iQalkus] vigj.k vkSj fcØh dk inkZiQk'k fd;k vkSj dkuwu esa cnyko ds fy, çHkkoh :i ls vfHk;ku pyk;kA vkt rd] eqfDr iQkSt lHkh O;fDr;ksa ds tUetkr vkSj leku ewY; vkSj vius iM+kslh dh ns[kHkky djus ds drZO; ds ckbZcy fl¼karksa esa fo'okl djrh gSA ekuoh; 'kks"k.k rLdjh fd, gq, O;fDr dks oLrqdj.k vkSj vekuoh; cukrk gS] voS/ O;kikj djus okyksa dh vekuoh;rk dks iqjLÑr djrk gS vkSj lekt ds uSfrd] lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd rkus&ckus dks detksj djrk gSA elhg ds vuq;kf;;ksa ds :i esa] gesa lHkh çdkj dh xqykeh vkSj ekuo rLdjh ds mUewyu ds fy, yM+us dk vkàoku fd;k x;k gSA

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vHkh] ge yM+kbZ ds chp esa gSaA ge ,d yack liQj r; dj pqds gSa vkSj ge viuh liQyrkvksa esa fot;h gks ldrs gSa] ysfdu ge vHkh rd ;q¼ ugha thr ik, gSaA rLdjh dks jksdus ds fy, eqfDr iQkSt ds ikl vf}rh; vkSj ewY;oku rkdr gSA ge vDlj ,sls leqnk;ksa esa gksrs gSa tgka dksbZ vkSj ugha gksrk gSA gekjh mifLFkfr dksj vkSj leqnk;ksa ds lkFk py jgh ekStwnk ckrphr dks c<+kus dk ,d volj gS tks ,e ,l ,p Vh ls cpkus vkSj jksdus ds fy, n`f"Vdks.k] lkekftd ekunaMksa vkSj O;ogkjksa dks cny ldrh gSA

ç;kstu bl iqfLrdk dk mís'; vkidh ,e-,l-,p-Vh- çfrfØ;k ds lEcU/ esa lgk;rk djuk gSA dbZ vyx&vyx çdkj dh çfrfØ;k,a gSa] tks ,e-,l-,p-Vh- dks jksdrh gSaA buesa tkx:drk c<+kuk] f'k{kk] ekbØksØsfMV ;kstuk,a vkSj mu dkjdksa dks lacksf/r djuk 'kkfey gS] tks yksxksa dks ,e-,l-,p-Vh- ds çfr laosnu'khy cukrs gSa] ysfdu bUgha rd lhfer ugha gSaA tcfd dbZ ,e-,l-,p-Vh- jksdFkke gLr{ksi gks jgs gSa] ;g le>us ;k n'kkZus dk dksbZ rjhdk ugha gS fd ;g jksdFkke ds ç;kl fdrus liQy gSaA gekjh dbZ çfrfØ;k,a] ekuo rLdjh D;k gS] bl ckjs esa tkx:drk c<+kus ds lkFk 'kq: gksrh gSaA ;g ,d egRoiw.kZ igyk dne gS] ysfdu vf/d ;kstuk ds lkFk ge vxys dne ij tk ldrs gSa vkSj ,e-,l-,p-Vh- ls lacaf/r n`f"Vdks.k] lkekftd ekunaMksa vkSj O;ogkjksa esa vf/d LFkk;h ifjorZu djuk 'kq: dj ldrs gSaA lkYos'ku vkehZ iQkbV iQkWj iz+QhMe % ikVZ A1 xkbM dks 'kq#vkrh txg ds :i esa i<+uk ennxkj gSA i`"B 48&59 (¶tkx:drk c<+kus ls jksdFkke¸) lfØ; gksus dh vko';drk dk lq>ko nsrs gSaA

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https://www.salvationarmy.org/isjc/SAFightforFreedom

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tc Hkh ge voS/ O;kikj ds ckjs esa tkudkjh çnku djrs gSa rks yksxksa dks viuk n`f"Vdks.k vkSj O;ogkj cnyus dk lans'k nsrs gSaA

lkoZtfud LFkkuksa] vkjk/uky; vkSj ?kjksa esa f'k{kk nhA vyx&vyx le; ij vkSj vyx&vyx mís';ksa ds fy, mUgksaus cM+h HkhM+] NksVs lewgksa vkSj O;fDr;ksa ds lkFk ckr dhA

;g iqfLrdk vkidks vius n`f"Vdks.k vkSj O;ogkj dh ;kstuk cukus esa enn dj ldrh gS] ftlls vki ftu yksxksa dh lsok djrs gSa vkSj ftuds lkFk dke djrs gSa] mUgsa voS/ O;kikj ls cpkus ds fy, jksdFkke dh çfrfØ;k dks cny ldrs gSaA ;g nqfu;k¡ Hkj esa vU; O;ogkj ifjorZu çfrfØ;kvksa }kjk ijh{k.k fd;k x;k ,d fl¼kar çnku djrk gS vkSj ,d :ijs[kk çnku djrk gS fd ge bls leqnk; vkSj dksj nksuksa Lrjksa ij vkSj ,d cM+s ,aVhVªSfiQfdax çkstsDV ds Hkhrj eqfDr iQkSt çfrfØ;kvksa esa dSls ykxw dj ldrs gSaA

ikSyql us Hkh yksxksa ds lkFk ckrphr djrs le; dbZ fofHkUu LFkkuksa ij f'k{kk nhA mu LFkkuksa esa ls ,d ?kj Fkk] ftls uhao dk iRFkj ekuk tkrk Fkk] ftl ij 'ks"k lekt dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;k FkkA rc ;g vk'p;Z dh ckr ugha gS fd mUgksaus u dsoy lkoZtfud :i ls ckr dh] cfYd ?kj&?kj Hkh x,A

;g fl¼kar lfØ; :i ls fo'okl&vk/kfjr lqfo/k (,iQch,iQ) ds eqfDr iQkSt ekWMy ds vuq:i gS] ,d çfØ;k tks yksxksa dks xgjs] LoLFk laca/ksa dk vkuan ysus esa enn djus ds fy, fof'k"V midj.kksa dk mi;ksx djrh gSA (,iQch,iQ VwyckWDl dh lykg ysaA)2

çsfjrksa ds dke 20%17&21 (U;w baVjus'kuy otZu) ¶feysrql ls] ikSyql us ppZ ds cqtqxksaZ ds fy, bfiQlql dks HkstkA tc os igqaps] rks ml us mu ls dgk] rqe rks tkurs gks fd tc eSa rqEgkjs lax jgk] rc ls eSa dSls jgk] ftl fnu ls eSa ,f'k;k ds çkUr esa vk;k gwaA eSaus cM+h uezrk vkSj vk¡lqvksa ds lkFk vkSj vius ;gwnh fojksf/;ksa ds "kM;a=kksa ds xaHkhj ijh{k.k ds chp esa çHkq dh lsok dhA vki tkurs gSa fd eq>s dqN Hkh çpkj djus esa ladksp ugha gqvk gS tks vkids fy, mi;ksxh gksxk ysfdu vkidks lkoZtfud :i ls vkSj ?kj&?kj tkdj fl[kk;k gSA eSaus ;gwfn;ksa vkSj ;wukfu;ksa nksuksa ls dgk gS fd os i'pkrki djsa vkSj ijes'oj dh vksj fiQjsa vkSj gekjs çHkq ;h'kq ij fo'okl djsaA¸ ge ns[k ldrs gSa fd ikSyql tkurk Fkk fd çHkkoh f'k{k.k vkSj lqlekpkj çpkj ds fy, u dsoy cM+h lkoZtfud lHkkvksa dh vko';drk gksxh] cfYd ifjokjksa ds lkFk xgjh ckrphr djus ds fy, ?kj&?kj Hkh tkuk gksxkA geus lh[kk gS fd vk/qfud xqykeh vkSj ekuo rLdjh ds ckjs esa yksxksa ds utfj, vkSj O;ogkj dks cnyus ds fy, Hkh ;gh rjhdk t:jh gSA blds vfrfjDr] blh vè;k; esa vkxs ds in 28&29 esa] ikSyql vkxs dgrk gS fd dqN yksx mldk psgjk fiQj dHkh ugha ns[k ik,axs] ysfdu og çkphuksa ij lHkh dh ¶fuxjkuh¸ djus dh ftEesnkjh lkSairk gSA tkx:drk c<+kus vkSj O;ogkj cnyus ds fy, Hkh ;g lp gS & vxj gesa ,d ,sls u, {ks=k esa tkuk gS tgka ge leqnk; ds lnL; ugha gSa] rks ;g egRoiw.kZ gS fd ge leqnk; ds chp jgus okyksa dks lans'k dks etcwr djus vkSj çksRlkfgr djus ds fy, çf'kf{kr djsaA

ifjHkk"kk,a voS/ O;kikj ds bnZ&fxnZ cnyrs utfj,] lkekftd ekunaMksa vkSj O;ogkjksa dks le>us ds fy,] 'krksaZ ds bnZ&fxnZ ifjHkk"kkvksa dks js[kkafdr djuk lgk;d gksrk gSA joS;k % ;s O;fDrxr :i ls j[ks x, fopkj ;k jk; gSa] tks t:jh ugha fd fdlh O;fDr ds O;kid lkekftd n`f"Vdks.k dks n'kkZrh gSa ;k os ckgjh :i ls dSls O;ogkj djrs gSaA ¶izQhMe iQaM (2019)4 us bls cl ¶yksx futh rkSj ij dSls lksprs gSa ;k eglwl djrs gSa¸ ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k gSA ekxZn'kZu tc ge bl {ks=k esa dke djrs gSaA ;g egRoiw.kZ gS fd fdlh Hkh ,e-,l-,p-Vh- çfrfØ;k ls igys vkSj mlds nkSjku bu fl¼karksa dk mi;ksx ckrphr vkSj ifj;kstukvksa dks funsZf'kr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA (vkbZ,ltslh osclkbV ij miyC/ vk/qfud xqykeh vkSj ekuo rLdjh ds oSf'od VwyckWDl ns[ksaA)3

utfj, ds mnkgj.k % ^eq>s yxrk gS fd pkbYM iksuksZxzkiQh ns[kuk Bhd gSA* ^esjk ekuuk gS fd ?kjsyw dkexkjksa ds lkFk mfpr vkSj lEeku ds lkFk O;ogkj fd;k tkuk pkfg,A*

ckbZcy vuqlkj euu ;h'kq us [ksrksa esa] isM+ksa ds utnhd] ukoksa ij] leqæ ds fdukjs] eafnj esa] ,d dq,¡ ds ikl] tSrwu ds igkM+ ij] igkM+ksa ij] ?kkfV;ksa esa] vkSj yxHkx gj txg tgk¡ og x;k]

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esjk ekuuk gS fd ?kjsyw dkexkjksa ds lkFk mfpr vkSj lEeku ds lkFk O;ogkj fd;k tkuk pkfg,A¸ n izQhMe iQaM (2019)4A lkfgR; leh{kk % O;ogkj ifjorZu lapkj vfHk;ku 'kks"k.k ds ekax i{k dks yf{kr djrk gSA https://freedomfund.org/wp-content/uploads/Literature-review-behaviour-change-campaigns-Jan-2019.pdf

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lkekftd ekunaM % fo'o LokLF; laxBu (2010) us lkekftd vkSj lkaLÑfrd ekunaMksa dks ¶,d fof'k"V 5

lkaLÑfrd ;k lkekftd lewg ds Hkhrj O;ogkj ds fu;e ;k vis{kk,a¸ ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;kA vDlj vLi"V] ;s ekunaM mfpr vkSj vuqfpr O;ogkj ds lkekftd ekudksa dh is'kd'k djrs gSa] tks Lohdk;Z gS (vkSj ugha) dks fu;af=kr djrs gSa vkSj nwljksa ds lkFk gekjh ckrphr dks leUof;r djrs gSaA¸

;g js[kk&fp=k fn[kkrk gS fd gekjs O;ogkj dks çHkkfor djus ds fy, ge fdl çdkj n`f"Vdks.k] lkekftd ekunaM vkSj dkuwu çfrPNsn djrs gSaA

ekunaM vfuok;Z :i ls fdlh O;fDr ds n`f"Vdks.k (futh) ds lkFk lajsf[kr ugha gksrs gSa] ysfdu O;fDr;ksa dks lewg ls lacaf/r gksus dh bPNk ds vuq:i gksus ds fy, çsfjr fd;k tkrk gSA bldk eryc ;g gS fd ,d O;fDr lkekftd ekunaMksa ds vuq:i O;ogkj dj ldrk gS] Hkys gh os futh rkSj ij muls vlger gksaA lkekftd ekunaMksa ds mnkgj.k % ¶iq#"kksa ds fy, lsDl ds fy, Hkqxrku djuk Bhd gS] ysfdu efgykvksa ds fy, ughaA¸ ¶cPpksa dh ftEesnkjh gS fd os vius ifjokj dk Hkj.k iks"k.k djsaA¸ ¶?kjsyw dkexkjksa }kjk dqN xyr djus ij mUgsa nafMr djus vkSj mudh fiVkbZ djus esa dqN Hkh xyr ugha gSA¸

O;ogkj %

;s fdlh O;fDr }kjk fd, x, dk;Z gSa tks lkekftd ekunaMksa ;k n`f"Vdks.kksa dk ikyu djrs gSaA O;ogkj dks cnyus dh dksf'k'k djus okys gekjs jksdFkke ds gLr{ksiksa dks ekStwnk lkekftd ekunaMksa dks ns[kus dh t:jr gS] tks O;ogkj dks de djrs gSaA O;ogkj ds mnkgj.k % ¶?kjsyw dkexkjksa ds lkFk cqjk O;ogkj djuk Hkys gh og fdlh ds joS;s dk fojks/ djrk gks] ysfdu ;g lkekftd ekunaMksa ds vuq:i gSA¸ ¶cPpksa dks Ldwy tkus ds ctk; dke ij yxkuk] rkfd os ifjokj ds fy, vk; iSnk djus esa enn dj ldsaA¸

'kklu vkSj dkuwu % ljdkj O;ogkj (dk;ksaZ) dks çHkkfor djus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk ldrh gS] Hkys gh os dk;Z O;fDr ds vyx&vyx ekunaM ;k n`f"Vdks.k gksaA 'kklu vkSj dkuwuksa ds mnkgj.k % ¶,d O;fDr tks lksprk gS fd pkbYM iksuksZxzkiQh (joS;k) ns[kuk Bhd gS] og bls (O;ogkj ifjorZu) ugha ns[k ldrk D;ksafd ljdkj us ,slk djuk voS/k cuk fn;k gSA¸ ¶?kjsyw dkexkjksa dks ihVuk leqnk; (lkekftd ekunaM) esa Lohdkj fd;k tk ldrk gS] ysfdu ;g O;ogkj ugha fd;k tk ldrk gS] D;ksafd ljdkj ,slk djus okys dks nafMr djsxhA¸

blfy,] vius O;ogkj dks cnyus ds fy,] gesa bl rjg ls çfrfØ;k djus dh vko';drk gS tks dkuwuksa] lkekftd ekunaMksa vkSj n`f"Vdks.kksa ij fopkj djsA bl iqLrd dk 'ks"k Hkkx gesa ekxZn'kZu djrk gS fd ;g dSls djuk gSA

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fo'o LokLF; laxBu (2010)- fgalk dh jksdFkke% lk{;A fgalk dk leFkZu djus okys lkekftd ekunaMksa dks cnyuk] i`"B 98https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/77936/9789241500845_eng.pdf 8

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,d fl¼kar ifj.kke çkIr djus ds ,d vktek, gq, vkSj ij[ks gq, rjhds dks lkjkaf'kr djrk gSA blfy,] geus O;ogkj ifjorZu ds vklikl ekStwn dbZ fl¼karksa ij fopkj fd;k gSA ge volj] {kerk vkSj çsj.kk (vks , ,e ) uked ,d fl¼kar ij Bgj x, gSaA ;g ,d fl¼kar gS fd ge nqfu;k¡ Hkj esa viuh orZeku çfrfØ;kvksa esa igys ls gh lcwr ns[k ldrs gSa vkSj bldk dbZ vU; laxBuksa }kjk vius O;ogkj ifjorZu dk;ZØeksa esa liQyrkiwoZd mi;ksx fd;k x;k gSA

volj] {kerk vkSj çsj.kk (vks , ,e) O;ogkj ifjorZu dk fl¼kar

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gekjs dk ekxZn'kZu djus ds fy, fl¼kar volj] {kerk vkSj çsj.kk (vks , ,e) O;ogkj ifjorZu dk fl¼kar

volj] {kerk vkSj çsj.kk fl¼kar fiNys v/;k; esa mfYyf[kr dkuwuksa] lkekftd ekunaMksa vkSj n`f"Vdks.kksa dks cnyus ds volj] {kerk vkSj çsj.kk dh leh{kk djds ekurk gSA vks , ,e fl¼kar dgrk gS fd O;ogkj esa cnyko dh ryk'k esa] vkidks bu lokyksa ds tokc nsus gksaxs% 1- D;k O;fDr@lewg ds ikl viuk O;ogkj cnyus dk volj gS\ D;k muds ikl ekSdk ;k lalk/u gSa\ 2- D;k O;fDr@lewg ds ikl vius O;ogkj dks cnyus dh {kerk gS\ 3- D;k O;fDr@lewg ds ikl vius O;ogkj dks cnyus dh çsj.kk gS\ D;k ;g muds LokFkZ esa gS\ volj] {kerk vkSj çsj.kk lHkh ,d lkFk dke djrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,] lhVcsYV ds mi;ksx vkSj muds ykHkksa ds ckjs esa tkx:drk vfHk;ku gks ldrs gSaA ¶,d okgu esa] ,d ;k=kh lhVcsYV dk mi;ksx djuk pkg ldrk gS D;ksafd mUgsa nq?kZVuk (çsj.kk) ds tksf[ke dk Mj gS] ysfdu vxj dksbZ lhVcsYV (volj) ugha gS ;k os ugha tkurs fd lhVcsYV ({kerk) dks dSls cka/uk gS] rks os bl O;ogkj dks 6 vatke ugha ns ldrsA¸ vks , ,e ,d vPNk rjhdk D;ksa gS\ gekjh vf/dka'k lsodkbZ vkSj gekjh dbZ ifj;kstuk,a rLdjh vkSj vk/qfud xqykeh ds tksf[keksa ds ckjs esa tkx:drk c<+kus ij dsafær gSaA gkykafd] rF; ;g gS fd yksx vDlj tksf[ke Hkjs dke djrs gSa] gkykafd os tkurs gSa fd muds ifj.kke udkjkRed gks ldrs gSaA vius lkekU; thou ds vuqHko ls ge tkurs gSa fd vdsys tkx:drk ges'kk lqjf{kr O;ogkj esa rCnhy ugha gksrh gSA 6

;ksykaMs dkWECl vkSj tSdyhu fMokbu (2010)A iQkse dk ifjp; % gkFk /ksus ds çHkkoh dk;ZØeksa dks fMtkbu djus ds fy, gkFk /ksus ds O;ogkj dk fo'ys"k.k djus ds fy, ,d :ijs[kkA 10

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mnkgj.k ds fy, % dbZ iSny ;k=kh tks VªSfiQd ykbV dh çrh{kk djus ;k iSny ;k=kh ØkWflax dk mi;ksx djus ds ctk; O;Lr lM+d dks ikj djrs gSa] mUgsa dkj dh pisV esa vkus ds tksf[ke ds ckjs esa irk gksrk gS] ysfdu fiQj Hkh os ,slk djrs gSaA cgqr ls yksx okguksa esa lhVcsYV ugha yxkrs] ;g tkurs gq, Hkh fd ;g nq?kZVuk esa mudh tku cpk ldrk gSA yksx cgqr lkjh phuh [kk ldrs gSa] Hkys gh os tkurs gksa fd blls e/qesg gks ldrk gSA

vius cPps dks nwljs ifjokj ds fy, dke djus ds fy, Hkstus esa tc Hkz"V vf/dkfj;ksa ds dkj.k idM+s tkus dk tksf[ke de gksrk gSA ,d O;fDr viuk O;ogkj D;ksa cnysxk\8 vks , ,e fl¼kar ds vuqlkj dksbZ O;fDr] ifjokj ;k lewg viuk O;ogkj cnysxk ;fn % 1- bls viukuk vklku gSA 2- ;g mudh t:jrksa vkSj ewY;ksa ds vuq:i gSA

7

tksf[ke ds ckjs esa irk gksus ds ckotwn Hkh yksx tksf[ke Hkjk O;ogkj D;ksa djrs gSa] blds dkj.k % tc ge rLdjh ds laca/ esa bl ij fopkj djrs gSa] rks dqN çeq[k dkj.k gSa fd yksx tksf[ke mBk ldrs gSa % 1- tksf[ke dks oS;fDrÑr djus esa foiQyrk & ¶;g esjs lkFk ugha gksxk¸ de laosnu'khyrk okys yksx & tSls ;qok yksx & Mjkouh dgkfu;ksa ds ckotwn vfu;fer çokl ;k tksf[ke Hkjs ukSdjh @ f'k{kk çLrkoksa dk tksf[ke mBk ldrs gSa] D;ksafd os tksf[ke dks O;fDrxr djus esa foiQy gks tkrs gSaA ,slk vkSj Hkh vf/d gksrk gS ;fn os ,sls vU; yksxksa dks tkurs gSa ftuds ikl liQy vuqHko gSaA

3- O;ogkj esa cnyko iQk;nsean gksrk gSA 4- lkfFk;ksa }kjk ldkjkRed :i ls ns[kk tk,xkA volj] {kerk] çsj.kk9 geus bls fuEufyf[kr rkfydk esa la{ksfir fd;k gS%

volj

D;k esjs ikl bls djus

D;k dksbZ ckgjh dkjd gSa tks O;ogkj

dk volj gS\

dks cnyus dh {kerk dks çHkkfor 10 djrs gSa\ D;k O;fDrxr] ifjokj ;k lewg ds fy, cnyus dk ekSdk gSA

D;k bls viukuk vklku gS\

{kerk

D;k eSa bls djus esa l{ke gw¡\

D;k esjs ikl bl O;ogkj dks viukus

2- tksf[ke ysus dh bPNk & ¶[kksus ds fy, dqN ugha¸ yksx tksf[keksa dks tkurs gq, Hkh mUgsa ysus ds fy, rS;kj gSa D;ksafd laHkkfor iqjLdkj tksf[keksa dks mfpr Bgjkrs gSaA tSlk fd rLdjh ls ftUnk cp dj fudys eqfDr iQkSt }kjk lefFkZr ,d O;fDr us le>k;k] ftruk vf/d vki ?kj ij [krjs ;k vfuf'prrk dk lkeuk djrs gSa] mruk gh de tksf[ke ;k=kk djus ;k NksM+us dk çLrko ysus yxrk gSA 3- okLro esa lqjf{kr O;ogkj dk vH;kl djus esa l{ke ugha gksuk & ¶dksbZ vU; fodYi ugha¸

dk dkS'ky ;k ;ksX;rk gS\

,d O;fDr lqjf{kr O;ogkj dk vH;kl djuk pkg ldrk gS ysfdu ,slk djus esa l{ke ugha gks ldrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] ,d O;fDr tks vius ifjokj ds fy, ftEesnkj gS] ysfdu vk; çkIr djus esa vleFkZ gS] mlds ikl lqjf{kr çokl ;k çfrf"Br jkstxkj ,tsafl;ksa ds ekè;e ls tkus dk lk/u ugha gks ldrk gSA 4- lqjf{kr O;ogkj dks O;fDrxr :i ls vLohdk;Z eku ysuk & ¶;g cl vlaHko gSA¸ rhljs dkj.k ds leku] tks yksx bl tksf[ke dks le>rs gSa fd mudh rLdjh dh tk ldrh gS ;k mUgsa xqykeh dh fLFkfr esa etcwj fd;k tk ldrk gS] os bl rjg ds tksf[ke dks ysus ds fy, vfuPNqd gks ldrs gSa] ysfdu lqjf{kr O;ogkj rd igqapus esa ck/kvksa dk lkeuk djrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,] os dkuwuh çokl ;k vkSipkfjd jkstxkj dh 'krksaZ tSls ohtk vko';drkvksa] 'kSf{kd ;ksX;rk ;k ykxr dks iwjk ugha dj ldrs gSaA

D;k ;g esjs ewY;ksa vkSj t:jrksa ds vuq:i gS\

çsj.kk

D;k eSa bls djuk pkgrk gw¡\

D;k esjs ikl bl O;ogkj dk viukus dh çsj.kk gS\

D;k cnyko iQk;nsean gS\

D;k cnyko bls lkfFk;ksa }kjk ldkjkRed :i ls ns[kk tk,xk\

5- lqjf{kr O;ogkj dks ykxw djus ds fy, cus dkuwuksa dks rksM+uk vklku gS & ¶eSa blls cp fudy ldrk gw¡A¸ dqN fLFkfr;ksa esa] ,d O;fDr vHkh Hkh tksf[ke Hkjk O;ogkj dj ldrk gS D;ksafd bl rjg ds O;ogkj dks çfrcaf/r djus okyk dksbZ dkuwu ;k fu;e ugha gS ;k dkuwu lqjf{kr O;ogkj dks ykxw djus esa vçHkkoh gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] ,d O;fDr vfu;fer çokl ls xqtjus ds fy, vf/d bPNqd gks ldrk gS ;k 8

9

10

mDr 7- mDr 7- ty vkSj LoPNrk dk;ZØe (2008)A ,d LoPNrk O;ogkj ifjorZu <kapk fodflr djuk % SaniFOAMA MCY;w,lih dk;Z'kkyk fjiksVZA 21&22 iQjojh 2008] Mjcu] nf{k.k viQhdkA 7

ekuo rLdjh vkSj ,f'k;kbZ fodkl cSad (2011) ij la;qDr jk"Vª varj&,tsalh ifj;kstukA rLdjh dh jksdFkke ij fiQj ls fopkj djukA O;ogkj fl¼kar dks ykxw djus ds fy, ,d xkbMA 12

etcwr leqnk;

>https://www.wsp.org/sites/wsp.org/les/publications/SaniFOAM_Report409_3.pdf>

etcwr leqnk; 13

;g vè;k; eqfDr iQkSt ds ckgj ds laxBuksa ds mnkgj.k nsrk gS ftUgksaus vius dk;ZØeksa esa vks , ,e fl¼kar dks liQyrkiwoZd ykxw fd;k gSA vki vkWuykbu tkdj vkSj lanHkZ esa Vkbi djds ;k fyad ij fDyd djds iwjh fjiksVZ çkIr dj ldrs gSaA

bu mnkgj.kksa esa 'kkfey gSa % 1- fo'o cSad] LoPNrk vkSj gkFk /ksus dk dk;ZØe vius ty vkSj lkiQ&liQkbZ (WASH) dk;ZØe esa] fo'o cSad us vPNs ifj.kke çkIr djus ds fy, is:] lsusxy] ratkfu;k vkSj fo;ruke esa vks-,-,e- <kaps dk mi;ksx fd;k gSA11 muds dk;ZØe esa vks-,-,e- xfrfof/;k¡ 'kkfey Fkha tks fuEufyf[kr dks lacksf/r djrh Fkha % volj % ?kj esa yksxksa dks gkFk /ksus dh vuqefr nsus ds fy, lkcqu vkSj ikuh lgh txg vkSj lgh le; ij gksuk pkfg,A mnkgj.k ds fy,] ;fn gkFk /ksus dk ,d csflu 'kkSpky; ds ikl gS] rks ;g yksxksa dks 'kkSpky; dk mi;ksx djus ds rqjar ckn gkFk /ksus dk ekSdk nsxkA {kerk % yksxksa dks ;g tkuus dh t:jr gS fd gkFk /ksus dh {kerk dSls@gSA cPpksa ds fy,] D;k ifjokj ds lnL; ;k lekt ds lnL; gkFk /ksus dk leFkZu djrs gSa\ mnkgj.k ds fy,] ,d ekrk&firk cPps dks gkFk /ksus esa enn djrs gSa ;k tc os gkFk /ksrs gSa rks mudh ç'kalk djus ls mudh gkFk /ksus dh {kerk c<+ tkrh gSA çsj.kk % ;gka dqN ckrsa è;ku nsus ;ksX; gSa tSls yksx gkFk /ksus ds ckjs esa D;k lksprs gSa\ D;k os ekurs gSa fd vU; phtsa & tSls vkè;kfRed 'kfDr;k¡ ;k ekSle & chekjh dk dkj.k curh gSa vkSj gkFk /ksus ls dksbZ iQdZ ugha iM+rk gS\ vxj os ekurs gSa fd ckgjh rkdrksa dk muds eqdkcys T;knk fu;a=k.k gS] rks muds O;ogkj dks cnyus dh çsj.kk gksus dh laHkkouk de gSA

lh[kuk

eqfDr iQkSt esa vks , ,e dk mi;ksx djrs gq, ,e ,l ,p Vh dh jksdFkke

14

etcwr leqnk;

vxj O;fDr dks yxrk gS fd gkFk /ksus ls iQdZ iM+sxk] rks muds cnyus dh laHkkouk vf/d gksrh gSA ;g blds foijhr Hkh dke djrk gS & mnkgj.k ds fy, dqN ekrkvksa dk ekuuk gS fd gkFk /ksus dk eryc ;g gksxk fd cPpk chekjh ls yM+us ds fy, i;kZIr etcwr ugha gksxkA mUgsa gkFk /ksus dk dksbZ dkj.k utj ugha vk,xkA lkFk gh] vxj blesa dksbZ [krjk 'kkfey gS] rks ;g cnyko dh çsj.kk gks ldrh gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] bcksyk ;k gStk dk [krjk gkFk /ksus ds fy, ,d etcwr çsj.kk gks ldrk gSA

2-

cky tUe vuqla/ku ifj;kstuk] Hkkjr

vuqla/ku ls irk pyk gS fd vko';d tUe çFkk,a çlo esa ekrkvksa vkSj cPpksa dh e`R;q dks de djrh gSa] gkykafd] Hkkjr esa dbZ LokLF; dk;ZdrkZ bu çFkkvksa dk vDlj vkSj@;k vPNh rjg ls mi;ksx ugha djrs gSaA blfy,] 'kks/drkZvksa12 ds ,d lewg us vius dke esa vf/d vko';d tUe çFkkvksa dk mi;ksx djus ds fy, tUe ifjpkjdksa ds O;ogkj dks cnyus ds fy, ,d dk;ZØe rS;kj fd;kA mUgksaus ;g ,d dksfpax dk;ZØe ds ekè;e ls fd;k ftls vks , ,e <kaps dk mi;ksx djds fodflr fd;k x;k FkkA 11

12

mDr 6- fg'kZpksuZ] fylk vkSj ØkLus] ,V vy (2018)A volj&{kerk çsj.kk O;ogkj dk ,dhdj.k Hkkjr esa ,d dksfpax&vk/kfjr MCY;w,pvks lsiQ pkbYMcFkZ psdfyLV dk;ZØe esa <kaps dks cnyrk gSA L=kh jksx vkSj çlwfr dh varjkZ"Vªh; if=kdkA 142- 10-1002@ijgo-12542https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6099329/ etcwr leqnk; 15

volj % mUgsa fuEufyf[kr lqfuf'pr djus lfgr cqfu;knh ck/kvksa dks nwj djus dh vko';drk Fkh % CyM çs'kj e'khu dke dj jgh Fkh_ gkFk /ksus ds fy, yscj :e esa ikuh Fkk_ eka dk rkieku ysus ds fy, FkekZehVj FkkA {kerk % ;g igpkuk x;k fd tUe ifjpkjd ekrkvksa esa mPp jDrpki ds y{k.kksa dks Bhd ls ugha tkurs Fks ;k ekrkvksa dks Bhd ls ugha le>krs FksA mUgsa Hkh eka dk CyM çs'kj ysus dk egRo ugha irk FkkA blfy,] mUgksaus tUe ifjpkjdksa dks mPp jDrpki ds [krjs ds ladsrksa vkSj ek¡ ds jDrpki dks ysus ds egRo ij çf'kf{kr fd;kA çsj.kk % ;g igys ls gh Fkk D;ksafd tUe ifjpkjd ekrkvksa vkSj cPpksa dh e`R;q dks jksduk pkgrs FksA bl ekeys ds vè;;u esa] vkB eghus ds ckn ds 'kks/ us tUe ifjpkjdksa }kjk vko';d tUe çFkkvksa ds voyksdu esa 11 çfr'kr dh o`f¼ fn[kkbZA

3-

ifjokj fu;kstu ifj;kstuk] mÙkjh ukbthfj;k

mÙkjh ukbthfj;k esa ifjokj fu;kstu lsokvksa dh ekax c<+kus ds y{; ds lkFk] ifjokj LokLF; laxBu (,l ,iQ ,p) }kjk ,d ifjokj fu;kstu ifj;kstuk ykxw dh xbZ FkhA igpkus x, leqnk;ksa esa] ifjokj fu;kstu lsokvksa ds ykHkksa ds ckjs esa Kku dh deh Fkh] vkSj cPpksa ds chp dh nwjh ds ckjs esa feFkd vkSj Hkzkafr;ka çpfyr FkhaA leqnk; ds lkFk ckrphr ds ckn] Vhe us fuEufyf[kr fLFkfr dk vkdyu fd;k % lkekftd ekunaM % xHkZfujks/d ds nq"çHkkoksa vkSj iq#"k&ç/ku fu.kZ; ysus dh ç.kkyh ds Mj ds dkj.k mÙkjh ukbthfj;k esa efgykvksa }kjk bldk de mi;ksx fd;k x;kA eukso`fÙk % leqnk; ds lnL; ifjokj fu;kstu ds ykHkksa ds ckjs esa la'k; esa Fks vkSj mudk ekuuk Fkk fd lsokvksa dk mi;ksx djus ls cka>iu gksxkA dkuwu % ljdkj us ifjokj fu;kstu lsokvksa dks c<+kok nsus dk leFkZu fd;k] ysfdu ;g xfr /heh Fkh D;ksafd /kkfeZd ekU;rkvksa vkSj vf/dkj ds ekè;e ls lkekftd ekunaMksa dks oS/ cuk;k x;k FkkA okafNr O;ogkj ifjorZu % ifjokj fu;kstu fof/;ksa dk mi;ksx djds efgyk,a lqjf{kr eglwl djsa vkSj mudk yacs le; rd mi;ksx djsaA tokc esa] ifj;kstuk esa fuEufyf[kr vks,,e xfrfof/;ka 'kkfey Fkha % volj % tgk¡ ;g vkdyu fd;k x;k Fkk fd xSj&gkeksZuy ifjokj fu;kstu rd igqap ugha gS] ogka pØ eksrh ds :i esa tkuk tkus okyk ,d çkÑfrd rjhdk fl[kk;k x;k FkkA {kerk vkSj çsj.kk % lkekftd ekunaMksa vkSj eukso`fÙk;ksa dks nwj djus ds fy, tks ifjorZu esa ck/k,a iSnk dj jgs Fks] dk;ZØe us efgykvksa dks ifjokj fu;kstu ds ykHkksa dks le>us esa enn dhA feFkdksa dks nwj djus ds fy, iq#"kksa vkSj efgykvksa nksuksa dks yf{kr djds çf'kf{kr yksxksa ds lkFk vkeus&lkeus cSBdsa dh xbZaA bl tkudkjh esa ifjokj fu;kstu ds fofHkUu rjhdksa dk mi;ksx djus ds rjhds ij leFkZu 'kkfey FkkA

16

etcwr leqnk;

etcwr leqnk; 17

ge tkurs gSa fd egRoiw.kZ ckrphr gj le; gekjh dksj ds Hkhrj gksrh gS vkSj leqnk; ds lkFk vkeuk&lkeuk gksrk gSA vks , ,e bu okrkZykiksa dks O;ogkj ifjorZu esa enn djus vkSj vljnkj cukus esa vf/kd l{ke gks ldrk gSA blfy,] vks , ,e ds ekè;e ls lkspuk egRoiw.kZ gS vkSj bu okrkZykiksa dks djus ls igys leqnk; ds okrkoj.k esa gksus okyh ckrphr ij bls dSls ykxw fd;k tk ldrk gSA vkids vuqlkj gksus okyh ckrphr ds fy, vks , ,e dSls ykxw fd;k tk,] ;g le>us esa vkidh enn djus ds fy,] ;g [kaM çkstsDV ds nks mnkgj.k fu/kZfjr djrk gS vkSj ;g irk yxkrk gS fd mu ij vks , ,e dSls ykxw fd;k tk,A

mnkgj.k 1 fiQyhihal VsfjVjh esa] dksj leqnk; esa ?kj dk nkSjk djus ds fy, çf'kf{kr Lo;a lsodksa ds ,d lewg dk leFkZu djrk gSA ;s vkeus&lkeus eqykdkrsa O;fDr ds ?kj esa gksrh gSa vkSj fo'ks"k :i ls mu ifjokjksa ds lkFk ftuds cPps gSa vkSj tks vkWuykbu ;kSu 'kks"k.k dh pisV esa vk ldrs gSaA lewg % fiQyhihal ds Hkhrj ,d leqnk;] ns'k dks cPpksa ds vkWuykbu ;kSu 'kks"k.k (vks-,l-bZ-lh-) dk lcls cM+k Kkr lzksr dgk tkrk gSA

vks , ,e fl¼kar leqnk; vkSj dksj dh ckrphr ds fy, çsj.kk dks çHkkfor djuk 18

etcwr leqnk;

orZeku n`f"Vdks.k lkekftd ekunaM % fiQyhihal esa ;g ,d vkn'kZ gS fd ,d ifjokj ds lnL; ,d&nwljs ls jgL; j[krs gSa] [kkldj tc muds lkFk ;kSu 'kks"k.k tSlh cqjh phtsa gksrh gSaA blfy,] ekrk&firk dks ;g ugha irk gks ldrk gS fd muds cPpksa dk 'kks"k.k fd;k tk jgk gSA tc voS/ O;kikj djus okys muds cPpksa dk 'kks"k.k djus dk bjknk j[krs gSa] rks os enn ds fy, Hkh ugha igqap ldrs gSaA eukso`fr % vkWuykbu ;kSu 'kks"k.k iSlk dekus dk ,d rjhdk gS (tSlk fd vks ,l bZ lh ds ekè;e ls vius cPpksa dk 'kks"k.k djus okyh ekrkvksa }kjk ekuk tkrk gS)A dkuwu % fiQyhihal esa] vks-,l-bZ-lh- dkuwu }kjk fuf"k¼ gS (tSlk fd O;fDr;ksa esa rLdjh fojks/h vf/fu;e] lkbcj vijk/ jksdFkke vf/fu;e vkSj cky nqoZ~;ogkj fojks/h dkuwu }kjk vfuok;Z gS)A O;ogkj % dkuwu ds ckotwn] vks-,l-bZ-lh- iQyrk & iQwyrk gS D;ksafd lqfo/kdrkZ] T;knkrj cPpksa ds ekrk&firk] lkFk gh ifjokj ;k leqnk; ds vU; lnL;] iSls ds ykyp ls çsfjr gksrs gSa vkSj bls vius cPpksa ds vf/dkjksa ds mYya?ku ds :i esa ugha ns[krs gSaA idM+s tkus ij] mudk ekuuk gS fd vk ,l bZ lh ds [kjhnkjksa ds lkeus cPpksa dks mtkxj djuk cPpksa dh xfjek dks u"V ugha djrk gS D;ksafd os vijkf/;ksa }kjk 'kkjhfjd :i ls idM+s ugha tkrs gSaA etcwr leqnk;

19

okafNr O;ogkj ifjorZu

Ÿ

vkids ?kj esa fu.kZ; dkSu ysrk gS\ (;g lkekftd ekunaMksa dks çdV djus esa enn dj ldrk gSA)

eqfDr iQkSt pkgrh gS fd ifjokj vks ,l bZ lh dks le>sa fd ;g D;k gS] bldk cPpksa ij udkjkRed nwjxkeh ifj.kke gksrk gS vkSj bls vius ?kjksa esa lfØ; :i ls jksdk tkuk pkfg,A

Ÿ

D;k vkids cPps dh baVjusV rd igqap gS\ (blls ;g fn[kkus esa enn fey ldrh gS fd dkSu ls volj ekStwn gSaA)

leqnk; ds ekè;e ls ekuo rLdjh ds ckjs esa O;ogkj cnyus dh dksf'k'k djrs le;

mnkgj.k 2 ratkfu;k VsfjVjh esa] ,d dksj vkWfiQlj ,d leqnk; esa tkrh gS tgka cPpksa dh rLdjh dk Åapk eksy&Hkko gksrk gSA tc og leqnk; esa gksrh gS] rks og voS/ O;kikj] fo'ks"k :i ls cPpksa dks LFkkuh; Ldwy esa j[kus vkSj cM+s 'kgjksa esa f'k{kk ds tksf[ke Hkjs çLrkoksa dks Lohdkj ugha djus ds ckjs esa tkudkjh çnku djus ds fy, LFkkuh; xkao ds lnL;ksa ds lkFk ,d cSBd dh O;oLFkk djrh gSA lewg % xzkeh.k ratkfu;k esa xzkeh.k leqnk;] xkao ds cqtqxZ] Ldwyh mez ds cPpksa ds ekrk&firk vkSj vU;ksa ds lkFkA

orZeku n`f"Vdks.k % lkekftd ekunaM % xjhc xzkeh.k leqnk;ksa ds cPpksa ds fy, ?kjsyw lgk;rk çnku djus ds cnys 'kgj esa fj'rsnkjksa ds lkFk jguk lkekU; ekuk tkrk gSA eukso`fÙk % ,slk çrhr gksrk gS fd yksx lksprs gSa fd ;g çFkk lkekU; vkSj lqjf{kr gSA dkuwu % ratkfu;k esa] 16 lky ls de mez ds cPpksa dks ?kjsyw dkexkjksa ds :i esa dke ij j[kus dh vuqefr ugha gSA O;ogkj % dkuwu ds ckotwn] ifjokj cM+s 'kgjksa esa vius cPps ds Ldwy tkus ds fy, rLdjksa ds çLrko dks Lohdkj dj ysrs gSa] ;s rLdj muds ;k muds fj'rsnkjksa dh tku&igpku ds gksrs gSaA mUgsa crk;k tkrk gS fd muds cPps ,d ifjokj ds lkFk jgsaxs vkSj Ldwy ds ckn ?kjsyw lgk;rk çnku djsaxsA dHkh&dHkh ifjokjksa dks eqvkots dh is'kd'k dh tk,xhA lHkh ifjogu dh O;oLFkk rLdj }kjk dh tkrh gSA

okafNr O;ogkj ifjorZu % eqfDr iQkSt ds dk;ZdrkZ pkgrs gSa fd ifjokj vius cPpksa dks LFkkuh; Ldwy esa j[ksa] fo'ks"k :i ls ifjokjksa ds ikl vius cPpksa ls laidZ djus dk dksbZ rjhdk ugha gS] tc os xkao NksM+ nsrs gSaA

eSa viuh dksj esa D;k dj ldrk gw¡\ ;gka dqN ,sls ç'uksa ds mnkgj.k fn, x, gSa tks vki leqnk; esa ekuo rLdjh ds ckjs esa ckrphr 'kq: djrs le; iwN ldrs gSa % Ÿ

D;k vki vius cPps dks fons'k tkus ds fy, çksRlkfgr djsaxs\ (bl rjg ds ç'u vkidks fdlh ds orZeku joS;s dks le>us esa enn dj ldrs gSaA)

20

etcwr leqnk;

pj.k

lgk;d lalk/u

1- og O;fDr ;k lewg dkSu gS ftlds lkFk vki ckrphr djsaxs\ muds orZeku n`f"Vdks.k] lkekftd ekunaM vkSj O;ogkj D;k gSa vkSj O;ogkj ifjorZu D;k gS tks vki pkgrs gSa fd os çkIr djsa\

fparu'khy if=kdk bl çfØ;k esa enn dj ldrh gS & ifjf'k"V I

2- O;ogkj ifjorZu ds fy, çklafxd volj] {kerk vkSj çsj.kk dkjdksa dh igpku djsaA

vks-,-,e- 'khV dk ç;ksx djsa tSlk fd uhps fn, x, mnkgj.kksa esa fn[kk;k x;k gS & ifjf'k"V II

3- igpku dh xbZ ck/kvksa ds laHkkfor lek/kuksa ij fopkj djsa tks O;fDr] ifjokj] leqnk; ;k laxBu dks muds O;ogkj dks cnyus esa lgk;rk djsaxsA

fo'okl&vk/kfjr lq f o/k çfØ;k vkSj midj.kksa dk mi;ksx djsaA

4- D;k vki ;k dksbZ vU;] ifjokj ;k leqnk; gS tks dke dj ldrk gS ;k lek/ku ds fy, enn dj ldrk gS\

fo'okl&vk/kfjr lq f o/k çfØ;k vkSj midj.kksa dk mi;ksx djsaA

ftl lewg ds lkFk vki dke djsaxsA mldh xgjh le> gkfly djuk t:jh gSA

etcwr leqnk; 21

vkb, ratkfu;k ds mnkgj.k ds ekè;e ls ,d lkFk dke djsa %

vkb, fiQyhihal ds mnkgj.k ds ekè;e ls ,d lkFk dke djsa % vks , ,e Js.kh

volj D;k dksbZ ckgjh dkjd gS tks O;ogkj dks cnyus dh {kerk dks çHkkfor djrs gSa\ D;k bls viukuk vklku gS\

{kerk D;k og ,slk djus esa l{ke gSa\ D;k muds ikl bl O;ogkj dks viukus dk dkS'ky ;k {kerk gS\

vks , ,e ds fy, vko';d dkjdksa dh igpku djsa cPpksa ds fy, baVjusV rd vklku igq¡pA fons'kksa esa dke djus okys dbZ fiQfyfiuksa ds dkj.k dbZ çs"k.k daifu;k¡ gSA leqnk; esa ukSdfj;k¡ ;kSu 'kkS"k.k dh rqyuk esa cgqr de Hkqxrku djrh gSaA D;k og lksprs gSa fd O;kolkf;d ;kSu 'kks"k.k xyr vuSfrd gS vkSj blds cgqr gh udkjkRed ifj.kke gSa\ D;k ;kSu 'kks"k.k ds vykok ifjokj ds fy, vk; dk dksbZ vU; fodYi gS\

D;k ;g muds ewY;ksa vkSj t:jrksa ds vuq:i gS\

ck/kvksa ds laHkkfor lek/ku ekrk firk dks vius cPPkksa ds baVjusV mi;ksx esa ekrk firk ds fu;a=k.k ds egRo vkSj mi;ksx ds ckjs esa f'kf{kr djukA ekrk&firk dks gkfudkjd nh?kZdkfyd ifj.kkeksa&ds ckjs esa f'kf{kr djuk] tks vYidkfyd foÙkh; ykHkksa ls vf/d gksxkA leqnk; ls fopkjksa ds fy, iwNas fd og iw¡th çkIr djus] O;olk; 'kq: djus vkSj vk; c<+kus ds fy, ,d nwljs dk leFkZu dSls dj ldrs gSaA & D;k og cpr vkSj ½.k ;kstuk 'kq: dj ldrs gSa\ leqnk; dks vks-,l-bZ-lh- ds ckjs esa f'kf{kr djsaA tSlk fd og vks-,l-bZ-lh- ds ewy dkj.k dks lacksf/r djrs gSaA og vf/d vk'oLr gks tkrs gSa fd mUgsa vius lkFkh leqnk; ds lnL;ksa ds vkfFkZd Lrj dks Åij mBkus esa ,d nwljs dh enn djus dh vko';drk gS rkfd og vks-,l-bZ-lh- dks vkfFkZd fodYi ds :i esa u ns[ksaA cPpksa ds fy, fo'okl;ksX; ekgkSy cukus ds fy, ifjokjksa dks vks-,l-bZ-lh- ds ckjs esa f'kf{kr djsa] tgk¡ cPps vius ekrk&firk ;k ukfer o;Ld rd igq¡p ldrs gSa] ;fn mUgsa vks-,l-bZ-lh- dk dksbZ y{k.k fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA

çsj.kk D;k og bls djrk pkgrs gSa\ D;k bls muds lkfFk;ksa }kjk ldkjkRed :i ls ns[kk tk,xk\ D;k muds ikl bl O;ogkj dks viukus dh çsj.kk gS\ 22 etcwr leqnk;

,d cM+h jkf'k çkIr djus dk fopkj cgqr yqHkkouk gSA

vks-,-,e- Js.kh volj D;k dksbZ ckgjh dkjd gS tks O;ogkj dks cnyus dh {kerk dks çHkkfor djrs gSa\ D;k bls viukuk vklku gS\

{kerk D;k og ,slk djus esa l{ke gSa\ D;k muds ikl bl O;ogkj dks viukus dk dkS'ky ;k {kerk gS\ D;k ;g muds ewY;ksa vkSj t:jrksa ds vuq:i gS\

çsj.kk D;k og bls djrk pkgrs gSa\

vks-,-,e- ds fy, vko';d dkjdksa dh igpku djsa

ck/kvksa ds laHkkfor lek/ku

D;k ekrk&firk vius cPpksa dks LFkkuh; Ldwy esa j[k ldrs gSa\

,d LFkkuh; Ldwy gS tgk¡ cPps Hkkx ys ldrs gSaA

vxj cPpsa Ldwy tkrs gSa rks Ldwy ds ckn og vius ifjokjksa ds leFkZu djus esa l{ke gSa\

ifjokj cgqr xjhc gSa vkSj cM+h eqf'dy ls xqtkjk djrs gSaA Ldwy dh vksj] D;k mUgsa djuk gksxk Ldwy Hkstus] onhZ vkSj fdrkcksa dk [kpZ\ D;k og f'k{kk dks ,d ojh;r ds :i esa ns[krs gSa ;k vf/d çkFkfedrk vk; mRiUu djus okyk\ dqN iSls çkIr djus dk fopkj cgqr yqHkkouk gSA og rc dj ldrs gSa fd tc ihNs jgus okys ifjokj dh ns[kHkky djsaA

D;k og 'kq: dj ldrs gSa cpr vkSj ½.k ;kstuk ds ckjss esa fd leqnk; esa fopkjksa ds fy, dSls leFkZu dj ldrs gS fd ,d nwljs dks Ldwy dh fdrkcsa vkSj Ldwy onhZ ysus ds fy,A

,sls ifjokjksa dk mnkgj.k nks ftudks Hkqxrku dk oknk fd;k x;k FkkA

D;k bls muds lkfFk;ksa }kjk ldkjkRed :i ls ns[kk tk,xk\ D;k muds ikl bl O;ogkj dks viukus dh çsj.kk gS\

vks-,l-bZ-lh- dh jksdFkke ds fy, igq¡pA ,sls ifjokjksa dks yk,¡ tks vks-,l-bZ-lh- ds f'kdkj Fks] rkfd nwljksa ds cpko ds fy, viuh dgkfu;ksa dks lk>k djsaA mUgsa dkuwuksa ds ckjs esa] fjiksZV djus ds ckjs esa vkSj vf/d tkudkjh nsaA leqnk;ksa dks] Ldwyksa dk] ppksZa dks vks-,lbZ-lh- ds ckjs esa f'kf{kr djus ds fy, nwljksa ds lkFk lk>snkjh djsaA etcwr leqnk; 23

çsj.kk dks çHkkfor djuk

Ÿ og lksprk gS fd ;g mldh csVh ds lkFk ugha gksxkA (tksf[ke dks O;fDrxr djus esa foiQyrk)

bu mnkgj.kksa dks i<+us ds ckn] vki ik ldrs gSa fd dksbZ O;fDr @ lewg vHkh Hkh bl ckr ij tksj ns jgk gS fd og viuk O;ogkj ugha cnysaxsA

Ÿ mls yxrk gS fd vxj og 'kgj esa ugha xbZ rks mldh gkyr vkSj [kjkc gks tk,xhA ([kksus ds fy, dqN ugha)

ge ;g ns[kuk pkgrs gSa fd dkSu ls dkjd O;ogkj esa cnyko dks çsfjr dj ldrs gSa] Hkys gh joS;k u cnysA vkb, bu rhu ç'uksa ij fopkj djsa %13

Ÿ og ifjokj dh t:jrksa dks iwjk djus dk dksbZ vU; rjhdk ugha ns[krk gSA (dksbZ vU; fodYi ugha)

1- dkSu viuk fopkj cny ldrk gS\

rks gks ldrk gS fd ge firk dks Hkfo"; esa ns[kus ds fy, dg ldsa fd mldh csVh ds lkFk D;k gks ldrk gS vxj og dke djus ds fy, 'kgj tkrh gS ;k vxj og Ldwy [kRe djus ds fy, ?kj ij jgrh gSA

2- dkSu&lk rdZ muds fopkj cny ldrk gS\ 3- D;k dksbZ çksRlkgu @ naM gS tks mUgsa viuk fopkj cnyus ds fy, çksRlkfgr dj ldrk gS\ bls çnf'kZr djus ds fy, ge nks mnkgj.kksa dk mi;ksx djsaxs & ,d ratkfu;k ls vkSj nwljk jksekfu;k lsA

ratkfu;k mnkgj.k leqnk; esa ,d firk vHkh Hkh bl ckr ij tksj nsrk gS fd mldh csVh ds fy, 'kgj tkuk csgrj gS tgka og ?kjsyw enn çnku dj ldrh gS vkSj mldh etnwjh xkao esa jgus vkSj Ldwy tkus ds ctk; ifjokj dk leFkZu djrh gSA 1- dkSu mlds fopkj cny ldrk gS\ a. mu yksxksa ;k phtksa dh lwph cuk,a tks vkidks yxrk gS fd viuh csVh dks dke ij 'kgj Hkstus ds ckjs esa firk ds fopkj dks cnyus esa l{ke gksaxsA ;s gks ldrs gSa] ysfdu bUgha rd lhfer ugha gSa % iRuh] ekrk&firk] cPps] leqnk; ds usrk] fj'rsnkj] ckWl] Vhoh @ jsfM;ks dk;ZØe] jktuhfrd usrk vkfnA b. lwph esa 'kh"kZ ikap yksxksa dks jSad djsa vkSj muds fopkj cnyus dh lcls vf/d laHkkouk D;ksa gSA 2- dkSu&lk rdZ mlds fopkj dks cny ldrk gS\ vc ge tkurs gSa fd dkSu viuk eu cny ldrk gS] ge tkuuk pkgrs gSa fd os viuk eu cnyus ds fy, D;k dg ldrs gSaA gesa ;g ;kn j[kus dh t:jr gS fd dsoy tkx:drk dk eryc ges'kk O;ogkj esa cnyko ugha gksrk gSA firk dks bl ckr dh tkudkjh gks ldrh gS fd ml yM+dh dk D;k gks ldrk gS ftls ?kjsyw dke ds fy, 'kgj Hkst fn;k tkrk gS & mnkgj.k ds fy, mlls vf/d dke fy;k tk ldrk gS] mldh etnwjh dk Hkqxrku ugha fd;k tk ldrk gS] og ;kSu vkSj @ ;k 'kkjhfjd 'kks"k.k ds v/hu gks ldrh gSA gkyk¡fd] ;g tkudkjh mlds O;ogkj dks ugha cny ldrh gS D;ksafd geus igys mu dkj.kksa dk mYys[k fd;k gSA 13

fudksyk tksUl] ,fytkcsFk çsLyj&ek'kZy] ,fXut~dk eykpksLdk] ,Eek tksUl] twM lktnh] fdQk cfu;ksosnk] odZusg ;kns] xqMs ,fejh vkSj fdvk xstkgsxus (2019)A cky fookg dh xfr'khyrk dk irk yxkus ds fy, xq.kkRed 'kks/ VwyfdV vkSj jksdFkke dks dSls rst fd;k tk,A < https://www.gage.odi.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Qualitativeresearch-toolkit-onmarriage_WEB.pdf?mc_cid=1711854277&mc_eid=799ec735f7> 24

etcwr leqnk;

csVh dke djus 'kgj tkrh gSA

og vf/d dke djus yxrh gS vkSj mlds ekfydksa }kjk mlds lkFk nqO;Zogkj fd;k tkrk gSA og mls 'kgj Hkstus ds fy, vius firk ls ukjkt+ gS vkSj ifjokj ls laidZ dkV nsrh gSA og nqO;Zogkj ds dkj.k cgqr chekj gks tkrh gS vkSj ns[kHkky ds vHkko esa mls nh?kZdkfyd LokLF; leL;k,sa gksus yxrh gSaA og vc viuh chekjh ds dkj.k dke ugha dj ldrh] ?kj okil vk tkrh gS vkSj ifjokj dh vk; esa ;ksxnku ugha dj ldrh gSA

csVh i<+kbZ [kRe djus ds fy, ?kj ij jgrh gSA og Ldwy tkrh gS] ukSdjh vkSj ,d vk; gkfly djrh gS tks ifjokj dks pykus esa enn dj ldrh gSA og vius HkkbZ&cguksa vkSj leqnk; ds vU; ;qokvksa ds fy, ,d vkn'kZ cu tkrh gS tks i<+us ds fy, çsfjr gksrs gSaA mudh csVh us tks fd;k gS] mlds dkj.k muds firk dks leqnk; esa cgqr lEeku feyrk gSA

3- D;k dksbZ çksRlkgu @ naM gS tks mUgsa viuk fopkj cnyus ds fy, çksRlkfgr dj ldrk gS\ firk vHkh Hkh viuh csVh dks dke ij 'kgj Hkstus ds vius iQSlys dks cnyus ds fy, rS;kj ugha gks ldrk gSA pw¡fd ge mldk eu ugha cny ldrs] D;k dksbZ ,slh pht gS tks fdlh çdkj mlds O;ogkj dks cny ldrh gS\ a. vxj og viuh csVh dks Ldwy esa jgus nsrk gS rks D;k ge mls dqN ns ldrs gSa\ (çksRlkguA) mnkgj.k ds fy,] iSlk ;k Hkkstu gj eghus ;k dqN vof/ ds fy, tc rd fd mldh csVh Ldwy esa gS\ mu ekrk&firk ds fy, ,d iqjLdkj ;k igpku ftuds cPpksa us Ldwy iwjk fd;k gS\ b. vxj og viuh csVh dks dke ij 'kgj Hkst ns rks D;k ge mlls dqN ys ldrs gSa\ (tqekZukA) mnkgj.k ds fy,] 16 lky ls de mez ds mlds fdlh Hkh cPps ds fy, tqekZuk tks Ldwy esa ugha gS\ ;g çksRlkgu @ naM vkerkSj ij dkuwuksa }kjk yxk, tkrs gSa vkSj ;g egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fn[kkrs gSa fd 'kklu yksxksa ds O;ogkj dks cnyus esa Hkwfedk fuHkk ldrk gSA etcwr leqnk; 25

jksekfu;k mnkgj.k dksj esa Hkkx ysus okyh ,d ;qok efgyk us ,d vPNs fn[kus okys iq#"k ds lkFk laca/ 'kq: dj fn;k gS tks mlds fy, migkj [kjhnrk gS vkSj ml ij cgqr è;ku nsrk gSA og ,d cgqr gh xjhc ifjokj ls gS vkSj mlds ikl dksbZ vkSipkfjd dk;Z vuqHko ;k gkbZ Ldwy ds ckn dh ;ksX;rk ugha gSA ;g ,d mnkgj.k gS ftls vkerkSj ij rLdjh ds ¶yojckW;¸ rjhds ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA vke rkSj ij] ,d iq#"k ,d ;qok yM+dh ;k efgyk dks ,d fj'rs esa rS;kj djsxk] mlds fy, migkj [kjhnsxk vkSj mls fo'okl fnyk,xk fd os I;kj esa gSaA fdlh fcanq ij og lq>ko nsxk fd os 'kknh djus ds fy, xqIr :i ls fons'k ;k=kk djrs gSa ;k rkfd og dqN dke dj ldsaA vkSj tc os fons'k esa gksrs gSa] rks mldk 'kks"k.k fd;k tkrk gS vkSj 'kkjhfjd] ;kSu vkSj HkkoukRed :i ls nqoZ~;ogkj fd;k tkrk gSA bl ekWMy dk mi;ksx djus okys voS/ O;kikjdrkZ vkerkSj ij mu ;qok yM+fd;ksa vkSj efgykvksa dk f'kdkj djrs gSa tks lkekftd :i ls vyx&Fkyx gSa] ;k xjhc ;k fc[kjs gq, ifjokjksa ls gSaA 1- mldk eu dkSu cny ldrk gS\ a. mu lHkh yksxksa dh ,d lwph cuk,a tks vkidks yxrk gS fd bl vkneh ds lkFk fj'rs esa gksus ;k mlds lkFk fons'k ;k=kk djus ds ckjs esa mlds fopkj dks cnyus esa l{ke gksaxsA mnkgj.k ds fy,] tgk¡ çklafxd gks vkSj ;gha rd lhfer u gks] ,sls yksxksa esa ,d Ldwy f'k{kd] cky laj{k.k dsl odZj] lkekftd lsok,a çnku djus okyk dksbZ vU; laxBu] ,d Hkjkslsean ifjokj dk lnL; ;k ,d djhch nksLr 'kkfey gks ldrk gSA b. lwph esa 'kh"kZ ikap yksxksa dks jSad djsa vkSj muds fopkj cnyus dh lcls vf/d laHkkouk D;ksa gSA

;qok yM+dh ;k efgyk ,d iq:"k ds lkFk fj'rs esa jgrh gS vkSj fons'k ;k=kk djrh gSA mlds ikliksVZ vkSj eksckby iQksu lfgr mlds futh nLrkost gVk fn;s tkrs gSaA mls crk;k tkrk gS fd mls vius çseh dks lHkh migkjksa ds fy, tks mlus [kjhns gSa] fons'k ;k=kk fVdV lfgr okil Hkqxrku djus dh t:jr gSA mls os';ky; esa ;k çseh ds fu;a=k.k esa [kqysvke os';ko`fr ds fy, etcwj fd;k tkrk gSA mls yxrk gS fd ;g lc mldh xyrh gS vkSj og bl fLFkfr esa jgus dh gdnkj gSA nqO;Zogkj ds dkj.k og cgqr chekj gks tkrh gS vkSj ns[kHkky ds vHkko esa mls nh?kZdkfyd LokLF; leL;k,sa gksus yxrh gSaA og xHkZorh gks tkrh gS vkSj mls vius cPps dk xHkZikr djkus ds fy, etcwj fd;k tkrk gS ;k og mlds cPps dk mi;ksx HkkoukRed fu;a=k.k ds ,d vkSj rjhds ds :i esa djrk gSA

;qok yM+dh ;k efgyk dksj vkSj lkekftd lsokvksa ls leFkZu Lohdkj djrh gS vkSj jksekfu;k esa jgrh gSA og ,d lkekftd laLFkk ls Ldwy tkus ;k ukSdjh vkSj vk; ikus ds çLrko dks Lohdkj djrh gS tks mldh ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks cnyus esa enn dj ldrh gSA og vius HkkbZ&cguksa vkSj leqnk; ds vU; ;qokvksa ds fy, ,d vkn'kZ cu tkrh gSA og vius vè;;u ;k O;kolkfgd çf'k{k.k dk;ZØe ds fy, çfrc¼ gS vkSj lqjf{kr :i ls iyk;u ds fy, i;kZIr /u cpkus esa l{ke gSA og ,d ,sls vkneh ls feyrh gS tks mlls lPpk I;kj djrk gS vkSj mlds lkFk nqO;ogkj ugha djsxkA

2- dkSu&lk rdZ mlds eu dks cny ldrk gS\

3- D;k dksbZ çksRlkgu @ naM gS tks mUgsa viuk fopkj cnyus ds fy, çksRlkfgr dj ldrk gS\

vc ge tkurs gSa fd mldk eu dkSu cny ldrk gS] ge tkuuk pkgrs gSa fd os mlds eu dks cnyus ds fy, D;k dg ldrs gSaA gesa ;g ;kn j[kus dh t:jr gS fd dsoy tkx:drk dk eryc ges'kk O;ogkj esa cnyko ugha gksrk gSA

gks ldrk gS og vHkh Hkh viuk eu cnyus vkSj ml fj'rs dks NksM+us ds fy, rS;kj u gks ftlesa og gSA vxj ge mldk fopkj ugha cny ldrs gSa] rks D;k ,slk dqN gS tks fdlh çdkj mlds O;ogkj dks cny ldrk gS\

mls rLdjh ds ckjs esa irk gks ldrk gS vkSj mls bl ckr dh dksbZ le> ugha gS fd igyh ckj esa mls mlls I;kj D;ksa gqvkA mls ;g vthc yx ldrk gS fd mls 'kknh djus ds fy, mlds lkFk ;k=kk djuh pkfg, ;k viuh 'kknh ds fy, iSls cpkus ds fy, mlds lkFk fons'k esa dke djuk pkfg,] Hkys gh mlds ikl dksbZ ;ksX;rk ugha gS vkSj og Hkk"kk ugha cksyrh gSA fiQj Hkh og bl lkjh tkudkjh dks vçklafxd eku ldrh gS D;ksafd og xgjkbZ ls ekurh gS fd os I;kj esa gSaA

Ÿ og lksprh gS fd mlds lkFk ,slk ugha gksxk D;ksafd os okLro esa I;kj esa gSaA (tksf[ke dks O;fDrxr djus esa foiQyrk)

Ÿ mls yxrk gS fd jksekfu;k esa mlds fy, oSls Hkh dqN ugha gSA ([kksus ds fy, dqN ugha)

a. vxj og fj'rk NksM+dj jksekfu;k esa jgus dk iQSlyk djrh gS rks D;k ge mls dqN ns ldrs gSa\ (çksRlkgu) mnkgj.k ds fy,] ,d O;kolkf;d çf'k{k.k Ldwy esa ços'k ;k dksj esa ,d laj{kd ls leFkZu tks mls ns[kHkky vkSj lgk;rk çnku dj ldrk gS\ b. D;k ge mls crk ldrs gSa fd vxj mldh rLdjh dh tkrh gS vkSj mldk 'kks"k.k fd;k tkrk gS] fiQj Hkh og jksekfu;k ykSVus dk çca/u djrh gS] rks mlds çseh ij eqdnek pyk;k tk,xk vkSj mls tsy dh ltk dk lkeuk djuk iM+sxk] Hkys gh og vHkh Hkh mlls I;kj djrh gksA (naM) ;s çksRlkgu @ naM vkerkSj ij dkuwuksa }kjk yxk, tkrs gSa vkSj ;g egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fn[kkrs gSa fd 'kklu yksxksa ds O;ogkj dks cnyus esa Hkwfedk fuHkk ldrk gSA

Ÿ mlds ifjokj esa vU; HkkbZ&cgu ;k ifjokj ds lnL; gks ldrs gSa] og lksprh gS fd tc og ,d /uh O;fDr ls lqjf{kr :i ls 'kknh dj ysrh gS rks og enn dj ldrh gSA (dksbZ vU; fodYi ugha)A rks gks ldrk gS fd ge mls Hkfo"; esa ns[kus ds fy, dgsa fd D;k gks ldrk gS vxj og fj'rs esa jgrh gS vkSj ml vkneh ds lkFk fons'k ;k=kk djrh gS ;k vxj og jksekfu;k esa jgrh gS vkSj ogka voljksa ij è;ku dsafær djrh gSA 26

etcwr leqnk;

etcwr leqnk; 27

ifjf'k"V

ifjf'k"V

ifjf'k"V I

eSa ckrphr ds ckjs esa D;k cnyw¡xk\

eq>s ;s ifjorZu D;ksa djus pkfg,\

ckrphr dk urhtk D;k jgk\

eSa bl ifj.kke ds ckjs esa dSlk eglwl djrk gwa\

fparu'khy if=kdk & rLdjh fojks/h jksdFkke dk;ZØeksa esa O;ogkj cnyuk leqnk; vkSj dksj ckrphr dh lqfo/k nsus okyksa ds fy, %

fVIif.k;ka

fopkj

ckrphr ds nkSjku D;k gqvk\ fooj.k nsa

eSa bl ckrphr ds ckjs esa dSlk eglwl djrk gw¡\

ckrphr ds nkSjku D;k vPNk gqvk\

eq>s D;ksa yxrk gS fd ;s lc dqN vPNk jgk\

D;k eq>s dksbZ vkSj dkjZokbZ djus dh t:jr gS\ ;fn ,slk gS rks eSa ;g dSls d:¡xk\

28

etcwr leqnk;

etcwr leqnk; 29

ifjf'k"V

ifjf'k"V II

leqnk; vkSj dksj ckrphr ds fy, vks , ,e odZ'khV vk , ,e Js.kh

vks , ,e ds fy, vko';d dkjdksa dh igpku djsaA

ck/kvksa ds laHkkfor lek/ku

volj D;k mUgsa ,slk djus dk volj feysxk\ D;k dksbZ ckgjh dkjd gSa tks O;ogkj dks cnyus dh {kerk dks çHkkfor djrs gSa\ D;k bls viukuk vklku gS\

{kerk D;k os ,slk djus esa l{ke gSa\ D;k muds ikl bl O;ogkj dks viukus dk dkS'ky ;k {kerk gS\ D;k ;g muds ewY;ksa vkSj t:jrksa ds vuq:i gS\

çsj.kk D;k os bls djuk pkgrs gSa\ D;k bls muds lkfFk;ksa }kjk ldkjkRed :i ls ns[kk tk,xk\ D;k cnyko iQk;nsean gS\

vHkh] ge yM+kbZ ds chp esa gSaA ge dkiQh vkxs vk x, gSa vkSj ge viuh liQyrk esa fot; çkIr dj ldrs gSa---ysfdu geus vHkh rd ;¼ thrk ugha gSA

D;k muds ikl bl O;ogkj dks viukus dh çsj.kk gS\ 30

etcwr leqnk;

etcwr leqnk; 31

leqnk;

qefDrSt iQk