Fanon Review Leo Zilig

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  

            

  :   

( )

  

                         

  1.1 

    InternationalSocialistsPakistan

 

0304-2181821 ww.worldtowinpk.net

 15

  

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      

                 

             

                      2000                                                      

     

                                           

               

             

                                    

                                                                                                                              

   

                                                     InternationalSocialists Pakistan                             

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        www.worldtowinpk.net 2

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                                                                                                                                                                          

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                 

Pitfalls and radical mutations: Frantz Fanon’s revolutionary life,    http://isj.org.uk/pitfalls-and-radical-mutations-frantz-fanons-revolutionary-life/

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           4

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                                                                                                                                                                             

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        5

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               6

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        7

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 8

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  9

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         10

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            11

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      12

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  -                                                                                                                                                                                    13

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 14

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              15

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             16

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             17

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     18

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     19

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   20

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       21

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   22

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          23

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       24

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 25

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              26

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       27

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    28

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                                 Notes 1: Singh, 1998, p76. 2: Macey, interview in Leeds, England (14 October 2010). Sadly Macey died in October 2011. I am indebted to his impressive work on Fanon but particularly the patience and generosity he showed me. 3: There been no shortage of excellent biographies, memoirs and serious studies. Among the long list are several that stand out: Macey, 2000; Gibson, 1999, 2003; Cherki, 2000 (perhaps the best account); Gendzier, 1976. But in some studies there is an emphasis on his writing and philosophy at the sacrifice of context or the opposite, context and a frustrating inability to integrate his thought. 4: This article is part of ongoing research into the life and thought of Fanon and some material has appeared earlier-Zeilig, 2011. The study is based on interviews with those who knew Fanon, or were involved in the same struggles. Many ideas in the article have benefited immensely from suggestions and conversations with Ian Birchall. I have also benefited from comments by Alex Callinicos and Pierre Chaulet's severe but justified criticism of an earlier version. 5: Macey, interview, 2010. 6: Quoted in Macey, 2000, pp103-104. 7: Césaire, 1983, pp57-58. 8: Fanon, 1952. 9: Birchall, 1998, p70. 10: Macey, 2011, p41. 11: Fanon, 1952, pp116, 117. 12: Fanon, 1952, p220. 13: Fanon, 1952, p216. 14: I am grateful to Kim Wale for this insight. 15: Quoted in Macey, 2000, p203. 16: Quoted in Murray and Wengraf, 1963, pp22-23. 17: Jeanson, 1962, p29. 18: Murray and Wengraf, 1963, pp15-30. 19: Murray and Wengraf, 1963, pp53-54. 20: Planche, 2006. 21: The war, lasting until 1962, cost an estimated 1 million Algerian lives. 22: Macey, 2011, p37. 23: I am grateful to Pierre Chaulet for these insights-interview, Algiers, Algeria (28 September 2011). 24: The "war" within a war is brilliantly captured in Rachid Bouchareb's film Outside the Law. 25: See Harbi and Stora, 2004. 26: Pierre and Claudine Chaulet, interview, 2010. 27: Fanon, 1964, p60. 28: Cherki, 2000, p135. 29: Pierre and Claudine Chaulet, interview, 2010. 30: Pierre and Claudine Chaulet, interview, 2010. 31: The PCF did have a point. The US was determined to break the power of European imperialisms, in order to extend its own global hegemony. The Suez Crisis illustrated this point. It was also the reason why the Soviet Union was reluctant to give the FLN full support. 32: Pattieu, 2002. 33: Geromini, 2001, p174. However, the Algerian Communist Party played a much more

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positive role supporting the armed struggle. 34: Fanon, 2001, p5. 35: Fanon, 2001, p6. 36: Fanon, 2001, p6. 37: This argument neatly reflects the hypocritical support of European and American politicians and commentators for the recent revolutions in Egypt, Libya and Tunisia. The "masses" on the streets of North Africa can be celebrated as long as they are "non-violent" and "peace-loving". 38: Fanon, 2001, p7. 39: Fanon, 2001, p114. 40: Macey, 2000, p402. 41: Gibson, personal communication, 3 November, 2010. 42: Fanon, 1961, p131. 43: See Høgsbjerg, 2010. 44: Fanon, 1961, p130. 45: Caute, 1970, pp73-74. 46: Fanon, 1961, p84. 47: Zeilig, 2009. 48: Elsenhans, 2010, pp29-62. 49: But it is hard to escape the feeling that Fanon's approach reflected Abane Ramdane's failure to turn the Algerian Revolution to the cities and urban areas, rather than a serious consideration and critique of the role of the working class in the developing world. 50: Fanon, 1961, p70. 51: Fanon, 1961, p110. 52: Bernasconi, 2010. 53: Pierre and Claudine Chaulet, interview, 2010. 54: Pierre and Claudine Chaulet, interview, 2010. 55: Khan and Prasad, 2010, p31. 56: Chaulet highlights another weakness, which he argues comes from Fanon's celebrated strengths: "Fanon's vivid style-of a psychiatrist, philosopher and poet, more than a political thinker-gives a particular power to his flashes of prophetic brilliance and even to his errors"-interview, 2010. Fanon's general and unspecific statements give them an enormous power but also a tendency to broad and problematic interpretation. 57: It should be clear that Fanon was not trying to develop such a "strategy", whatever subsequent writers and activists have said. His last book was a work in progress. It is also important not to present a Manichean version of the Algerian Revolution-divided neatly between city and countryside phases. 58: For a discussion on Fanon as a "voluntarist", see Hallward, 2011. 59: Davidson, 1986, p31. 60: See Turner, 1999. 61: Molyneux, 1983. References Bernasconi, Robert, 2010, "Fanon's The Wretched of the Earth as the Fulfillment of Sartre's Critique of Dialectical Reason", Sartre Studies International 16:2. Birchall, Ian, 1998, "Socialism or Identity Politics: a reply to Linda A Bell", Sartre Studies International 4:2. Caute, David, 1970, Frantz Fanon (Viking). Césaire, Aimé, 1983, Cahier d'un Retour au Pays Natal (Presence Africaine). Cherki, Alice, 2000, Frantz Fanon: Portrait (Seuil). Davidson, Basil, 1986, "On Revolutionary Nationalism: the Legacy of Cabral", Race and Class 27:21. Elsenhans, Hartmut, 2010, "Les manifestations de decembre 1960 et la réconnaisance de la révolution algérienne", in 11 Décembre 1960: Le Diên Biên Phu politique de la guerre d'Algérie

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(Petite collection-Histoire). Fanon, Frantz, 1952, Peau Noire, Masques Blancs (Éditions du Seuil). Fanon, Frantz, 2001 [1959], L'An V de la Révolution Algérienne (La Découverte). Fanon, Frantz, 1961, Les Damnés de la Terre (François Maspero). Fanon, Frantz, 1964, Pour la Révolution Africaine (François Maspero). Gendzier, Irene, 1976, Frantz Fanon (Éditions du Seuil). Geromini, Charles, 2001 [1959], "Appendix I", in Frantz Fanon, L'an V de la Révolution Algérienne (La Découverte). Gibson, Nigel (ed), 1999, Rethinking Fanon: The Continuing Dialogue (Humanity Books). Gibson, Nigel, 2003, Fanon: The Post-Colonial Imagination (Polity Press). Hallward, Peter, 2011, "Fanon et la volonté politique", Contretemps 2:10. Harbi, Mohamed, and Benjamin Stora, 2004, La Guerre d'Algérie (Robert Laffont). Høgsbjerg, Christian, 2010, "CLR James and the Black Jacobins", International Socialism 126 (spring), www.isj.org.uk/id=639 Jeanson, Fancis, 1962, La Révolution Algérienne (Feltrinelli). Khan, Sartaj, and Yuri Prasad, 2010, "Crisis and Conflict in Pakistan", International Socialism 126 (spring), www.isj.org.uk/?id=636 Macey, David, 2000, Frantz Fanon: A Life (Granta). Macey, David, 2011, "'I Am My Own Foundation': Frantz Fanon as a Source of Continued Political Embarrassment", Theory, Culture and Society 27:7-8. Molyneux, John, 1983, What is the Real Marxist Tradition? (Bookmarks). Murray, Roger, and Tom Wengraf, 1963, "The Algerian Revolution-1", New Left Review I/22. Pattieu, Sylvain, 2002, Les Camarades des Frères: Trotskistes et Libertaires dans la Guerre d'Algérie (Éditions Syllepse). Planche, Jean-Louis, 2006, Sétif 1945: Histoire d'un Massacre Annoncé (Perrin). Singh, Nikhil Pal, 1998, "The Black Panthers and the 'Undeveloped Countries' of the Left", in Charles E Jones (ed), Black Panther Party Reconsidered (Black Classic Press). Turner, Lou, 1999, "Fanon and the FLN: Dialectics of Organisation and the Algerian Revolution", in Nigel Gibson (ed), Rethinking Fanon: the Continuing Dialogue (Humanity Books). Zeilig, Leo (ed), 2009, Class Struggle and Resistance in Africa (Haymarket). Zeilig, Leo, 2011, "Frantz Fanon, une Vie Révolutionnaire", Contretemps 2:10.

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