rduhdh&'kCnlwph
i`"B la-
v
i`"B laZwitter ion
mHk;kfo"V vk;u@ f”oVj vk;u mHknarh UkkfHkdjkxh
Transfer - RNA
437
Intermolecular bonding
349
Hyperacidity
458
Non-ionic detergents
468
Anionic detergents
468
Reducing sugars
420
,dvkf.od ukfHkdjkxh izfrLFkkiu ,dkbjy ,Utkbe
Detergents
465
,Utkbe dk mRizsjd dk;Z
Invert sugar
425
Ammonolysis
400
Semi - synthetic
441
Ambident nucleophiles 307
,
he
Substitution nucleophilic unimolecular 308 Achiral
311, 312
vYi ?kuRo ikWfyFkhu vlefer dkcZu vLokid ihM+kgkjh
Low density polythene
444
Asymmetric carbon
311
Non-narcotic analgesics 460
vk
vkarjvkf.kod gkbMªkstu vkcaèku vkblksY;wlhu vkfDlMksfjMDVsl vkf.od vleferrk vkftZuhu
Intramolecular bonding 349 Isoleucine
429
Oxidoreductase
433
Molecular asymmetry
311
Arginine
429
b] bZ] m
bysDVªkWu viu;d lewg
bysDVªkWujkxh ,sjkseSfVd izfrLFkkiu bysDVªkWu nkrk lewg (bysDVªkWu foekspd lewg) bysDVªkWujkxh izfrLFkkiu bZVkMZ vfHkfØ;k bZFkj mPp ?kuRo ikWfyFkhu
Electron withdrawing group
388
Electrophilic aromatic substitution 348, 357 Electron donating group
388
Electrophilic substitution 301, 306, 317 Etard reaction Ethers
370
330, 332, 334
High density polythene 445
432
is
Enzymes
Catalytic action of enzymes
455
Enzyme inhibitors
456
Amines
397
Esters
338
© no N C tt E o R be T re pu
polymers
,Utkbe laned ,ehu ,LVj ,LVjhdj.k
428
bl
varj.k&RNA varjkvkf.kod gkbMªkstu vkcaèku vfrvEyrk vuk;fud viektZd ½.kk;uh viektZd vipk;h 'koZQjk viektZd vio`Ùk 'koZQjk veksuhvi?kVu vèkZ la'ysf"kr cgqyd
'kCn
d
'kCn
Esterification
345
,s
,s”kksjatd ,sugkbMªkbM ,suksej ,sUVhik;jsfVd ,sfeyksl ,sfeyksisfDVu ,sehuks vEy ,sfjy,sehu ,sfjy gSykbM ,sjkseSfVd izfrLFkkiu
Azo dyes
416
Anhydrides
384
Anomers
423
Antipyretic
460
Amylose
426
Amylopectin
426
Amino acids
428
,sjkseSfVd oy; ,sykfuu ,sfyfyd ,sYdksgkWy ,sfyfyd gSykbM ,syksLVhfjd lrg ,sYdkbu ,sfYdyu ,sfYdycsUthu
Aromatic ring
332
Alanine
429
Allylic alcohols
331
Arylamines
399, 407
Aryl halides Aromatic substitution
297 348, 357
Allylic halides
296, 300
Allosteric site
456
Alkynes
369
Alkylation
408, 412
Alkylbenzenes
rduhdh&'kCnlwph
383
477
295, 296
Alkenes
302
Alkanamines
330, 333, 336 343
364, 365, 368
Aldol reaction
378
Aldol condensation
378
Aldopentose
420
Acylation
408
Aspartic acid
429
Asparagine
429
Aspirin
460
vks] vkS Ozonolysis
369
Oligosaccharides
420
Drugs
454
Medicines
454
vkS"kèk lkcqu
Drug - enzyme interaction
456
Drug - target interaction
455
Medicated soaps
466
d
Chirality Organo-metallic compounds
310, 311
dkcksZoSQVk;u dkcksZfDlfyd vEy dk£cy,sehu vfHkfØ;k dkcksZgkbMªsV dhVksu oSQfu”kkjks vfHkfØ;k dksYcs vfHkfØ;k dksYcs oS|qr vi?kVu D;wehu DyhesUlu vip;u ØkWl ,sYMksy la?kuu
Carbocation
309, 315
Ñf=ke eèkqjd
Artificial sweetening agents
dkbjyrk dkcZèkkfRod ;kSfxd
478
jlk;u foKku
316
Carboxylic acids 364, 381, 382 Carbylamine reaction
409
Carbohydrates
419
Ketones 348, 364, 365, 368 Cannizzaro reaction
379
Kolbe’s reaction
350
Kolbe electrolysis
390
Cumene
340
Clemmensen reduction 376 Cross aldol condensation 379 464
413 370
Gabriel phthalimide synthesis
402
Globular proteins
430
Glycogen
427
Glycosidic linkage 426, 427 Glycine
429
Gluconic acid
421
Glucose
421
Glutamine
429
Glutamic acid
429
Glyceraldehyde
422
Receptors
455
Grignard reagent
316
p@t
pØh; lajpuk ty esa foys; foVkfeu tkyØe cgqyd thok.kquk'kh thok.kq fujksèkh tsfeuy gSykbM tSov.kq tSo&vfuEuuh; tSofuEuuh; cgqyd
© no N C tt E o R be T re pu
vks”kksuhvi?kVu vksfyxkslSoSQjkbM vkS"kèk vkS"kèk vkS"kèk&,Utkbe vU;ksU;fØ;k vkS"kèk&y{; vU;ksU;fØ;k
xSfcz,y FkSfyekbM la'ys"k.k xksfydkdkj izksVhu Xykbdkstu XykbdkslkbMh caèk Xykblhu Xywdksfud vEy Xywdksl XywVsehu XywVSfed vEy fXyljSYMhgkbM xzkgh xzhU;kj vfHkdeZd
Gatterman reaction Gatterman Koch reaction
he
Acidity of alcohols Aldehydes
xkVjeku vfHkfØ;k xkVjeku&dWk[k vfHkfØ;k
is
Alcohols
398, 406
x
d
Alkyl halides
bl
,sfYdy gSykbM ,sYdhu ,sYosQu,ehu ,sYdksgkWy ,sYdksgkWyksa dh vEyrk ,sYMhgkbM ,sYMksy vfHkfØ;k ,sYMksy la?kuu ,sYMksisUVksl ,sflyu ,sLikfVZd vEy ,sLisjkthu ,sfLifju
Cyclic structure
423
Water soluble vitamins 433 Network polymers
441
Bactericidal
462
Bacteriostatic
462
Geminal halides
297, 298
Biomolecules
419
Non-biodegradable
469
Biodegradable polymers 450
V] M
Vkbjkslhu Tyrosine 429 VkWysu ijh{k.k Tollens’ test 376 VsiQykWu Teflon 445 Vsfjyhu (ikWfy,LVj) Terylene 443 VªkblSoSQjkbM Trisaccharides 420 fVªIVksisQu Tryptophan 429 Mkb,s”kksdj.k Diazotisation 413 Mkb,s”kksfu;e yo.k Diazonium salt 301, 302, 412 MkblSoSQjkbM Disaccharides 420, 425 fMvkWDlhjkbcksl Deoxyribose 427 fMvkWDlhjkbcksU;wDyhd vEy Deoxyribonucleic acid 434 Mh-Mh-Vh DDT 324
Cross linked polymers
f}vkf.od ukfHkdjkxh izfrLFkkiu èkuk;uh viektZd èkqykbZ osQ lkcqu èkzqo.k v?kw.kZd èkzqo.k leko;ork èkzqork
Substitution nucleophilic bimolecular 307
441 Ziegler - Natta catalyst 445 Stereo centre
311
Threonine
429
Dextrorotatory
311
Shaving soaps
466
Cationic detergents
468
Laundry soaps
466
Optically inactive
314
Optical isomerism
311
Polarity
372
420, 426
Polyhydric compounds
331
Transparent soaps
466
PHBV
450
Analgesics
459
Antiseptics
ukbVªksdj.k ukbykWu&2 ukbykWu 6] 6 ukbykWu 6
Nitration
411
Nylon-2
451
ukfHkdjkxh izfrLFkkiu
Nucleophilic substitution
ukei¼fr fuvksizhu uksnd@iz.kksnd uksoksysd U;wfDyvksVkbM U;wfDyvkslkbM U;wDyhd vEy
Nylon 6, 6 440, 442,446, 451 Nylon 6
442, 443, 446
Nomenclature Neoprene
306, 310 297
443, 449
Propellants
324
Novolac
447
Nucleotides
434
Nucleosides
436
Nucleic acids
434
i
ifjj{kd i;kZoj.k iznw"k.k ikbjSuksl lajpuk ik;lhdkjd ikWfy,ekbM ikWfy,LVj ikWfy,sfØyksukbVªkby
Preservatives
464, 465
Environmental pollution469 Pyranose structure
424
Emulsifiers
464
Polyamides
446
Polyesters
446
Polyacrylonitrile
445
461, 463
Peptide bond Peptide linkage Antacids
430 430
458
Antidepressant drugs
459
Antifertility drugs
463
Antibiotics
461
Enantiomers
311, 312
Antimicrobial (drugs)
461
Antihistamines
458
Elastomers
442
Tranquilizers
459
Toilet soaps
466
Natural rubber
448
Natural polymers
441
Animal starch
427
Protic solvents
308, 309
© no N C tt E o R be T re pu
u
Polysaccharides
d
fr;Zdcafèkr vFkok tkyØe cgqyd RlhXyj&uV~Vk mRizsjd f=kfoe osaQnz fFkzvkWuhu nf{k.k èkzqo.k ?kw.kZd nk<+h cukus osQ lkcqu
Thermoplastic polymers 443
442, 444
he
Thermosetting polymers 443
Polythene
is
rkin`<+ cgqyd rkilq?kV~; cgqyd
ikWfyFkhu ikWfylSoSQjkbM ikWfygkbfMªd ;kSfxd ikjn'khZ lkcqu ih-,p-ch-oh ihM+kgkjh iwfrjksèkh isIVkbM vkcaèk isIVkbM caèk izfrvEy izfrvolknd vkS"kèk izfrtuu{kerk vkS"kèk izfrtSfod izfr¯cc:i izfr lw{etSfod (vkS"kèk) izfrfgLVSfeu izR;kLFk cgqyd iz'kkard izlkèku lkcqu izkÑfrd jcj izkÑfrd cgqyd izkf.k eaM (LVkpZ) izksfVd foyk;d izksVhu izksVhu dk foÑrhdj.k
bl
r]Fk]n]?k
izksVhuksa dh lajpuk izky s hu
Proteins
430
Denaturation of protein
431
Structure of proteins
430
Proline
429
iQ
fiQfVx vfHkfØ;k ¯iQosQYLVkbu vfHkfØ;k i+QhukWy i+QhukWyksa dh vEyrk i+sQ¯yx ijh{k.k i+sQfuy&,sykfuu Ý;wjsuksl izQDVks”k ;k iQy'koZQjk
Fittig reaction
322
Finkelstein reaction
303
I+kzQhMsy&ØkÝV~l vfHkfØ;k
Friedel-Crafts reaction 320, 358, 391, 412
izsQvkWu iz'khrd
Freon refrigerant
Phenols
330, 334
Acidity of phenols
344
Fehling’s test
377
Phenylalanine
429
Furanose
424
Fructose
424
rduhdh&'kCnlwph
324
479
Polymerisation
440
Barbiturates
460
Benzylic alcohols
332
cSosQykbV
Bakelite
441, 447, 448
C;wuk&N
Buna - N
442, 443, 450
C;wuk&S
Buna - S
441, 442,443
Benzylic halides
296, 309
Baeyers’ reagent
377
Hk Starch
420
eèkqjd
Sweeteners
464
ekdksZuh dkWiQ fu;e
Markovnikov’s rule 337, 338
ektZu lkcqu
Scouring soaps
466
ekYVksl (;o'koZQjk)
Maltose
425
ekYVst
Maltase
425
eqDr ewyd
Free radical
301
eqDr ewyd fØ;kfofèk
Free radical mechanism 444
esFkkbvksfuu
Methionine
esySehu iQkesZfYMgkbM cgqyd eksukslSoSQjkbM
Melamine - formaldehyde polymer 447 Monosaccharides
429
420, 425
;] j
;ksxt cgqyd ;ksxksRikn jcj jlk;u fpfdRlk jkbcksl jkbckslksey&RNA jkbej&Vheu vfHkfØ;k jklk;fud lans'kokgd jsf”ku js'ks js'ksnkj izksVhu jsflfed feJ.k jsflehdj.k jSf[kd cgqyd 480
jlk;u foKku
Addition polymers
442
Adduct
338
Rubber
448
Chemotherapy
454
Ribose
435
Ribosomal - RNA
437
Reimer - Tiemann reaction
351
Chemical messengers
457
Resins
443, 451
Fibres
443
Fibrous proteins
430
Racemic mixture
313
Racemisation Linear polymers
310, 313 441
377
y y{;&v.kq ykblhu ywbl {kkjd ySDVksl] nqXèk'koZQjk Y;wdkl ijh{k.k Y;wlhu
Molecular targets
455
Lysine
429
Lewis bases
405
Lactose
425, 426
Lucas test Leucine
346 429
o Ring substitution 391 oy; izfrLFkkiu oYduhdj.k Vulcanisation 449 olk vEy] olh; vEy Fatty acids 381 olk eas foys; foVkfeu Fat soluble vitamins 433 okbfuy ,sYdksgkWy Vinylic alcohol 332 okbfuyd gSykbM Vinylic halides 297 okUMjokYl cy Van der waal forces 304 okekorhZ@okeq èkzqo.k ?kw.kZd Laevorotatory 311 foÑrhdj.k Denaturation 352 foVkfeu Vitamins 433, 434 foU;kl dk izfrykseu Inversion of (izrhiu) configuration 308 fofy;Elu la'ys"k.k Williamson synthesis 353 foyksiu vfHkfØ;k Elimination reaction 315 fo"kepØh; (gsVªkslkbfDyd) Heterocyclic ;kSfxd compounds 435 foLr`r LisDVªe izfrthok.kq Broad spectrum
© no N C tt E o R be T re pu
eaM] LVkpZ
Rochelle salt
d
440
369
he
Polymers
Rosenmund reduction
is
cgqyd cgqydu ckfcZV~;wjsV csfUtfyd ,sYdksgkWy csfUtfyd gSykbM cs;j&vfHkdeZd
jks”ksueqaM vip;u jks'ksy yo.k
bl
c
fogkbMªkstuu oqVZ~t vfHkfØ;k oqVZ~l&fiQfVx vfHkfØ;k oSyhu oSlksMkbysVj ;k okfgdk foLiQkjd oksYiQ&fd'uj vip;u
antibiotics
462
Dehydrogenation
347
Wurtz reaction
317
Wurtz-Fittig reaction
322
Valine
429
Vasodilator 458 Wolff - Kishner reduction
376
'k
'kkf[kr Ük`a[kyk cgqyd
Branched chain polymers
441
'kksèku vfHkdeZd Ük`a[kyk izkjaHkd in
Cleansing agents Chain initiating step
465 444
laØe.kgkjh@folaØkeh lans'kokgd RNA lafufèk MkbczksekbM lafufèk@foluy gSykbM la?kuu cgqydu lajpuk&{kkjdrk lacaèk
Disinfectants
463 461, 463
Messenger - RNA
437
Vicinal diobromide
302
Vicinal halides
298
Condensation polymers 442 Structure - basicity relationship
406
Synthetic rubber
449
Synthetic detergents 467 Synthetic polymers
441
Active site
455
Sulphonation
411
Copolymers
442
lSoSQfjd vEy lSYojlSu LoaQnu LVhiSQu vfHkfØ;k LièkhZ laned LokV~Zl vfHkfØ;k Sp3 ladfjr fLFkjoS|qr cy
Cellulose
427
Sandmayer’s reaction
422
Salvarsan
461
Coagulation
431
Stephen reaction
369
Competitive inhibitors
456
Swarts reaction
303
Sp3 hybridised
lwØksl
Copolymerisation
448
Soaps
466
Saponification
466
Cysteine
429
Limited spectrum antibiotics Sucrose
462
420, 425
397
Electrostatic forces
g gkbMªkscksjksuu gkWiQeku czksesekbM fuEuhdj.k vfHkfØ;k fgfLVMhu fgLVSfeu fgUlcxZ vfHkdeZd gseh,slhVSy gsy&iQksykMZ&ts¯yLdh vfHkfØ;k gkWoFkZ lajpuk,a gSyks,jhu gSyks,sYosQu gSykstuu
301, 413
Saccharic acid
431
Hydroboration
337
Hoffmann bromamide reaction
402
Histidine
429
Histamines
458
Hinsberg’s reagent
409
Hemiacetal
375
© no N C tt E o R be T re pu
la'ysf"kr jcj la'ysf"kr@laf'ky"V viektZd la'ysf"kr cgqyd lfØ; lrg lYiQksus'ku lgcgqyd lgcgqydu lkcqu lkcquhdj.k flLVhu lhfer LisDVªe izfrthok.kq
Narrow spectrum antibiotics
429
d
ladh.kZ LisDVªe izfrthok.kq
Serine
he
l
lsjhu lsyqyksl lSUMek;j vfHkfØ;k
is
Chain propagating step 444 Chain terminating step 444
bl
Ük`a[kyk lapj.k in Ük`a[kyk lekiu in
Hell - Volhard Zelinsky reaction 390 Haworth structures Haloarene Haloalkane Halogenation
424 295, 339
295, 304, 305 349, 358
rduhdh&'kCnlwph
481
iwjd ikB~; lkexzh
d
he
,dd
16μ
nSfud thou esa jlk;u
© no N C tt E o R be T re pu
gkWeksuZ og v.kq gksrs gSa tks dksf'kdkvksa osQ eè; lan's kokgd dk dk;Z djrs gSaA ;g 'kjhj esa var%&lzkoh xzafFk;ksa esa curs gSa vkSj lh/s gh jDr /kjk esa izokfgr dj fn, tkrs gS]a tks bUgsa dk;Z LFky rd igqp ¡ k nsrh gSA jklk;fud izÑfr osQ vuqlkj buesa ls oqQN LVsjkW;M gksrs gSa] mnkgj.kkFkZ] ,LVªkstu vkSj ,sUMªkstu_ bUlqfyu vkSj ,UMks£iQu tSls oqQN gkWeksZu ikWfyisIVkbM gksrs gSa rFkk oqQN vU; ,sehuks vEyksa osQ O;qRiUu gksrs gSa] mnkgj.kkFkZ ,fiusiQfju ,oa ukWj,fiusiQfjuA 'kjhj esa gkWeksZuksa osQ vusd dk;Z gSaA ;g 'kjhj esa tSfod fØ;kdyki esa larqyu cuk, j[kus esa lgk;d gksrs gSaA jDr esa Xywdksl dh ek=kk dks lhfer j[kus esa bUlqfyu dh Hkwfedk bldk mnkgj.k gSA jDr esa Xywdksl dh ek=kk rsth ls c<+us ij bUlqfyu fudyus yxrh gSA nwljh vksj gkeksZu XywdkxkWu dh izo`fÙk jDr esa Xywdksl dh ek=kk c<+kus dh gksrh gSA ,d lkFk ;s nksuksa gkWeksZu jDr esa Xywdksl dh ek=kk fu;af=kr djrs gSAa ,fiusiQfju vkSj ukWj,fiusiQfju ckÞ; míhid dh vksj izfrfØ;k esa eè;LFkrk djrs gSaA o`f¼&gkWeksZu vkSj tuu&gkWeksZu o`f¼ rFkk fodkl esa Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA Fkk;jkbM xzFa kh esa cuus okyh Fkk;jkWfDlu] ,sehuks vEy Vk;jksflu dk vk;ksMhu ;qDr O;qRiUu gksrh gSA Fkk;jkWfDlu dh ek=kk vlkekU; :i ls de gksus ij vovoVqrk (gkbiksFkk;jkbfMTe) gks tkrh gS tks vdeZ.;rk vkSj eksVkis ls vfHky{kf.kr gksrh gSA Fkk;jkWfDlu dh c<+h gqgZ ek=kk ls vfrvoVqrk (gkbijFk;jkW;fM”e) gks tkrh gSA vkgkj esa vk;ksMhu dh deh vovoVqrk vkSj Fkk;jkbM xzfUFk osQ c<+us dk dkj.k cu ldrh gSA vf/drj bl fLFkfr dks [kkus okys ued esa lksfM;e vk;ksMkbM feykdj (vk;ksMkb”M lkWYV) fu;af=kr fd;k tkrk gSA LVsjkW;M gkWeksZu ,sMªhuy dkWVsZDl vkSj xkssuSM xzfUFk;ksa (iq#"kksa esa o`"k.k vkSj fL=k;ksa esa fMEcxzfUFk) esa curs gSaA ,sMªhuy dkWVsZDl ls fudyus okys gkWeksZu 'kjhfjd dk;Zdykiksa esa cgqr egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk
is
14.5 gkWeksZu
fuHkkrs gSaA mnkgj.kkFkZ XywdksdkWfVZdk;M dkcksZgkbMªsV mikip; dks fu;af=kr djrs gSa] tyu mRiUu djus okyh vfHkfØ;kvksa dks ?kVkrs gSa ,oa ruko osQ izfr izfrfØ;k esa Hkh lfEefyr gksrs gSaA feujSyksdkWfVZdkW;M xqnks± ls mRlftZr gksus okys ty vkSj yo.k osQ Lrj dks fu;af=kr djrs gSAa ;fn ,sfMªuy dkWVDZs l Bhd ls dk;Z u djsa rks blosQ ifj.kkeLo:i ,sMhlUlfM”kht gks ldrh gS ftlosQ vfHky{k.k gSa gkbiksXykblhfe;k] nqcZyrk vkSj ruko osQ izfr laosnu'khyrk dh laHkkouk c<+ukA ;fn XywdksdkWfVZdkW;M vkSj feujSyksdkWfVZdk;M ls bykt u gks rks ;g jksx ?kkrd gks ldrk gSA xksuSMksa ls fudyus okys gkWeksuZ xkS.k ;kSu y{k.kksa osQ fy, mÙkjnk;h gksrs gSaA VsLVksLVhjkWu iq#"kksa osQ y{k.k tSls&vkok”k esa Hkkjhiu] psgjs ij cky vkSj lkekU; 'kkjhfjd cukoV osQ fy, mÙkjnk;h gksrk gSA ,LVªkMkbvkWy efgykvksa dk izeq[k gkWeksZu gSA ;g efgykvksa esa xkS.k ;kSu y{k.kksa osQ fy, mÙkjnk;h gksrk gS vkSj jtks/eZ osQ fu;a=k.k esa Hkkxhnkj gksrk gSA izkstsLVhjkWu] fu"ksfpr vaMs dh LFkkiuk osQ fy, xHkkZ'k; dks mi;qDr cukrk gSA
bl
,dd 14 – tSo&v.kq
482
jlk;u foKku
16.4.3
izfrvkWDlhdkjd
;g egRoiw.kZ vkSj vko';d [kk| ;ksT; gksrs gSAa ;g [kk| inkFkZ ij vkWDlhtu dh fØ;k /heh djosQ [kk| ifjj{k.k esa lgk;rk djrs gSaA vkWDlhtu osQ izfr budh fØ;k ml [kk| inkFkZ dh vis{kk vf/d gksrh gS] ftldk ;g ifjj{k.k djrs gSAa C;qVkbysVMs gkbMªkDW lh VkWybq uZ (BHT) vkSj C;wVkbysVMs gkbMªkDW lh ,sfulksy (BHA) nks ,sls izfrvkWDlhdkjd gSAa eD[ku esa BHA feykus osQ ckn blosQ lqjf{kr Hk.Mkj.k dk le; eghuksa ls c<+dj o"kks± rd igq¡p tkrk gSA dHkh&dHkh vf/d izHkkoh cukus osQ fy, BHT vkSj BHA osQ lkFk lkbfVªd vEy Hkh feyk;k tkrk gSA lYiQj MkbvkWDlkbM vkSj lYiQkbV vaxwjh 'kjkc] fc;j] 'kdZjk pk'kuh] fNys&dVs vFkok lw[ks iQy vkSj lfCt;ksa osQ ifjj{k.k osQ fy, mi;ksxh izfrvkWDlhdkjd gSaA