ISSD Baseline study on farmer's access to seed and other planting materials in Uganda

Baseline Study on Farmers’ Access to Seed and other Planting Materials in Uganda February, 2014

Integrated Seed Sector Development Programme Uganda

Baseline report on farmers’ access to seed and other planting materials

Integrated Seed Sector Development Programme in Uganda

Recommended referencing: ISSD Uganda, 2014. Baseline report on farmers’ access to seed and other planting materials. Integrated seed sector development programme in Uganda, Wageningen UR Uganda. Kampala

This research was funded under the ISSD Uganda programme by the Embassy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands (project number RSB0115293).

Author: Monica Kansiime, Monitoring and Evaluation Coordinator. For more information contact her on mec@issduganda.org

Wageningen UR Uganda Kampala, Feb 2014

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Baseline report on farmers’ access to seed and other planting materials

Acknowledgements

The participation of communities in West Nile, Northern and South Western Uganda is appreciated.

ISSD also appreciates the support of sub county chiefs, NAADS coordinators and other sub-county officials in the areas where data were collected for their support in accessing the various villages and households. The technical staff of ISSD Uganda played a critical role in guiding the enumerators, supervising data collection processes and validating the collected data. The Royal Tropical Institute supported in the methodology and tools development.

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Abstract

This study was conducted in the three ISSD programme areas – West Nile, South Western and Northern to specifically provide information on farmers’ access to seed and other planting materials.

Data for the study were collected from 905 households in October 2013, using enumerator administered questionnaire. Data were obtained on the following variables for two seasons in 2013: crops and varieties grown, sources of the various seeds grown, quantities of seed planted, if seed is bought the buying price per unit, area planted, who (m/f) buys seed and who (m/f) uses seed. The study showed that farmers grow a number of crops often in pure stand but mainly in mixed patterns r intercrops. Major crops grown in the three study areas are beans, maize, ground nuts and cassava.

Area planted for various crops ranges from 0.3 to 1.2 acres with relatively larger plot sizes in Northern Uganda as compared to South West and West Nile. Rice, ground nuts and beans comprise relatively larger volumes planted as compared to other crops. 89% of the farmers obtain seed from informal sources of seed – farmer saved seed, local markets and neighbours. At least 42% of farmers buy seed for planting, of which 35% buy seed from local shops, 5% from agro-dealers or seed companies and 2% from LSB of seed producing groups in their communities. Seasonal demand for seed was noted with farmers growing slightly different crops in season 1 as compared to season 2. In addition, results indicate that majority of farmers who buy seed do so in season 1, while in season 2 they use majorly home saved seed. Demand for seed also varied by region given differences in farming systems, with Northern and West Nile growing mainly cereals and root crops while South Western the major crops are maize and beans.

Keywords: Integrated seed sector development, access to seed, local seed business, demand

Wageningen UR Uganda accepts no liability for any damage arising from the use of the results of this research or the application of the recommendations.

Cover photo: Hellen Ogwal, member of Aye Medo Ngeca local seed business in Dokolo District, Northern Uganda displaying part of her Groundnut seed ready for sale.

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Baseline report on farmers’ access to seed and other planting materials

Contents Contents Contents

5

Acknowledgements

3

List of abbreviations and acronyms

6

1

Background and rationale

7

2

Methodology

9

2.1

Study design

9

2.2

Study area and sampling procedure

2.3

Organization of the data collection

10

2.4

Data collected and analytical methods

10

3

4

9

Results

11

3.1

Crops grown by farmers in the study zones

11

3.3

Seasonal demand for seed

12

3.4

Farmers’ sources of seed

14

3.5

Seed purchase

16

3.6

Quality of seed used by farmers

17

3.6

Seed quantity used

18

Conclusion

19

Appendix 1 Detailed sampling plan

22

Appendix 2 Proportion of farmers growing various crops by season and zone

24

Appendix 3 Proportion of seed source by crop by season

25

Appendix 4: Proportion of farmers’ seed source by zone

26

Appendix 5 Detailed variety list and proportion of farmers growing the variety (% of only those growing crop)

27

Appendix 6 Data collection tool

29

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List of abbreviations and acronyms

CDI

Centre for Development Innovation, Wageningen UR

ISSD

Integrated Seed Sector Development

HH

Household

KIT

Royal Tropical Institute (Koninklijk Instituut voor de Tropen)

LSB

Local Seed business

M&E

Monitoring and Evaluation

NAADS

National Agricultural Advisory Development Services

NARO

National Agricultural Research Organisation

NGO

Non-Governmental Organisation

Wageningen UR

Wageningen University & Research centre

ZARDI

Zonal Agricultural Research and Development Institue

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Baseline report on farmers’ access to seed and other planting materials

1

Background and rationale

The Integrated Seed Sector Development (ISSD) Uganda programme contributes to the development of a vibrant, pluralistic and market-oriented seed sector. The Dutch embassy funded programme works with an integrative concept towards seed sector development, bringing seed sector stakeholders together, in jointly addressing key issues hampering the development of the sector as a whole, such as quality assurance, and availability of foundation seed.

A vibrant, pluralistic and market-oriented seed sector, will lead to increased access to affordable quality seed of superior varieties for 100.000 smallholder farmers. This will lead to an increase in production and productivity, more diversified agricultural production, contributing to extra farm income, and increased food security and agricultural economic development.

In order to achieve sustainable access to quality seed, the programme will achieve the following outputs: 1)

Functional local seed businesses - the programme focuses on strengthening the farmer groups in their capacity in quality seed production and marketing of locally adapted crops and varieties and supports them towards the development of functional local seed businesses.

2)

Supportive public sector systems and structures - the programme contributes to increasing the effectiveness of respective public institutions, in specific supportive tasks in relation to seed production and marketing in particular, seed quality assurance mechanisms, access to foundation seed, and seed policy and regulation.

The programme is being implemented in three zones in Uganda – West Nile, South Western and Northern. In each of the zones, the programme works with 10 farmer groups comprising of 30-80 members using the local seed business (LSB) model. The zoning is based on the Ministry of Agriculture zoning of public agricultural research institutes (Figure 1). In each of the zones, there is a Zonal Agricultural Research Institute (ZARDI), under the National Agricultural Research Organisation (NARO), making 9 ZARDIs countrywide. The zoning is primarily determined by; Agro-ecology, farming systems, socio-economic factors, geo-politics, and, and ongoing agriculture-based programmes /projects/initiatives both private and public. ISSD LSB components are hosted by the Zonal Agricultural Research Institutes (ZARDIs) in the three focus areas - Abi ZARDI in Arua for the West Nile region, Ngetta ZARDI in Lira for the Northern and North Eastern region, and Mbarara ZARDI in Mbarara for the South Western region, who also provide technical support.

In order to measure ISSD contribution towards its goal, outcomes and outputs, there is need to establish both the starting and ending points for the programme. Baseline studies have been designed

by ISSD Uganda to capture the situation on various performance indicators as set out in the M&E system. The purpose of this study was to specifically provide information on farmers’ access to seed and other planting materials in the programme intervention areas. The collection of data on the amount of seed used by farmers is important for measuring the project impact directly (increased access) and indirectly (increased income and food security, in combination with produce and seed price and seed source yield data).

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Figure 1

Location of Public Agricultural Research Institutes in Uganda. The circled ZARDIs are currently the focus areas for ISSD, from which the baseline study was conducted.

Source:

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Adapted from http://www.naro.go.ug/images/images/Map_PARI.jpg

Baseline report on farmers’ access to seed and other planting materials

2

Methodology

This section presents the research design, study area and sampling procedures, data collection and analysis.

2.1

Study design

The study used a cross-sectional survey design and quantitative research approaches.

2.2

Study area and sampling procedure

The study was conducted in the three ISSD programme intervention areas - West Nile, South Western and Northern Uganda. The study considered farmers in the direct area of influence of LSBs and those in areas of no direct influence. Area of direct influence by the project was the sub-county where an LSB has its interventions. Respondents in this sub-county were not necessarily LSB members. Area of no direct influence was any other sub-county with no direct boarders with one where LSBs have a presence, and was randomly selected.

From the initial study design, 60 sub-counties were targeted – 30 within the LSB influence, and 30 with no direct LSB influence. The survey targeted a sample of 300 households in each intervention area/zone, 900 households in total, organized in 30 clusters of 30 households, meaning that 15 households were to be drawn from the area of direct influence of the LSB and/or project and 15 households outside the direct influence of each of the targeted 30 LSBs (ten in each of the three zones).

Selection of respondent households was random. Table 1 shows the distribution of study

respondents.

Table 1 Distribution of study respondents Characteristics

# of

% of total

respondents Number of respondents

respondents

Male

417

Female

488

54

Total

905

100

Male headed

653

72

Female headed

252

28

Members of LSB or seed producing group

275

30

Women members of LSB

133

15

West Nile

255

28

South Western

284

31

Northern

366

41

Women respondents by

West Nile

125

49

location

South Western

158

56

Northern

205

56

HH type

LSB member

Respondents by region

46

While it was assumed that LSBs operated in one sub-county and one per district, this was not the case. In West Nile, the 10 LSBs are in 9 sub counties in 8 districts, in Western the LSBs are in 10 sub counties in 9 districts, while in Northern, the LSBs are in 10 sub counties in 10 districts. This had

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implications on the sample size. For the districts where there were more than one LSB, the study targeted both LSBs plus any other sub-county. Appendix 1 shows the detailed sampling plan, i.e. sampled sub-counties and districts where the LSBs are located, the control sub-county and number of respondents. During data collection, another challenge was faced with sampling in Northern Uganda where data was initially collected from the control sub-counties only. This was corrected by taking an additional sample of four sub counties in the area of LSB influence targeting 16 households each. This affected the number of target respondents for the study. In total 906 questionnaires were collected and 905 analysed.

2.3

Organization of the data collection

Data collection was through enumerators. The enumerators hired possessed a minimum of Bachelor’s degree with previous experience in data collection, and knowledge of the local languages in the enumeration areas. The enumerators were trained first before they went to the field on various aspects related to sampling procedure, LSB terminologies, crop varieties and measurement approaches for various attributes. Data collection was supervised by the M&E and Communications Coordinator supported by ISSD experts in the field.

2.4

Data collected and analytical methods

Data for the study were collected in October 2013, using enumerator administered questionnaire (appendix 6). Data were obtained on the following variables for two seasons in 2013: crops and varieties grown; sources of the various seeds grown; quantities of seed planted; when seed is bought, the buying price per unit; area planted; who (m/f) buys seed and who (m/f) uses seed.

Further

information was obtained on household location in relation to LSB, whether it’s in the direct area of influence or not.

Data were entered and analysed in Excel computer package. Data analysis involved descriptive statistics, and rank and percentile analysis. Results were presented using charts, graphs and tables.

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Baseline report on farmers’ access to seed and other planting materials

3

Results

This section shows results obtained focusing on crops grown, seed utilization, sources, seasonal demand, and quantities used in different seasons. The most common varieties are also shown for the various crops preferred by farmers.

3.1

Crops grown by farmers in the study zones

Understanding the various crops grown provides information on seed utilization by farmers in the various locations. The study found that farmers grow a number of crops often in pure stand but mainly in mixed patterns or intercrops. Major crops grown in the three study areas are beans, maize, ground nuts and cassava. Figure 2 shows the proportion of farmers growing various crops by zone (detailed distribution of farmers growing crops by season and zone is in Appendix 2). In South Western Uganda, farmers grow comparatively more beans and maize to other regions. In West Nile, there are more of groundnuts and cassava grown, while in Northern Uganda its mainly maize, beans, cassava and groundnuts. Worth noting is that in Northern Uganda, farmers grow more of sunflower, pigeon peas and green vegetables, which are in negligible proportions in the other zones.

100 West Nile

South Western

Northern

90 80

% of farmers

70 60 50 40 30 20 10 -

Figure 2

Proportion of farmers growing crop by zone

In terms of gender differences, women comprise more than 50% of the growers of vegetables and pigeon peas as shown in Figure 3. Potato, groundnuts and sweet potatoes are also important crops for women farmers. It should be noted however, that majority of households indicated that food crops are grown as a family activity not necessarily separated for women and men. Therefore it does not follow that the remaining proportion is men crops but rather men or both. The implication is to identify crops that ensure increased women participation in seed value chain and how the expected returns from the seed business will benefit both men and women.

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100

% of women farmers

90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

Figure 3

Women farmers growing various crops, as s proportion of total farmers growing the respective crops

3.3

Seasonal demand for seed

Figure 4 shows the seasonal demand for seed. This is measured by proxy based on the crops grown in different seasons. During season one, farmers mainly grow beans, maize, ground nuts and cassava, while in season two the same crops are grown but at smaller proportion as compared to season 1.

These crops comprise the major food crops of most of the farmers in Uganda, but also generally perform well during both the long (Season 1) and short (Season 2) rains. In season two, farmers grow more of sesame, sorghum and millet. These crops are largely adapted to dry conditions and therefore farmers introduce them during the short rains.

70

season 1

Season 2

% of farmers

60 50 40 30 20 10 -

Figure 4

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Proportion of farmers growing the various crops by season (average for all locations)

Baseline report on farmers’ access to seed and other planting materials

Regionally, the demand for seed also varies as the crops grown vary (Figure 5). In south western, demand for beans and maize is almost constant for both seasons, while millet is grown mainly in season 2. In this zone, most of the households have fragmented land pieces and therefore opt to grow fast maturing crops like beans. Also the coffee-banana farming system in the area, allows farmers to grow beans in the plantations as opposed to pure stands. In West Nile and Northern, seed demand for cassava is high in season 1 with reduced demand in season 2. In these zones, farmers mainly grow cassava as a food security crop since they don’t have other perennial food crops. a – West Nile Season 1

90

Season 2

80 % of farmers

70 60 50 40 30 20 10 -

b – South Western 100

Season 1

Season 2

90 % of farmers

80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 -

c - Northern 100

Season 1

Season 2

% of farmers

80 60 40 20 -

Figure 5

Seasonal demand in (a) West Nile, (b) South Western and (c) Northern Uganda

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3.4

Farmers’ sources of seed

Study results indicate that about 89% of the farmers obtain seed from informal sources, majorly from their own saved seed (Figure 6). Other important sources of seed are local market and neighbours.

This has implications on the quality of seed that farmers use for their farming businesses. Use of seed from agro-dealer or seed companies and LSBs is limited to 5% and 2% respectively.

Government 2%

Project NGO 2%

Agrodealer 5%

Farmer saved seed 41%

LSB 2%

Local market 35%

Neighbor 13%

Figure 6

Source of seed by farmers in the study zones

Zonal differences exist on farmers’ sources of seed as indicated in Figure 7. Farmer saved seed is most important in South Western, while local market is most important in West Nile. In South western, there is also a relatively higher access of seed from agro-dealer or seed companies as compared to other regions. This result for South Western is skewed by Rice and Soybean which are generally obtained from agro-dealers. Detailed distribution of crops and sources by region is shown on Appendix 3).

Northern Project NGO

South Western

Government

West Nile

Agrodealer /seed company LSB Local market Neighbor Farmer saved seed -

10

20 % of farmers

Figure 7

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Farmers’ source of seed by zone

Baseline report on farmers’ access to seed and other planting materials

30

40

50

60

Seed source also varies by season, household type and crop type. Figures 8, 9 and 10 show the differences in seed sources by season, household type ad crop type respectively. While farmers use majorly their own saved seed, they also buy more seed in season one as compared to season 2. While in season 2 farmers use own seed. Figure 8 shows that home saved seed is an important source of seed for all households, but more so for female headed households (FHH). Male headed households (MHH) buy more seed either from local market or agro-dealers, they also have a larger chance of accessing seed from government programmes, NGOs and LSBs. This is attributed to the differences in resource endowments between men and women, awareness of quality seed and possibly mobility of men and women to access planting materials from locations outside their villages.

45

season 1

season 2

40

% of farmers

35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Farmer saved seed

Figure 8

Neighbor

Local market

LSB

Agrodealer

Government

Project NGO

Farmers sources of seed by season

MHH

50

FHH

% of farmers

45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Farmer saved seed

Figure 9

Neighbor

Local market

LSB

Agrodealer

Government

Project NGO

Farmers’ source of seed by head of household

Analysing source of seed by crop type indicates farmer saved seed and local market as the major sources for most of the crops (Figure 10a&b). Neighbours form an important source of seed for green vegetables, cassava and sweet potato. This is attributed to the traditional system of sharing these crop seeds since they were normally not considered to be of value. Figure 10 also shows that beans,

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maize, ground nuts and rice are the main seed crops bought by farmers. Appendix 4 shows the detailed distribution of seed source by season and by crop.

Fig. 10a 70 60

% of farmers

50 40 30 20 10 Rice

Soybean

Farmer saved seed

Potato

Neighbor

Millet

Local market

LSB

Cow Peas Agrodealer

Pigeon peas Government

Vegetables Project NGO

Fig 10b 70 60

% of farmers

50 40 30 20 10 Beans

Farmer saved seed

Figure 10

3.5

Maize

Neighbor

Ground nuts

Cassava

Local market

LSB

Sweet potato Agrodealer

Sesame

Government

Sorghum

Project NGO

Source of seed by crop (a and b)

Seed purchase

At least 42% of the farmers buy seed from local market (35%), agro-dealer or seed companies (5%) and LSB or seed producing groups (2%) (cf figure 6 above). Local market comprises the largest proportion of all purchased seed or planting material. Farmers reasons for not buying improved seed or seed from formal sources hinge on the price of the seed, yet they are not sure if the net returns from use of improved seed are higher than use of traditional seed or grain. This tells the actual demand for seed, but also the need to intensify the awareness of use of improved seed through demonstrations and participatory variety selection.

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Baseline report on farmers’ access to seed and other planting materials

There are also differences in seed purchase by sex of farmer with men buying proportionately more of beans, maize, sesame, sorghum and rice as compared to women (Figure 11). Women on the other hand buy more of ground nuts, cassava, pigeon peas and green vegetables. This could be related to the economic or food security value of these crops and how men and women perceive them to address their needs. This result gives an indication of the interest of men and women in purchasing certain crop types and how demand for quality seed may be affected by gender differences. However, this should be taken with caution as many households indicated that the gardens belong to the family rather than individuals. Possibly need to understand how decisions are made on which crops to grow and if the financing is entirely by men or women.

Women

100

Men

90 80

% of farmers

70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

Figure 11

3.6

Proportion on men and women purchasing seed

Quality of seed used by farmers

Figure 12 shows the proportion of farmers using improved varieties of crops (percentage of the total growing the crops). On average 35% of the farmers grow improved varieties of crops, with Maize and Rice comprising the highest percentages (60% and 57% respectively). As indicated above, the farmers obtain the seed majorly from own saved seed or neighbour or market. Farmers indicated that they acquire the seeds originally as improved varieties from NAADS, NARO, NGOs or seed companies, but over time save their own seed of the preferred varieties. It should be noted that farmers’ description of improved is any variety that is not locally or traditionally known to them, even if over time the quality of the seed has gone down. Appendix 5 shows the most common varieties grown by farmers by crop and zone.

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100 90

% of farmers

80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 -

OVERALL

Figure 12

3.6

West Nile

South Western

Northern

Proportion of farmers growing improved crop varieties by location

Seed quantity used

Table 2 shows the average quantities of seed used by farmers in the three zones, as well as the price per kg of seed. The averages are obtained from only those households that grow a particular crop, and not from the entire response sample. The average seed quantity used by farmers per season is 23 kg.

Rice, ground nuts and beans comprise relatively larger volumes planted as compared to other crops.

Even if quantities of rice are highest, the number of growers is small. This implies that the few growers have large acreages as compared to other crops. This is attributed to the commercial value of rice as compared to other crops.

Table 3 shows the average plot size per household per crop in each of the study zones as well as for female and male headed households. Plot sizes are relatively larger in Northern Uganda (average 1.3 acres) as compared to south western (average 0.7) and West Nile (average 0.7) for all crops, although average seed quantities are relatively more in west Nile. The plot size was obtained from the responses provided by farmers based on their own seed rates and local measures. Factors affecting seed rate as indicated by farmers; variety planted, planting season, expected variability in rainfall, and the potential of the soil. For example, while planting Serenut variety, farmers planted one seed per hill as opposed to local variety where they planted 2 seeds per hill. Planting during season 2 also had higher seed density as opposed to season 1 due to the uncertainty with rainfall.

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Baseline report on farmers’ access to seed and other planting materials

4

Conclusion

The study established that:

i.

Farmers grow a number of crops often in pure stand but mainly in mixed patterns or intercrops. Major crops grown in the three study areas are beans, maize, ground nuts and cassava

ii.

There is seasonal demand for seed, with farmers growing slightly different crops in season 1 as compared to season 2. In addition, results indicate that majority of farmers who buy seed do so in season 1, while in season 2 they use majorly home saved seed

iii.

Demand for seed also varies by region given differences in farming systems with Northern and West Nile growing mainly cereals and root crops while South Western the major crops are maize and beans.

iv.

About 89% of the farmers obtain seed from informal sources of seed – farmer saved seed, local markets and neighbours. At least 42% of farmers buy seed for planting, of which 35% buy seed from local shops.

v.

On average 35% of the farmers grow improved varieties, with Maize and Rice comprising the highest percentages (60% and 57% respectively). Comparing with gender utilization of these crops, and seed source it follows that men use better quality seed as opposed to their female counter parts. Quality in this case is defined by variety – improved or not, and seed source – formal or informal.

From interactions with farmers, the study also established the following qualitative factors that may be considered as the programme establishes functional LSBs: a)

Most farmers indicated that they were supplied or obtained improved seed of various crops 35 years ago, and have since kept their own seed of preferred varieties. This does not necessarily mean they are using improved seed, but are aware of superior varieties of some crops.

b)

Farmers cited the high price of seed from agro-input/seed companies as prohibitive. This has an implication to LSB access to quality seed for seed production

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Table 2 Volume of seed used by farmers per crop by location, and average prices Zone

Statistic

Beans Qtty (Kg)

West Nile

South Western Northern

Price per Kg (Shs)

Sweet potatoes*

Sesame

Qtty (Kg)

Qtty (Kg)

Qtty (Kg)

Qtty (Kg)

Price per Kg (Shs)

Price per Kg (Shs)

Price per Kg (Shs)

Sorghum Price per Kg (Shs)

Qtty (Kg)

Price per Kg (Shs)

2,306

9

2,202

18

2,819

182

509

71

2,315

12

2,594

3

1,300

St. Dev

16

943

13

1,018

13

801

178

514

53

2,766

18

1,020

2

349

Mean

24

2,174

39

2,464

16

3,077

57

538

45

786

-

-

7

1,080

St. Dev

24

610

311

1,514

17

945

42

477

30

303

-

-

6

455

Mean

29

1,715

8

1,538

21

2,818

111

246

51

134

5

3,388

4

1,332

132

575

9

1,573

13

1,635

106

591

52

123

4

967

7

1,340

23

2,065

19

2,068

18

2,905

117

431

56

1,078

6

1,994

5

1,237

6

310

18

477

3

150

63

161

14

1,119

6

1,772

2

137

Mean

Statistic

Rice Qtty (Kg)

West Nile

Qtty (Kg)

Cassava*

16

St. Dev

Zone

Price per Kg (Shs)

Ground nuts

Mean

St. Dev Overall

Maize

Soybean Price per Kg (Shs)

Qtty (Kg)

Potato Price per Kg (Shs)

Qtty (Kg)

Millet Price per Kg (Shs)

Qtty (Kg)

Price per Kg (Shs)

Cow Peas

Sun flower

Pigeon peas

Qtty (Kg)

Qtty (Kg)

Qtty (Kg)

Price per Kg (Shs)

Price per Kg (Shs)

Price per Kg (Shs)

Green vegetables** Qtty Price (Kg) per Kg (Shs)

Mean

19

2,855

9

2,750

23

9,800

4

1,250

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

St. Dev

18

1,011

10

645

15

7,438

2

437

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

South Western

Mean

56

2,714

7

2,333

100

6,703

10

2,000

9

3,230

-

-

-

-

-

-

St. Dev

29

756

11

1,332

77

23,832

10

-

6

1,245

-

-

-

-

-

-

Northern

Mean

31

1,150

16

1,425

10

1,000

6

1,506

8

1,200

5

10,843

6

1,502

1

1,907

St. Dev

27

535

17

938

14

-

10

1,322

10

-

6

6,880

6

533

1

901

Mean

35

2,240

11

2,169

45

5,834

6

1,585

6

1,477

5

10,843

6

1,502

1

1,907

St. Dev

19

946

4

678

49

4,464

3

381

5

1,633

6

6,880

6

533

1

901

Overall

*cassava and sweet potatoes were measured either in bundles or bags. To obtain kg of seed, the following conversions were applied for all locations: i.

1 bag of cassava contains 300-350 planting sticks. The bag weighs 40kg ii.

3 bundles of cassava make 1 sack iii.

3 bundles of sweet potato vines make one sack and the sack weighs 35kg. **for green vegetable seed, the actual quantities were not obtained as farmers indicated in very inconsistent measures. The most common however was grams and for every 100gm, the seed was bought between UGX 1000 to 2000

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Baseline report on farmers’ access to seed and other planting materials

Table 3 Average land area (acres) under cultivation with various crops Beans

Maize

G-nuts

Cassava

Sweet

Sesame

Sorghum

Rice

Soybean

Potato

Millet

potatoes

Cow

Sun

Pigeon

Green

Peas

flower

peas

vegetables

Overall

0.96

1.16

0.87

0.85

0.46

1.17

0.90

1.26

1.51

0.33

1.08

0.43

1.52

1.02

0.37

West Nile

0.45

0.75

0.56

0.76

0.37

0.95

0.44

0.92

0.40

0.26

0.48

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

South Western

0.73

1.23

0.47

0.46

0.40

0.00

1.20

1.31

0.35

0.33

1.18

0.42

0.00

0.00

0.00

Northern

1.45

1.37

1.38

1.05

0.55

1.24

1.07

1.36

1.84

0.63

1.11

0.50

1.52

1.02

0.37

FHH

0.59

0.76

0.61

0.65

0.29

0.49

0.57

1.10

0.91

0.31

0.45

0.15

0.03

0.39

0

MHH

1.12

1.29

0.98

0.90

0.54

1.22

0.98

1.29

1.59

0.35

1.34

0.58

-

1.41

0.29

ISSD Uganda

| 21

Appendix 1

LSB No.

Detailed sampling plan

Name of LSB

District

Sub County

Respondents

(Experiment)

Sub County

Respondents

(Control)

WEST NILE 1

Agiermach Ogiebu

Zombo

Warr

15

Paidha

15

2

Aliamu Cupria Timbakwa Seed Development Association

Yumbe

Drajini

15

Kululu

15

(Acts) 3

Binagoro Women Groups

Yumbe

Midigo

15

4

Amadrima Farmers

Moyo

Metu

15

Moyo

15

5

Andevuka Mixed Farmers/ Pitipiti Women

Adjumani

Ofua

15

Dzaipi

15

6

Kololo Area savings initiative

Maracha

Tara

15

Oleba

15

7

Kuluba sub-county farmers association

Koboko

Kuluba

15

Lobure

15

8

Vurra Area Cooperative enterprise

Arua

Vurra

15

Pajulu

15

9

Wadelai Pakwinyo area cooperative enterprise

Nebbi

Wadelai

15

Alwi

15

Watembu group association

Nebbi

Wadelai

10

Total

0 135

120

SOUTH WESTERN 1

Abasaija Kweyamba Mubuku Farming Cooperative

Kasese

Society Ltd

14 Kitswamba

2

Kalera Farmers' Marketing Association

Sheema

Kashozi

15

Kitagata

15

3

Kazo Dry Land Husbandry Agro-Pastoralists' Association

Kiruhura

Kazo Town Council

15

Ngari

15

4

Kigaaga Famers' Cooperative Society

Mbarara

Mwizi

15

Rugando

15

5

Kyamulama Mixed Farmers' Group

Lyantonde

Kaliro

15

Kasagama

15

6

Kyazanga Farmers' Cooperative Society

Lwengo

Kyazanga Rural

15

Ndagwe

15

7

Promotion of Enterprises and Livelihood Dev't Org'n

Lwengo

Kinoni Town

15

(PELIDO)

Council

8

Turibamwe Mixed Farmers Rural Producer Org'n

Kamwenge

Mahyoro

15

Kicence

15

9

Mutoojo Women's Cooperative Society

Ntungamo

Rubare T/C

15

Ihunga

15

Omutima Gwa Ruhiira Group

Isingiro

Nyakitunda

15

Birere

15

10

Total

22 |

15 Rukoki

Baseline report on farmers’ access to seed and other planting materials

150

134

LSB No.

Name of LSB

District

Sub County

Respondents

Sub County

(Experiment)

(Control)

Respondents

NORTHERN 1

Agency for Food Security Network, AFOSEN

Apac

Atana

Nambieso

30

2

Alito Joint Farmer's Multipurpose cooperative society

Kole

Alito

Akalo

31

3

Aye medo ngeca Farmer group

Dokolo

Amwoma

Kangai

30

4

Jing Komi Farmer Group

Kitgum

Mucwini

Amida

29

5

Latyeng Farmer Group

Gulu

Bungatira

16

Paicho

30

6

Obanga Ber Farmer Group

Lira

Amarch

16

Ogur

32

7

Orib Cing Women's Farmer Group

Alebtong

Abako

16

Apala

30

8

Pugwang cooperative society

Amuru

Pabbo

16

Amuru

30

9

Tic Ryemo can Farmer Group

Nwoya

Anaka

Alero

30

Wot Anyim Farmer Group

Pader

Pajule

Puranga

30

10

Total

64

Summary

302

No. of respondents Experiment

Ccontrol

Total

West Nile

135

120

255

South Western

150

134

284

64

302

366

349

556

905

Northern Total

ISSD Uganda

| 23

Appendix 2

Proportion of farmers growing various crops by

season and zone

Beans

Maize

G-

Cassava

nuts

Sweet

Sesame

Sorghum

Rice

Soybean

Potato

Millet

Cow Peas

potato

Sun

Pigeon

Green

flower

peas

Vegetables

Season 1 West Nile

40

63

49

84

13

7

14

6

3

3

4

-

-

-

-

S. Western

94

64

40

20

23

-

7

3

2

14

6

7

-

-

-

Northern

63

65

46

57

20

18

18

14

13

1

30

1

8

22

18

Average

66

64

45

54

19

8

13

8

6

6

13

3

3

7

6

West Nile

43

31

43

47

16

30

13

8

3

0

2

0

-

-

-

S. Western

89

63

25

15

14

0

10

7

1

16

45

8

0

0

0

Northern

32

58

26

18

29

36

22

6

9

-

19

0

22

4

26

Average

55

50

31

27

20

22

15

7

4

6

22

3

7

2

9

Season 1

40

63

49

84

13

7

14

6

3

3

4

-

-

-

-

Season 2

43

31

43

47

16

30

13

8

3

0

2

0

-

-

-

Average

42

47

46

65

15

19

14

7

3

2

3

0

-

-

-

Season 1

94

64

40

20

23

-

7

3

2

14

6

7

-

-

-

Season 2

89

63

25

15

14

0

10

7

1

16

45

8

0

0

0

Average

91

63

32

18

18

0

8

5

2

15

25

7

0

0

0

Season 1

63

65

46

57

20

18

18

14

13

1

30

1

8

22

18

Season 2

32

58

26

18

29

36

22

6

9

-

19

0

22

4

26

Average

47

61

36

38

24

27

20

10

11

0

25

1

15

13

22

Season 2

West Nile

S. Western

Northern

24 |

Baseline report on farmers’ access to seed and other planting materials

Appendix 3

Season

Source of seed

Proportion of seed source by crop by season

Beans

Maize

G-nuts

Cassava

S.

Sesame

sorghum

Rice

Soybean

Potato

Millet

Cowpeas

potato Season

Farmer saved seed

41

45

40

49

55

27

44

14

29

39

51

Pigeon

Green

pea

veg.

48

6

Average

32

37

1 Neighbor

3

5

4

36

40

3

2

4

8

20

8

5

18

3

11

47

31

48

3

4

63

49

59

37

35

38

43

76

65

43

LSB

2

3

1

1

-

2

2

2

3

2

2

-

-

-

2

Agro-dealer

4

10

4

1

2

3

2

13

10

4

1

5

-

-

4

Government

3

2

1

9

-

1

1

2

-

-

-

-

-

-

1

Project NGO

2

3

1

1

-

-

-

6

12

-

-

-

-

-

2

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

52

62

53

61

51

27

53

20

32

58

72

42

38

8

45

Local market

Total season

Farmer saved seed

2 Neighbor

1

3

1

25

34

5

4

10

9

10

2

4

13

89

15

40

28

35

3

5

60

28

33

23

23

25

46

44

2

28

LSB

2

3

3

-

-

2

7

13

7

-

2

-

-

-

3

Agro-dealer

0

0

6

4

9

0

4

15

20

-

-

8

-

2

5

Government

3

1

2

5

0

2

1

2

2

6

-

-

6

-

2

Project NGO

2

3

0

1

-

3

1

7

7

2

-

-

-

-

2

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

46

54

46

55

53

27

49

17

30

49

61

45

22

20

41

Local market

Total overall

Farmer saved seed Neighbor

2

4

3

31

37

4

3

7

9

15

5

4

15

46

13

43

30

42

3

4

62

39

46

30

29

32

45

60

33

35

LSB

2

3

2

0

-

2

4

8

5

1

2

-

-

-

2

Agro-dealer

2

5

5

3

6

2

3

14

15

2

0

6

-

1

5

Government

3

2

2

7

0

2

1

2

1

3

-

-

3

-

2

Project NGO

2

3

1

1

-

1

1

6

9

1

-

-

-

-

2

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

Local market

Total

ISSD Uganda

| 25

Appendix 4: Proportion of farmers’ seed source by zone

Zone

Source of Seed

Beans

Maize

G-nuts

Cassava

Sweet

Sesame

Sorghum

Rice

Soybean

Potato

Millet

potatoes West Nile

Farmer saved seed

Pigeon

Green

flower

peas

veg.

Average

36

33

41

33

16

39

13

-

14

33

25

3

8

2

32

58

-

3

-

-

14

-

11

60

28

46

4

9

68

56

19

14

71

56

39

LSB

1

3

3

2

-

11

-

6

29

-

11

6

Agro-dealer

6

18

10

1

-

5

3

44

29

-

-

10

Government

8

6

5

17

-

-

-

6

-

-

-

4

Project NGO

2

2

2

2

-

-

-

13

29

-

-

4

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

-

55

64

55

76

69

-

63

13

-

43

83

39

51

1

3

3

19

26

-

-

-

17

23

6

4

9

33

19

41

2

-

-

26

-

33

28

11

35

21

LSB

2

2

-

-

-

-

5

-

-

3

-

-

1

Agro-dealer

5

8

1

3

5

-

-

88

50

5

-

22

17

Government

3

2

-

-

-

-

5

-

-

-

-

-

1

Project NGO

1

1

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

0

100

100

100

100

100

-

100

100

100

100

100

100

-

-

-

100

68

38

34

49

51

34

41

30

35

50

47

50

13

42

32

41

Local market

Total South

Farmer saved seed

Western

Neighbor Local market

Total Farmer saved seed Neighbor

-

-

-

100

9

4

6

44

44

9

3

11

8

-

9

-

-

11

3

11

12

41

54

2

4

52

52

41

40

50

41

50

13

47

65

38

LSB

3

5

1

-

-

2

2

-

-

-

2

-

23

-

-

2

Agro-dealer

4

7

2

1

-

2

3

2

2

-

1

-

37

-

-

4

Government

2

1

1

2

-

2

-

-

-

-

-

-

3

-

-

1

Project NGO

3

5

1

1

-

-

-

15

15

-

-

-

10

-

-

3

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

Local market

Total

26 |

Sun

Peas

21

Neighbor

Northern

Cow

Baseline report on farmers’ access to seed and other planting materials

Appendix 5

Detailed variety list and proportion of farmers

growing the variety (% of only those growing crop)

Crop

Varieties

% of farmers growing variety (of total growing crop) West Nile

Beans

Maize

Cassava

-

2

K132

30

26

1

17

K20

1

5

13

8

NABE 1, 4, 14, 15

-

12

-

5

Yellow

-

4

0

2

Local

56

52

85

66

Longe (2, 3, 4,5,6H, 7)

49

13

51

43

-

9

10

7

Local

26

77

39

50

Red beauty

24

1

14

13

Serenut 1, 2,3, 4

44

-

2

15

Local

32

99

84

72

NASE 14

10

2

-

5

5

-

-

2

Local

38

98

73

61

TME 14

36

-

-

16

TME 204

10

-

-

5

-

-

27

12

Orange fleshed

18

3

4

6

Local

82

97

96

94

Local

89

-

89

89

Sesame 1, 2

11

-

11

11

Improved

Sesame

Total

-

Akena

Sweet potato

Northern

13

Hybrid

Ground nuts

South Western

K131

ISSD Uganda

| 27

Crop

Varieties

% of farmers growing variety (of total growing crop) West Nile

Sorghum

Rice

Potato

Total

8

-

5

5

Epur pur

-

11

-

2

Local

92

89

95

93

Local

25

-

66

50

Nerica 2, 4, 10

75

100

16

38

-

-

18

12

MAK 1,2,3

100

-

-

12

Improved

-

-

17

14

Local

-

100

83

75

Kachpot

-

8

-

6

Rwashaki

-

25

-

20

14

-

-

2

86

68

100

71

-

-

1

1

Hybrid Local Millet

Northern

Sekedo

Super Soybean

South Western

Improved Local

100

100

99

99

Hybrid/improved

-

5

50

13

Local

-

95

50

87

Improved/Mukwano

-

-

59

59

PAN (7033, 7053)

-

-

17

17

Local

-

-

24

24

Pigeon peas

Local

-

-

100

100

Green vegetables

Local

-

-

100

100

Cow peas

Sun flower

28 |

Baseline report on farmers’ access to seed and other planting materials

Appendix 6

Data collection tool

Access to Seed Household Survey I. GENERAL INFORMATION Questionnaire number

No:

Date:

Location

District:

Sub county:

Village:

Name of enumerator Person interviewed

Name:

Tel.

Type of household

Female Headed Household (FHH)*

Male Female

or Male Headed Household (MHH) Is the respondent a

Yes

If Yes, What is the name of the LSB/group:

member of local seed business (LSB) or seed

No

producing group?

Is the respondent in the

Yes

If Yes, mention the name of the LSB:

direct area of influence of the LSB**

No

*FHH applies for where the woman is not married but living alone, woman is widowed, or the husband does not stay at home for most part of the year (at least during the growing season) **Area of influence of LSB is the sub-county where an LSB is located. Area of no influence is the alternative sub-county that has been selected as control.

II. WHERE DO YOU GET YOUR SEED FOR PLANTING FROM? Go through the next steps in filling the table on the next page:

ISSD Uganda

| 29



List of the main crops grown including vegetative propagated crops. Main focus should be on the crops that are grown for seed by the LSB (refer to LSB priority crops list). Target up to 5 crops, including maize as a control crop. Use the notes page to write more if required.



Indicate which variety has been acquired, which can be either local or name of “improved” variety, if more than one variety for each source, consider this then as different crop (new line).



Indicate the quantity of seed acquired for the different sources for each season. Indicate the quantity including the unit of measure e.g. kgs, tons. In case of cassava and sweet potato and other vegetative propagated crops indicate the number of bundles and size of bundles. Standard size of bundles or sacks should be established and indicated either in kg or area of garden that can be planted with the mentioned quantity.



For the seed that has been purchased indicate the price per unit, best is UGX per kg. In case of exchange in-kind, indicate the transaction (e.g.

2 kg of local maize for 1 kg of improved maize).



Indicate who in the household acquired or was responsible for maintaining or getting/buying the seed, the male or the female farmer in the household.



Indicate who in the household is responsible for the use of the seed, the male or the female farmer in the household.



In the notes section, indicate any information that you think might be relevant in explaining your responses. For example computations or conversions used.

30 |

Baseline report on farmers’ access to seed and other planting materials

Season A (March to May 2013) NAME OF CROP

KEY INFORMATION FOR EACH CROP

1

Variety name Quantity of seed (kg / bundles / sacks) per season Price of seed (UgShs/unit)

SOURCE OF SEED Own Seed (1)

Neighbour (2)

Local Market (e.g. shops, market) (3)

Local Seed Business (see name above) (4)

Agrodealer or Seed Company (5)

Government Extension NAADS (6)

Project NGO (7)

Area planted (acres) Male/female buying the seed Male/female using the seed 2

Variety name Quantity of seed (kg / bundles / sacks) per season Price of seed (UgShs/unit) Area planted (acres) Male/female buying the seed Male/female using the seed

3

Variety name Quantity of seed (kg / bundles / sacks) per season Price of seed (UgShs/unit) Area planted (acres) Male/female buying the seed Male/female using the seed

4

Variety name Quantity of seed (kg / bundles / sacks) per season Price of seed (UgShs/unit) Area planted (acres) Male/female buying the seed Male/female using the seed

ISSD Uganda

| 31

Season B (August - December 2013) NAME OF CROP

KEY INFORMATION FOR EACH CROP

1

Variety name Quantity of seed (kg / bundles / sacks) per season Price of seed (UgShs/unit)

SOURCE OF SEED Own Seed (1)

Neighbour (2)

Local Market (e.g. shops, market) (3)

Local Seed Business (see name above) (4)

Agrodealer or Seed Company (5)

Government Extension NAADS (6)

Project NGO (7)

Area planted (acres) Male/female buying the seed Male/female using the seed 2

Variety name Quantity of seed (kg / bundles / sacks) per season Price of seed (UgShs/unit) Area planted (acres) Male/female buying the seed Male/female using the seed

3

Variety name Quantity of seed (kg / bundles / sacks) per season Price of seed (UgShs/unit) Area planted (acres) Male/female buying the seed Male/female using the seed

4

Variety name Quantity of seed (kg / bundles / sacks) per season Price of seed (UgShs/unit) Area planted (acres) Male/female buying the seed Male/female using the seed

Notes: _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________

32 |

Baseline report on farmers’ access to seed and other planting materials