Fanon Review Leo Zilig

  

            

  :   

( )

  

                         

  1.1 

    InternationalSocialistsPakistan

 

0304-2181821 ww.worldtowinpk.net

 15

  

1

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      

                 

             

                      2000                                                      

     

                                           

               

             

                                    

                                                                                                                              

   

                                                     InternationalSocialists Pakistan                             

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                                                                                                                                                                          

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                 

Pitfalls and radical mutations: Frantz Fanon’s revolutionary life,    http://isj.org.uk/pitfalls-and-radical-mutations-frantz-fanons-revolutionary-life/

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           4

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                                                                                                                                                                             

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        5

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               6

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        7

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 8

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  9

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         10

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            11

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      12

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  -                                                                                                                                                                                    13

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 14

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              15

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             16

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             17

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     18

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     19

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   20

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       21

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   22

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          23

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       24

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 25

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              26

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       27

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    28

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                                 Notes 1: Singh, 1998, p76.

2: Macey, interview in Leeds, England (14 October 2010). Sadly Macey died in October 2011. I am indebted to his impressive work on Fanon but particularly the patience and generosity he showed me.

3: There been no shortage of excellent biographies, memoirs and serious studies. Among the long list are several that stand out: Macey, 2000; Gibson, 1999, 2003; Cherki, 2000 (perhaps the best account); Gendzier, 1976. But in some studies there is an emphasis on his writing and philosophy at the sacrifice of context or the opposite, context and a frustrating inability to integrate his thought.

4: This article is part of ongoing research into the life and thought of Fanon and some material has appeared earlier-Zeilig, 2011. The study is based on interviews with those who knew Fanon, or were involved in the same struggles. Many ideas in the article have benefited immensely from suggestions and conversations with Ian Birchall. I have also benefited from comments by Alex Callinicos and Pierre Chaulet's severe but justified criticism of an earlier version.

5: Macey, interview, 2010.

6: Quoted in Macey, 2000, pp103-104.

7: Césaire, 1983, pp57-58.

8: Fanon, 1952.

9: Birchall, 1998, p70.

10: Macey, 2011, p41.

11: Fanon, 1952, pp116, 117.

12: Fanon, 1952, p220.

13: Fanon, 1952, p216.

14: I am grateful to Kim Wale for this insight.

15: Quoted in Macey, 2000, p203.

16: Quoted in Murray and Wengraf, 1963, pp22-23.

17: Jeanson, 1962, p29.

18: Murray and Wengraf, 1963, pp15-30.

19: Murray and Wengraf, 1963, pp53-54.

20: Planche, 2006.

21: The war, lasting until 1962, cost an estimated 1 million Algerian lives.

22: Macey, 2011, p37.

23: I am grateful to Pierre Chaulet for these insights-interview, Algiers, Algeria (28 September 2011).

24: The "war" within a war is brilliantly captured in Rachid Bouchareb's film Outside the Law. 25: See Harbi and Stora, 2004.

26: Pierre and Claudine Chaulet, interview, 2010.

27: Fanon, 1964, p60.

28: Cherki, 2000, p135.

29: Pierre and Claudine Chaulet, interview, 2010.

30: Pierre and Claudine Chaulet, interview, 2010.

31: The PCF did have a point. The US was determined to break the power of European imperialisms, in order to extend its own global hegemony. The Suez Crisis illustrated this point.

It was also the reason why the Soviet Union was reluctant to give the FLN full support.

32: Pattieu, 2002.

33: Geromini, 2001, p174. However, the Algerian Communist Party played a much more

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positive role supporting the armed struggle.

34: Fanon, 2001, p5.

35: Fanon, 2001, p6.

36: Fanon, 2001, p6.

37: This argument neatly reflects the hypocritical support of European and American politicians and commentators for the recent revolutions in Egypt, Libya and Tunisia. The "masses" on the streets of North Africa can be celebrated as long as they are "non-violent" and "peace-loving".

38: Fanon, 2001, p7.

39: Fanon, 2001, p114.

40: Macey, 2000, p402.

41: Gibson, personal communication, 3 November, 2010.

42: Fanon, 1961, p131.

43: See Høgsbjerg, 2010.

44: Fanon, 1961, p130.

45: Caute, 1970, pp73-74.

46: Fanon, 1961, p84.

47: Zeilig, 2009.

48: Elsenhans, 2010, pp29-62.

49: But it is hard to escape the feeling that Fanon's approach reflected Abane Ramdane's failure to turn the Algerian Revolution to the cities and urban areas, rather than a serious consideration and critique of the role of the working class in the developing world.

50: Fanon, 1961, p70.

51: Fanon, 1961, p110.

52: Bernasconi, 2010.

53: Pierre and Claudine Chaulet, interview, 2010.

54: Pierre and Claudine Chaulet, interview, 2010.

55: Khan and Prasad, 2010, p31.

56: Chaulet highlights another weakness, which he argues comes from Fanon's celebrated strengths: "Fanon's vivid style-of a psychiatrist, philosopher and poet, more than a political thinker-gives a particular power to his flashes of prophetic brilliance and even to his errors"-interview, 2010. Fanon's general and unspecific statements give them an enormous power but also a tendency to broad and problematic interpretation.

57: It should be clear that Fanon was not trying to develop such a "strategy", whatever subsequent writers and activists have said. His last book was a work in progress. It is also important not to present a Manichean version of the Algerian Revolution-divided neatly between city and countryside phases.

58: For a discussion on Fanon as a "voluntarist", see Hallward, 2011.

59: Davidson, 1986, p31.

60: See Turner, 1999.

61: Molyneux, 1983.

References Bernasconi, Robert, 2010, "Fanon's The Wretched of the Earth as the Fulfillment of Sartre's Critique of Dialectical Reason", Sartre Studies International 16:2.

Birchall, Ian, 1998, "Socialism or Identity Politics: a reply to Linda A Bell", Sartre Studies International 4:2.

Caute, David, 1970, Frantz Fanon (Viking).

Césaire, Aimé, 1983, Cahier d'un Retour au Pays Natal (Presence Africaine).

Cherki, Alice, 2000, Frantz Fanon: Portrait (Seuil).

Davidson, Basil, 1986, "On Revolutionary Nationalism: the Legacy of Cabral", Race and Class 27:21.

Elsenhans, Hartmut, 2010, "Les manifestations de decembre 1960 et la réconnaisance de la révolution algérienne", in 11 Décembre 1960: Le Diên Biên Phu politique de la guerre d'Algérie

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(Petite collection-Histoire).

Fanon, Frantz, 1952, Peau Noire, Masques Blancs (Éditions du Seuil).

Fanon, Frantz, 2001 [1959], L'An V de la Révolution Algérienne (La Découverte).

Fanon, Frantz, 1961, Les Damnés de la Terre (François Maspero).

Fanon, Frantz, 1964, Pour la Révolution Africaine (François Maspero).

Gendzier, Irene, 1976, Frantz Fanon (Éditions du Seuil).

Geromini, Charles, 2001 [1959], "Appendix I", in Frantz Fanon, L'an V de la Révolution Algérienne (La Découverte).

Gibson, Nigel (ed), 1999, Rethinking Fanon: The Continuing Dialogue (Humanity Books).

Gibson, Nigel, 2003, Fanon: The Post-Colonial Imagination (Polity Press).

Hallward, Peter, 2011, "Fanon et la volonté politique", Contretemps 2:10.

Harbi, Mohamed, and Benjamin Stora, 2004, La Guerre d'Algérie (Robert Laffont).

Høgsbjerg, Christian, 2010, "CLR James and the Black Jacobins", International Socialism 126 (spring), www.isj.org.uk/id=639 Jeanson, Fancis, 1962, La Révolution Algérienne (Feltrinelli).

Khan, Sartaj, and Yuri Prasad, 2010, "Crisis and Conflict in Pakistan", International Socialism 126 (spring), www.isj.org.uk/?id=636 Macey, David, 2000, Frantz Fanon: A Life (Granta).

Macey, David, 2011, "'I Am My Own Foundation': Frantz Fanon as a Source of Continued Political Embarrassment", Theory, Culture and Society 27:7-8.

Molyneux, John, 1983, What is the Real Marxist Tradition? (Bookmarks).

Murray, Roger, and Tom Wengraf, 1963, "The Algerian Revolution-1", New Left Review I/22.

Pattieu, Sylvain, 2002, Les Camarades des Frères: Trotskistes et Libertaires dans la Guerre d'Algérie (Éditions Syllepse).

Planche, Jean-Louis, 2006, Sétif 1945: Histoire d'un Massacre Annoncé (Perrin).

Singh, Nikhil Pal, 1998, "The Black Panthers and the 'Undeveloped Countries' of the Left", in Charles E Jones (ed), Black Panther Party Reconsidered (Black Classic Press).

Turner, Lou, 1999, "Fanon and the FLN: Dialectics of Organisation and the Algerian Revolution", in Nigel Gibson (ed), Rethinking Fanon: the Continuing Dialogue (Humanity Books).

Zeilig, Leo (ed), 2009, Class Struggle and Resistance in Africa (Haymarket).

Zeilig, Leo, 2011, "Frantz Fanon, une Vie Révolutionnaire", Contretemps 2:10.

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