The Atlas of One Delta by iwbTO

INSTITUTE WITHOUT BOUNDARIES CLASS OF 2013-14 Francesca Anderson Andressa Beccaro Dallas Cotterell Andrea Herrera Betancourt Rob Iacocca Melanie Kapogines Theresa Kienitz Michlyne McCloskey Maziar Mohit Helaena Parkes Devin Sager Kate Watanabe

EDITOR

Melanie Kapogines

LEAD DESIGNER Devin Sager

EDITORIAL & DESIGN DIRECTION Luigi Ferrara Christopher Pandolfi

FACULTY ADVISORS

Paul De Freitas Kristina Ljubanovic Susan Speigel Lauren Wickware ISBN 978-1-77219-000-7 Printed by Andora Graphics Inc., Toronto, Ontario, Canada No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system without written permission from the publisherâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;except for a brief quotation (not to exceed 200 words) in a review or professional work.

CONTACT

For information on other School of Design publications or to place an order please contact: The School of Design at George Brown College 230 Richmond Street East Toronto, ON M5A 1P4 Tel: 416.415.5000 x2165 Email: design@georgebrown.ca www.georgebrown.ca www.institutewithoutboundaries.com

PREFACE

The largest and most powerful cities of North America progressively extend outward both physically and intangibly. Their activities flow through networks of connected systems of infrastructure, creating vibrant regional ecologies where commerce and culture can thrive and enhancing the prosperity of the population. Understanding how we can foster dynamic and successful regional ecologies is the key purpose of this Atlas. Research into this topic began at the Institute without Boundaries this past year. The Atlas of One Delta is the first in a series of five volumes that the Institute without Boundaries will publish over the next five years. The concept for this series was driven by the need to better understand how regional ecologies function around the world. This helps to inform the interdisciplinary design projects the Institute is leading in the Toronto region. Through comparative analysis, benchmarking and data visualization, unique perspectives on regional issues will emerge. The Institute hopes to map new insights into how our world is working and how it can be improved. By analyzing the three major gateway cities of New York, Chicago and Toronto, and their emergence as a megaregion, the hope is to be more predictive of how critical design and system interventions can harness their strengths and inspire new opportunities. The Institute aspires to imagine new formats for living that can enhance the megaregionâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s ecology into the archetype of resiliency, leading the gateway cities to become remarkable places to live.

LUIGI FERRARA

Dean, Centre for Arts and Design Director, Institute without Boundaries

REGIONS*

REGIONS MAY NOT BE WHAT YOU THINK THEY ARE THE INTERNET IS A GLOBAL REGION THAT CONSISTS OF MILLIONS OF PRIVATE, PUBLIC, ACADEMIC, BUSINESS AND GOVERNMENT NETWORKS LINKED BY A BROAD ARRAY OF COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES. IT IS GOVERNED BY A COLLECTION OF REGULATING BODIES.

REGIONS ARE NOT ALWAYS SPATIAL OVER 220 MILLION PEOPLE CAN COMMUNICATE USING THE FRENCH LANGUAGE AROUND THE GLOBE. THROUGH COLONIZATION, FRENCH BECAME AN OFFICIAL LANGUAGE IN 29 COUNTRIES.

REGIONS EVOLVE OVER TIME THE PANAMA CANAL LINKS THE ATLANTIC AND PACIFIC OCEANS, SHORTENING THE SHIPPING ROUTE BETWEEN NEW YORK AND SAN FRANCISCO BY ALMOST 13,000 KILOMETRES.

REGIONS ARE SHIFTING THE BEDOUIN ARE A NOMADIC CULTURE THAT DWELL THROUGHOUT ARABIC AND NORTH AFRICAN COUNTRIES. THEY LIVE IN TRAVELLING CLANS THAT ARE OFTEN SEPARATED BY HUNDREDS OF KILOMETRES.

REGIONS ARE SHAPED BY RELATIONSHIPS SILICON VALLEY, WHERE AN ESTIMATED 1.4 MILLION PEOPLE ARE EMPLOYED, BECAME THE LEADING HUB FOR THE HIGH-TECH INDUSTRY BECAUSE OF THE STRONG SENSE OF COMMUNITY BETWEEN COMPANIES AND A CORRESPONDING CULTURE OF COOPERATION AND COMPETITION.

REGIONS CREATE STORIES THE EUROPEAN UNION, WHICH CAME INTO EXISTENCE OVER THE PAST CENTURY, IS MADE UP OF 28 POLITICAL STATES WITH AN ESTIMATED POPULATION OF 507,890,191 PEOPLE WHO SPEAK 24 OFFICIAL LANGUAGES AND OVER 60 REGIONAL OR MINORITY LANGUAGES.

INTRODUCTION

Today, with the rapid growth of digital and technological landscapes, population and demand for resources, regions are no longer limited by geography. The processes of daily life are more complicated, but also less visible than in the past. Connections have grown, become more frequent and more complex. With this increasingly connected life, a new idea of the region is emerging, one built on the trends towards urbanization and connectedness rather than on physical or political boundaries. The â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Atlas of One Deltaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; analyzes how the concept of a region is evolving. Over the course of the past year, an interdisciplinary team of students and faculty at the Institute without Boundaries (IwB) studied the changing image of regions across global landscapes, and specifically investigated the hypothesis of an emerging megaregion that encompasses the three Gateway Cities of Toronto, Chicago and New York.

INTRODUCTION

The IwB focuses its collaborative design practice on developing relevant projects such as The Atlas with the objective of creating social, ecological and economic innovation through design research and strategy. When we think about our typical day, we tend to understand it through our immediate experiences. The reality is that our daily lives have ramifications beyond our immediate surroundings. Each movement, each exchange, each place we visit hosts a series of interactions with a multiplicity of regions that are connected around the world.We need to understand the inner workings, structures, flows and reach of the regions we connect with. Identifying this reach, through varied navigations of time and space, is how we can begin to describe a region in the future.

INTRODUCTION

The shift to thinking more broadly at the regional scale can be a first step in unlocking the potential of systems already at work in our megaregion; a step in the right direction to finding opportunities for better living at the local, regional, national and global scales. The dynamic and intricate nature of regions makes delving into the complexities of this world difficult, but not impossible. The three cities of New York, Chicago and Toronto are an excellent example of the interconnectedness of regions and the opportunities to manage systems at a regional level. Through our research at the IwB, these three cities have revealed an emerging megaregion. We have named this megaregion One Delta. The Atlas illustrates the importance of regional thinking and observes the relationships within this megaregion to find opportunities for innovation. With the goal in mind of improving quality of life for all residents, we developed creative solutions that positively impact how we move, act and identify.

INTRODUCTION

Using One Delta as a prototypical vehicle for our regional analysis, we reveal how planning and designing at a regional scale can be the most effective means to create a blueprint for a sustainable, prosperous future. Thinking regionally allows us to better understand how our world works and to design for the increasingly complex world around us.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

30 44 54 Defining Regions

A New Megaregion: Toronto, Chicago, New York

Declaration of One Delta

58 Gateway Cities

188 192 208 Synthesize the Region: Regional Insights

The One Delta Observatory

Amplify the Region: Conceptual Projects for One Delta

TABLE OF CONTENTS

84 95 Simplify the Region: A Regional Framework

Analyze the Region: One Delta Snapshots

245

This is Our Megaregion: Inspiration for the Future

DEFINING REGIONS

TRADITIONALLY, REGIONS HAVE BEEN DEFINED AS… any large, indefinite, and continuous part of a surface or space.

the distribution of trade, commuting, and capital flows between the inner core and the surrounding hinterlands.

an extensive, continuous part of a surface, space, or body.

an administrative division of a country.

a realm or sphere of activity or interest.

range, area, or scope.

an area or division, esp. part of a country or the world having definable characteristics but not always fixed boundaries. a division or part of the body: the lumbar region.

a large area of land whose politics, geography, or culture is different from other areas

a district without respect to boundaries or extent.

a part or division of the universe, as the heavens.

a part of the earth’s surface (land or sea) of considerable and usually indefinite extent.

an area considered as a unit for geographical, functional, social, or cultural reasons.

WE HAVE A NEW DEFINITION OF REGIONS… 30

the vast or indefinite entirety of a space or area, or something compared to one.

DEFINING REGIONS

At the outset of this exploration, we asked individuals to create perceptual maps showing how they might define the region of Toronto. These maps varied greatly, with some only illustrating the downtown core; others focused on how far you could commute in two hours via bike, transit, train or plane, the area surrounding the city that produces food to supply the city, and many other differing perspectives. This was our first indication that regions do not have fixed definitions or boundaries. Through this exercise and others that followed, we began to see patterns reveal themselves, showing us that regions have evolved beyond traditional definitions. We discovered that we can define regions through boundaries, densities, nodes and flows, and that regions can exist at various scales. Regions can form in any or all of these ways, and are constantly creating new patterns and connections. These patterns describe the networks that define our megaregionâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s identity.

DEFINING REGIONS

Boundaries outline a distinct region. Traditionally set by political jurisdictions, they can also be defined by natural, technological, economic, social and built infrastructural limits. 32

DEFINING REGIONS

Density is a measure of quantity per unit of occupiable space, representing the degree of compactness.

DEFINING REGIONS

Nodes are an aggregation of similar activities and criteria, and are often connected to each other.

DEFINING REGIONS

Flows are movements and relationships through space and time.

DEFINING REGIONS

Regions perform at multiple scales.

DEFINING REGIONS

A megaregion emerges when a number of regions defined by a diversity of boundaries, densities, nodes and flows exist in a concentrated, layered and highly connected way.

A NEW MEGAREGION

The concept of a megaregion is not new. In the past few decades, varying definitions have existed based on attributes such as: economic interdependence, geographic proximity or population size. These have been used to describe large urban areas and agglomerations as megaregions. The Atlas presents an original and multifaceted definition made to better understand and identify megaregions. We do this through the proposal of a new megaregion. Toronto, Chicago and New York demonstrate a highly connected, diverse, concentrated network of regions that constitutes a new megaregion. The following overview offers a glimpse of regional characteristics that aggregate to form a megaregion.

A NEW MEGAREGION

FOUR OUT OF THE FIVE GREAT LAKES CREATE NATURAL AND TRANSNATIONAL BOUNDARIES LAKE SUPERIOR, LAKE HURON, LAKE ERIE AND LAKE ONTARIO MAKE UP 71,950 SQUARE MILES OF WATER DIVIDED BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA. 47

A NEW MEGAREGION

THE CITY CORES OF TORONTO, CHICAGO AND NEW YORK EACH ATTRACT A HIGH CONCENTRATION OF PEOPLE, CREATING THE MOST DENSE AREAS OF THEIR RESPECTIVE TERRITORIES IN 2012, THE CITIES OF ONE DELTA COLLECTIVELY PROFITED FROM $55 BILLION IN TOURISM.

A NEW MEGAREGION

TORONTO PEARSON INTERNATIONAL, CHICAGO O’HARE INTERNATIONAL AND JOHN F. KENNEDY INTERNATIONAL AIRPORTS ARE GLOBALLY CONNECTIVE NODES FOR NORTH AMERICA APPROXIMATELY 492 PASSENGER FLIGHTS TRAVEL BETWEEN THE THREE MAJOR URBAN CENTRES OF ONE DELTA DAILY.

A NEW MEGAREGION

THE TSX, CMX, NYSE AND NASDAQ CREATE A GLOBAL NETWORK OF MONETARY FLOWS THE THREE CITIES OF ONE DELTA ANCHOR THE THIRD LARGEST ECONOMIC REGION IN THE WORLD BEHIND THE REST OF THE UNITED STATES AND CHINA. 53

DECLARATION OF ONE DELTA

â&#x20AC;&#x153;One Delta is a proposal for the name and identity of a new megaregion. The creation of a new unifying identity for the megaregion will facilitate communication of the concept and values to residents. The identity will convey the benefits of acting cooperatively as a united regional entity. The name One Delta and logo incorporate three interpretations of the Greek letter Delta. The triangular shape of Delta symbolizes the unity of three distinct points. One Delta is the megaregion of Toronto, Chicago and New York. These cities have stood on their own as beacons of opportunity throughout history. We can enhance that culture by working together as One Delta, providing new and bigger opportunities for residents across the megaregion. One Delta can have greater success by embracing the three citiesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; differences, learning from existing flaws and building on each othersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; strengths. A river delta divides and recombines flows to create a new form. One Delta is where three diverse cities come together to be greater than the sum of their parts. The megaregion is similar to the river delta in how it unites 56

DECLARATION OF ONE DELTA

and mixes the individuality of three cities, emerging as one larger entity that competes globally by fostering regional collaboration. We are already beginning to live this way, with closely linked cultures, economies and advancements in technology that truncate the distance between us. In order for us to progress, we must shift our scale to think regionally. Delta is the mathematical symbol that represents change. One Delta is a new platform to initiate exchange and encourage collaboration. This is a core value for both the brand initiative and the future objectives of the megaregion. One Delta connects, challenges and improves through iteration to create a place that cultivates innovation and cooperation. The residents of One Delta are the inspiration and driving force behind this transformation, stimulating growth and driving our vision. The needs of residents come first, and the success of One Delta is measured by how well those needs are met. One Delta is where we live.â&#x20AC;?

GATEWAY CITIES

One Delta has three metropolises, Toronto, Chicago and New York, that make up the economic and cultural backbone of the megaregion. These major access points in and out of the megaregion are classified as Gateway Cities. Historically, the Gateway status of a city has been associated with natural points of entry and exit, including harbours or rivers, that provided control over movement in and out of their regional boundaries. Gateways have always been hubs for transportation, arrival points for new immigrants and centres of exchange. Gateways are responsible for the connections between the city itself, the surrounding territory and the rest of the world. Gateway Cities are essential to the health and connectivity of a megaregionâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;a strong and resilient Gateway is needed for a strong and resilient megaregion. Toronto, Chicago and New York are not only important for the prosperity of One Delta, they are also part of a network of global cities that enable exchange between countries around the world. 59

GATEWAY CITIES

We took two approaches to investigate how Toronto, Chicago and New York grew into Gateway Cities, and compared some of their history, differences and similarities. First, we created a timeline overlaying the history of the three cities and major points of interest in their urban evolution. This shows how the cities were settled in the same way but grew at different paces, what major events shaped their futures and similar circumstances that affected them at different times. Second, a set of comparative statistics and benchmarks for Toronto, Chicago and New York demonstrate relationships across the cities on varying topics, painting a picture of the three cities and adding context to the discussion of the megaregion.

NY/CH/TO

GREAT LAKE REGION: FRENCH SAILOR JACQUES CARTIER IS THE FIRST WELL-DOCUMENTED RECORD OF EUROPEAN ACTIVITY ON THE EDGE OF THE GREAT LAKES REGION

“TKARONTO”, NAMED “PLACE WHERE THE TREES STAND IN THE WATER” FROM THE IROQUUOIS AND HURON TRIBES

APPROXIMATELY 15,000 LENAPE NATIVE AMERICANS LIVE IN THE AREA THAT BECOMES NEW YORK CITY

GIOVANNI DA VERRAZANO REACHES THE EAST COAST OF NORTH AMERICA, ARRIVING AT THE MOUTH OF THE HUDSON RIVER IN NEW YORK BAY

1608 GREAT LAKE REGION: SAMUEL DE CHAMPLAIN TRAVELS UP THE ST. LAWRENCE AS FAR AS QUEBEC CITY. THERE HE ESTABLISHES THE FIRST PERMANENT SETTLEMENT IN CANADA

1785 NY: NAMED THE NATIONAL CAPITAL BY THE ASSEMBLY OF THE CONGRESS OF THE CONFEDERATION. REMAINS THE CAPITAL UNTIL 1790 1787 TO: THE TORONTO PURCHASE TRANSFERS LAND TO THE BRITISH SETTLERS FROM THE MISSISSAUGAS. DISPUTED UNTIL A FINAL SETTLEMENT WAS REACHED IN 2010

1776 NY: BATTLE OF LONG ISLAND IS THE FIRST MAJOR BATTLE AFTER DECLARING INDEPENDENCE AND THE LARGEST BATTLE OF THE WAR. GEORGE WASHINGTON LOSES NEW YORK TO THE BRITISH

1790 NY: NEW YORK SURPASSES PHILADELPHIA AS THE LARGEST CITY BY POPULATION IN AMERICA

1778 CH: CHICAGO’S FIRST PERMANENT RESIDENT IS A FREE BLACK MAN AND FUR TRADER FROM HAITI NAMED JEAN BAPTISTE POINT DU SABLE

1791 TO: THE GOVERNOR OF UPPER CANADA FOUNDS THE TOWN OF YORK

1793 TO: CONSTRUCTION OF FORT YORK TO: UPPER CANADA, NOW ONTARIO, ABOLISHES THE IMPORT OF SLAVES WITH THE ACT AGAINST SLAVERY. IT IS THE FIRST BRITISH COLONY TO ABOLISH SLAVERY 1796 TO: YONGE ST OPENS, BECOMING THE BASIS FOR PLANNING THE CONCESSION ROADS THROUGHOUT ONTARIO 1803 CH: CONSTRUCTION OF FORT DEARBORN TO: TORONTO’S FIRST PERMANENT FARMERS’ MARKET IS BUILT AT JARVIS ST. AND KING ST.

1807 NY: FIRST STEAMBOAT TRAVELS FROM NEW YORK TO ALBANY 1810 TO: THE TORONTO LIBRARY IS FOUNDED 1811 NY: COMMISSIONERS’ PLAN OF 1811 IMPLEMENTS THE GRID SYSTEM FOR URBAN PLANNING 1813 TO: BATTLE OF YORK BETWEEN AMERICANS AND THE BRITISH DEFENDERS 1817 NY: THE NEW YORK STOCK EXCHANGE IS FORMALLY FOUNDED

1822 NY: FULTON FISH MARKET OPENS AND IS THE MOST IMPORTANT WHOLESALE EAST COAST FISH MARKET IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 1825 NY: OPENING OF THE ERIE CANAL, CONNECTING THE ATLANTIC TO THE GREAT LAKES 1830 CH: G.W. DOLE SLAUGHTERS AND PACKS BEEF AT THE FIRST GROCERY STORE, THE BEGINNING OF THE MEATPACKING INDUSTRY IN CHICAGO

NY/CH/TO

1832 NY: NORTH AMERICA’S FIRST HORSEDRAWN STREETCAR LINES OPENED FROM DOWNTOWN NEW YORK CITY TO HARLEM 1833 CH: NATIVE TRIBES SIGN THE TREATY OF CHICAGO, AGREEING TO VACATE THEIR REMAINING LAND AND MOVE WEST OF THE MISSISSIPPI FOR $1 MILLION CH: INVENTION OF BALLOON FRAME CONSTRUCTION REVOLUTIONIZES HOUSING, ALLOWING CHEAP MASSPRODUCTION. HOWEVER OPEN SPACES CREATED BETWEEN WALLS ALLOW FLAMES TO BURN UNINTERRUPTED 1835 NY: SECOND GREAT FIRE STARTS IN THE FINANCIAL DISTRICT

1837 CH: INCORPORATION OF THE CITY OF CHICAGO

IN NEW YORK THAN IN DUBLIN. 38,000 REFUGEES ARRIVE IN TORONTO, ALMOST TRIPLING THE CURRENT POPULATION

1840 TO: A MODERN CITY BEGINS TO TAKE SHAPE, DUE PARTLY TO POPULATION GROWTH, BUT ALSO TO INNOVATIONS SUCH AS THE INSTALLATION OF GRAVITY-FED SEWERS

1846 NY: THE NEW YORK KNICKERBOCKERS PLAY THE FIRST OFFICIAL GAME OF BASEBALL

1844 NY: THE FIRST UNDERGROUND TRAIN TUNNEL IN THE WORLD, THE ATLANTIC AVENUE TUNNEL, IS COMPLETED 1845 ONE DELTA: MASSIVE WAVE OF IMMIGRANTS ARRIVE IN NEW YORK, TORONTO AND CHICAGO FLEEING THE POTATO FAMINE. MORE IRISH-BORN ARE LIVING

1848 CH: CHICAGO’S FIRST RAILWAY, GALENA AND CHICAGO UNION RAILROAD, OPENS CH: THE ILLINOIS AND MICHIGAN CANAL OPENS CONNECTING THE GREAT LAKES TO THE MISSISSIPPI AND REDIRECTING SHIP TRAFFIC FROM ST. LOUIS TO CHICAGO CH: CHICAGO BOARD OF TRADE IS ESTABLISHED, LISTING THE FIRST-EVER STANDARDIZED “EXCHANGE TRADED” FORWARD CONTRACTS

1849 TO: TORONTO BECOMES THE CAPITAL OF THE UNITED PROVINCE OF CANADA FOR 3 YEARS BEFORE THE TITLE IS PASSED TO QUEBEC TO: FIRST GREAT FIRE DESTROYS THE CORE OF THE CITY, THE MARKET BLOCK CH: THE FIRST STEAM POWERED GRAIN ELEVATOR IS BUILT, INCREASING ITS CAPACITY TO OVER 4 MILLION BUSHELS IN THE NEXT 10 YEARS 1850 NY: CHINESE IMMIGRANTS BEGIN TO ARRIVE FOR WORK IN THE GOLD MINES AND RAIL CONSTRUCTION LABOUR, THEN MOVE EAST FOR FACTORY AND AGRICULTURAL JOBS CH: AFTER CHOLERA CONTAMINATES THE WATER SUPPLY BECAUSE OF POOR BURIAL CONDITIONS, A PROTEST RESULTS IN 60

ACRES OF THE CEMETERY BEING SET ASIDE AS PARKLAND. BY 1969 THE PLANS FOR “THE EMERALD NECKLACE” SYSTEM OF PARKS WAS ENVISIONED 1854 NY: ELISHA OTIS DEMONSTRATES HIS SAFETY ELEVATOR AT THE NEW YORK WORLD’S FAIR 1856 CH: CHICAGO’S RAIL SYSTEM BALLOONS FROM 1 TO 10 RAIL LINES IN 8 YEARS. BY THE LATE 1860’S THERE ARE RAIL ROUTES CONNECTING THE PACIFIC TO THE ATLANTIC THROUGH CHICAGO

NY/CH/TO

NEW YORK IS FOUNDED AS A TRADING POST BY COLONIST OF DUTCH REPUBLIC “NEW AMSTERDAM”

THE LAND THAT WILL BE BECOME ILLINOIS IS MAINLY INHABITED BY THE MIAMI AND ILLINOIS NATIVE TRIBES. THE NAME CHICAGO IS FRENCH INTERPRETATION OF THE MIAMI-ILLINOIS WORD “SHIKAAKWA”, MEANING WILD LEEK

CONSTRUCTION OF FORT AMSTERDAM NORTH AMERICA: AFTER EUROPEANS ARRIVE IN NORTH AMERICA IT’S ESTIMATED THE SPREAD OF SMALLPOX AND OTHER DISEASE WIPES OUT UP TO 95% OF THE ABORIGINAL POPULATION

SENT BY CHAMPLAIN, ÉTIENNE BRÛLÉ ARRIVES ON THE SHORES OF LAKE ONTARIO AS THE FIRST EUROPEAN TO SET FOOT IN THE VICINITY NOW KNOWN AS TORONTO

THE DUTCH PURCHASE MANHATTAN ISLAND FROM THE LENAPE INDIANS

HENRY HUDSON LANDS AT MANHATTAN ISLAND BEFORE TRAVELLING UP THE HUDSON RIVER TOWARDS ALBANY IN AN ATTEMPT TO FIND A ROUTE TO THE PACIFIC. FIRST RECORDED EXPLORATION OF THE AREA

1856 CH: NORTH AMERICA’S FIRST EXTENSIVE SEWAGE SYSTEM. UNTREATED SEWAGE PREVIOUSLY FLOWED INTO THE CHICAGO RIVER AND LAKE MICHIGAN, POLLUTING THE FRESHWATER SUPPLY TO: TORONTO BECOMES CAPITAL OF THE UNITED PROVINCE OF CANADA AGAIN UNTIL 1858, AFTER WHICH QUEBEC IS THE CAPITAL UNTIL 1866 CH: CHICAGO BOARD OF TRADE CREATES A GRADING SYSTEM FOR GRAINS THAT WILL BE USED GLOBALLY

TO: THE FIRST SLEEPER CAR FOR TRAIN TRAVEL IS BUILT IN BRANTFORD, ON FOR THE PRINCE OF WALES’ VISIT. GEORGE PULLMAN GETS A US PATENT FOR SLEEPING CARS AFTER SEEING THE CAR ON A VISIT 1860 NY: 25% OF NEW YORK CITY’S POPULATION IS IRISH-BORN TO: QUEENS PARK OPENS TO: TORONTO IS THE LEADER IN ALCOHOL DISTILLATION. GOODERHAM AND WORTS DISTILLERY IS THE WORLD’S LARGEST WHISKEY FACTORY

1857 NY: CENTRAL PARK INITIALLY OPENS 1859 CH: PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION BEGINS IN CHICAGO WITH HORSE-DRAWN STREETCARS

SAMUEL DE CHAMPLAIN IS THE FIRST EUROPEAN TO EXPLORE AND DESCRIBE THE GREAT LAKES, PUBLISHING A MAP OF NEW FRANCE

1861 TO: PUBLIC TRANSIT BEGINS WITH OPERATION OF THE FIRST HORSE-DRAWN STREETCAR ROUTE

1863 NY: DRAFT RIOTS OF 1863, LED BY IRISH WORKING CLASS, TURNS INTO RACE RIOTS AGAINST BLACK RESIDENTS NY: EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION, FREES SLAVES IN THE STATES THAT HAVE SECEDED FROM THE UNION. BLACK RESIDENTS CAN JOIN THE MILITARY 1864 CH: LUXURY TRAIN TRAVEL IS BROUGHT TO THE MASSES WHEN PULLMAN INTRODUCES SLEEPER CAR SERVICE IN THE US, STAFFED ALMOST EXCLUSIVELY WITH AFRICAN-AMERICAN PORTERS 1865 CH: THE UNION STOCK YARD OPENS, BACKED BY THE MEATPACKING INDUSTRY. ALL RAILROADS IN CHICAGO CONNECT TO THE YARD

NY: THE GREAT ATLANTIC & PACIFIC TEA COMPANY (A&P) OPERATE 5 STORES IN NYC. IT IS THE FIRST US GROCERY STORE CHAIN 1867 TO: CANADIAN CONFEDERATION, FORMATION OF FOUR PROVINCES INCLUDING ONTARIO TO: THE CITY OF TORONTO ACQUIRES THE TORONTO ISLANDS FROM THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT AND DIVIDES THE LAND INTO LOTS 1868 CH: CHICAGO RUNS THE FIRST FULLSERVICE RAILROAD DINING CAR CH: RAND-MCNALLY IS FOUNDED, GOING ON TO PUBLISH MAPS AND GUIDES, INCLUDING THE FIRST AUTOMOBILE ROAD MAP (OF NEW YORK) IN 1904

1869 NY: THE FIRST TRANSCONTINENTAL RAILROAD IS COMPLETED MAKING POSSIBLE A SIX-DAY TRIP FROM NEW YORK TO SAN FRANCISCO, THROUGH CHICAGO 1870 CH: ALMOST HALF OF THE POPULATION IS FOREIGN BORN, MORE THAN ANY OTHER CITY IN NORTH AMERICA 1872 CH: A.M. WARD STARTS MAIL-ORDER SERVICE BY SENDING A PRICE LIST TO 40 FARMERS. A DECADE LATER, HIS RETAIL CATALOG HAS 10,000 ITEMS

NY/CH/TO

AFTER BATTLING BACK AND FORTH FOR OCCUPATION OF MANHATTAN, THE DUTCH SURRENDER “NEW AMSTERDAM” TO THE ENGLISH. THE CITY IS RENAMED “NEW YORK”

THE ILLINOIS MEET THE FRENCH WHEN FATHER JACQUES MARQUETTE AND EXPLORER LOUIS JOLLIET PASS THROUGH THE AREA THAT WILL BECOME CHICAGO ON THEIR WAY BACK TO QUÉBEC

REGION: THE BEAVER WARS ARE A SERIES OF BLOODY CONFLICTS SPANNING 60 YEARS, AND LEAD TO THE IROQUOIS ERADICATING MANY OTHER NATIVE TRIBES WHO ARE ALLIES OF THE FRENCH OVER TERRITORY TO EXPAND THEIR FUR TRADING ACTIVITY

42% OF HOUSEHOLDS HAVE SLAVES. THE PRICE OF A SLAVE IS MARKED UP OVER 900% IN NYC COMPARED TO AFRICA

FIRST MAYOR OF NEW YORK IS APPOINTED, THOMAS WILLETT

1873 NY: THE NYSE CLOSES FOR 20 DAYS AFTER A FINANCIAL CRISIS IS TRIGGERED BY BANKS OVEREXTENDING THEMSELVES TO FUND RAILROAD CONSTRUCTION CH: FIRST PUBLIC LIBRARY OPENS IN CHICAGO CH: INVENTION OF THE SILO REDUCES SPOILAGE IN STORED CORN 1875 TO: THE JUBILEE RIOTS BREAK OUT BETWEEN CATHOLICS AND PROTESTANTS 1878 TO: TORONTO STOCK EXCHANGE IS FORMALLY INCORPORATED

YELLOW FEVER EPIDEMIC KILLS 10% OF THE CITY’S POPULATION

POTAWATOMI TRIBE MOVES TO THE CHICAGO AREA AND BECOMES THE MAIN TRIBE INHABITING THE AREA

1879 CH: ART INSTITUTE OF CHICAGO IS FOUNDED 1880 NY/CH: NEW YORK AND CHICAGO HAVE THE HIGHEST NUMBER OF IMMIGRANTS IN THE COUNTRY, AND CONTINUE TO HAVE FOR THE NEXT 80 YEARS TO: IRISH CATHOLIC NEW IMMIGRANTS (95% OF THE CITY’S CATHOLIC POPULATION) ARE SEVERELY DISCRIMINATED AGAINST BY THE PROTESTANT MAJORITY 1882 CH: INTRODUCTION OF CABLE CARS IN CHICAGO 1883 TO: AFTER A FREE-LIBRARY BYLAW IS PASSED, TORONTO AND GUELPH OPEN

THE FIRST FREE PUBLIC LIBRARIES IN ONTARIO NY: THE BROOKLYN BRIDGE OPENS AND IS THE LONGEST SUSPENSION BRIDGE IN THE WORLD CH: FIRST ELECTRIC RAIL SYSTEM IS DEMONSTRATED 1884 CH: CHICAGO BECOMES A HUB FOR CONFECTIONERY PRODUCTION WITH THE FOUNDING OF THE NATIONAL CONFECTIONERS ASSOCIATION BY 69 MANUFACTURERS 1885 CANADA: CANADIAN CHINESE IMMIGRATION ACT IMPOSES A HEAD TAX OF $50 ON CHINESE IMMIGRANTS. THIS HEAD TAX INCREASES OVER THE NEXT 35 YEARS CH: WORLD’S FIRST SKYSCRAPER IS

BUILT, THE HOME INSURANCE BUILDING. IT IS STEEL-SKELETON CONSTRUCTION 1886 CH: THE HAYMARKET AFFAIR INFLUENCES LABOUR RIGHTS ISSUES IN THE AFTERMATH OF A BOMBING AND CONTROVERSIAL SENTENCING OF UNION LEADERS NY: STATUE OF LIBERTY IS INSTALLED, BECOMING A SYMBOL OF IMMIGRATION BECAUSE OF A POEM WRITTEN BY EMMA LAZARUS 1889 CH: HULL HOUSE OPENS, HELPING IMMIGRANTS GET A START IN CHICAGO BY OFFERING CLASSES IN BASIC SKILLS, AS WELL AS A CULTURAL COMMUNITY AND SUPPORT NETWORK

1890 CH: AARON MONTGOMERY WARD TAKES THE CITY TO COURT OVER THE PRESERVATION OF THE LAKEFRONT. HE WOULD FIGHT THEM FOR 20 YEARS, AND WIN CH: ELECTRIFICATION OF HORSE CAR AND CABLE CAR ROUTES, COMPLETED IN 1906 1892 NY: ELLIS ISLAND OPENS, THE LARGEST IMMIGRATION STATION IN THE US TO: THE GOODERHAM BUILDING, ALSO KNOWN AS THE FLATIRON BUILDING, IS COMPLETED AS THE NEW DISTILLERY HEADQUARTERS

NY/CH/TO

THE FRENCH BUILD A SMALL FUR TRADING POST NAMED FORT ROUILLE ON WHAT IS NOW THE CANADIAN NATIONAL EXHIBITION GROUNDS JOHN PETER ZENGER LIBEL TRIAL HELPS TO ESTABLISH FREEDOM OF THE PRESS IN NORTH AMERICA

1892 TO: THE FIRST ELECTRIC STREETCAR IN THE CITY BEGINS OPERATIONS CH: THE OLDEST SECTIONS OF THE ‘L’ START OPERATIONS IN SOUTH SIDE

1894 TO: THE TSR STOPS OPERATING HORSECARS IN TORONTO

1893 CH: JOSEPHINE COCHRANE UNVEILS THE FIRST HAND-POWERED MECHANICAL DISHWASHER AT THE CHICAGO WORLD’S FAIR CH: THE FIRST FERRIS WHEEL MAKES ITS DEBUT AT THE CHICAGO WORLD’S FAIR. TODAY, NAVY PIER IS HOME TO A 15-STORY FERRIS WHEEL, MODELED AFTER THE ORIGINAL ONE CH: THE FIRST SUCCESSFUL OPEN-HEART SURGERY TAKES PLACE ON CHICAGO’S SOUTH SIDE. BOTH THE PATIENT, WHO SUFFERED FROM KNIFE WOUNDS AFTER A BAR FIGHT, AND SURGEON ARE AFRICAN-AMERICAN

1897 CH: THE CHICAGO CULTURAL CENTER OPENS AS THE FIRST FREE MUNICIPAL CULTURAL CENTER IN THE U.S. IT ALSO HOUSES THE WORLD’S LARGEST STAINED GLASS TIFFANY DOME 1898 NY: CONSOLIDATION OF THE FIVE BOROUGHS FORMS GREATER NEW YORK. IT IS THE WORLD’S SECOND LARGEST CITY BEHIND LONDON CH: NATIONAL BISCUIT COMPANY (NABISCO) OPENS ITS CORPORATE HEADQUARTERS IN THE FIRST SKYSCRAPER, THE HOME INSURANCE BUILDING

1899 CH: EARNEST HEMINGWAY IS BORN AND RAISED IN OAK PARK, IL. LATER HE LIVES IN TORONTO FOR A NUMBER OF YEARS 1900 CH: THE WONDERFUL WIZARD OF OZ IS PUBLISHED CH: OVER THE NEXT DECADE 170,000 POLISH IMMIGRANTS SETTLE IN CHICAGO CH: FLOW OF THE CHICAGO RIVER IS PERMANENTLY REVERSED WITH A SERIES OF LOCKS TO DIVERT SEWAGE AWAY FROM LAKE MICHIGAN TO THE ILLINOIS RIVER NY: NEW YORK’S GARMENT DISTRICT IS ESTABLISHED AS THE FASHION CAPITAL OF THE US, LEADING THE READY-MADE CLOTHING INDUSTRY CH: CHICAGO HAS 25,000 MEAT PACKINGHOUSE EMPLOYEES. THE USA HAS 68,000 IN TOTAL

1902 NY: COMPLETION OF THE ICONIC FLATIRON BUILDING, ONE OF THE TALLEST SKYSCRAPERS AT THE TIME, DESIGNED BY CHICAGO ARCHITECT DANIEL BURNHAM

TO: SECOND GREAT TORONTO FIRE CAUSES $10 MILLION IN DAMAGE NY: NY SUBWAY OPENS TO THE PUBLIC. TODAY IT IS THE ONLY 24/7 RAPID TRANSIT SYSTEM IN THE WORLD

1903 CH: THE IROQUOIS THEATRE FIRE KILLS ALMOST 600 DUE TO LOCKED FIRE EXITS. NEW SAFETY STANDARDS SET THE STANDARD FOR THE REST OF THE COUNTRY NY: LUNA PARK OPENED

1905 NY: THE JULLIARD SCHOOL IS FOUNDED IN RESPONSE TO TALENTED AMERICANS LEAVING THE US TO STUDY MUSIC IN EUROPE

1904 NY: AFTER A FIRE ON A PASSENGER SHIP KILLS OVER 1,000 ON THE EAST RIVER, GOVERNMENT REQUIRES SAFETY EQUIPMENT ON ALL BOATS TO: THE FIRST BYLAW IN TORONTO DEALS WITH FIRES, BUT ONLY AFTER THE 1904 FIRE IS ENFORCEMENT TIGHTENED AND TAKEN SERIOUSLY

1906 NY: NABISCO MOVES ITS HEADQUARTERS TO NYC WHERE IT RUNS THE WORLD’S LARGEST BAKERY IN LOWER MANHATTAN 1909 ONE DELTA: THE INTERNATIONAL JOINT COMMISSION IS ESTABLISHED UNDER THE BOUNDARY WATERS TREATY TO MANAGE CROSS-BORDER ISSUES OF PERTAINING TO THE GREAT LAKES, AND EVENTUALLY AIR QUALITY

NY/CH/TO

SLAVERY IS MADE ILLEGAL BY THE NORTHWEST ORDINANCE, BUT CURRENT SLAVES REMAIN POSSESSIONS OF THEIR OWNERS

THE PROVINCE OF UPPER CANADA IS CREATED THE AMERICAN REVOLUTIONARY WAR (1775–1783), RESULTS IN AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE FROM GREAT BRITAIN ONE DELTA: WAR OF 1812 FIRST GREAT FIRE DESTROYS ABOUT A QUARTER OF THE BUILDINGS IN THE CITY

1909 CH: THE PLAN OF CHICAGO, CO-AUTHORED BY DANIEL BURNHAM AND EDWARD H. BENNETT, IS INTRODUCED AS A SYSTEMATIC AND REGIONAL PLANNING APPROACH FOR CHICAGO. IT INCLUDES PLANS FOR THE LAKEFRONT, HIGHWAY SYSTEM, PARKS, STREETS, RAILWAYS, AND CULTURAL CENTRES 1910 CH/NY: THE GREAT MIGRATION BEGINS. AFRICAN-AMERICAN POPULATIONS INCREASE IN NEW YORK BY 66% AND IN CHICAGO BY 148% IN 10 YEARS NY: PENN STATION OPENS. THE DEMOLITION OF THE ORIGINAL STRUCTURE IN 1963 IS CONTROVERSIAL AND INFLUENCES THE PRESERVATION MOVEMENT IN NYC CH: THE CORN PRODUCTS REFINING COMPANY OPENS A NEW PLANT. BY THE 1930’S THEY ARE THE LARGEST CORN REFINERY IN THE WORLD

YELLOW FEVER EPIDEMIC KILLS OVER 2000 RESIDENTS

1911 NY: TRIANGLE SHIRTWAIST FACTORY FIRE IS THE WORST INDUSTRIAL DISASTER IN NY HISTORY AND CAUSES MAJOR IMPROVEMENTS IN FACTORY SAFETY STANDARDS 1913 TO/CH: THE BIG BLOW” HITS THE GREAT LAKES, A MASSIVE STORM THAT DESTROYS 19 SHIPS NY: GRAND CENTRAL TERMINAL OPENS. TODAY IT IS THE LARGEST TRAIN STATION IN THE WORLD BY NUMBER OF TRACKS AND PLATFORMS NY: THE LINCOLN HIGHWAY IS BUILT, THE FIRST TRANSCONTINENTAL HIGHWAY FOR AUTOMOBILES ACROSS THE US FROM TIMES SQUARE IN NEW YORK CITY TO LINCOLN PARK IN SAN FRANCISCO

1914 TO: THE ROYAL ONTARIO MUSEUM OPENS CANADA: THE WAR MEASURES ACT SIGNIFICANTLY LIMITS ALL EUROPEAN IMMIGRATION TO CANADA AND GIVES GOVERNMENT THE RIGHT TO DETAIN AND DEPORT “ENEMY ALIENS”, MANY OF WHICH ARE HELD IN INTERNMENT CAMPS 1915 CH: 800 DIE AFTER A STEAMBOAT OVERLOADED WITH PASSENGERS HEADED FOR A COMPANY PICNIC CAPSIZES IN THE CHICAGO RIVER 1916 CH: THE PHRASE “THE AMERICAN DREAM” IS USED FOR THE FIRST TIME IN THE CHICAGO TRIBUNE NY: NEW YORK PASSES THE FIRST ZONING LAW IN THE US, FAVOURING SETBACKS AND RESTRICTIONS ON LOT COVERAGE RATHER THAN CAP THE HEIGHT OF SKYSCRAPERS

1917 NY: NEW YORK CITY ENDS HORSEDRAWN STREETCAR SERVICE 1918 ONE DELTA: THE GREAT INFLUENZA PANDEMIC KILLS THOUSANDS OF RESIDENTS IN ALL THREE CITIES. GLOBALLY MORE PEOPLE DIE THAN IN WWI CH: FIRST MULTI-STORY PARKING GARAGE 1920 NY: THE HARLEM RENAISSANCE BEGINS, CREATING A NEW URBAN BLACK CULTURAL IDENTITY USA: PROHIBITION IS ENACTED, LASTING UNTIL 1933 CH: THREE QUARTERS OF CHICAGO’S POPULATION IS EITHER FIRST- OR SECOND-GENERATION IMMIGRANTS CH: THE BRONZEVILLE NEIGHBOURHOOD BECOMES KNOWN AS “BLACK METROPOLIS” WITH THE DRASTIC INCREASE OF AFRICAN-AMERICANS TO THE AREA

NY: HARLEM, A PREVIOUSLY WHITE NEIGHBOURHOOD, HOUSES APPROX 200,000 AFRICAN-AMERICANS TO: DISCOVERY OF INSULIN BY FREDERICK BANTING AND JOHN MACLEOD 1923 NY: YANKEES WIN THEIR FIRST WORLD SERIES. CURRENTLY AT 27, THEY HAVE MORE CHAMPIONSHIPS THAN ANY PROFESSIONAL SPORTS TEAM CANADA: CHINESE IMMIGRATION ACT PREVENTS ALMOST ALL CLASSES OF CHINESE FROM IMMIGRATING TO CANADA. COMES TO BE KNOWN AS “HUMILIATION DAY” CH: CHICAGO ADOPTS ITS FIRST ZONING ORDINANCE

NY/CH/TO

FIRST MAYOR OF CHICAGO IS ELECTED, WILLIAM OGDEN

FIRST RAILWAY IN ONTARIO RUNS FROM TORONTO TO AURORA

NEW YORK CITY IS THE FIRST AMERICAN CITY WITH A POPULATION OVER 100,000 FIRST MAYOR OF YORK (TORONTO) IS WILLIAM LYON MACKENZIE

FIRST RAIL LINE CONNECTING NEW YORK AND CHICAGO OPENS

SLAVERY IS ABOLISHED IN NEW YORK ONE THIRD OF ALL RAIL LINES IN AMERICA RUN TO CHICAGO

INCORPORATION OF THE CITY, CHANGING NAMES FROM YORK TO THE CITY OF TORONTO

NEW YORK’S FIRST RAILROAD BEGINS OPERATION

CHOLERA PANDEMIC KILLS ALMOST 20% OF THE CITY’S POPULATION

“BLACK LAWS” ARE REPEALED, FINALLY ENDING SLAVERY IN ILLINOIS AMERICAN CIVIL WAR, 1861-1865

1924 CH: GERMAN-BORN HENRY GERBER FOUNDS THE FIRST GAY RIGHTS GROUP IN AMERICA, THE SOCIETY FOR HUMAN RIGHTS IN CHICAGO TO: IN 5 YEARS THE ANNUAL NUMBER OF SHARES TRADED ON THE TORONTO STOCK EXCHANGE INCREASES MORE THAN TENFOLD NY: THE FEDERAL RESERVE BANK BUILDING OPENS. IN 2012 OVER 530,000 GOLD BARS WERE BEING STORED IN THE BOTTOM VAULT 24M BELOW STREET LEVEL 1926 CH: ROUTE 66 IS ESTABLISHED, BEGINNING IN FRONT OF THE ART INSTITUTE OF CHICAGO AND ENDING IN SANTA MONICA, CA 1929 NY: THE WALL STREET CRASH OF 1929, OR BLACK TUESDAY, IS THE BEGINNING OF THE GREAT DEPRESSION

1930 CH: CHICAGO FLATIRON BUILDING IS COMPLETED, LATER NAMED AFTER CLOTHING RETAILER MORRIS B. SACHS, AN IMMIGRANT WHO ARRIVED AT ELLIS ISLAND IN 1908 NY: CONSTRUCTION OF CHRYSLER BUILDING ENDS AND IS THE WORLD’S TALLEST BUILDING FOR 11 MONTHS BEFORE IT IS SURPASSED BY THE EMPIRE STATE BUILDING CH: BIRTH OF THE SOAP OPERA, RADIO SOAP “PAINTED DREAMS” CREATED BY IRNA PHILLIPS. IRNA ALSO CREATES MANY OTHER LONG-RUNNING SOAPS CH: THE ADLER PLANETARIUM OPENS AS THE FIRST PLANETARIUM IN THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE 1931 TO: PABLUM IS DEVELOPED AND MARKETED NY: THE EMPIRE STATE BUILDING, DESIGNED BY A CANADIAN, NEW YORKER

& CHICAGOAN, IS THE WORLD’S TALLEST BUILDING FOR 40 YEARS BEFORE THE WORLD TRADE CENTER SURPASSES IT IN 1970 1934 NY: THE HIGHLINE, A RAISED RAIL LINE, OPENS IN NYC AFTER NUMEROUS ACCIDENTS BETWEEN FREIGHT TRAINS AND STREET LEVEL TRAFFIC 1939 TO: INFLUENTIAL TORONTONIANS PETITION TO RECEIVE REFUGEE JEWS, BUT THE SHIP IS TURNED BACK TO EUROPE WHERE MANY OF THE PASSENGERS ARE KILLED BY THE NAZIS TO: PORT GEORGE VI AIRPORT IS BUILT, NOW CALLED BILLY BISHOP AIRPORT TO: FIRST FLIGHT LEAVES MALTON AIRPORT, NOW TORONTO PEARSON INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT

NY: NEW YORK MUNICIPAL AIRPORT OPENS, LATER RENAMED LAGUARDIA AIRPORT 1942 CH: THE FIRST CONTROLLED, SELF-SUSTAINING NUCLEAR CHAIN REACTION TAKES PLACE UNDER THE ABANDONED FOOTBALL STANDS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO 1943 CH: O’HARE INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT IS CONSTRUCTED AS AN AIRCRAFT MANUFACTURING PLANT DURING THE WAR AND BECOMES A PASSENGER AIRPORT AFTER THE WAR 1947 TO: CANADA BEGINS TO ALLOW MORE IMMIGRATION AFTER THE WAR TO ADDRESS A DEMAND FOR LABOUR CH/NY: THE SECOND GREAT MIGRATION BEGINS AND AFRICAN AMERICANS MOVE NORTH TO CHICAGO AND NEW YORK

CANADA: THE HEAD TAX ON CHINESE IMMIGRANTS IS REPEALED IN CANADA 1948 TO: AN AGREEMENT WITH THE NETHERLANDS BRINGS 15,000 DUTCH FARMERS TO CANADA, MANY SETTLING JUST NORTH OF TORONTO NY: IDLEWILD AIRPORT OPENS, LATER REDEDICATED AS JOHN F. KENNEDY AIRPORT 1949 TO: 199 PASSENGERS DIE WHEN THE NORONIC CATCHES FIRE IN THE MIDDLE OF THE NIGHT WHILE DOCKED. THE WORST DISASTER IN TORONTO HISTORY, LUXURY LINERS ARE NO LONGER ALLOWED TO SAIL THE GREAT LAKES CH: GWENDOLYN BROOKS BECOMES THE FIRST AFRICAN-AMERICAN WOMAN TO WIN A PULITZER PRIZE

NY/CH/TO

IVES W. MCGAFFEY INVENTS THE FIRST VACUUM CLEANER

SOFTBALL IS INVENTED USING AN OLD BOXING GLOVE AND A BROOMSTICK THE TERM “JAZZ” IS COINED IN CHICAGO WHEN IT IS PRINTED IN THE TRIBUNE

GREAT CHICAGO FIRE DESTROYS 18,000 BUILDINGS. REBUILDING WITH MODERN STEEL AND STONE CONSTRUCTIONS SETS THE PRECEDENT FOR WORLDWIDE CONSTRUCTION

FIRST SKYSCRAPER IN TORONTO, THE TEMPLE BUILDING

CANADA: CHINESE LABOUR MAKES UP ALMOST 75% OF THE WORKERS CONSTRUCTING THE RAILROAD IN CANADA

USA: THE US PASSES THE CHINESE EXCLUSION ACT, RESTRICTING IMMIGRATION FROM CHINA

TESLA DEMONSTRATES FIRST REMOTE CONTROL WITH A RADIO CONTROLLED BOAT AT MADISON SQUARE GARDEN

WALT DISNEY IS BORN. HE IS LATER INSPIRED BY A VISIT TO THE CHICAGO WORLD’S FAIR WHERE HIS FATHER, AN IMMIGRANT FROM SOUTHERN ONTARIO, WAS A CONSTRUCTION WORKER

METROPOLITAN MUSEUM OF ART OPENS

CENTRAL PARK COMPLETED

1950 CH: THE FIRST REMOTE TO CONTROL A TELEVISION IS DEVELOPED BY ZENITH RADIO CORPORATION. THE REMOTE, CALLED “LAZY BONES”, IS CONNECTED TO THE TELEVISION BY A WIRE

CH: THE FIRST DEMOCRATIC NATIONAL CONVENTION TELEVISED COASTTO-COAST IS HELD AT CHICAGO’S INTERNATIONAL AMPHITHEATER

1951 CH: MIES VAN DER ROHE TOWERS ARE COMPLETED IN CHICAGO

1953 CH: NABISCO OPENS A HUGE MANUFACTURING FACILITY IN CHICAGO, WHICH EVENTUALLY BECOMES THE LARGEST BAKERY IN THE WORLD

1952 CANADA:NEW LAWS ALLOW GOVERNMENT TO DENY ENTRY BASED ON NATIONALITY, CUSTOMS, OR UNSUITABILITY TO CANADIAN CLIMATE. LANGUAGE ALLOWING DISCRIMINATION BASED ON RACE OR NATIONALITY IS REMOVED IN 1962 TO: CP RAIL PIONEERS “PIGGYBACK” INTERMODAL SERVICE ON A ROUTE FROM TORONTO TO MONTREAL

1954 TO: FLOODING FROM HURRICANE HAZEL CAUSES $100 MILLION IN DAMAGE AND KILLS 81 TO: FIRST SUBWAY LINE IS BUILT UNDER YONGE STREET AND OPENS WITH 12 STATIONS TO: THE ONTARIO FOOD TERMINAL OPENS. IT IS THE LARGEST WHOLESALE FRUIT AND PRODUCE DISTRIBUTION CENTRE IN CANADA

NEW YORK AND CHICAGO BEGIN THEIR ONGOING BATTLE OF BUILDING SKYSCRAPERS

TO: THE CITY OF TORONTO AND 12 SURROUNDING MUNICIPALITIES JOIN AS METROPOLITAN TORONTO AND BEGIN TO MANAGE SERVICES THAT CROSS MUNICIPAL BOUNDARIES 1955 CH: IMPROVISATIONAL THEATRE ‘THE COMPASS PLAYERS’ OPENS. ALUMNI GO ON TO FOUND THE SECOND CITY NY: FIRST WIRELESS TV REMOTE, FLASHMATIC, IS INVENTED BY EUGENE POLLEY CH: RAY KROC OPENS HIS FIRST MCDONALD’S FRANCHISE IN A CHICAGO SUBURB. BY 1965 HE HAS FRANCHISED OVER 700 RESTAURANTS IN 44 STATES 1957 TO: AFTER HURRICANE HAZEL, THE TORONTO AND REGION CONSERVATION AUTHORITY IS CREATED TO MANAGE THE AREA’S FLOODPLAINS AND RIVERS

NYC IS THE MOST POPULATED CITY IN THE WORLD, SURPASSING LONDON WORLD WAR I, 1914-1918

1958 NY: MIES VAN DER ROHE’S SEAGRAM BUILDING IS COMPLETED, BRINGING A NEW ERA OF MODERNIST SKYSCRAPERS 1959 ONE DELTA: THE ST LAWRENCE SEAWAY OPENS, BUILT AS A JOINT VENTURE BETWEEN THE US AND CANADA 1960 NY: A PLANE EN ROUTE FROM CHICAGO CRASHES WITH A SECOND PLANE MID-AIR OVER BROOKLYN, KILLING ALL PASSENGERS AND 6 PEOPLE ON THE GROUND NY: INCREASE IN DOMESTIC MIGRATION AWAY FROM NYC CAUSES THE POPULATION TO DECREASE FOR THE FIRST TIME CH: MCCORMICK PLACE OPENS. IT HAS THE MOST EXHIBITION SPACE IN NORTH AMERICA (2.2 MILLION SQUARE FEET)

1962 TO: MALTON AIRPORT (TORONTO PEARSON INTERNATIONAL) SURPASSES MONTREAL AS CANADA’S BUSIEST AIRPORT CH: O’HARE INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT BECOMES THE WORLD’S BUSIEST AIRPORT 1963 NY: MALCOLM X IS ASSASSINATED 1965 TO/NY: THE NORTHEAST BLACKOUT OF 1965 AFFECTED OVER 30 MILLION PEOPLE IN THE NORTH NY: POPE PAUL VI SPENDS A DAY IN NYC, THE FIRST EVER VISIT BY THE POPE TO THE USA USA: IMMIGRATION AND NATIONALITY ACT OPENS THE DOOR TO IMMIGRANTS FROM ASIA, AFRICA, CARIBBEAN AND LATIN AMERICA

NY/CH/TO

UNION MUNICIPAL AIRPORT OPENS, LATER RENAMED MIDWAY OPENS

UNION STATION OPENS

THE NATION’S FIRST BLOOD BANK IS ESTABLISHED AT COOK COUNTY HOSPITAL

NEWARK LIBERTY INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT OPENS

THE FIRST SUCCESSFUL POLIO VACCINE IS CREATED BY JONAS SALK

ABSTRACT EXPRESSIONISM EMERGES IN NEW YORK AS THE FIRST AMERICAN ART MOVEMENT TO HAVE INTERNATIONAL INFLUENCE

THE NEW HEADQUARTERS FOR THE UN OPEN AFTER NEW YORK BEATS 248 CITIES GLOBALLY FOR THE HONOUR THE FIRST DRIVEIN BANK OPENS CHICAGO’S POPULATION PEAKS AT 3.6 MILLION

GREAT DEPRESSION, 1930-1940’S AL CAPONE IS SENTENCED TO 11 YEARS IN PRISON WORLD WAR II, 1939-1945

HUGH HEFNER STARTS PLAYBOY

THE TWINKIE IS INVENTED IN CHICAGO’S SCHILLER PARK

1967 TO: FIRST CARIBANA FESTIVAL, NOW THE LARGEST STREET FESTIVAL IN NORTH AMERICA TO: THE FIRST TORONTO DOMINION TOWER, DESIGNED BY MIES VAN DER ROHE, IS COMPLETED. IT IS HIS LAST MAJOR WORK BEFORE HIS DEATH IN 1969 TO: THE 29KM PATH SYSTEM BEGINS WITH THE OPENING OF THE TORONTO-DOMINION CENTRE’S UNDERGROUND SHOPPING CENTRE. IN 1990 THE SYSTEM TOTALS 371,600M² OF RETAIL SPACE TO: GO TRANSIT IS ESTABLISHED AS THE FIRST PASSENGER RAIL SYSTEM IN CANADA 1969 NY: THE STONEWALL RIOTS SPARK THE BEGINNING OF THE GAY LIBERATION MOVEMENT NY: WOODSTOCK

NY: FIRST GAY PRIDE PARADE, THE CHRISTOPHER STREET GAY LIBERATION DAY MARCH, TAKES PLACE IN NEW YORK TO COMMEMORATE THE STONEWALL RIOTS ONE YEAR EARLIER 1970 NY: THE FIRST NYC MARATHON IS RUN. IT IS CURRENTLY THE LARGEST MARATHON IN THE WORLD. CH: FIRST GAY PRIDE PARADE IN CHICAGO 1971 CANADA: PRIME MINISTER PIERRE TRUDEAU ANNOUNCES MULTICULTURALISM IS AN OFFICIAL GOVERNMENT POLICY 1972 TO: FIRST GAY PRIDE MARCH IN TORONTO

1973 CH: THE WILLIS (SEARS) TOWER SURPASSES THE WORLD TRADE CENTER TO BECOME THE TALLEST BUILDING IN THE WORLD FOR NEARLY 25 YEARS CH: MARTIN COOPER FILES A PATENT FOR THE FIRST CELL PHONE, A “”RADIO TELEPHONE SYSTEM””. HIS INSPIRATION IS AN EPISODE OF STAR TREK 1974 TO: TORONTO ZOO OPENS. IT IS THE LARGEST IN CANADA 1975 NY: NEW YORK CITY NARROWLY ESCAPES HAVING TO FILE FOR BANKRUPTCY 1976 NY: SERIAL KILLER DAVID BERKOWITZ (THE SON OF SAM) TERRORIZES THE CITY FOR OVER A YEAR TO: TORONTO INTERNATIONAL FILM FESTIVAL IS FOUNDED

TOOTSIE ROLL RELOCATES TO CHICAGO FROM NEW YORK

TO: THE CN TOWER IS COMPLETED, NAMED ONE OF THE SEVEN WONDERS OF THE MODERN WORLD, AND THE WORLD’S TALLEST SELF-SUPPORTING STRUCTURE AT 553M

1980 TO: UNCERTAINTY CAUSED BY THE QUEBEC SOVEREIGNTY MOVEMENT HELPS TORONTO SURPASS MONTREAL AS LARGEST CITY IN CANADA AND ECONOMIC HUB

1977 NY: THE 1977 BLACKOUT RESULTED IN CITY-WIDE LOOTING, VANDALISM AND ARSON CH: HOUSE MUSIC GETS ITS START AT THE WAREHOUSE IN SOUTHSIDE

1987 GLOBAL: BLACK MONDAY. STOCK MARKETS AROUND THE WORLD CRASH IN THE WORST ONE-DAY MARKET CRASH IN HISTORY

1979 CH: AMERICAN AIRLINES FLIGHT 191 CRASHES ALMOST IMMEDIATELY AFTER TAKEOFF. IT IS THE WORST PLANE ACCIDENT ON US SOIL TO: TORONTO BECOMES THE FIRST MUNICIPALITY IN CANADA TO OFFICIALLY RECOGNIZE BLACK HISTORY MONTH

1990 NY: FIRE IN A NYC NIGHTCLUB WITH NO FIRE EXITS KILLS 87, PROMPTS MAJOR CHANGES TO THE CITY’S SAFETY CODES. CH:THOMAS J CAMPANA JR FILES A PATENT FOR WIRELESS EMAIL DELIVERY 1991 CH: THE HAROLD WASHINGTON LIBRARY CENTER OPENS. WITH APPROXIMATELY 6.5 MILLION BOOKS, IT IS THE WORLD’S LARGEST MUNICIPAL LIBRARY AT THE TIME

NY/CH/TO

A HEAT WAVE BRINGS RECORD HIGHS, CAUSING 739 HEAT-RELATED DEATHS AND LEAVING ALMOST 50,000 WITHOUT POWER.

HOSTS PAN AMERICAN GAMES

CHICAGO RESIDENT BARACK OBAMA IS ELECTED AS THE FIRST AFRICANAMERICAN PRESIDENT OF THE US

WORLD TRADE CENTER ATTACK

HIP HOP IS INVENTED AS A SUBCULTURE IN THE SOUTH BRONX AND HARLEM AMONG BLACK AND LATINO YOUTH

GLOBAL: THE GREAT RECESSION IS TRIGGERED BY THE SUBPRIME MORTGAGE INDUSTRY COLLAPSE

OPENING CEREMONY AND FIRST GAME OF THE FIRST WORLD CUP HELD IN THE US

FIRST MAJOR US CITY TO BAN HANDGUNS SALES

JOHN LENNON IS MURDERED

ONE WORLD TRADE CENTER IS COMPLETED AS THE TALLEST BUILDING IN THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE. FIRST GAY MARRIAGE IN TORONTO HOSTS WORLDPRIDE IN 2014.

1992 CH: 950,000 M3 OF WATER FLOODS BUILDINGS IN THE LOOP FROM AN UNDERGROUND LEAK AT A CONSTRUCTION SITE. THE AREA IS EVACUATED AND BOTH TRADING FLOORS CLOSE TO: TORONTO BLUE JAYS WIN THE WORLD SERIES. THEIR ROSTER INCLUDES PUERTO RICANS, JAMAICANS, DOMINICANS, AMERICANS, AND THE FIRST BLACK MANAGER TO MAKE A WORLD SERIES APPEARANCE, BUT NO CANADIAN-BORN PLAYERS 1994 TO: 30 CHINESE-CANADIANS RUN IN THE GTA ELECTIONS 1996 TO: MORE THAN 40% OF TORONTO RESIDENTS ARE FOREIGN-BORN TO: RIM MAKES THE FIRST TWO-WAY MOBILE PAGER THAT CAN SEND AND

RECEIVE MESSAGES WIRELESSLY. IT IS THE PRECURSOR TO SMARTPHONES

2004 CH: MILLENIUM PARK OPENS

1998 TO: AMALGAMATION OF 7 MUNICIPALITIES FORMS THE CITY OF TORONTO

2005 TO: OVER 1.8 MILLION ACRES OF LAND IS PROTECTED WITH THE CREATION OF THE GREENBELT SURROUNDING TORONTO

2000 TO: TORONTO IS FIRST IN NORTH AMERICA TO LAUNCH ARCHITECTURAL EVENT DOORS OPEN. NYC AND CHICAGO FOLLOW WITH SIMILAR EVENTS CH: 40% OF IMMIGRANTS IN CHICAGO ARE MEXICAN-BORN 2003 NY/TO: NORTHEAST BLACKOUT OF 2003 AFFECTS AN ESTIMATED 10 MILLION PEOPLE IN ONTARIO AND 45 MILLION PEOPLE IN EIGHT U.S. STATES TO: HOSPITALS QUARANTINE PATIENTS IN AN ATTEMPT TO GET AHEAD OF THE SARS OUTBREAK

2006 TO: FIRST CITY IN NORTH AMERICA TO REPLICATE THE PARIS NUIT BLANCHE EVENT, INSPIRING NEW YORK, CHICAGO AND OTHER CITIES TO DO THE SAME CANADA:THE PRIME MINISTER APOLOGIZES FOR THE CHINESE HEAD TAX 2009 TO: 24,000 CITY WORKERS STRIKE, GARBAGE PILES UP FOR A MONTH. NY: THE HIGHLINE REOPENS IN NYC AS A PEDESTRIAN WALKWAY

2011 NY:CANADIAN MAGAZINE ADBUSTERS PROMPTS THE OCCUPY WALL STREET MOVEMENT TO DRAW ATTENTION TO SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC INEQUALITY. PROTESTS FOLLOW GLOBALLY, INCLUDING IN CHICAGO AND TORONTO NY/TO: NYC AND TORONTO ARE RANKED FIRST AND THIRD IN THE WORLD FOR NUMBER OF FOREIGN-BORN RESIDENTS TO: TORONTO HAS THE SECOND MOST COMPLETED HIGHRISES AND SKYSCRAPERS IN NORTH AMERICA, AHEAD OF CHICAGO, BUT TRAILING NYC BY MORE THAN 4,000 TO: TORONTO RANKS AS THE THIRD BIGGEST FILM PRODUCTION LOCATION AFTER LOS ANGELES AND NEW YORK CITY, NICKNAMED HOLLYWOOD NORTH 2012 TO: TORONTO HAS THE LARGEST NEIGHBOURHOOD-BASED LIBRARY SYSTEM IN THE WORLD

2013 NY/CH: APPROXIMATELY 50,000 AND 100,000 AMERICAN RESIDENTS MIGRATE AWAY FROM CHICAGO AND NEW YORK, RESPECTIVELY. NEW YORK’S OVERALL POPULATION STILL INCREASES DUE TO NEW INTERNATIONAL IMMIGRANTS CH/NY: CHICAGO AND NEW YORK HAVE MORE THAN HALF OF THE SKYSCRAPERS OVER 240M IN THE US 2014 TO: TORONTO’S THEATRE DISTRICT IS ONLY SECOND IN SIZE TO NEW YORK CITY IN NORTH AMERICA 2016 NY: THE WORLD’S LARGEST FERRIS WHEEL COMES TO STATEN ISLAND

NY/CH/TO

ESTABLISHED

1625 1778 1750 1898 1837 1834

SETTLED

INCORPORATED

HISTORIC NAMES

NEW AMSTERDAM CHICAGO

YORK

NICKNAMES

THE BIG APPLE

THE WINDY CITY

T.O.

THE CITY, THE CITY OF DREAMS, THE CITY THAT NEVER SLEEPS, GOTHAM, THE CAPITAL OF THE WORLD, METROPOLIS, EMPIRE CITY

THE SECOND CITY, CHI-TOWN, CHI-CITY, CHICAGOLAND, CITY OF BROAD SHOULDERS, CHI-BERIA / CHI-LASKA, CITY IN A GARDEN

T-DOT, HOGTOWN, THE BIG SMOKE, THE CITY WITHIN A PARK, MUDDY YORK / LITTLE (DIRTY) YORK, TORONTO THE GOOD, NEW YORK RUN BY THE SWISS, THE 6

TIMEZONE

EASTERN STANDARD TIME

CENTRAL STANDARD TIME

EASTERN STANDARD TIME 73

NY/CH/TO

WORLD’S FAIR

1939-1940 1893 “WORLD OF TOMORROW”: COURT OF PEACE, HALL OF ELECTRICAL LIVING, ROBOT, TRYLON AND PERISPHERE STRUCTURES

“WORLD’S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION”: CRACKERJACKS, DISHWASHER, FLUORESCENT LIGHT BULB, FIRST FERRIS WHEEL, PABST BLUE RIBBON BEER

HOME TO CANADIAN NATIONAL EXHIBITION PLACE, BUT HAS NEVER HELD A WORLD FAIR

1964-1965 1933 “PEACE THROUGH UNDERSTANDING”: UNISPHERE EARTH MODEL, FUTURISM

“A CENTURY OF PROGRESS”: STEAM LOCOMOTIVE, GLASS PAVILION, GOODYEAR BLIMP, CONCEPT CARS, HOMES OF TOMORROW

MOTTO

EXCELSIOR

URBS IN HORTO

DIVERSITY OUR STRENGTH

8.4M PEOPLE 1,214 KM2 AREA

2.7M PEOPLE 606 KM2 AREA

2.8M PEOPLE 630 KM2 AREA

NEW YORK CITY

CHICAGO

TORONTO

EVER UPWARD

CITY IN A GARDEN

POPULATIONS & DENSITIES (2013)

6,919 4,455

4,444

NY/CH/TO

CITY REGION COMPARED TO ITS STATE / PROVINCE NEW YORK TRISTATE IS

CHICAGOLAND IS

THE GTA IS

OF NEW YORK STATE’S POPULATION.

OF ILLINOIS’ POPULATION.

OF ONTARIO’S POPULATION.

117% 75% 48%

THE COMING YEARS

9.1M 3.26M 3.27M

PEOPLE WILL BE LIVING IN NEW YORK CITY BY 2030

PEOPLE WILL BE LIVING IN CHICAGO BY 2030

PEOPLE WILL BE LIVING IN TORONTO BY 2036

CLOSEST AGGLOMERATION OR METRO AREA OVER 1 MILLION:

PHILADELPHIA

MILWAUKEE 2.2 MILLION - 81 MILES AWAY

BUFFALO

CHICAGOAN

TORONTONIAN

MEXICO 41% POLAND 9% INDIA 6% THE PHILLIPINES 5%

INDIA 7% UNITED KINGDOM 7% ITALY 7% CHINA 7%

NEIGHBOURS

6 MILLION - 82 MILES AWAY

1.1 MILLION - 59 MILES AWAY

DEMONYM

NEW YORKER TOP 4 COUNTRIES OF ORIGIN DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 9% CHINA 6% INDIA 5% MEXICO 5%

NY/CH/TO

AREA CODES (CITY REGION) 201, 203, 212, 215, 267, 272, 347, 475, 484, 516, 518, 559, 570, 609, 610, 631, 646, 718, 732, 845, 848, 860, 862, 908, 914, 917, 929, 973

219, 224, 262, 312, 331, 574, 630, 708, 773, 779, 825, 847, 872

226, 289, 365, 416, 437, 519, 647, 705, 905

FAMOUS FOR

GATEWAY TO GLOBAL GATEWAY THE MIDWEST ONE OF THE MOST LINGUISTICALLY DIVERSE CITIES IN THE WORLD (800+ LANGUAGES)

GATEWAY TO CANADA

ECONOMIC HEART OF THE AMERICAN MIDWEST

HIGHLY MULTICULTURAL CITY, 50% IMMIGRANT POPULATION

4,144.2

3,444.6

6.8%

8.9%

TRADE, TRANSPORT, AND UTILITIES

EDUCATION AND HEALTH SERVICES

PETROLEUM AND COAL PRODUCTS

AUTOMOBILES AND TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT

SIZE OF CITY REGION WORKFORCE (THOUSANDS)

5,862.1 UNEMPLOYMENT RATE

7.2% MAIN EMPLOYMENT SECTOR

EDUCATION AND HEALTH SERVICES MAIN EXPORT

MISC. MANUFACTURED GOODS COLLEGES / UNIVERSITIES (STATE/PROV TOTAL)

168

NY/CH/TO

CITY GDP PER YEAR

$1.2T

EQUIVALENT TO ANNUAL GDP OF MEXICO

$524.6B

$157.3B

EQUIVALENT TO ANNUAL GDP OF SWEDEN

EQUIVALENT TO ANNUAL GDP OF VIETNAM

JOHN F. KENNEDY INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT

O’HARE INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT

TORONTO PEARSON INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT

50.4M

66.8M

36.1M

NEWARK LIBERTY INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT

CHICAGO MIDWAY INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT

BUFFALO NIAGARA INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT

35M

20M

BUSIEST PASSENGER AIRPORTS/ ANNUAL VOLUME

(BUFFALO SERVES ALMOST 2 MILLION CANADIANS PER YEAR)

LAGUARDIA AIRPORT

BILLY BISHOP TORONTO CITY AIRPORT

26.7M

NUMBER OF PARKS

1,700

552

1,600

NY/CH/TO

ICONS

BUILT: 1886

BUILT: 2006

BUILT: 1972

371

913

1,889

117

104

ONE WORLD TRADE CENTER

WILLIS TOWER (SEARS TOWER)

MIRVISH+GEHRY TORONTO - WEST TOWER (PROPOSED)

541

442

305

BUILDINGS UNDER CONSTRUCTION ABOVE 35 METRES

217 NUMBER OF HIGHRISES ABOVE 35 METRES

5,448 NUMBER OF HIGHRISES ABOVE 150 METRES

222 TALLEST BUILDING (METRES)

NY/CH/TO

DIALECT NEW YORKESE

GREAT LAKES ENGLISH

“FUGGET ABAT IT” “SACKS AND HACKEY” TRANSLATION: FORGET ABOUT IT

CENTRAL CANADIAN ENGLISH

“ABOAT THE HOAS” TRANSLATION: ABOUT THE HOUSE

TRANSLATION: SOCKS AND HOCKEY

ICONIC FOODS

BROOKLYN PIZZA HOTDOGS BAGELS

DEEPDISH PIZZA

“STREET MEAT” HOT DOGS

HOME ALONE WHEN HARRY MET SALLY SIXTEEN CANDLES MY BEST FRIEND’S WEDDING RISKY BUSINESS BLUES BROTHERS FERRIS BUELLER’S DAY OFF

SCOTT PILGRIM VS. THE WORLD TAKE THIS WALTZ CANADIAN BACON AMERICAN PSYCHO (SHOT IN TORONTO SET IN NEW YORK) CHICAGO (SHOT IN TORONTO SET IN CHICAGO) GOIN’ DOWN THE ROAD

NEW YORK HAS THE LARGEST PUERTO RICAN POPULATION OF ANY CITY IN THE WORLD.

CHICAGO WAS THE BIRTHPLACE OF SOAP OPERAS, WHICH BEGAN AS 15 MINUTE EPISODES FOR HOUSEWIVES IN THE 1930S.

TORONTO HAS MORE THAN 8000 RESTAURANTS.

IT CAN COST OVER $289,000 FOR A ONE-YEAR HOT DOG STAND PERMIT IN CENTRAL PARK.

SPRAY PAINT WAS INVENTED IN CHICAGO IN 1949.

FILMS HOME ALONE 2 WHEN HARRY MET SALLY BREAKFAST AT TIFFANY’S WESTSIDE STORY SATURDAY NIGHT FEVER GHOSTBUSTERS ANY WOODY ALLEN MOVIE

ODDITIES

UPS, FEDEX, AND OTHER COMMERCIAL DELIVERY COMPANIES RECEIVE UP TO 7,000 PARKING TICKETS A DAY, CONTRIBUTING UP TO $120 MILLION IN REVENUE FOR THE CITY OF NEW YORK. THE EMPIRE STATE BUILDING HAS ITS OWN ZIP CODE. IN 2010, 38% OF ALL 911 CALLS IN NYC WERE BUTT DIALS. THE ENTIRE WORLD’S POPULATION COULD FIT IN THE STATE OF TEXAS IF IT WERE AS DENSELY POPULATED AS MANHATTAN. ON NOVEMBER 28, 2012, NEW YORK CITY HAD ITS FIRST DAY WITHOUT A VIOLENT CRIME BEING REPORTED.

CHICAGO RIVER IS THE ONLY RIVER IN THE WORLD THAT FLOWS BACKWARDS. CHICAGO WAS ONCE THE HOG BUTCHER CAPITAL OF THE WORLD. FOUR STATES ARE VISIBLE FROM THE SKYDECK CHICAGO (FORMERLY THE SEARS TOWER SKYDECK). INDIANA, ILLINOIS, MICHIGAN & WISCONSIN. CHICAGO IS HOME TO THE WORLD’S LARGEST FREE OUTDOOR FOOD FESTIVAL, THE TASTE OF CHICAGO. THE JOE AND RIKA MANSUETO LIBRARY AT UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO CONTAINS 3.5 MILLION VOLUMES STORED IN A COMPACT UNDERGROUND SPACE ON 50-FOOT-HIGH SHELVES.

CARIBANA IS THE LARGEST SINGLE DAY PARADE IN NORTH AMERICA. THE PARADE ROUTE IS 3.6 KILOMETRES LONG. IT STARTS AT 10AM AND FINISHES SOMETIME AROUND 8PM. OVER ONE MILLION SPECTATORS COME TO SEE OVER 10,000 COSTUMED PARTICIPANTS. PATH IS THE LARGEST UNDERGROUND SHOPPING COMPLEX IN NORTH AMERICA. IT CONNECTS 1200 STORES AND RESTAURANTS, 50 OFFICE TOWERS, 20 PARKING GARAGES, FIVE SUBWAY STATIONS AND A RAILWAY TERMINAL OVER ITS’ TWENTY EIGHT KILOMETRE LENGTH THE TORONTO ISLANDS COMPRISE THE LARGEST URBAN CARFREE COMMUNITY IN NORTH AMERICA. TORONTO HOUSES CASA LOMA, THE ONLY AUTHENTIC CASTLE IN NORTH AMERICA.

NY/CH/TO

The cities of Toronto, Chicago and New York have synchronously grown into thriving Gateways, each following a different path with their own unique successes and obstacles. Yet we see many similarities and instances where the paths intertwine or mimic each other. We see that all three Gateway Cities were settled because of their accessibility by water. As the cities grew they developed into important ports, all of them relying on the lakes and waterways heavily for transport and commerce. As the cities progressed they have all become settlement hubs for people looking for opportunity, but also for those fleeing crisis elsewhere. Although there are similar stories through each of the citiesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; histories, there are also marked differences we can see from the comparisons.

NY/CH/TO

New Yorkâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s defining characteristic may be that it is a city that adopts new ideas early and takes action. Even when a key new technology is introduced elsewhere, New York is quick to embrace it, often becoming the leader in the category. This is the mark of a global city, one that has become the epicenter of finance, legal transactions, trade and culture. In addition to the importance of its connections by water, Chicagoâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s rise as a Gateway was largely tied to its geography and prominence as the core of the national rail system. Movement of commodities such as grains and livestock solidified Chicago as a transportation hub and a regional Gateway for the United States.

NY/CH/TO

Toronto is in some ways still creating its identity as a Gateway City. Its population is growing at a faster rate than both New York and Chicago, with over half of its residents born outside of Canada. Toronto is also moving further into the global spotlight as the host of an increasing number of major international events. An opportunity exists to help craft the future of the city, developing it into a global leader. Understanding how the spectrum of regional systems in these three highly connected cities affect and overlap with one another is the foundation for meaningful innovation and improvement. The overall goal is to use this knowledge to design and implement solutions for regional problems that will improve the quality of life for residents of the megaregion.

NY/CH/TO

ONE DELTA

TORONTO

CHICAGO

NEW YORK

REGIONAL FRAMEWORK

We recognize that the regions at play in the individual cities and across the megaregion create a complex network of activity that may not be easily understood. Therefore a systematic and repeatable method for the analysis of these regions is needed. This realization leads us to examine the underlying driver for the existence of any regional systemâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;the needs of the residents. There are basic necessities of life for all residents in the megaregion. We have identified three meta-categories of requirements that encapsulate all needs affecting residentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; ability to thrive: Sustenance, Protection, and Stimulation. These meta-categories were then detailed into nine Vital Elements that become the base considerations required for a high quality of life.

REGIONAL FRAMEWORK

We were inspired by the work of our partners at Toronto Foundation to take these nine Vital Elements and develop a comprehensive Regional Framework for widespread use. Their annual report, Torontoâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Vital Signs, measures many different elements of life in Toronto, highlighting progress and challenges across the city that are critical to the well-being of its residents. Building on the idea of measuring positive and negative elements within Toronto, our Regional Framework is a method to deconstruct, simplify and understand regions. The following is a description of the components of the Regional Framework method we developed to evaluate how these interconnected regions impact residentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; quality of life.

REGIONAL FRAMEWORK

SUSTENANCE The resources that are essential to satisfy residentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; most basic level of needs to remain alive

PROTECTION Conditions that allow residents the freedom to live without fear of negative unforeseen events

STIMULATION Permits self betterment through fulfilling needs with the objective of realizing potential and increasing mobility

REGIONAL FRAMEWORK

The ultimate goal of a successful society should be to provide all residents with equitable access to the nine Vital Elements. This definition of equitable access does not mean to advocate equal distribution of resources to each resident, but instead to facilitate meeting residentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; needs by providing equal opportunity to access the Elements. Achieving equitable access to all Elements will improve the wellbeing of residents and improve their quality of life. Over time this will also increase the innate efficiency of the systems which deliver access to the Elements by streamlining efforts that donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t produce advantageous results and supporting those that do.

REGIONAL FRAMEWORK

AIR

WATER

FOOD

Delivery mechanism for oxygen and carbon dioxide to all living organisms; assists with both pollination of plants and the water cycle

Required component for cell function in all living organisms; acts as an internal solvent and delivery system

Vital source of nutrients needed in order for living organisms to produce energy in combination with air and water

SHELTER

SAFETY

HEALTH

Provides residents with protection from the weather, as well as a basic sense of security and privacy

Defence against physical, social, financial and political harm; reduces risk of exposure to dangers

Prevention of any deterioration, illness or injury that impairs physical, mental and social well-being

CONNECTION

KNOWLEDGE

PURSUIT

Facilitates exchange between people, goods and places; prevents the isolation of residents

Collections of useful information created and shared between residents that allow for improvement, progress and enjoyment

Freedom for residents to proceed with activities of their choosing which contribute to their prosperity, personal interest, or both

REGIONAL FRAMEWORK

The Vital Elements are delivered to citizens through intermediate mechanisms in the form of physical and social infrastructure. We classify these processes under the six Systems of Infrastructure that we have identified. The Systems deliver access to the Elements and are, in effect, what residents interact with to fulfill their needs. They should increaseâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;but in some cases can obstructâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;access to necessities, and should never be considered in isolation as they are interconnected and often jointly responsible for delivering the Element.

REGIONAL FRAMEWORK

NATURAL

BUILT

ECONOMIC

The terrestrial, atmospheric and aquatic environments

The constructed environments

The industrial and financial frameworks

SOCIAL

POLITICAL

TECHNOLOGICAL

The ethics, tolerances, traditions, habits and trends adopted by residents

The governance and regulation frameworks

The application of techniques, tools and skills for use in systemic objectives

REGIONAL FRAMEWORK

Measurement of how well the Systems of Infrastructure are delivering access to the Elements is the next step in determining what needs are being met and which are lacking. We represent these measurements with a collection of Indicators, meant to display and assess the overall delivery and accessibility of each of the Elements. This methodology can be used to analyze and prioritize opportunities for action. At the intersection of each of the Vital Elements with the Systems of Infrastructure exist many possible Indicators that can be investigated. Developing different Indicators across the six Systems ensures that less obvious ways to access the Elements are not overlooked by residents or government, and that checks and balances can be maintained for access in the megaregion. It also illustrates how multiple Systems can work together or in opposition when evaluating access to an Element.

REGIONAL FRAMEWORK

The Indicators we chose in our initial study are subjective; there are an almost infinite number of Indicators that can be made using this Regional Framework method. We considered sustainability, availability, affordability, proximity and suitability as guides to evaluate adequate access to the Vital Elements when selecting appropriate Indicators. The Indicators in this Atlas are meant to represent regional realities of all of One Deltaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s residents, from flora and fauna to people of all ages and backgrounds, to get a holistic picture of the regionâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;its relative health, its challenges, and ultimately its opportunities.

REGIONAL FRAMEWORK

REGIONAL FRAMEWORK In order to have a comprehensive picture of the health of the megaregion, Indicators should be chosen to represent each intersection of the Systems and the Elements.

ONE DELTA SNAPSHOTS

The Regional Framework method is an organizational tool that uses the fundamental base criteria to simplify the complexity of regions, and Indicators as measures to tell a story of the current accessibility to the Elements. By examining a Vital Element through all of the Systems of Infrastructure, we start to see a snapshot of the megaregion at any given moment in time, as well as how seemingly disparate actions and systems are actually connected. The Regional Framework method is able to produce a picture as often as needed, with the purpose of benchmarking the changes within the megaregion over time. Here we present the One Delta snapshots, the first of a potentially large collection in the making. We chose a range of Indicators that begin to measure how the Systems of Infrastructure deliver access to the Vital Elements. These Indicators are expressed at different scales depending on the context: the city scale, the city region scale, the provincial/state scale, or the national scale. For each of the Element snapshots there is one Indicator illustrating a particularly unifying issue for the megaregion which is depicted using the triangle symbol of One Delta. 96

ONE DELTA SNAPSHOTS

AIR Humans inhale about 20,000 times a day without a second thought. Breatheable air is taken for granted, treated more as a right than a privilege, but are we managing this crucial resource properly? In less than 6 decades, the atmosphere has been damaged by pollution to a point where it can no longer protect us from the harmful effects of the sun, and visible layers of smog hang over most urban centres. Air is a shared resource, moving freely across the megaregion and beyond, carrying with it the airborne contaminants society creates daily.

AIR

AIR POLLUTION Air pollution is the introduction of substances, such as particulate matter (PM), chemicals and biological materials, into the atmosphere that negatively impact human health, other living organisms, ecosystems and material property. Pollutants that contribute to air pollution are mainly categorized as either Greenhouse Gases (GHG) or Smog. In cities, the major source of air pollution is on-road transportation. Overall coal-fired power plants are the biggest polluters, creating 33% of all GHG emissions in North America.

CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2) HAS BECOME THE MOST PREVALENT GREENHOUSE GAS IN THE ATMOSPHERE TODAY AND CAN REMAIN FOR OVER 100 YEARS AM O

COMMUTER BEHAVIOUR O

HO V

LAN

(

AV E

RAG

UTE

M) E (K

)

Congestion on roads and highways is a serious problem in all major urban areas, contributing heavily to air quality issues. Toronto has the most kilometres of HOV lanes yet they still report the lowest number of people per car during rush hour, even lower than Chicago who has no designated HOV lanes at all.

C TAN DIS

U NT

OF P O PU LATIO

D U R I N G P EAK HO U R S

P E RCENT

N USI N G N ON-A

UTO TRAN

LE P P EOP

E R CAR

LEGEND

FOR

N GE

BER

P OR TAT ION MM

AV E

UTE

A V E RA G

E C O M M UTE TI M E (M IN UTE S)

MORE HOV LANES ALONE DO NOT EQUATE TO REDUCED CONGESTION OR MORE CARPOOLING 100

AIR 2014 - ONTARIO DECOMMISSIONS THE LAST COAL POWERED GENERATING STATION 2013 - CONCENTRATION OF CO2 IN THE ATMOSPHERE SURPASSES 400PPM FOR THE FIRST TIME SINCE THE LAST ICE AGE AUTOMOBILE AND INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENTS VS AIR QUALITY Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution and the invention of the automobile, levels of CO2 in the atmosphere have been rapidly increasing, contributing to climate change and forcing governments to enact policies to curb emissions.

LEGEND POLICY INDUSTRY AIR QUALITY

2009 - ‘THE GREAT RECESSION’ CAUSED CAR SALES TO PLUMMET IN THE US 2008 - GASOLINE PRICES REACH RECORD HIGHS IN TORONTO AT AROUND $1.35/L 2002 - TOYOTA RELEASES THE FIRST HYBRID IN THE US, THE PRIUS 1992 - ENERGY POLICY ACT OF 1992 ENCOURAGES ALTERNATIVE FUEL VEHICLES IN THE US 1991 - THE CANADA-UNITED STATES AIR QUALITY AGREEMENT IS SIGNED IN OTTAWA TO ADDRESS TRANSBOUNDARY AIR POLLUTION AND ACID RAIN 1979 - CANADA AND THE US SIGN A MEMORANDUM OF INTENT ON TRANSBOUNDARY AIR POLLUTION

1975 - US GOVERNMENT MANDATES THAT ALL NEW CARS MUST USE UNLEADED GAS 1970 - US ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY IS CREATED AND THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT SETS EMISSION STANDARDS EACH STATE MUST MEET WITH THE CLEAN AIR ACT 1966 - FUEL INJECTION SYSTEMS ARE DEVELOPED TO CONTROL FUEL USAGE IN CARS 1963 - AIR POLLUTION INVERSION LEADS TO 405 DEATHS IN NEW YORK CITY 1955 - INVENTION OF THE SOLAR CAR BY WILLIAM COBB 1953 - FIRST SMOG EPISODE IN NEW YORK CITY KILLS BETWEEN 170 AND 260 PEOPLE. 1952 - “THE GREAT SMOG” KILLS 4,000 RESIDENTS IN LONDON, ENGLAND 1950 - DETROIT IS THE 4TH LARGEST CITY IN THE US WITH 1.85 MILLION PEOPLE AND 296,000 MANUFACTURING JOBS

1939-1945 - WORLD WAR II

1933 - INVENTION OF THE BIODIESEL CAR BY RUDOLF DIESEL

1920 - FIRST LARGE SCALE SURVEY OF AIR POLLUTION IN SALT LAKE CITY. SMOKE PATTERN CONTRACTS SIGNIFICANTLY IN TORONTO DUE TO BUILDING BOOM OF THE 20’S, CITY BEGINS TO SPRAWL BEYOND RAIL CORRIDORS

1914-1918 - WORLD WAR I

1913 - FORD PRODUCES A NEW RECORD HIGH 300,000 CARS AT A SINGLE PLANT IN MICHIGAN 1910 - WINTER INVERSIONS AND SMOKE ACCUMULATION KILL OVER 1,000 PEOPLE IN GLASGOW, SCOTLAND. THE SMOKE BLANKET IN TORONTO REACHES ITS MAXIMUM EXTENT AND INTENSITY

1911 - THE ELECTRIC CAR IS RECOGNIZED AS “IDEAL” FOR BEING CLEANER AND MORE ECONOMICAL THAN THE GAS POWERED CAR BY THE NEW YORK TIMES

1905 - THE TERM “SMOG” IS COINED AS A CONTRACTION OF SMOKE AND FOG

1908 - FORD CREATES THE ‘CAR FOR THE GREAT MULTITUDE’, PRODUCES 10,660 MODEL T’S IN ONE YEAR 1901 - THE OLDS AUTOMOBILE FACTORY IN DETROIT PRODUCES 425 CARS IN ITS FIRST YEAR

1900 - CHICAGO GAINS NATIONAL REPUTATION FOR ITS TERRIBLE AIR; A NUMBER OF ‘SMOKE ISLANDS’ EMERGE IN THE TORONTO’S INDUSTRIAL SUBURBS

1891 - FIRST ELECTRIC AUTOMOBILE IS BUILT BY WILLIAM MORRISON 1890 - TORONTO EXPERIENCES MORE RAILWAY EXPANSION, SMOKE PLUME EXPANDS IN THE CITY CORE 1880 - CHICAGO LEGISLATES AGAINST DENSE SMOKE BUT RESIDENTS CONTINUE TO COMPLAIN ABOUT SMOKE CLOUDS AND SOOT

1860-1870 - INVENTION OF THE GASOLINE ENGINE

1850 - TORONTO EXPERIENCES AN ECONOMIC BOOM AND THREE NEW RAILWAYS REACH THE CITY LEADING TO SIGNIFICANT POPULATION GROWTH

ATMOSPHERIC CO2, PPM

1840 - SHORTAGES IN FIREWOOD LEAD TO COAL BEING USED FOR HEAT AND POWER IN TORONTO. COAL BURNING BECOMES WIDESPREAD.

YEAR

1800 - FIREWOOD IS THE MAIN SOURCE OF ENERGY IN CITIES 1789 - THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION BEGINS WITH THE INVENTION OF THE STEAM ENGINE 1769 - FIRST SELF PROPELLED ROAD AUTOMOBILE IS INVENTED BY ENGINEER NICOLAS-JOSEPH CUGNOT

101

AIR

TRANSBOUNDARY AIR POLLUTION AND COAL POWERED GENERATION Although Ontario’s last coal-fired plant was decommissioned in 2014, the province still suffers a great deal from the effects of coal burning. In fact, the majority of the smog affecting Ontario is a result of the migration of pollutants created elsewhere in the United States where coal-fired power generation is still widespread. Major airsheds and prevailing winds that connect One Delta push smog and other air pollutants across borders, creating a blanket of smog far from where the pollutants were generated.

AIRSHEDS An airshed is a part of the atmosphere that behaves in a coherent way with respect to the movement of emissions.

SMOG Ground-level ozone (O3) and fine particulate matter (PM) are the key components of smog. Two of the major contributors of O3 and PM are ground transport and coal burning power plants.

TOP POLLUTERS The report, titled “America’s Top Power Plant Toxic Air Polluters” listed the five worst coal polluting states as follows: Pennsylvania Ohio Indiana Kentucky Texas

IN ONTARIO, OVER $3.6 BILLION IN HEALTH DAMAGES CAN BE ATTRIBUTED ANNUALLY TO EMISSIONS ORIGINATING IN THE UNITED STATES 102

AIR

LEGEND

COAL PLANTS

SIZE OF CIRCLE REPRESENTS POWER PLANT CAPACITY IN MEGAWATTS APPROXIMATE

AIRSHEDS PREVAILING WINDS TOP POLLUTERS 103

AIR

COAL ACCOUNTED FOR 59% OF THE TOTAL GLOBAL GROWTH IN ENERGY GENERATION BETWEEN 2010 AND 2011 ILLINOIS ONTARIO NEW YORK

ENERGY GENERATION IN MILLION MEGAWATT HOURS

WIND ENERGY GENERATION IN ONTARIO, ILLINOIS AND NEW YORK

YEAR

ENERGY GENERATION IN BILLION MEGAWATT HOURS

GLOBAL WIND AND COAL ENERGY GENERATION

YEAR 104

COAL WIND

GROWTH IN ENERGY GENERATION Wind power is on the rise in One Delta and abroad and is often touted as a viable option for renewable energy, but power generated from burning coal is still the biggest energy source globally.

AIR

The challenge of air pollution is one from which no one is exempt. Over time, air quality has deteriorated as a consequence of our lifestyle choices. Industrial and technological advances, although sometimes unknowingly, have taken a serious toll on our ability to breathe. The problem was created by a multiplicity of contributors, and the solution must also be a collective effort. ”...air pollution clearly has no borders. Responsibility, leadership, cooperation and accountability must be shared and recognized by all jurisdictions and acknowledged if we are to make progress in improving the quality of the air we breathe and our health.” ~Transboundary Air Pollution in Ontario - Ontario Ministry of the Environment

ISSUES SURROUNDING AIR QUALITY HAVE IMPACTS BEYOND THE REACH OF LOCAL OR CITY POLICIES. AIR POLLUTION MUST BE DEALT WITH AT A MULTI-REGIONAL SCALE THAT CROSSES NATIONAL BORDERS, AND THERE MUST BE MORE ACCOUNTABILITY IN PARTNERSHIPS TO TAKE MEANINGFUL ACTION. 105

106

WATER Water covers almost three quarters of the Earthâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s surface, yet only a small fraction is freshwater that humans are able to drink. Water is tightly tied to geography and is not distributed evenly across the globe; for instance, 21% of all freshwater on the planet is found in the Great Lakes region. Water is an important thread that connects our megaregion. Each city was settled because of natural harbours, and currently we depend on these water sources for agriculture, industry, power generation and drinking. It is estimated that by 2025, more than half of the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s population will be facing a freshwater crisis due to its vulnerability and scarcity. Access to water will become even more economically and politically charged. 107

WATER

CUMULATIVE STRESS MAP FOR THE GREAT LAKES LEGEND HIGH STRESS LOW STRESS

THE GREAT LAKES BASIN A SHARED RESOURCE The Great Lakes Basin—Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, Lake Erie and Lake Ontario and their watersheds—covers an area of 750,000-square kilometres. This is roughly the size of Chile or 950 times the size of New York City. The Basin sits in the heart of the megaregion and holds 95 per cent of North America’s fresh surface water. Our economy and way of life are closely tied to this resource. Many local, provincial and international partners work together to protect and restore the richness of life that depends on the Great Lakes’ waters. A historic agreement between Ontario, New York, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin and Quebec was signed to protect the Basin on December 13, 2005. This agreement includes: A virtual ban on diversions A basin-wide environmental standard for water uses Better conservation measures, and an increase in decision-making based on scientific data

108

WATER

OUR PRIORITIZATION OF PEOPLE FIRST, WATER SECOND HAS LED TO AN UNDERVALUATION OF OUR FRESHWATER SYSTEM

WATER STRESS INDICATORS Despite our immense dependency on the Great Lakes Basin, this map shows how we are placing stress on the lakes through a number of different factors. These pressures, whose cumulative effects are illustrated, include rapid urbanization, habitat alteration, coastal development, invasive species, fisheries management and the impact of climate change.

109

WATER

URBAN BUILT ENVIRONMENT OVER NATURAL FLOOD PLAINS The watersheds make up an intricate system of water collection and movements that predates human settlement. Over time, cities have been built on top of these networks, sometimes without considering the impact. This can create risks both to the watershed and the built environment when the systems are not designed to coexist.

110

MISMANAGEMENT AND DISRESPECT OF THE WATER SYSTEM HAS PUT ALL THREE CITIES OF ONE DELTA AT RISK OF DAMAGE TO BOTH THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND THE SECURITY OF WATER RESOURCES

WATER

LEGEND BUILT FORM FLOOD PLAINS EXISTING LAKES & OCEANS

111

WATER

WATER USAGE BREAKDOWN FOR THE GREAT LAKES

WATER USAGE CATEGORY

THE PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY AND THERMOELECTRIC POWER GENERATION USES OVER 50% OF THE WATER CONSUMED FROM THE GREAT LAKES

CONSUMPTIVE USE (BILLION GALLONS/DAY)

WATER METER IMPLEMENTATION ACROSS ONE DELTA Each of the Gateway Cities has a water meter program to measure residential water use, allowing customers to be charged for usage rather than by flat rate. This leads to citizens being better aware and educated about their water consumption habits. The US Environmental Protection Agency estimates that the average family of four uses 400 gallons a day. Studies reveal that when residents are aware of their consumption habits and use meters, water consumption can drop by 10-18%.

PAY-FOR-USE SYSTEMS CAN BE AN EFFECTIVE WAY TO MODIFY RESIDENT BEHAVIOR IN THE LONG-TERM

CITY OFFERS 72,000 BUILDINGS (HOUSING FOR HALF OF THE CITY) THE OPTION TO REVERT BACK TO FLAT-RATE BILLING, TO EASE EXPECTED WATER PRICE SURGES FOR LANDLORDS OF DENSE, LOW-INCOME BUILDINGS WHERE USE WAS TYPICALLY HIGH. THIS SHOWS AN INTERESTING RESPONSE BY PRICING WATER DIFFERENTLY TO HELP LOW INCOME HOUSING, WITHOUT ENFORCING ANY BEHAVIORAL CHANGES. NEW YORK BEGAN ITS UNIVERSAL WATER METER SYSTEM AFTER A SEVERE DROUGHT THAT LEFT CITY RESERVOIRS AT DANGEROUSLY LOW LEVELS. NYC SPENDS $175 MILLION TO INSTALL MORE THAN 525,000 METERS.

112

WATER

VIRTUAL WATER In contrast to our substantial and fairly secure water resources in One Delta, coffee is often grown in countries where water insecurity for residents is common. Our caffeine habit across the megaregion is responsible for importing almost 4 billion litres of ‘virtual’ water daily.

AVERAGE CUPS OF COFFEE CONSUMED PER DAY

140 LITRES OF WATER ARE REQUIRED TO PRODUCE ENOUGH BEANS FOR ONE CUP OF COFFEE LITRES OF WATER USED TO PRODUCE COFFEE CONSUMED

1,000,000

5.5M

2.32B

5.8M

812.7M 766.2M

16.8M

7 YEAR GUARANTEE: “WATER BILLS WILL BE NO HIGHER THAN THEY WOULD HAVE BEEN IF THE METER HAD NOT BEEN INSTALLED”. METERSAVE PROGRAM OFFERED BY DEPARTMENT OF WATER MANAGEMENT. METER USERS FOUND THEY HAD VERY LARGE CREDITS ON THEIR WATER BILLS AFTER METERS SHOWED THEIR USAGE WAS ACTUALLY MUCH LOWER THAN THE ESTIMATED FLAT RATES. METERING SYSTEM ROLLS OUT ON A WARD BY WARD BASIS AS A CITY BYLAW. THE CITY BEGINS PLANS FOR ITS UNIVERSAL WATER METER SYSTEM.

OVER 300,000 (OF 474,000) WATER METERS HAVE BEEN INSTALLED/UPGRADED. NYC IS STILL IN THE PROCESS OF HAVING A UNIVERSALLY METERED CITY. NEW FEES TO CUSTOMERS WHO ARE CURRENTLY NON-COMPLIANT IN WARDS WHICH ALREADY HAVE THE PROGRAM.

113

WATER

NESTLÉ USES 7% OF OUR WATER SUPPLY BUT PAYS A FRACTION OF THE PRICE

COSTS TO RESIDENTS ACROSS THE MEGAREGION FOR THE SAME AMOUNT OF WATER NESTLÉ PAYS JUST A PENNY FOR.

$3.95

THE COST OF WATER City residents pay for the water they use each day, yet Nestlé, who diverts up to 7% of Ontario’s local water supply to its bottling facility in Michigan, pays just a fraction of the price for the same water which is then sold back to residents at a premium price.

CITY NESTLÉ

$8.00

$8.84

$6.93

1¢ NESTLÉ

CHICAGO

114

TORONTO

NEW YORK

ONE DELTA AVERAGE

WATER

Our current actions and attitudes do not align with the reality of available water resources. There is a need to first change perceptions in order to affect behaviour which will protect our regional water supply in the long term. Water metering programs are a start, but awareness should reach much further; residents should be made conscious of how their actions and choices impact both the local and global water systems. Equally important is regional governance and management of water, which must better reflect its critical value to our survival.

THE PERCEPTION THAT WE HAVE ACCESS TO AN INFINITE AMOUNT OF WATER IS A FALSEHOOD. WE LACK RESPECT FOR BOTH THE TRUE VALUE OF WATER AND THE DESTRUCTIVE FORCE IT CAN POSSESS. BY IDENTIFYING THOSE WHO ABUSE WATER RESOURCES, WE CAN CREATE A SYSTEM BASED ON FAIR MARKET VALUE, THEREBY RESOLVING THE EXPLOITATION.

115

116

FOOD Food is the complex intersection of physical, socio-economic, political and cultural factors that determine what gets produced, how it is moved, where it ends up and who has access to it. In One Delta, massive quantities of food are thrown out every day despite the fact that many people continue to rely heavily on food assistance programs. The issue, then, is not necessarily about the quantity of food available, but instead about how food is distributed and accessed from the individual to societal scales.

117

FOOD

FOODSHEDS A foodshed is a socio-geographic regional system that produces food for a corresponding population. These regions do not simply include the agricultural land but also the distribution channels for transport, processing and storage facilities, the retail and wholesale markets where food is sold and residentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; kitchen tables where the food is consumed. The modern foodshed has global reach, with increasingly connected networks of production and distribution moving food internationally on a daily basis.

LEGEND SOIL CAPABILITY FOR AGRICULTURAL CROPS HIGH CAPABILITY MEDIUM CAPABILITY LOW CAPABILITY NO CAPABILITY NOT MAPPED

118

FOOD

OUR MEGAREGION HAS SOME OF THE MOST FERTILE SOIL IN NORTH AMERICA, BUT AS CITIES EXPAND WE ARE BUILDING OVER THIS LAND AND DESTROYING ITS CAPABILITY FOR AGRICULTURE MOST SUBSIDIZED CROP

SOY

CORN

ONTARIO

ILLINOIS

NEW YORK

HISTORY OF THE FARM SUBSIDY In the United States, the government began subsidizing the agricultural industry around the time of the Great Depression with the intent of stabilizing crop prices which were in freefall. They passed a number of different acts, beginning with the New Deal and the Agricultural Adjustment Act in 1933, to regulate pricing and production of agricultural commodities and crops.

MISMANAGEMENT OF OUR FARMLAND IS CREATING AN AGRICULTURAL MONOCULTURE

U.S. CORN AND SOY ACREAGE A single corporation, Monsanto, controls almost all of the seed used to grow soy and corn crops in the US.

92%

85%

MONSANTO

15%

OTHER

OTHER 119

FOOD

WHOLESALE PRODUCE DISTRIBUTION CENTRES Toronto, Chicago and New York all have centralized distribution terminals which operate as wholesale markets for produce. These terminals provide access to both local and global produce for grocers, restaurants and other wholesale purchasers, and play a significant role in setting prices for produce across the megaregion. As food distribution has become more monopolized by large national retailers who control their own distribution networks, produce terminals of this type are less common across North America. However these three centres are still extremely profitable and are key components to efficiency in the distribution of our produce. The future of wholesale distribution depends on how these markets will redefine themselves through expansion and modernization in a changing, globalized industry.

CHICAGO INTERNATIONAL PRODUCE MARKET SITE: 33 ACRES OWNER: CIPM ORGANIZATION HOURS OF OPERATION: APPROX 6 DAYS A WEEK, 8 HOURS A DAY (CLOSED MAJOR HOLIDAYS) HOUSES 22 INDEPENDENT PRODUCE SELLERS Before today’s CIPM came into existence, the market was located along South Water Street in Chicago (now Wacker Drive). By 1925, the market migrated to a larger facility outside of downtown and accessible to Chicago’s railways. Eventually the new market was considered disorganized and inefficient as a result of poor logistics planning, and in 2001 was moved again to its current facility. It is the largest produce terminal in the Midwest and the third largest in North America.

COMMUNITY SUPPORTED AGRICULTURE PROGRAMS People are rebelling against the food production machine, wanting the option to purchase directly from farmers instead of grocery store chains. 120

ONTARIO FOOD TERMINAL

HUNTS POINT PRODUCE MARKET

SITE: 40 ACRES OWNER: ONTARIO FOOD TERMINAL BOARD, OPERATING UNDER THE ONTARIO MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE, FOOD AND RURAL AFFAIRS HOURS OF OPERATION: 7 DAYS A WEEK, 24 HOURS A DAY ANNUAL VOLUME: 1,001,200 TONNES OF PRODUCE 21 WAREHOUSE TENANTS/SELLERS, 550 FARMERS’ MARKET STALLS The Ontario Food Terminal (OTF) opened its Etobicoke location adjacent the Gardiner Expressway in 1954, relocating operations from the original St. Lawrence Market in downtown Toronto when it became too small to handle the demand of the fast growing post-war population. It is now Canada’s largest wholesale produce terminal and the 4th largest in North America. There are 5000 registered buyers who purchase produce from the terminal, with food deliveries reaching destinations as far as Newfoundland and the United States. Unique to the terminal is the over 4 acres of outdoor farmers market stalls where local farmers also sell their produce directly to wholesale buyers. The operators of the OTF aim to reduce the waste generated at the facility by composting and recycling all organic and recyclable materials.

SITE: 113 ACRES OWNER: VENDOR COOPERATIVE HOURS OF OPERATION: 5 DAYS A WEEK, 24 HOURS A DAY ANNUAL SALES: $2.4 BILLION 42 VENDORS Hunts Point Produce Market, which is part of a larger food distribution centre in the Bronx, is the largest produce terminal in the world. Originally called the Washington Market in Lower Manhattan, the market relocated to the Hunts Point location due to deteriorating facilities, crowding and so the land could be used to build the twin towers of the World Trade Center. The market currently receives produce from 49 states (all but Alaska) and 55 other countries around the world. The market also supports the community and reduces food waste by contributing to approximately 250 charities with produce donations, including daily donations of surplus produce to the Food Bank of New York City.

TORONTO PLACES MORE EMPHASIS THAN CHICAGO OR NEW YORK ON PROVIDING ACCESS TO LOCALLY GROWN PRODUCE 85

CHICAGO

NEW YORK

445 TORONTO

FOOD

FOOD WASTE When people throw out food, all the resources needed to grow, process and ship it get thrown out too. In the US alone, the amount of water lost through food waste is comparable to leaving the tap running and letting 40 trillion litres of water pour down the drain. Because of its reliance on fossil fuel, the US food system consumes 10 times more energy than it produces in food energy. In Canada, about 20% of all methane emissions, another greenhouse gas with a warming potential 20 times greater than carbon dioxide, come from landfills.

OVER 30% OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES IN NORTH AMERICA DON’T EVEN MAKE IT ONTO STORE SHELVES BECAUSE THEY’RE NOT ‘PRETTY’ ENOUGH FOOD WASTE COSTS PER YEAR

$27B

$161.6B

CANADA

UNITED STATES

HEALTHY MEAL

HAPPY MEAL VS. HEALTHY MEAL

630 CALORIES (5 OZ CHICKEN BREAST, 3 OZ BROWN RICE, 8 OZ 2% MILK, 1 APPLE)

A cost analysis between a Happy Meal and a healthy homemade meal disputes the common misconception that fast food has more “bang for your buck”. The ingredients for a single meal with the same calorie count, using local grocery store prices, costs less than a Happy Meal.

$2.10

$3.19

$2.19

CHEESEBURGER HAPPY MEAL

630 CALORIES

$4.19

$2.36

$2.99

EDUCATING RESIDENTS CAN MAKE EATING AT HOME MORE NUTRITIOUS AND AFFORDABLE THAN FAST FOOD 121

FOOD

1 OF EVERY 7 RESIDENTS IN ONE DELTA EXPERIENCE FOOD INSECURITY 13.51 MILLION ONTARIO RESIDENTS

11.9%

Food insecurity exists when a resident doesn’t have adequate access to a stable source of nutritious food.

12.88 MILLION

14.57 MILLION

1,833,810

2,758,740

14.2%

RESIDENTS EXPERIENCING FOOD INSECURITY

45,743,187 ONE DELTA RESIDENTS

6,170,906 RESIDENTS EXPERIENCING FOOD INSECURITY

13.5%

122

NEW YORK STATE RESIDENTS

ILLINOIS RESIDENTS

1,578,356

RESIDENTS EXPERIENCING FOOD INSECURITY

HUNGER GAME

14.1%

RESIDENTS EXPERIENCING FOOD INSECURITY

FOOD

The current foodshed system is in danger of failing us in the longer term. Although consumers are starting to demand change, mostly on the local scale, economics often take precedence over health and nutrition when making decisions. These two priorities do not have to be mutually exclusive. By developing a complete regional food strategy to improve efficiency, we can establish a successful industry that provides for all its residents.

AS A MEGAREGION, WE ARE NOT RESPONSIBLY MANAGING OUR FOODSHED, LEADING TO INEQUALITIES IN SUPPLY VS DEMAND AND USE OF AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES BEING DECIDED BY ECONOMICS RATHER THAN NUTRITION. ENCOURAGING DIVERSIFICATION WITHIN THE FOOD SYSTEM FROM SEED TO HOME THROUGH POLICY CHANGES AND EDUCATION IS ESSENTIAL. IN ADDITION, BY PROMOTING NUTRITION AND AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE TRUE COSTS OF FOOD—MONETARY, HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL—A MORE EFFICIENT SYSTEM CAN DEVELOP.

123

124

SHELTER Shelter provides protection. On any given night, over 65,000 people are homeless in the Gateway Cities of One Delta. In these same cities, detached homes routinely sell for over $1,000,000. There is a disconnect between the supply of housing and the actual needs of residents that desperately needs to be addressed.

125

SHELTER

SPECTRUM OF HOUSING SECURITY

SUPPORT AND ADEQUATE OPTIONS ARE NEEDED AT EACH POINT ON THE HOUSING CONTINUUM EMERGENCY SHELTERS

TRANSITIONAL HOUSING

SUPPORTIVE HOUSING

SUBSIDIZED HOUSING

TEMPORARY HOUSING

HOUSING CHALLENGES The Gateway Cities in One Delta are facing unique housing challenges. Toronto is experiencing rapidly increasing prices for homes, diminishing availability and fierce competition in the rental market and a booming (but arguably overdeveloped) condo market. New York City is facing a crisis due to a lack of affordable housing and is the least affordable US city outside of California. Chicago is suffering the negative effects of urban/suburban sprawl, but is also struggling with how to handle almost 34,000 vacant homes. However all three cities have at least one thing in common: residents who are without options for shelter.

MARKET RENTAL HOUSING

HOMEOWNERSHIP

PERMANENT HOUSING

$497,131 85,497 GTA AVERAGE SALE PRICE IN 2012

GTA TOTAL NUMBER OF HOMES SOLD IN 2012

$769,407 39,381 NYC AVERAGE SALE PRICE IN 2012

NYC TOTAL NUMBER OF HOMES SOLD IN 2012

$160,000 90,365 CHICAGO METRO MEDIAN SALE PRICE IN 2012

CHICAGO METRO TOTAL NUMBER OF HOMES SOLD IN 2012

THE AVERAGE PRICE FOR A HOME IN TORONTO HAS INCREASED BY 80% IN THE PAST DECADE 126

SHELTER

AVERAGE MONTHLY HOME RENTAL The percentage of people who rent their home is much higher in the cities than at the state or provincial level. In some cases, the decision to rent is not a choice but a necessity due to prohibitively high costs of home ownership. Housing options that require a resident to spend more than 30% of their household income are considered unaffordable.

31% OF NEW YORKERS SPEND OVER 50% OF THEIR HOUSEHOLD INCOME ON RENT ALMOST 70% OF NEW YORKERS RENT THEIR HOMES

$3,017 NEW YORK

$1,267

TORONTO

$1,188 CHICAGO

AVERAGE RENTAL PRICES

625 SQ.FT. NEW YORK

650 SQ.FT. TORONTO

AVERAGE SIZE 1 BEDROOM

750 SQ.FT. CHICAGO

$2.78 AVERAGE RENTAL PRICE/SQ FT IN ONE DELTA 127

SHELTER

HOMELESS PETS ON PETFINDER WITHIN 160 KM OF CITY All residents of the region require adequate shelter, including domesticated and wild animals.

29,309

12,936

5,211

NEW YORK

CHICAGO

TORONTO

SHELTER ISSUES EXTEND BEYOND HUMAN RESIDENTS. NEGLIGENCE AND DISRESPECT FOR HABITAT HAVE ALSO LEFT ANIMALS WITHOUT SHELTER EFFECTS OF CONTAMINATION ON GREAT LAKES AQUATIC HABITAT Over the years the Great Lakes have experienced a variety of troubling changes including declining water quality, shoreline development, erosion, reduced number and variety of native species and the introduction of non-native species. Anthropogenic activities play a huge role in these changes, altering the ecosystem in a way that often poses a variety of risks to human and wildlife health.

The Great Lakes Basin supports a huge amount of the agricultural activities in both Canada and the US, 25% and 7% respectively. However the runoff from these activities flows back into the Basin, as well as stormwater and sewage, and deposits huge amounts of excess nutrients into the lakes which in turn causes algae blooms. These blooms deplete oxygen levels in the lakes, killing off aquatic life and creating dead zones.

Invasive species are another major concern of maintaining the health of the basin. At least 186 invasive species have contaminated the Great Lakes, with approximately one new species of flora or fauna being accidentally introduced every 8 months due to the high volume of shipping traffic through the waterways. These non-native species consume resources, sometimes killing or displacing native species from their habitats.

ONE NEW NON-NATIVE SPECIES IS UNINTENTIONALLY INTRODUCED TO THE GREAT LAKES ECOSYSTEM EVERY 8 MONTHS 128

SHELTER

PUBLIC AND SUBSIDIZED HOUSING IN ONE DELTA TORONTO Wait lists for affordable housing in both Toronto and the suburbs of the GTA are lengthy, but the situation in the suburban areas is especially precarious for those waiting for housing options. The total wait list in these communities is nearing 26,000 for just under 20,000 (currently occupied) units, with some areas having almost twice as many applicants on the wait list as the number of total units available. The situation gets worse if those on the wait list find themselves needing emergency shelter. Only 770 emergency shelter beds (15% of the total for the GTA) are located in the suburbs, meaning vulnerable populations in the suburbs waiting for affordable housing may be forced to find emergency shelter in Toronto if their own communities fail to house them.

87,303 WAITING LIST FOR AFFORDABLE HOUSING

94,520 AFFORDABLE HOUSING UNITS

6.5% OF THE POPULATION IN THE CITY OF TORONTO IS EITHER LIVING IN OR WAITING FOR AFFORDABLE HOUSING

$17/HR

CHICAGO

AVERAGE EARNING FOR A 2 BEDROOM APARTMENT

The Chicago housing wage (necessary wage to be able to afford a fair market 2 bedroom apartment) is over $17/hour. Chicagoâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s current minimum wage is $8.25, meaning that a minimum of two family members must work full time to keep a roof over their heads.

$8.25/HR CURRENT MINIMUM WAGE

NEW YORK

IN NYC 62% OF APARTMENTS ARE SUBSIDIZED

8.2% PUBLIC HOUSING

8.4%

SUBSIDIZED HOUSING

45.4% RENT CONTROLLED OR STABILIZED HOUSING 129

SHELTER

SHELTER BEDS IN TORONTO ARE NEARLY 10 TIMES MORE EXPENSIVE THAN SOCIAL HOUSING

5,219

HOMELESSNESS Should we continue to build more shelter beds or does One Delta need a new strategy to solve homelessness? A report from the Canadian Homeless Research Network estimates the immense direct and extended costs of homelessness to the government in Canada, and illustrates the cost savings associated with housing the homeless. The US Department of Housing also estimates it costs taxpayers upwards of $35,000 per person annually to support those without a home.

TOTAL HOMELESS IN TORONTO

$12,520,590 TOTAL ANNUAL COST TO PROVIDE ALL HOMELESS RESIDENTS WITH SOCIAL HOUSING

$120,997,296 TOTAL ANNUAL COST FOR SHELTER BEDS FOR ALL HOMELESS RESIDENTS

130

SHELTER

Whether for people or animals, for rich or poor, for young or old, each and every resident of One Delta should have access to suitable shelter. Short-term mitigation is often prioritized over long-term solutions. For example, the opportunity to house homeless residents illustrates benefits to both the residents and the governmentâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;a seemingly win/ win solution in comparison to a system which keeps the homeless on the street. There is a need in One Delta and beyond for more flexible and sustainable housing. We must create regional growth that responds to the actual needs of all its residents.

SAFE AND SECURE HOUSING IS NOT AVAILABLE FOR ALL RESIDENTS FOR DIFFERENT REASONS. DESIGNING MORE FLEXIBLE AND DIVERSE ALTERNATIVES FOR ACCESSING SHELTER WILL HELP THE AVAILABLE HOUSING SUPPLY EFFECTIVELY MEET THE DEMAND IN ONE DELTA.

131

132

SAFETY Safety is protection against all types of harm. There is an expectation that government will provide a certain level of safety to residents through traditional channels such as law enforcement, the economy and social assistance. However, these methods are often uncoordinated across jurisdictions, creating gaps that leave people exposed and vulnerable. The definition and importance of safety can vary greatly between individuals, from having surveillance on every corner to worrying about how to pay next monthâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s rent.

133

SAFETY

GANG-RELATED HOMICIDES

147 OF THE 2,020 TOTAL GANG-RELATED HOMICIDES IN THE US OCCURRED IN CHICAGO

2,020

TOTAL GANG-RELATED HOMICIDES IN USA (2010)

TOTAL GANG-RELATED HOMICIDES IN CANADA (2010)

POLICE AND VIOLENT CRIMES Safety and law enforcement go handin-hand, but deploying uniformed officers does not necessarily lead to less violence in a city.

8.28 MILLION

1:240

1:156

52,993

2.86 MILLION

1:524

1:98

29,136

2.7 MILLION

1:226

1:98

27,767

POPULATION

POLICE TO POPULATION

VIOLENT CRIMES TO POPULATION

TOTAL NUMBER OF VIOLENT CRIMES 2012

CHICAGO HAD ALMOST 10 TIMES AS MANY HOMICIDES AS TORONTO IN 2012 DESPITE EMPLOYING MORE THAN TWICE AS MANY OFFICERS 134

SAFETY

SURVEILLANCE CAMERAS In all three cities police have access to a network of both public and private surveillance cameras throughout the city. Chicago has the most sophisticated surveillance network in the US, with former Chicago Mayor Richard Daley calling it “the next best thing” to a police officer on every corner. The approximate number of cameras varies greatly between the cities, with New York police, somewhat surprisingly, having the smallest network access.

17,000

CHICAGO

THE NATIONAL UNDERGROUND ECONOMY & BLACK MARKET Some residents find more financial security outside the bounds of the traditional economy. These figures include the hidden, informal and illegal economies, encompassing everything from servers’ undeclared tips to the illegal drug trade.

TORONTO POLICE ARE CURRENTLY REQUESTING DIRECT ACCESS TO TORONTO COMMUNITY HOUSING’S 3,000 CCTV CAMERAS 11,100 TORONTO

6,000 NEW YORK

$118B

$1.5T

CANADA’S UNDERGROUND ECONOMY

AMERICA’S UNDERGROUND ECONOMY

$1.9T

$15.5T

CANADA’S GDP

AMERICA’S GDP

THE UNDERGROUND ECONOMY AND BLACK MARKET ADD UP TO 5-10% OF THE GDP IN BOTH THE US AND CANADA 135

SAFETY

REGULATING BODIES Our energy grid is an interconnected network of bulk-power supplies. NERC is the governing body for North American electricity supply standards. They, along with the regional power entities, ensure the security and reliability of the energy grid. Within One Delta the regional entities responsible for managing the efficiency of our power supply are the Northeast Power Coordinating Council (NPCC) and the Reliability First Corporation. These bodies operate transnationally since electricity networks supply both Canada and the US. Recently, in an effort to test its standards against possible threats, NERC conducted its second industry-wide security exercise called GridEx. GridEx mimicked cyber and physical attacks on the North American power grid in an attempt to expose and identify possible weaknesses in our interconnected system.

136

THE DELIVERY OF ENERGY THROUGHOUT ONE DELTA IS LINKED BY TRANSNATIONAL REGULATING BODIES LEGEND BALANCING AUTHORITIES NERC REGIONAL AUTHORITIES BOUNDARIES

SAFETY

BLACKOUTS Despite massive power loss episodes in recent history due to severe storms like Hurricane Sandy (2012) and the Toronto Ice Storm (2013), the majority of blackouts in North America are caused by grid failures, not extreme weather events.

ECONOMIC LOSSES FROM THE 2003 BLACKOUT ARE ESTIMATED TO BE $7-10 BILLION LEGEND LAKES & OCEANS AREAS AFFECTED BY BLACKOUTS

100 KM

1965 BLACKOUT

1977 BLACKOUT

CAUSE: HUMAN ERROR POPULATION AFFECTED: 30 MILLION DURATION: 13 HOURS

CAUSE: HUMAN ERROR, SUBSTANDARD MAINTENANCE POPULATION AFFECTED: 9 MILLION DURATION: 26 HOURS

2003 BLACKOUT

100 KM

CAUSE: SOFTWARE ERROR POPULATION AFFECTED: 50 MILLION DURATION: 24 HOURS

137

SAFETY

DISASTERS IN ONE DELTA When disasters strike, they do not abide by political boundaries. Each of the three Gateway Cities in One Delta have been affected by many disasters over the years. Some were shared experiences from a widespread disaster, others common events that each city dealt with at different times. Coordination across the megaregion can help create better plans to react efficiently in emergency situations, improving resiliency and minimizing impacts of disasters. On the timeline shown, the numbers indicate the type of disaster and those in pink circles are disasters that affected all three Gateway Cities concurrently. The concentric dashed triangles increase by decades, the radial lines represent single years and are organized by city along the three sides of the triangle.

138

LEGEND DECADE YEAR AFFECTED ALL THREE CITIES STORM FIRE TORNADO HURRICANE BLIZZARD FLOOD LANDSLIDE HEAT WAVE CYCLONE ICE STORM NORâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;EASTER WINTER STORM

SAFETY

7,561

APPROXIMATE TOTAL DEATHS IN ONE DELTA CAUSED BY DISASTERS

NEW YORK NORFOLK AND LONG ISLAND HURRICANE 1821 GREAT BLIZZARD OF 1888 HURRICANE FIVE 1894 NEW ENGLAND HURRICANE 1938 GREAT ATLANTIC HURRICANE 1944 GREAT APPALACHIAN STORM OF NOVEMBER 1950 HURRICANE EDNA 1954 ASH WEDNESDAY STORM OF 1962 NOR’EASTER FEBRUARY 1969 NOR’EASTER DECEMBER 1969 HURRICANE AGNES 1972 BLIZZARD OF 1977 NORTHEASTERN UNITED STATES BLIZZARD OF 1978 STORM OF THE CENTURY 1993 TROPICAL STORM BERYL 1994 CHRISTMAS NOR’EASTER 1994 HEAT WAVE OF 1995 DERECHO SERIES 1995 NORTH AMERICAN ICE STORM OF 1998 NEW YORK STATE LABOR DAY DERECHOS SEPTEMBER 7, 1998. NOR’EASTER DECEMBER 2000 TROPICAL STORM CRISTOBAL AUGUST 2002 MIDWEST TO MID-ATLANTIC UNITED STATES TORNADO OUTBREAK 2002 CHRISTMAS EVE SNOWSTORM 2004 MID-ATLANTIC UNITED STATES FLOOD SUMMER 2006 WESTCHESTER COUNTY TORNADO 2006 LAKE STORM “APHID” OCTOBER 2006 NOR’EASTER LATE NOVEMBER 2006 BROOKLYN TORNADOES 2007 NORTH AMERICAN ICE STORM JANUARY 2007 NORTH AMERICA BLIZZARD FEBRUARY 2007 NORTH AMERICAN WINTER STORMS MID-DECEMBER 2007 NORTH AMERICAN BLIZZARD OF 2008 NEW ENGLAND AND UPSTATE NEW YORK ICE STORM DECEMBER 2008 NORTH AMERICAN BLIZZARD OF 2009 BRONX TORNADO JULY 2010 BROOKLYN/QUEENS TORNADOES 2010 HALLOWEEN NOR’EASTER 2011 HURRICANE IRENE 2011 HURRICANE SANDY 2012

ONTARIO GREAT LAKES STORM OF 1913 MATHESON FIRE JULY 29, 1916 GREAT FIRE OF 1922 GREAT PORCUPINE FIRE 1922 WINDSOR–TECUMSEH TORNADO 1946 SARNIA TORNADO 1953 RAYMORE DRIVE FLOOD 1954 HURRICANE HAZEL 1954 SUDBURY TORNADO AUGUST 20, 1970 EASTERN CANADIAN BLIZZARD OF MARCH 1971 SUPER OUTBREAK APRIL 4, 1974 BARRIE TORNADO OUTBREAK 1985 WINISK FLOOD 1986 LEMIEUX, ONTARIO LANDSLIDE 1989 SOUTHERN GREAT LAKES DERECHO OF 1991 STORM OF THE CENTURY 1993 HEAT WAVE OF 1995 DERECHO SERIES 1995 LAKE HURON CYCLONE 1996 SOUTHERN ONTARIO TORNADOES 1996 SOUTHEAST MICHIGAN TORNADO OUTBREAK 1997 NORTH AMERICAN ICE STORM OF 1998 TORNADO OUTBREAK AND DERECHO-LATE-MAY 1998 NORTH AMERICAN BLIZZARD OF 1999 BOUNDARY WATERS – CANADIAN DERECHO 1999 SOUTHERN ONTARIO TORNADO OUTBREAK OF 2005 HAMILTON TORNADO OF 2005 HEAT WAVE OF 2006 DERECHO SERIES 2006 NORTH AMERICAN ICE STORM JANUARY 2007 NORTH AMERICA BLIZZARD FEBRUARY 2007 NOR’EASTER APRIL 2007 NORTH AMERICAN WINTER STORM EARLY DECEMBER 2007 NORTH AMERICAN WINTER STORMS MID-DECEMBER 2007 NORTH AMERICAN BLIZZARD OF 2008 SOUTHERN ONTARIO TORNADO OUTBREAK OF 2009 NORTH AMERICAN BLIZZARD JANUARY 31 – FEBRUARY 2, 2011 HURRICANE SANDY - CANADA 2012 NORTH AMERICAN ICE STORM DECEMBER 2013

ILLINOIS GREAT MISSISSIPPI FLOOD OF 1927 OHIO RIVER FLOOD OF 1937 HURRICANE AUDREY JUNE 1957 CHICAGO BLIZZARD OF 1967 GREAT BLIZZARD OF 1978 CHICAGO BLIZZARD OF 1979 I-94 DERECHO JULY 19, 1983 GREAT FLOOD OF 1993 CHICAGO HEAT WAVE 1995 WESTERN PLAINS WINTER STORMS 1997 NORTH AMERICAN BLIZZARD OF 1999 PRE-CHRISTMAS SNOWSTORM 2004 EARLY WINTER NORTH AMERICAN STORM COMPLEX 2006 HEAT WAVE OF 2006 NORTH AMERICAN ICE STORM JANUARY 2007 NORTH AMERICA BLIZZARD FEBRUARY 2007 MIDWEST FLOODING AUGUST 2007 NORTH AMERICAN WINTER STORMS MID-DECEMBER 2007 MIDWEST FLOODS JUNE 2008 NORTH AMERICAN BLIZZARD JANUARY 31 – FEBRUARY 2, 2011 MISSISSIPPI RIVER FLOODS 2011

139

SAFETY

WALMART PROFITS MORE IN ONE MINUTE THAN MOST OF ITS EMPLOYEES MAKE IN ONE YEAR

JOB SECURITY Job security is an issue that pertains to the safety of residents. Large scale companies such as Walmart are continuously growing and seeking workers, offering 2.1 million jobs worldwide. But are available jobs necessarily providing the economic safety needed by residents?

525,000

FULL TIME HOURLY WALMART EMPLOYEES WHO EARN LESS THAN $25,000 A YEAR.

WALMART EMPLOYEE WAGES (THOUSANDS OF DOLLARS)

$19,930

$22,000

$22,000 POVERTY LINE

$18,122 $14,586

$15,470

“PLEASE DONATE FOOD ITEMS SO ASSOCIATES IN NEED CAN ENJOY THANKSGIVING DINNER.”

140

In the fall of 2013, an Ohio Walmart put out a donation box to collect for its employees, causing an outrage among shoppers and workers and sparking a national discussion about the wages and well-being of Walmart employees.

SAFETY

Safety is a multifaceted issue and, although experienced at the personal level, a residentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s safety must be addressed at multiple scales. For example, many natural disasters occur at the national or global scale, but impacts are felt at a very local level. Through understanding what causes people to feel vulnerable, we can proactively design solutions that can be implemented at multiple scales. In doing so, One Delta will be better equipped to protect its residents.

LIFE IS BECOMING LESS SECURE OVER TIME AND INSECURITY TAKES MANY DIFFERENT FORMS. BY PROMOTING INEQUALITY WE HAVE CREATED MORE VULNERABILITIES. REDUCING INEQUALITIES THROUGHOUT SOCIETY WILL ALSO PREVENT OR IMPROVE MANY ISSUES OF SECURITY AND VULNERABILITY.

141

142

HEALTH Maintaining good health is an endeavour that requires continuous attention, with the goal of keeping mind and body free from injury or illness and creating healthy environments for all residents. There is a constant battle between finding solutions to improve health and understanding new risks that emerge. At the centre of health issues in One Delta is the presence of regulation or legislation that impacts access, making health in the megaregion inextricably linked to policy.

143

HEALTH

SMOKING LAWS IN CANADA As increasing scientific evidence illustrating the dangers of tobacco use and second-hand smoke is produced, legislative changes attempt to deter smoking through a number of channels.

CIGARETTE PACKAGING IS REQUIRED TO HAVE NEW WARNING MESSAGES ABOUT RISKS OF SMOKING

CIGARETTE SALES IN CANADA (BILLIONS)

TAXES ON CIGARETTES ARE REDUCED, PRICES DROP AND SALES INCREASE

TOBACCO SALES TO YOUNG PERSONS ACT IS PASSED PROHIBITING PEOPLE FROM SELLING OR GIVING TOBACCO TO ANYONE UNDER 18. OTTAWA PASSES LEGISLATION MAKING FEDERAL WORKPLACES SMOKE-FREE. AMENDMENT TO THE HAZARDOUS PRODUCTS ACT PROHIBITS TOBACCO ADVERTISING CIGARETTE PACKAGES ARE REQUIRED TO HAVE HEALTH WARNINGS PRINTED ON THEM

LEGAL AGE TO BUY CIGARETTES IS RAISED TO 18

144

YEAR

HEALTH

THE PERCENTAGE OF CANADIAN ADULT SMOKERS DROPPED FROM 19% TO 17% IN ONE YEAR SHORTLY AFTER MAJOR BANS ON SMOKING IN PUBLIC SPACES BEGAN TO TAKE EFFECT

RETAILERS SELLING TOBACCO ARE REQUIRED TO POST SIGNS STATING SELLING TO ANYONE UNDER 18 IS PROHIBITED

ONTARIO AND QUEBEC BAN SMOKING IN ALL ENCLOSED PUBLIC PLACES FOUR MAJOR TOBACCO COMPANIES ANNOUNCE THEY WILL VOLUNTARILY STOP USING “LIGHT” AND “MILD” ON THEIR PACKAGING IN CANADA

CIGARETTE PACKAGES MUST CARRY ONE OF 16 HEALTH WARNINGS INCLUDING A GRAPHIC IMAGE SUCH AS CANCEROUS LUNG TISSUE

NOVA SCOTIA BANS SMOKING IN ALL PUBLIC PLACES

CIGARILLOS AND FLAVOURED CIGARETTES ARE BANNED ACROSS CANADA NEW ANTI-SMOKING ADS ARE REQUIRED TO COVER 75 PERCENT OF PACKAGING ONTARIO PASSES THE TOBACCO ACT WITH NEW RULES AND REGULATIONS FOR TOBACCO

SUPREME COURT OF CANADA CONFIRMS THE PROVINCES HAVE THE RIGHT TO LIMIT TOBACCO DISPLAYS ONTARIO BANS SMOKING IN VEHICLES WITH CHILDREN PRESENT

145

HEALTH

WORLD PHARMACY Tracing the global activity of a single internet pharmacy, Global Pharmacy Canada (GPC), exposes an intertwined and convoluted process to complete a single order. Advertising as a Canadian company, GPC is actually based in Belize directing their customers to service agents in Toronto, processing orders and payments at a call center in Mississauga and filling the orders in India. Prescriptions are then shipped directly to the customers in the United States, never entering Canada. In fact, Canadians are geo-blocked from purchasing GPC drugs.

2. TORONTO 3. MISSISSAUGA

5. U.S.A.

1. BELIZE

146

HEALTH

CROSS BORDER PRESCRIPTIONS As of June 2005, there were 278 confirmed or suspected Canadian-based cross-border Internet pharmacies. The total value of sales through these companies was approximately $726 million including both sales to the United States and local Canadian business. Almost 70% of the sales were cross-border.

30.2%

LOCAL CANADIAN SALES

69.85%

CROSS - BORDERS SALES

4. INDIA

PRIOR TO OPERATIONS IN ONTARIO BEING SHUT DOWN IN 2013, GLOBAL PHARMACY CANADA SOLD PHARMACEUTICALS TO AMERICANS WITHOUT BEING A LICENSED ONTARIO PHARMACY 147

HEALTH

CONTRASTING HEALTH CARE SYSTEMS The US is entering into a new era of health care with the implementation of the Affordable Care Act. The Act, dubbed ‘Obamacare’, marks a significant overhaul of the US health care system. Previously, Americans who were not eligible for coverage through Medicare, Medicaid, the Military Health System, the Veterans Administration, the Children’s Health Insurance Program, or who were not insured through their employer, either paid for private insurance out of pocket or remained uninsured. When the recession hit in late 2007, millions of people were laid off, resulting not only in the loss of their jobs but also their health care coverage. For

the five years following the financial crisis the number of Americans without health insurance increased steadily to a peak of 18%. The Affordable Care Act now requires every citizen be covered by insurance or be subject to a monthly penalty, but also eliminates discrimination of coverage based on pre-existing conditions, provides more free or low-cost options for coverage, expands existing health programs, as well as making many other changes to create a more accessible system.

In Canada residents are covered by a system of social health insurance plans that are publicly funded by the provinces. The system is built on the principle of universality, meaning all citizens are covered by these plans and have access to physicians, hospitals, specialists, and other medical services free of charge. Some other non-essential care, such as optometrists and dental care, are not covered by the public system but are usually included as part of employee benefit packages, or coverage can be purchased privately. While access is universal and ensures medical services are available to all citizens, the Canadian system has struggled with long wait times for some services such as emergency room visits.

PRIOR TO OBAMACARE, THE US HAD 45M AMERICAN RESIDENTS UNINSURED AT ANY ONE TIME. MEDICAL COSTS ATTRIBUTED TO OBESITY (IN BILLIONS) Around 30% of children in the US and Canada are considered overweight or obese. Children who are obese have increased risk of type 2 diabetes, asthma and heart disease. Annually, the medical costs associated with obesity are substantial.

$4.53B ONTARIO

$6.4B ILLINOIS

$11.14B NEW YORK

27% OF YOUNG AMERICANS ARE TOO OVERWEIGHT TO SERVE IN THE MILITARY 148

HEALTH

NUMBER OF MEDICAL PATENTS ISSUED SINCE 2004

CITY STATE

Medical patents represent activities at the forefront of innovation in health.

131,000 16,700 196,000 990,000

1,260 1,970 TORONTO

ONTARIO

CHICAGO

NEW YORK CITY

ILLINOIS

NEW YORK

ANNUAL COST OF PRIVATE ROOM IN LONG-TERM CARE (2013) The cost of long-term care in New York and Chicago is exorbitant, especially when considering the target market is elderly people on a fixed income who are unable to care for themselves much less generate income.

$28,338 ONTARIO

$74,643

$130,670

ILLINOIS

NEW YORK

BY 2040, THE NUMBER OF SENIORS AGED 65+ IN CHICAGO, TORONTO AND NEW YORK CITY IS ESTIMATED TO NEARLY DOUBLE, CAUSING AN INCREASE IN DEMAND FOR CARE 149

HEALTH

150

HEALTH

LEGEND PROTECTED GREEN SPACE 10 KM

PROTECTION OF NATURAL AREAS Flourishing natural zones are essential to a balanced ecology in One Delta. A coordinated effort is required to protect the health of the natural environment through policy and planning. Currently Ontario leads the way in this sector, with the implementation of legislation to create the Greenbelt and the Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, who manage the conservation strategy for the entire Toronto region across municipal borders.

BRONX COUNTY IS ESTIMATED TO HAVE LOST 90% OF ITS WETLANDS IN LESS THAN 10 YEARS, BETWEEN 1954 AND 1964, IN THE ABSENCE OF PROTECTION 151

HEALTH

152

HEALTH

LEGEND CURRENT HABITAT RANGE 10 KM

HABITAT OF THE MASSASAUGA RATTLER The habitat range of the Eastern Massasauga hasnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t changed much over time, but density of the population has decreased greatly. The snake is listed as endangered in all states and provinces where it lives, with the exception of Michigan, and almost 40% of the counties that used to be home to the species have lost all populations.

MOST OF THE AREAS INCLUDED IN THE MASSASAUGA HABITAT HAVE LOST MORE THAN 50% OF THEIR HISTORICAL POPULATIONS 153

HEALTH

FOUR ANIMAL SPECIES ARE ENDANGERED ACROSS ALL OF ONE DELTA: THE PIPING PLOVER, LOGGERHEAD SHRIKE, PUGNOSE SHINER AND EASTERN MASSASAUGA RATTLESNAKE

NUMBER OF ENDANGERED SPECIES IN ONE DELTA Biodiversity and management of endangered species is a shared concern. Endangered species are flora or fauna that are seriously at risk of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of their habitat range. Despite intentions of environmental authorities, many flora and fauna in One Delta struggle in order to survive in balance with human activity. Biodiversity and management of these endangered species is a shared concern.

332 NEW YORK

251 ILLINOIS

ONTARIO

ILLINOIS

NEW YORK

ENDANGERED FLORA

ENDANGERED FAUNA

154

HEALTH

One Deltaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s environment of health is a dichotomous one; while a very rich and prosperous megaregion with all the comforts of the developed world, we struggle to design systems that reinforce good health in a balanced way. We are surrounded by examples of this imbalance: an aging population without adequate care options, human growth that impedes the survival of other species and an economically driven food industry that leads to an overweight population. Moving into the future we need to evaluate all connected systems holistically to avoid these imbalances in our health.

WE CONTINUALLY SPEND EXTENSIVELY ON HEALTH, BUT WITHOUT GETTING SUITABLE OUTCOMES AND RESULTS. A FOCUS ON PREVENTION RATHER THAN REACTIVE TREATMENT OF ILLNESS WILL ALLOW US TO SET UP MORE EFFECTIVE HEALTH SYSTEMS.

155

156

CONNECTION A relationship; an exchange; an affinity; a movement. Connection can take many forms, bringing together people, things, places and ideas. This is essential for the welfare of people and the prosperity of regions. One Delta is already highly connected both within and to the external world. The challenge now is evaluating where the value in these connections lies.

157

CONNECTION

LEGEND CURRENT GREAT LAKES GLACIAL LAKES 12000 YEARS AGO RETREATING ICE SHEET 20,000 YEARS AGO

158

CONNECTION

GLACIAL CONNECTIONS Formations by glacial movements nearly 20,000 years ago formed the basis of the Great Lakes waterway connections we see today.

THE GREAT LAKES ST. LAWRENCE SEAWAY IS COMPRISED OF OVER 3,800 KM OF NAVIGABLE WATERWAYS 159

CONNECTION

GLOBAL FLIGHT CONNECTIONS Direct flights originating at the major airports in the three Gateway Cities connect the megaregion to 29% of the countries around the world.

LEGEND COUNTRIES WITH DIRECT FLIGHTS FROM ONE OF THREE CITIES

CHICAGO - O’HARE INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT AIRLINES SERVED: 50 DIRECT FLIGHTS: 172 SHORTEST DIRECT FLIGHT: 107 KM - MKE AIRPORT LONGEST DIRECT FLIGHT: 14,962 KM - SIN AIRPORT

160

NEW YORK - JOHN F. KENNEDY INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT AIRLINES SERVED: 74 DIRECT FLIGHTS: 108 SHORTEST DIRECT FLIGHT: 150 KM - PHL AIRPORT LONGEST DIRECT FLIGHT: 15,920 KM - SYD AIRPORT

TORONTO - PEARSON INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT AIRLINES SERVED: 55 DIRECT FLIGHTS: 83 SHORTEST DIRECT FLIGHT: 168 KM - ROC AIRPORT LONGEST DIRECT FLIGHT: 15,466 KM - SYD AIRPORT

CONNECTION

INTRAREGIONAL CONNECTIONS

Thousands of passengers travel between Chicago, Toronto and New York every day through a network of 8 international airports. The ability to easily move between these hubs is a key aspect of One Delta’s strength as a megaregion.

114

492 TOTAL FLIGHTS

THERE ARE MORE WEEKLY FLIGHTS OUT OF TORONTO PEARSON AIRPORT TO LAGUARDIA AIRPORT IN NEW YORK THAN ANY OTHER DESTINATION IN THE WORLD, INCLUDING DOMESTIC FLIGHTS WITHIN CANADA 161

CONNECTION

LOVE ONLINE The internet has changed the landscape of sex, dating and marriage drastically, providing new opportunities for people to make connections without the risk of traditional face-toface social interactions.

CHEATERS Ashley Madison is a membership-based online dating site for residents looking to discreetly engage in extramarital affairs.

35% OF COUPLES MARRIED BETWEEN 2005 AND 2012 MET ONLINE

$60M

ASHLEY MADISON REVENUE IN 2012

543,481 352,759 840,812 MEMBERS IN GTA

MEMBERS IN CHICAGO METRO AREA

MEMBERS IN NEW YORK CITY

41 39

37 35

39 36

AVERAGE AGE OF MALE MEMBERS

AVERAGE AGE OF FEMALE MEMBERS

TINDER In less than two years, Tinder, a dating app that allows people to connect with each other based almost exclusively on appearance, has blown up and changed the way people think about casual dating and sex. The app now has over 750 million “swipes” by users every day.

162

AVERAGE AGE OF MALE MEMBERS

AVERAGE AGE OF FEMALE MEMBERS

AVERAGE AGE OF MALE MEMBERS

AVERAGE AGE OF FEMALE MEMBERS

THE AVERAGE AGE OF USERS ON TINDER IS 27

CONNECTION

LEGEND NEIGHBOURHOODS WITH MOST ASHLEY MADISON SUBSCRIBERS 1. THE BEACHES 2. FOREST HILL 3. HIGH PARK

10 KM

2 LEGEND NEIGHBOURHOODS WITH MOST ASHLEY MADISON SUBSCRIBERS

1. LOGAN SQUARE 2. LINCOLN PARK 3. RIVER NORTH

10 KM

LEGEND NEIGHBOURHOODS WITH MOST ASHLEY MADISON SUBSCRIBERS 1. PARK SLOPE 2. GRAMERCY PARK 3. TRIBECA

2 1

10 KM 163

CONNECTION

TOURISM EXPENDITURE AND PROFIT Tourism is an important industry in One Delta, not only for financial reasons, but also to make connections between residents and visitors through culture and shared experience. A coordinated One Delta strategy could strengthen tourism in all three cities, providing a new opportunity for travellers to get a true ‘megaregional’ experience.

IN 2012, IT WAS ESTIMATED THAT CANADIAN OVERNIGHT VISITORS TO CHICAGO EXCEEDED 500,000

$34,400,000

57.2 MILLION

$39 BILLION

$36,800,000

$35,363,000

9.9 MILLION

$3.6 BILLION

$27,295,831

$17,800,000

47.8 MILLION

$12.8 BILLION $27,700,000

2012 TOURISM BUDGET

VISITORS

TOURISM EXPENDITURES

2013 TOURISM BUDGET

CHICAGO’S TOURISM BUDGET IS HALF THAT OF TORONTO’S, BUT THEY ATTRACT ALMOST 5 TIMES AS MANY VISITORS LEGALIZATION OF SAME-SEX MARRIAGE Within the first 3 years of legalization of same-sex marriage, the wedding industry can increase by 74%, generate $29 million in tourism, raise tax revenue by $8.5 million and create 281 jobs. 164

JULY 20, 2005

JULY 24, 2011 JUNE 1, 2014

CONNECTION

GAY PRIDE ATTENDANCE Since the inaugural pride parade after the Stonewall Riots and those that followed in the 70’s, Pride attendance has exploded to over 300 times that of the original crowd in the cities of One Delta. Toronto is host to the largest pride parade in North America, and all three cities are consistently ranked in the top 10 biggest and best pride celebrations globally, drawing people from around the globe to join the festivities.

200

TORONTO’S FIRST PRIDE ATTENDANCE IN 1972

ATTENDANCE HAS INCREASED AN AVERAGE OF 5,000 TIMES THE INITIAL NUMBER

150

CHICAGO’S FIRST PRIDE ATTENDANCE IN 1970

300

NEW YORK CITY’S FIRST PRIDE ATTENDANCE IN 1970

1,200,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 TORONTO’S PRIDE ATTENDANCE IN 2013

CHICAGO’S PRIDE ATTENDANCE IN 2013

NEW YORK CITY’S PRIDE ATTENDANCE IN 2013

IN 2013, THE BUDGET FOR TORONTO PRIDE WAS $2,044,762. THE ESTIMATED TOURISM EXPENDITURES OVER THE 10 DAY FESTIVAL WERE $286 MILLION, A 1400% RETURN ON INVESTMENT 165

CONNECTION

EACH YEAR, ALMOST 300,000 NEW PERMANENT RESIDENTS CHOOSE TO CALL THE CITIES OF ONE DELTA HOME

NEW IMMIGRANTS: WHERE DO THEY SETTLE? True to their status as Gateways, Toronto, Chicago and New York attract large populations of new immigrants arriving in the US and Canada each year. Almost 30% of people who immigrate to Canada settle in Toronto and, while distribution of newcomers is more spread out in the US, New York and Chicago are two of the top five choices for new residents to settle. This common characteristic presents an opportunity to build a unified strategy for providing services to help these newcomers quickly settle and become part of the community.

1,062,040

TOTAL NUMBER OF NEW AMERICAN PERMANENT RESIDENTS (2011)

257,887

TOTAL NUMBER OF NEW CANADIAN PERMANENT RESIDENTS (2012)

183,681

SETTLED IN TRISTATE AREA (APPROXIMATE)

76,340

SETTLED IN TORONTO (APPROXIMATE)

166

35,039

SETTLED IN CHICAGOLAND (APPROXIMATE)

CONNECTION

The megaregion began with the glaciers carving out the Great Lakes waterways whose shorelines connect the One Delta region. Since then the way we connect has drastically changed. Our reach extends further and gives us more freedom in how we interact. In environments moving toward unlimited choice, it can become difficult to make meaningful and long-lasting connections. The quantity and quality of choices allow a region to prosper. This means One Delta must be conscientious about the connections it chooses to make.

AS THE QUANTITY OF CONNECTIONS MADE THROUGH DAILY ACTIVITIES INCREASES, IT BECOMES MORE IMPORTANT TO FILTER BASED ON VALUE. INCREASING THE NUMBER OF CONNECTIONS THAT DELIVER THE MOST BENEFIT AND MAINTAINING THOSE CONNECTIONS WILL RESULT IN MORE EFFECTIVE USE OF RESIDENTSâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; TIME AND STRONGER TIES WITHIN THE MEGAREGION.

167

168

KNOWLEDGE We learn through every interaction we have with the world. Knowledge is gained beyond school and books. Understanding through experience, education, exploration, observation or discovery contributes to the accumulation of knowledge. However, access to knowledge and dispersal of culture is increasing at an exponential rate. As our world becomes more condensed and fluid through globalization, the result is a flood of information which we sometimes struggle to extract meaning from.

169

KNOWLEDGE

HEALTHY LEARNING ENVIRONMENTS Designing environments with more natural light has been shown to improve mood as well as studentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; ability to focus, resulting in higher test results.

EXPOSURE TO MORE NATURAL LIGHT WHILE WRITING STANDARDIZED TESTS SAW AN INCREASE IN SCORES OF UP TO 25%

AVERAGE HOURS OF DAYLIGHT

11.47

12.11

TORONTO

CHICAGO

12.52 NEW YORK

MOBILE DATA The ease with which we transfer information has increased in the past decade with the rise of data-enabled mobile phones. We are now able to be in almost constant contact with friends, family, work and the internet regardless of location. In 2013 mobile data traffic in the US reached 360 Petabytes, the equivalent of downloading 90 million DVDs a month or 992 million text messages each second.

IN 2014 94% OF AMERICANS AND 74% OF CANADIANS USE MOBILE DEVICES 170

46x

DATA TRAFFIC GROWTH IN CANADA FROM 2008 TO 2013

51x

DATA TRAFFIC GROWTH IN THE US FROM 2008 TO 2013

KNOWLEDGE

TEACHER TO STUDENT RATIO

DROP OUT RATE

The number of teachers in the elementary and high school system affects class size and, in turn, the amount of attention each student receives. Measuring how many teachers there are in each city per 1000 students aged 5-19 shows disparity between the school environments.

7,000 students drop out of school every day in the US; Thatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s one every 26 seconds. Statistics show that 75% of crimes in the US are committed by high school dropouts, meaning a positive high school experience could greatly impact reduction of crime.

26 SECONDS ONE STUDENT DROPS OUT

AVERAGE NUMBER OF TEACHERS PER 1000 SCHOOL CHILDREN AGED 5-19

87.7

67.2

TORONTO

59.8

CHICAGO

THE COST OF HIGHER EDUCATION With tuition to attend university or college ever increasing, students often take on loans to cover costs, leaving them with large debts needing to be paid off after graduation.

NEW YORK

AROUND 40% OF STUDENTS IN ONE DELTA GRADUATE DEBT-FREE $28,028

$22,589

$25,537

171

KNOWLEDGE

UNIVERSITY NETWORKS As universities gain success, they often expand with the addition of satellite campuses in multiple locations, building an educational network that gives more students the opportunity to access that network.

STUDENT ENROLLMENT

77,695

84,400

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO

NUMBER OF CAMPUSES

3 UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO

5 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

64 STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK

TOTAL ONE DELTA POST SECONDARY INSTITUTIONS

566

172

462,698

STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK

KNOWLEDGE

STATE UNIVERSITY OF NY HAS BUILT ITS NETWORK SO THAT 99.8% OF THE NY STATE POPULATION IS WITHIN 30 MILES OF A CAMPUS 173

KNOWLEDGE

CULTURAL EDUCATION Museums and cultural institutions provide residents with a unique experience for learning. Visual, auditory and haptic experiences can bring a new level of understanding beyond what can be gained through reading about a topic.

THE GATEWAYS OF ONE DELTA ARE ALL MAJOR CULTURAL HUBS

2,079

901

950

MUSEUMS

131

THEATRES

420

197

ART GALLERIES

721

127

210

HISTORIC SITES

530

483

347

LIVE MUSIC VENUES

277

149

131

TOTALS

174

KNOWLEDGE

LIBRARIES: THE GREAT EQUALIZER Libraries are accessible to all residents and help level the playing field of learning by increasing access to huge stores of knowledge. This nondiscriminatory system demonstrates how to successfully provide equitable access.

VISITS PER CAPITA

7.0

TORONTO HAS THE BUSIEST URBAN LIBRARY SYSTEM IN THE WORLD THAT GENERATES OVER $1 BILLION IN ECONOMIC IMPACT FOR THE CITY

4.4

TOTAL CIRCULATION

4.2

33,252,235 27,907,670

8.1

9,764,381

CIRCULATIONS PER CAPITA

12.7 6.6

TORONTO PUBLIC LIBRARY

NEW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY

CHICAGO PUBLIC LIBRARY

436%

221

756,000 SQ.FT.

RETURN ON INVESTMENT

COUNTRIES ACCESS NYPL.COM

WORLD’S LARGEST LIBRARY.

3,119,677 CARDHOLDERS

175

KNOWLEDGE

ONLINE COURSES ARE ACCESSIBLE AND FREE TO ANYONE WITH INTERNET ACCESS, BUT CURRENTLY ALMOST 90% OF PEOPLE WHO SIGN UP FAIL TO COMPLETE THE COURSE

FREE UNIVERSITY Massive Open Online Courses, or MOOCs, are courses with the intent of creating unlimited, unbarred participation and open access via the internet. In addition to course material, MOOCs provide online forums and interactive communities for students, professors, and teaching assistants. They have revolutionized distance education and introduced options for free education from established educational institutions.

# OF MASSIVE OPEN ONLINE COURSES (MOOCs) AVAILABLE IN 2014

176

KNOWLEDGE

Knowledge, and how it is accessed, is changing worldwide. The need for affordable education has transformed methods for accessing knowledge into more democratic and inclusive modes such as free universities and digital learning. Even informal outlets on the internet such as blogs, YouTube and podcasts have brought the sharing of knowledge to a global scale. The goal of One Delta should be to remove obstructions to knowledge and provide residents with equal access to learning through innovation and access to the free knowledge economy.

THE NEW WAYS OF ACCESSING KNOWLEDGE ARE BECOMING MORE IMPORTANT BECAUSE TRADITIONAL EDUCATION IS INCREASINGLY UNAFFORDABLE. BY TAKING ADVANTAGE OF NEW KNOWLEDGE NETWORKS AND INFORMATION, ONE DELTA CAN GIVE ITS RESIDENTS A COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE.

177

178

PURSUIT In One Delta we define pursuit as any occupation or pastime a person chooses to strive for. Occupational pursuit is perhaps the most crucial to analyze, helping to understand the productivity and potential of the megaregion. In recent generations we have experienced a change in the composition and goals of the workforce, but have also seen some goals remain the same. Younger generations are focusing more on finding a career that fulfills their passion over one that just pays the bills. Growing immigrant populations continue to look to establish themselves and contribute quickly. The human capital in One Delta is growing, bringing with it the need for effective support and management.

179

PURSUIT

GLOBAL NETWORK CONNECTIVITY The Globalization and World Cities Research Network created a matrix based on office locations of the 100 top business service firms and 123 global cities to measure how connected the cities are to one another.

CHICAGO IS MORE STRONGLY CONNECTED TO TORONTO AND NEW YORK THAN TORONTO AND NEW YORK ARE TO EACH OTHER INCUBATORS / ACCELERATORS Accelerators and incubators provide support, services and access to expertise for a wide range of startup endeavors. Creating this community of entrepreneurs feeds the economy and provides new jobs and opportunities for residents.

14,592

KICKSTARTER CAMPAIGNS Kickstarter is arguably the most popular crowdfunding site to date, enabling people to gain support and funding for their ideas outside of traditional investment channels. Headquartered in One Delta, Kickstarter has hosted campaigns for everything from potato salad to Oscar winning films.

4,060 855

NUMBER OF INCUBATORS

CHICAGO

TORONTO

NEW YORK

NEW YORK CONTINUES TO LEAD BY TAKING ACTION AND EMBRACING INNOVATION 180

PURSUIT

59,944$

SKILLED IMMIGRANTS AND MENTORSHIP PROGRAMS

73%

AFTER MENTORSHIP PROGRAM

BEFORE MENTORSHIP PROGRAM

36,905$ BEFORE MENTORSHIP PROGRAM

A high value is placed on immigrants with highly analytical occupations, a fact that is reflected in Canadaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s immigration policies targeting applicants in the knowledge economy. Immigrants with these skills often experience a more streamlined process when immigrating. However, after relocating many new residents find it difficult to gain employment that uses these same valued skills they were given preferential treatment for. This leads to work at low-income jobs in the service industry or manual labour, positions which underutilize their capabilities. This is partially due to complications in obtaining or transferring the necessary credentials to continue working in their field, as well as difficulties gaining satisfactory experience for Canadian employers. Mentoring programs can be an effective way to combat these obstacles, speeding the integration process by allowing new residents to continue on in their field while learning how to navigate the differences of the profession in Canada.

19%

UNEMPLOYMENT

FULL TIME EARNINGS

MENTORSHIP PROGRAMS HAVE BEEN PROVEN TO DECREASE UNEMPLOYMENT RATES FOR HIGHLY SKILLED IMMIGRANTS, AND TO INCREASE THE PERCENTAGE OF THOSE EMPLOYED IN THEIR FIELD OF EXPERTISE BY OVER 40% 181

PURSUIT

TAXI DRIVERS In 2008, there were 1.3 million college educated immigrants in the US who were unemployed or working in an unskilled job. In Canada, 42% of immigrants between the ages of 25 and 54 are overqualified for their jobs. Immigrant taxi drivers, who often make less than minimum wage working long hours, will likely never be able to afford the steep purchase price of the medallion needed to operate independently.

“TOO BAD ALL THE PEOPLE WHO KNOW HOW TO RUN THE COUNTRY ARE BUSY DRIVING TAXI CABS AND CUTTING HAIR” ~ GEORGE F. BURNS

$250,000

COST OF A TAXI MEDALLION

6,800

NUMBER OF LICENSED TAXI MEDALLIONS

MARRIED TO EDUCATION The average number of years people in North America spend in school has more than doubled since the 1960’s. Is this causing both men and women to put other aspects of their lives, like marriage, on hold?

AVERAGE NUMBER OF YEARS SPENT IN FORMAL EDUCATION

$360,000

YEARS IN 2014

7.03

YEARS IN 1965 182

10,000

13,270

REACHING THE LEVEL OF SCHOOLING NECESSARY TO SECURE A DESIRED JOB IS TAKING LONGER THAN IN THE PAST AVERAGE AGE OF FIRST MARRIAGE LEGEND

$600,000

MEN IN CANADA MEN IN U.S.A.

WOMEN IN CANADA WOMEN IN U.S.A.

PURSUIT

FARMING In addition to extensive land resources for agricultural purposes, One Delta is home to three of the four largest processed food clusters in North America. Toronto’s food cluster alone contributes $17 billion annually to the economy. Improved coordination and communication of cluster nodes in the megaregion will further strengthen growth within the industry.

NUMBER OF FARMS

1.8 MILLION ACRES OF FARMLAND IN ONTARIO IS PROTECTED BY THE GREENBELT FARMLAND ACRES

51,950 ONTARIO

76,000 ILLINOIS

36,300

28 MILLION

FARMLAND ACRES IN ILLINOIS

12.7 MILLION

FARMLAND ACRES IN ONTARIO

NEW YORK

7 MILLION

FARMLAND ACRES IN NEW YORK

AGRICULTURE AND FOOD PRODUCTION IS A MEGAREGIONAL PURSUIT WITHOUT A MEGAREGIONAL STRATEGY 183

PURSUIT

ONE DELTA ANCHORS THE THIRD LARGEST ECONOMY IN THE WORLD

ECONOMIC POWERHOUSE One Delta is an economic powerhouse with three of the top ten global exchanges contributing to a combined stock market capitalization of $27 trillion USD. The Chicago Stock Exchange and CME Group further reinforce this.

$26,999,607,300,000 $18.3 TRILLION NYSE

$6.54 TRILLION NASDAQ

$2.15 TRILLION TSX

TOTAL MARKET CAP FOR ONE DELTA

184

PURSUIT

A diverse economy and labour pool is better able to support residents against the constant flux of the global market. If skilled immigrants entered into a system which was equipped for them, there would be a significant benefit to the megaregion and to those individuals. Underutilized talent is not limited to immigrants. Almost 30% of people born in Canada are overqualified for their jobs. One Delta must begin to know, understand and plan for a future economy that will provide opportunities for its residents to reach their full potential.

RESIDENTS WANT JOBS THAT TAP INTO THEIR PASSIONS AS WELL AS THEIR SKILLS. WE ARE NOT EFFECTIVELY CREATING JOBS TO SATISFY THAT NEED AND UNLOCK THE POTENTIAL OF THE HUMAN CAPITAL IN ONE DELTA. CREATING BETTER METHODS TO IDENTIFY RESIDENTSâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; NATURAL TALENTS IN CONJUNCTION WITH A LONG TERM STRATEGY FOR CREATION OF CORRESPONDING JOBS WILL HELP TO CORRECT THE MISALIGNED LABOUR MARKET.

185

SNAPSHOT SUMMARY

186

SNAPSHOT SUMMARY

UNDERSTANDING HOW REGIONS CONNECT IS ESSENTIAL 187

REGIONAL INSIGHTS

188

REGIONAL INSIGHTS

Evaluating the health of the megaregion through examination of these Indicator snapshots reveals reoccurring patterns or trends within the three meta-categories that group the Elementsâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;Sustenance, Protection and Stimulation. Awareness and understanding of these patterns lays the groundwork for initiating changes in the megaregion that positively affect how people live. The Systems of Infrastructure can be employed to address inequities, bolster productivity and deliver access to the Vital Elements. Actions that create change can reestablish balance in the infrastructural ecosystem of One Delta if the Systems are shown to be obstructing access.

189

REGIONAL INSIGHTS

Sustenance Elements Require More Attention: The basic necessities for life that are included in the Elements of Sustenance are too often taken for granted because we live in two very privileged nations. This neglect has led to a breakdown in the systems responsible for delivering access to Air, Water and Food. We can also see that too much emphasis is frequently placed on the Economic System over the other five Systems of Infrastructure, creating further imbalances and obstruction to residentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; access. While there are some regional bodies, such as the Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, that manage aspects of these vital resources across municipal boundaries, the snapshots show that within One Delta the Systems of Infrastructure do not sufficiently protect this most basic category of need. This is because there are disconnects between many parties who are responsible for maintenance and development of the Systems across the megaregion.

190

REGIONAL INSIGHTS

Resources are Used Inefficiently for Elements of Protection: Huge amounts of money and effort are spent on solutions that are supposed to provide shelter, keep residents safe and contribute to good health. Yet through the snapshots we see that these resources are repeatedly invested in enterprises that deliver poor results. Short-term solutions are implemented to alleviate immediate symptoms but end up costing more than taking the time to properly evaluate and develop a long-term plan. Choice Within the Elements of Stimulation is Rapidly Increasing: Broadly speaking, growth in the number of choices available to residents for how they make connections, gain knowledge and select a pursuit for themselves is advantageous. The challenge now with this proposition of nearly unlimited choice is in how residents can evaluate and choose options that will deliver the most value and give them increased access to the Elements. For One Delta to gain a competitive advantage globally by excelling in these areas, a shift in priority from quantity to quality is needed. 191

ONE DELTA OBSERVATORY

192

ONE DELTA OBSERVATORY

The Regional Framework method is meant to be used as a continuous technique to monitor how One Delta, or another megaregion, is performing in terms of providing residentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; access to the Elements. As mentioned, the snapshots taken here are a starting point; the goal is to repeat this process, gathering more information for current Indicators over time and progressively adding new Indicators as it becomes appropriate to keep the picture current and relevant. The best way to accomplish this goal is through a collaborative approach, incorporating data, feedback, questions and insights from people across the megaregion and beyond.

193

ONE DELTA OBSERVATORY

The One Delta Observatory is a concept for an online environment, developed to motivate continued interest and effort in monitoring the health of the megaregion. It organizes the Regional Framework method into a simple tool that can be managed by one organization, but is contributed to by many. The Observatory becomes a way to aggregate knowledge in an efficient way and apply it to the Regional Framework method. This illustration of how the environment might be implemented, along with a guide for how the Observatory could be used by contributors, will hopefully inspire further development.

194

ONE DELTA OBSERVATORY

195

ONE DELTA OBSERVATORY

SITE MAP All components of the One Delta Observatory are accessible to users who are logged into their account. However, the Blog, Priority Indicators and Indicator Pin Board are available to be viewed by anyone. Visitors to the Observatory have to create an account and sign in before they are able to contribute any information or generate Indicators.

PUBLIC

PRIVATE

196

ONE DELTA OBSERVATORY

THE DIVISION OF PUBLIC AND PRIVATE INFORMATION HELPS TO PIQUE VISITORS’ INTEREST WHILE MAINTAINING CREDIBILITY AND CONTROL OVER USER CONTENT THAT IS ADDED

197

ONE DELTA OBSERVATORY

WELCOME TO THE OBSERVATORY When visitors arrive at the Observatory they are presented with a number of options. First time guests can get acquainted with the environment using the Search feature to look through existing content and Indicators. There is also a tutorial section available which explains the basics of the Regional Framework, the Elements, the Systems of Infrastructure and how to use the Observatory. Users who are interested in generating new Indicators for the project can create an account to access the volvelle by clicking Create Account. The Search feature is prominently located to encourage people to dive into specific topics of interest.

198

ONE DELTA OBSERVATORY

YOUR ACCOUNT When a user creates an account they can login to manage all activity from one central place. From within Your Account the member can launch the volvelle to begin generating new Indicators, retrieve previous activity, track the work of other contributors and contact members. All of the userâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s contributions are stored and organized by Element so they can be easily accessed by the user at any time in the future.

BECOME A CONSTITUENT OF THE OBSERVATORY COMMUNITY WITH A PERSONAL ACCOUNT

199

ONE DELTA OBSERVATORY

START CONTRIBUTING The volvelle is a simple tool that assists visitors in thinking through how different Elements and Systems interact to provide or obstruct residentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; access to the Elements. As users choose different combinations, the volvelle spins to reveal examples of previously entered and measured Indicators that relate to the chosen Element-System interaction. Users can then choose to browse the details of existing data for those Indicators, or can proceed to the next step of adding new Indicators. This process is meant to be repeated through all combinations of an Element with the six Systems to produce a range of Indicators relating to each Element. 200

BUILD A COMPREHENSIVE SYSTEM FOR MEASURING THE HEALTH OF THE MEGAREGION

ONE DELTA OBSERVATORY

GENERATE INDICATORS

SEE EXAMPLES OF HOW THE ELEMENTS AND SYSTEMS INTERACT TO PRODUCE INDICATORS WATER + BUILT

GREAT LAKES WATER STRESS FLOOD PLAINS URBAN STORMWATER MANAGEMENT PUBLIC DRINKING FOUNTAINS/WATER REFILL STATIONS

WATER + ECONOMIC

WATER METER USAGE VIRTUAL WATER THE COST OF WATER FISHING INDUSTRY

201

ONE DELTA OBSERVATORY

INDICATOR PIN BOARD As ideas and data for new Indicators are submitted they are added to the Pin Board. Here, users can browse all Indicators and sort by most recent, most activity, Element or System. The Pin Board encourages visitors to contribute new data to build out the Indicators into useful measures. When data is attached to an Indicator, it is flagged for administrators of the Observatory to review and verify before becoming a certified Indicator.

202

YOUR CONTRIBUTIONS OF RESEARCH AND CONTACTS HELP TO GENERATE USEFUL MEASURES

ONE DELTA OBSERVATORY

THE LIBRARY As visitors explore specific topics and Indicators, they are also able to contribute content by commenting or uploading data, maps, images, etc. which relate to the topic. The Library is a complete collection of all submitted information which begins to build stories around the health of each of the Elements.

COMPILATION OF KNOWLEDGE GIVES A HOLISTIC VIEW OF THE MEGAREGION AND GUIDES YOU TO MAKE NEW CONNECTIONS 203

ONE DELTA OBSERVATORY

PRIORITY THEMES As Indicators are certified by the Observatory administration, those that use the same data or have other similarities are linked together. This leads to identifying which issues should be considered a priority based on a number of criteria such as amount of people impacted, severity of the issue, number of locations affected and activity devoted to the issue on the Observatory. These priority themes are displayed visually so visitors can quickly get an overview of potential areas of opportunity within the megaregion. 204

VISUALIZE THE URGENCY OF ISSUES IN THE MEGAREGION TO UNDERSTAND WHERE THE OPPORTUNITIES LIE

ONE DELTA OBSERVATORY

JOIN THE CONVERSATION The blog page is an opportunity for Observatory administration to publish the analyzed and synthesized information in an easy to absorb format for visitors. It is a curated collection of stories highlighting the priority themes, but also showing related activity, success stories and ongoing projects that are underway in the megaregion to address areas identified for improvement.

DETAILED NARRATIVE TELLING THE STORIES OF POSSIBILITY, SUCCESS AND ACTION IN ONE DELTA 205

ONE DELTA OBSERVATORY

206

ONE DELTA OBSERVATORY

207

PROJECTS FOR ONE DELTA

208

PROJECTS FOR ONE DELTA

The One Delta Observatory harnesses the potential of the Regional Framework method by creating an environment where residents can combine their creative energies, giving them the power to influence how the megaregion evolves. Contributions from residents, organizations, governments and businesses are synthesized to highlight the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats within One Delta. To demonstrate the strength of this method, we used it to find which issues are of a high priority for action and then produced a range of projects that try to address those top areas of concern.

209

PROJECTS FOR ONE DELTA

The goal of creating these projects was to explore how we can design for the residents of One Delta in a way that considers and affects multiple Vital Elements positively, delivering more benefit to users. By using the Regional Framework method to help identify and prioritize issues requiring attention, specific projects can be developed to create meaningful impact that improves access to the Elements. The projects are organized according to the Vital Element they aim to impact.

210

PROJECTS FOR ONE DELTA

ELEMENTS

IDENTIFIED PRIORITY ISSUES AIR

SHELTER

CONNECTION

RELATED FOCUS ELEMENTS BRAINSTORMING & DEVELOPMENT

JOIRIDE

HABI HOUSE

PROPOSED SOLUTIONS

ONE DELTA BRAND

211

PROJECTS FOR ONE DELTA

AIR

HEALTH

Projects should improve the health of residents by reducing dangerous substances that cause poor air quality, but also ideally targeting increased health through other channels.

212

PURSUIT

Projects should give residents more access to jobs and other activities contributing to their prosperity

CONNECTION

Projects should consider how to facilitate better movement or connection of people and goods through means other than on-road transport

PROJECTS FOR ONE DELTA

We have seen from our analysis that poor air quality has developed over many decades and presents a serious risk to residents. The main contributions to air pollution in One Delta come from on-road transport and coal-burning power plants. However, our dependence on cars, the transport of goods and non-renewable energy sources makes it almost impossible to do away with them entirely. We took this problem and investigated many new ideas in the areas of personal transport, commuter behaviour, energy usage and public transit that could help to alleviate pollution. PROJECT OBJECTIVES FOR AIR Projects that will help to improve air quality should aid in reducing energy usage and take advantage of better technologies to reduce the volume of emissions produced.

LEGISLATE

Create policy that is cooperative, actionable and improves accountability

ALLEVIATE

REDUCE

Address congestion on roads with alternative transportation options

Manage energy usage and burning of fossil fuels

ONE DELTA RESIDENT

MODIFY

Affect resident behaviour in a positive and lasting way

213

PROJECTS FOR ONE DELTA

THE BEAN POD

Individual transportation pods for downtown cores to relieve on-road congestion and reduce emissions using cable-car technology.

PUBLIC TRANSIT

QUEUE

CONNEXUS

Airport taxi and limo sharing service that will optimize usage of available cars, differentiate options and attract a new customer base.

Decentralization of airport services using remote check-in locations for an expedited travel experience and to reduce airport traffic.

JOIRIDE

Convenient, low cost electric on-road and cable car system that allows the flexibility of personal transport with the efficiency of public mass transit.

PERSONAL TRANSPORTATION

ON OUR WAY

214

Car share program for airport employees that focuses on eliminating single-occupant congestion and traffic bottlenecks entering the airport.

PROJECTS FOR ONE DELTA

ELEVATOR ENERGY RECOVERY

A system that uses the scientific principle of induction to recover and redistribute kinetic energy from elevators in skyscrapers to the grid.

ENERGY USAGE/EMISSION REDUCTION

OTTO

Collapsible, electric autonomous vehicle that supports city maintenance efforts while not in use by residents.

WEST GARDEN STATION

Urban mobility hub designed to integrate the travel experience with social, economic and environmental aspects of community life.

SCOOP

A rideable carrying solution for commuters that can be reconfigured depending on mode of transport and user need.

COMMUTER BEHAVIOUR

215

PROJECTS FOR ONE DELTA

CONVENIENCE

door-to-door travel

PRODUCTIVITY

SPOTLIGHT PROPOSAL: JOIRIDE

better use of time during stress-free travel

Lack of planning at the regional level has led to disjuncture in transportation infrastructure, often making travel by car the simplest, or only option. The combination of our behaviour being built around car travel with the recent trends of urbanization and urban sprawl have led to congested roads, long commute times, heavy air pollution and limited options when choosing where to live and work.

FLEXIBLE USER

CONSISTENCY

predictable travel times

RELIABLE

JoiRide is an ultra-compact electric car and cable system that resolves the â&#x20AC;&#x153;Last Mileâ&#x20AC;? challenge by allowing users to maintain the freedom and flexibility of having a personal vehicle while gaining the efficiency and environmental advantages of shared transportation. JoiRide offers the user versatility by linking electric powered cars for in-town driving with a network of crosstown or intercity cable systems, allowing the driver to switch between on-road and automated cable transportation seamlessly. The cars are charged during travel while attached to the cable system or can be recharged at a local station. The fleet of cars is owned and operated by different governments within One Delta so the system never extends past its capacity, as well as ensuring the vehicles are well maintained and safe. Residents can lease a vehicle yearly or rent on a single-use basis from a car sharing program.

little to no down time

EFFICIENT

electric system nearing net-zero

SAVINGS

lower operating and construction costs vs. existing transit

JOIRIDE

SYSTEM OPERATOR

Primary: long-distance commuters Secondary: residents needing only in-town transportation (short, doorto-door trips)

SYSTEMS

216

REVENUE

Income from leases and system usage

SAFE

low risk, reduced accidents

AIR QUALITY

reduced/zero CO2 emissions

INFRASTRUCTURE

smaller built footprint

ENVIRONMENT

JOIRIDE IMPACT ANALYSIS

TARGET AUDIENCE

increased flexibility in where you live vs. where you work

JoiRide creates a coordinated megaregional transit solution that increases access to the Vital Elements of Air, Health, Connection and Pursuit by reducing harmful emissions, shortening commute times, lowering stress while improving safety of travellers, and providing a flexible and convenient mobility option.

GREEN

very efficient energy usage

PROJECTS FOR ONE DELTA

217

PROJECTS FOR ONE DELTA

With advances in technology allowing for autonomous vehicles comes the opportunity for JoiRide to expand operations into other areas. Possibilities include an autonomous courier service, moving and delivering goods during off-peak hours when the system is underutilized, or a means for school children to be safely transported directly from their homes to school without a driver or escort.

218

PROJECTS FOR ONE DELTA

219

PROJECTS FOR ONE DELTA

SHELTER

SAFETY

Projects should provide a safe environment and improve financial security

220

HEALTH

Projects should consider how shelter can be designed to contribute to residentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; good health

CONNECTION

Projects should connect housing with elements of community, culture, services and mobility.

PROJECTS FOR ONE DELTA

The Shelter snapshot shows us that the available housing stock we have created does not meet the needs of all residents, and is particularly inadequate for lower income residents. When imagining the ways that we could correct this imbalance in shelter, we considered how housing designs and systems can extend beyond just the dwelling, tying into other aspects of the community and daily life. We also focused on flexibility, in terms of the built form, use of spaces and financial models.

PROJECT OBJECTIVES FOR SHELTER To improve access to Shelter, diversity and flexibility in housing options are necessary.

COMBINE

Integrate shelter design with other aspects of regional life

ENDURING

AFFORDABLE

Create solutions that are relevant into the foreseeable future

Provide a range of housing options for all residents

ONE DELTA RESIDENT

FLEXIBLE

Shift housing design to create adaptable built form and financial models 221

PROJECTS FOR ONE DELTA

SYMBIOTIC HOUSING

Energy efficient housing that takes advantage of underutilized rooftops, improving the energy consumption of both the base building and the houses.

SPACE UTILIZATION & REVITALIZATION

CORR CONSULTANTS HABI HOUSE

An adaptable, net-zero housing unit and new financial model for home ownership that focuses on mobility and sustainability.

Consulting services using a new methodology for evaluating built and natural corridors and implementing interesting solutions for these underutilized spaces.

BLOOR COLLEGIATE

Neighbourhood redevelopment including two previously closed public schools to create a new live / work / community centre that responsibly addresses housing, economic and environmental health issues.

FLEXIBLE HOUSING ALTERNATIVES

222

PROJECTS FOR ONE DELTA

MUSE

Innovation Centre for theatre, film and fine arts incorporating live / work studios specifically designed to accommodate the needs of artists at affordable prices.

LIVABLE COMMUNITIES

THE HUB

Wellness hub constructed from shipping containers for airport employees with extended shifts, with amenities including sleeping accommodations, healthy food options, recreational activities and community events.

SERPENTINE MEDICAL

CALYX

Non-conventional healthcare and research facility focusing on evaluating treatments and integration with conventional medical care to provide residents a unified, patient-focused experience.

Student residences, incubator and learning facilities adjacent to City Hall that incorporate student experiences with civic activity.

FINANCIAL/OWNERSHIP MODELS HOUSING RELOCATION

Proposal to relocate mobile home residents at risk of eviction by developers to nearby unused land.

223

PROJECTS FOR ONE DELTA

SPOTLIGHT PROPOSAL: HABI HOUSE

FREEDOM

options to relocate across the megaregion

Housing systems have not evolved at a pace that matches other aspects of urban life. Residents may now work from home or in a completely different city, could be required to move frequently or change their housing capacity without physically relocating. However the basic model for housing has remained much the same as 100 years ago.

REWARD

incentives for energy efficient and healthy lifestyle

USER

TARGET AUDIENCE

adaptable housing for changing needs

REPURPOSE

maximizes productivity of underutilized spaces

HABI HOUSE

CITY REGION

SYSTEMS

224

SOCIAL

forms and strengthens community networks

CONTROL

stormwater management system

EFFICIENT

net-zero energy goal

ENVIRONMENT

SUSTAINABLE

produces energy from renewable sources

HABI HOUSE IMPACT ANALYSIS

Primary: Millennials who desire mobility and a sense of ownership Secondary: Eco-minded residents

innovative financial model

CONFIGURABLE

Habi House breaks the traditional model of rent vs. own. It is a housing system built around choice and mobility while still rewarding investment. Habi is a home, but also a community with shared values and lifestyles. Habi House communities provide their residents with flexibility through the concept of housing on a membership basis, progressing over time to become shareholders, and allowing residents to move between Habi communities throughout the megaregion without financial penalty. Maximizing efficiency of space, Habi residences are 300 sq ft units with configurable walls, flexible floor plans and have the option of being combined with other units to provide larger spaces. The homes are designed for environmentally conscious occupants who are committed to behaviour that limits negative impacts, including passive sustainability measures and the use of smart technology to monitor energy usage and patterns.

AFFORDABLE

Habi House provides residents with a new option to live in a safe, affordable and environmentally conscious community that lies between the investment of home ownership and the flexible nature of renting. Counter to todayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s typical housing choices, mobility and freedom to change are the foundation Habi is built on.

PROJECTS FOR ONE DELTA

225

PROJECTS FOR ONE DELTA

Habi House was initially conceived as a way to create independent, sustainable housing options for environmentally aware residents. By incorporating the concepts of flexible, configurable spaces and a membership based financial system into multi-use developments across the megaregion, we can build a huge network of Habi communities and ultimately cause a paradigm shift in how people think of home ownership.

226

PROJECTS FOR ONE DELTA

227

PROJECTS FOR ONE DELTA

CONNECTION

KNOWLEDGE

Projects should support gathering and circulation of information

228

SAFETY

Projects should provide protected physical and virtual environments for joint activities

PURSUIT

Projects should encourage partnerships that further success of personal and group activities

PROJECTS FOR ONE DELTA

The Indicators we measured make it apparent that the quantity of connections available to residents of One Delta is massive. A change is not necessarily needed in the level of access to connections. Instead our efforts should be targeted at generating ideas that present residents with high value opportunities to connect with each other, with their city and to other places.

PROJECT OBJECTIVES FOR CONNECTION Enhancing the quality of connections within the megaregion doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t just mean creating more connections, it means knowing how to bring people together in a useful way.

UNITY

Create a sense of belonging and inclusion

CONNECT

IDENTITY

Strengthen important relationships at all scales

Showcase One Delta externally

ONE DELTA RESIDENT

LAYERED

Combine diverse connections into a single experience

229

PROJECTS FOR ONE DELTA

NEIGHBOURHOOD INTEGRATION

A design for the airport and surrounding neighbourhoods to encourage mutual growth for the residents of the region and Toronto Pearson International.

CREATING IDENTITY

COMMUNITY MADE SOUTH SIDE GROWN

Introducing urban agriculture to the community with modular greenhouses, healthy eating education and local branding that takes advantage of vacant lots in low-income, high-risk neighbourhoods.

Rehabilitation of abandoned schools to create centres that combine manufacturing and education, producing products such as medicinal packaging, bicycle and home renovation parts as well as providing training to the community.

Branding and initiatives to attract top talent to Toronto by developing the cycle of Attract, Support and Celebrate.

MULTI-USE SPACES

STROLL 63RD

Infrastructural and programming initiatives to revitalize a 1 mile stretch of Main Street, using plug and play modular units and furniture to activate the street. 230

THE GUILD

Connecting art and nature with residents through use of intelligent, sustainable buildings in a historic park setting.

PROJECTS FOR ONE DELTA

ONE DELTA BRANDING

Brand identity for the proposed megaregion of Toronto, Chicago and New York to unite residents and create a platform for change.

ATTRACTING VISITORS AND NEWCOMERS

THE ART LOOP

A master plan for the Washington Park community that weaves a loop through vacant areas of the neighbourhood, connecting the site through ongoing art programming.

LIVE FIRST, MOVE SECOND

System of gateway and subhubs that radiate from the airport to increase connectivity and add diversity to the uses of the surrounding lands.

REBUILDING NEIGHBOURHOODS ROOMS TO GROW

Resident driven system that promotes recreation and wellness in a safe environment with a proactive plan to redesign and link the many orphaned spaces that have been created over time.

FOCAL POINTS 231

PROJECTS FOR ONE DELTA

SPOTLIGHT PROPOSAL: ONE DELTA BRAND

OCCUPATION

increased opportunities for employment

Toronto, Chicago and New York are Gateway Cities with global reach. People from around the world visit and relocate to these centres for leisure, business or seeking a better life. Engaging residents through programs meant to stimulate exchange and cooperation in areas such as culture, the environment, policy development, talent acquisition and regional pride will help focus connections on those that give the most value. One Delta is a brand identity for the megaregion to reinforce the existing connections between the three Gateway Cities, as well as encourage new collaborations between residents and governments. It fosters pride, strengthens current partnerships and helps initiate new relationships and the sharing of knowledge. Implementation of the One Delta identity across the three cities can be used to encourage the development of new initiatives, especially for industries and activities that we already excel in, allowing for both individual and collective growth. It is an umbrella under which actionable policy can be created to deal with shared issues, improving communication and cooperation. The goal is not to replace the unique character of the three Gateways, but instead to add a new layer of identity that links the megaregion as a functional entity.

COMMUNITY

feeling of inclusion and unity

USER

empowerment of individuals

LEADER

global recognition

REVENUE

increase in tourism

ONE DELTA

CITY REGION

Primary: Residents of Toronto, Chicago and New York City Secondary: International governments and citizens

SYSTEMS

232

IMPROVE

learning from shared strengths and weaknesses

SUCCESS

become dominant sector / industry leaders

GROWTH

encourages new ideas and businesses

ECONOMY

PLATFORM

foundation for innovation and development

ONE DELTA BRAND IMPACT ANALYSIS

TARGET AUDIENCE

PRIDE

The One Delta brand promotes a transformation of the cities of Toronto, Chicago and New York from powerful individual Gateways into a unique, unparalleled transnational megaregion. This alliance will drive a new culture, mirroring the regional nature of modern life and more effectively addressing problems at the appropriate scale.

PROJECTS FOR ONE DELTA

233

PROJECTS FOR ONE DELTA

With proper management, One Delta can become a powerful brand that catapults the megaregion to becoming a global leader, setting an example for what successful regional collaboration and communication looks like. The foundation of unity among One Delta residents is key to the megaregional strategy.

234

PROJECTS FOR ONE DELTA

235

PROJECTS FOR ONE DELTA

These proposals provide a glimpse into what life in the megaregion might look like in the future. Our extensive exploration produced some important understandings that can be used as guidelines for designing productive solutions to solve contemporary problems.

236

PROJECTS FOR ONE DELTA

The Atlas of One Delta has identified six key insights that are fundamental to regional design moving forward.

237

PROJECTS FOR ONE DELTA

START WITH THE ELEMENTS, NOT THE SYSTEMS When thinking about how to solve a regional problem, priority must be placed on providing residents access to the Vital Elements. First understanding what Elements most need to be accessed, then envisioning how the Systems of Infrastructure can be used to accomplish that goal, ensures more purposeful and functional projects are created. The Regional Framework method simplifies this process, identifying and highlighting Elements in need of attention. As we have shown with our projects for Air, Shelter and Connection, using the Regional Framework method helps to maximize the impact projects can have on residentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; quality of life. The Systems of Infrastructure will in turn adjust over time to inherently deliver better access.

238

PROJECTS FOR ONE DELTA

TAKE ADVANTAGE OF DIVERSITY Acknowledging the cultural similarities and differences between the people and cities of One Delta is not enough. As one of the biggest strengths of the megaregion, we can capitalize on this diversity by actively facilitating the sharing of experiences, knowledge and by learning from each otherâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s strengths. The umbrella of the One Delta brand is an instrument to bring together diverse individuals and groups that can contribute unique perspectives to these regional problems we identify with the Regional Framework method.

239

PROJECTS FOR ONE DELTA

EVALUATE THE REACH OF REGIONS Regions are not always physical, geographic or political. Using our definition, the reach of a region can also be described by fluctuating boundaries, high and low densities, nodes, and flows. Before attempting to change the performance of these regions, it is crucial to understand the true reach of the region as well as how it is connected to other regions. Only then can we design solutions at the proper scale to correctly address a regional problem.

240

PROJECTS FOR ONE DELTA

CREATE ACTIONABLE POLICY Policy can become complicated and ineffective when legislation is not developed based on residentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; actual needs and there is a lack of coordination across jurisdictions. The Regional Framework method helps to recognize what those needs are, allowing policy to be systematically developed and implemented in a consistent way that objectively prioritizes issues. Policy can be even more powerful when designed to be actionable and emphasis is placed on accountability.

241

PROJECTS FOR ONE DELTA

DESIGN FOR THE LONG TERM Solutions for regional problems can no longer be exclusively reactive. We have shown that these types of short-term initiatives often cost more, need frequent maintenance and quickly become antiquated. This results in wasted resources, time and lost value to residents. More proactive solutions that are designed by understanding regional reach and connections can be responsive to changes in the systems and will result in policy and projects that remain applicable and productive well into the future.

242

PROJECTS FOR ONE DELTA

UNDERSTAND THE NETWORKS & CONNECTIONS A central characteristic of megaregions is the high frequency of connections. Identifying the diversity of connections in One Delta helps us gain insights about the complex ecosystem we live in. Most importantly, determining the value of connections means we can craft more meaningful experiences and relationships.

243

INSPIRATION FOR THE FUTURE

244

INSPIRATION FOR THE FUTURE

THIS IS OUR MEGAREGION

245

INSPIRATION FOR THE FUTURE

246

INSPIRATION FOR THE FUTURE

VOLUNTEER DISASTER RELIEF WORKERS ASSISTING AFTER AN ICE STORM 247

INSPIRATION FOR THE FUTURE

248

INSPIRATION FOR THE FUTURE

REGIONAL INTEGRATED MEDICAL HEALTH, WELLNESS AND RESEARCH FACILITY 249

INSPIRATION FOR THE FUTURE

250

INSPIRATION FOR THE FUTURE

ONE DELTA INSTITUTE FOR THEORETICAL REGIONALISM 251

INSPIRATION FOR THE FUTURE

252

INSPIRATION FOR THE FUTURE

PEARSON CITY: A NEW WAY OF INTEGRATING THE AIRPORT REGION WITH COMMUNITY LIFE 253

INSPIRATION FOR THE FUTURE

254

INSPIRATION FOR THE FUTURE

ARTIST RESIDENCE INSPIRED BY RESPONSIVE BUILDING DESIGN 255

INSPIRATION FOR THE FUTURE

256

INSPIRATION FOR THE FUTURE

ONE DELTA COLLABORATION CONCERT SERIES 257

SOURCES

REGIONS*

TRADITIONAL DEFINITIONS OF REGIONS

INTERNET Bread Helmet Guy. Web. 20 May 2014. <http:// www.welurk.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/ bread_helmet_guy.jpg>.

Parr, John. “Perspectives on the Cityregion.” Regional Studies 39.5 (2005): 555-66. Taylor and Francis Online. 18 Aug. 2010. Web. 16 Oct. 2013. <http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/ abs/10.1080/.U3wPSOZdWmA>.

FRENCH LANGUAGE Strohm, Rachel. Welcome to Rwanda. 2008. Flickr. Web. 20 May 2014. <https://www.flickr. com/photos/rachelstrohm/3987894098>. “The Status of French in the World.” France Diplomatie. French Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Development, n.d. Web. 10 July 2014. <http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/ french-foreign-policy-1/promoting-francophony/the-status-of-french-in-the-world/>. PANAMA CANAL G, Boris. Panama Canal Miraflores Locks Panama. 2013. Panama City. Flickr. Web. 18 Apr. 2014. <https://www.flickr.com/photos/gameoflight/8884568631/in/gallery-107870065@N0772157644228544790/>. BEDOUIN TRIBE Michael Clesle. Bedouins and Their Camels. 2006. Flickr. Web. 18 Apr. 2014. <https://www. flickr.com/photos/michaelclesle/200731018/ in/gallery-107870065@N0772157644228544790/>. SILICON VALLEY Lee, Ho John. Red Alt - Moffett Towers. 2012. Flickr. Web. 11 Apr. 2014. <https://www. flickr.com/photos/hjl/8205547070/in/gallery-123209663@N05-72157644293523122/>. Saxenian, AnnaLee. Regional Advantage: Culture and Competition in Silicon Valley and Route 128. Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 1994. N. pag. Print. EUROPEAN UNION TPCOM. Brussels. 20. Flickr. Web. 14 Apr. 2014. <https://www.flickr.com/photos/ tpcom/3246111473/>. European Union Publications Office. Speaking for Europe: Languages in the European Union. Rep. no. NA-AB-08-127-EN-C. European Commission, Aug. 2008. Web. 10 July 2014. <http://ec.europa.eu/archives/publications/ booklets/move/74/en.pdf>.

“Region.” Oxford University Press. Oxford Dictionaries. 2014. Web. 19 Apr. 2014. <http:// www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/ region>. “Region.” Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. The Free Dictionary. 2003. Web. 19 Apr. 2014. <http://www.thefreedictionary.com/ region>.

GATEWAY CITIES ARE THE ANCHOR OF ONE DELTA Pain, Kathy. “‘New Worlds’ for ‘Old’? Twenty-First-Century Gateways and Corridors: Reflections on a European Spatial Perspective.” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 35.6 (November 2011).

“Region.” Random House Kernerman Webster’s College Dictionary. Random House. The Free Dictionary. 2010. Web. 19 Apr. 2014. <http:// www.thefreedictionary.com/region>.

A TALE OF 3 CITIES: THE TIMELINE

MEGAREGION: TORONTO/CHICAGO/NEW YORK

IMAGES “Shick Shack ~ Potawatomi” NativeAmericanEncyclopedia.com Unabridged. Native American Encyclopedia 23 May. 2014. <NativeAmericanEncyclopedia.com http:// nativeamericanencyclopedia.com/shickshack/>.

GREAT LAKES Bastian. Quebecois. 2011. Toronto. Flickr. Web. 19 May 2014. <https://www.flickr.com/photos/ homeofbastian/6397603989>.i “Great Lakes Facts and Figures.” Great Lakes Facts and Figures. Great Lakes Information Network, n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2014. <http://www. great-lakes.net/lakes/ref/lakefact.html>. TIMES SQUARE Nguyen, Dan. Snowstorm and Snowball Fight in Times Square, Manhattan, New York (larger Size). 2010. New York. Flickr. Web. 17 Mar. 2014. <https://www.flickr.com/photos/ zokuga/4205092148/in/gallery-123209663@ N05-72157644518950765/>. AIRPORT Yan, Lindley. Goodbye HBA. 2012. Flickr. Web. 17 Mar. 2014. <https://www.flickr. com/photos/lindley007/7328161286/in/gallery-123209663@N05-72157644520514474/>. “Airport and Flight Guide.” Airport Guides. Web. 19 May 2014. <http://www.ifly.com/>. “Toronto Pearson Homepage.” Greater Toronto Airports Authority. Web. 7 May 2014. <http:// www.torontopearson.com/>. “Non-stop Flights.” URL Metrics. Web. 8 May 2014. <http://urlm.co/www.nsflight.com>.

258

“Official Website.” O’Hare and Midway International Airports. Chicago Department of Aviation. Web. 7 May 2014. <http://www.flychicago.com/pages/landingpage.aspx>.

Tkaronto. N.d. Upper Canada History, Ontario. Historical Narratives of Early Canada. Upper Canada History. Web. 23 May 2014. <http://www.uppercanadahistory.ca/fn/fn1p5b. jpg>. “Map of Atlantic Coast of North America in 1600’s.” HistoryMap.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 May 2014. <http://www.history-map.com/picture/000/Atlantic-America-North-Coast.htm>. Vingboons, Johannes. Gezicht Op Nieuw Amsterdam. 1664. Wikipedia, New York. Wikimedia. Web. 23 May 2014. <http://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/File:GezichtOpNieuwAmsterdam.jpg>. European Colonization of the Americas until 1700. 1912. The Cambridge Modern History Atlas. Web. 23 May 2014. <http://www.zonu. com/detail-en/2009-11-13-11059/European-colonization-of-the-Americas-until-1700. html>. Toronto Purchase. N.d. Toronto. The Toronto Purchase. Jarvis Collegiate Toronto. Web. 23 May 2014. <http://schools.tdsb.on.ca/jarvisci/ toronto/tor_buy.htm>. Representation of the Great Fire at New York. N.d. New York Public Library Digital Collection, New York City. NYC Fire 1776. Wikimedia, 6 Aug. 2010. Web. 23 May 2014. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NYC_fire_1776.jpg>.

SOURCES

Betteman/CORBIS. Yellow Fever. 1793. Philadelphia. NOVA, 12 Oct. 2004. Web. 23 May 2014. <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/body/ short-history-of-quarantine.html>.

Ontario, Pamphlet 1964 #55, Toronto. Web. 23 May 2014. <http://www.theworldofgord. com/2011/04/historic-plaques-of-toronto-greatfire.html>.

William Henry Harrison. N.d. The Treaty of Greenville. The IMPORTANT AMERICANS Blog. 2011. Web. 23 May 2014. <http:// www.importantamericans.com/wp-content/ uploads/2011/12/WilliamHenryHarrison2.jpg>.

Gottscho, Samuel H. Gottscho’s Godly View of New York, 1931. 1931. New York City. Manhattan New York 1931. Web. 23 May 2014. <http:// ilmondosottosopra.altervista.org/wp-content/ uploads/2013/05/Manhattan-New-York-1931. jpg>.

St. Lawrence Market. N.d. Toronto Archives, Toronto. GridTO. 2011. Web. 23 May 2014. <http://www.blogto.com/ upload/2011/01/201111-St_Lawrence_market. jpg>.

Wall Street 1929. 1929. New York City. Web. 23 May 2014. <http://theroaringtwentieshistory. blogspot.ca/2010/06/story-of-black-tuesdayand-end-of.html>.

City of New York: Island of Manhattan. N.d. New York. Papa Bear’s Beyond Central Park. Web. 23 May 2014. <http://beyondcentralpark.com/ images/Park/Randel%20Bridges%20N-S.jpg>.

Jackson Pollock. N.d. Smithsonian Museum, New York City. National Portrait Gallery. Web. 23 May 2014. <http://www.npg.si.edu/img2/ namuth/poll3.jpg>.

Robinson. The Great Fire of the City of New York Dec 16 1835. 1836. Library of Congress, New York City. Wikipedia, 16 Sept. 2013. Web. 23 May 2014. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ File:The_Great_Fire_of_the_City_of_New_ York_Dec_16_1835.jpg>.

Guggenheim Museum. N.d. Guggenheim, New York City. Web. 23 May 2014. <http://media. guggenheim.org/content/foundation/guggenheim-museum-arch490.jpg>.

Brooklyn Bridge Under Construction. N.d. New York City. Web. 23 May 2014. <http://www.sevenwholedays.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/ const_mon11.jpeg>. Chicago in Flames. N.d. Chicago. The Chicago Fire, 1871. Glen Ellyn Historical Society, 5 May 2011. Web. 23 May 2014. <http:// www.glenellynhistory.org/photos/greatfire-of-1871/>. “How the Chicago ‘L’ Grew.” WBEZ. Chicago Transit Authority, 6 June 2012. Web. 23 May 2014. <http://www.wbez.org/blogs/john-rschmidt/2012-06/how-chicago-l-grew-99584>. Original Ferris Wheel. 1893. Chicago. Top Chicago Innovations Gallery. Web. 23 May 2014. <http://www.trbimg.com/img/ turbine/chi-top-chicago-innovations-gallery-bsi-201310-009/800>. Flatiron Building In Construction. N.d. New York City. Bronxbanterblog.com. Web. 23 May 2014. <http://www.bronxbanterblog.com/ wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/tumblr_lz5ny0AI3d1roep5n.jpg>. City Hall Subway Station. 1906. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, New York City. Wikipedia. Web. 23 May 2014. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:City_Hall_ Subway_station.jpg>. Toronto Fire of 1904. 1905. Archives of

Lazy Bones Remote Controls. 1955. Big Brown Box Blog. Web. 23 May 2014. <http://www. bigbrownboxblog.com.au/wp-content/ uploads/2013/05/lazy-bones.jpg>. December 1953 “Playboy Magazine”Volume 1, Number 1. 1953. Chicago. Web. 23 May 2014. <http://www.legendaryauctions.com/ LotDetail.aspx?inventoryid=110741&searchby=0&searchvalue=None&page=0&sortby=3&displayby=2&lotsperpage=100&category=1&seo=December-1953-%22Playboy-Magazine%22-Volume-1%2C-Number-1---The-Issue-That-Started-the-Sexual-Revolution!->. Kirkland, Wallace. Pinball Champion, George Schmabel (R) Trying out Coin Operating Pinball Machine, Supporting His Court Action That Pinball Is a Game of Skills. 1947. Popular Mechanics, New York City. LIFE - Hosted by Google. Web. 23 May 2014. <http://images.google.com/ hosted/life/7dd95b597a847fc1.html>. York Barracks. 1804. Ontario. Toronto in Time. Public Domain. Web. 23 May 2014. <http://citiesintime.ca/media/category/torontofighting-tor/ Fort-York.jpg>. The First TTC Run. 1954. Toronto Public Archives, Series 381, Toronto. BlogTO. Web. 23 May 2014. <http://www.blogto.com/ upload/2011/03/2011318-Subway-first-run1953-s0381_fl0266_id11128-13.jpg>. The Night the Lights Went Out. 1965. New York Times, New York City. West Island Weather. Web. 23 May 2014. <http://www.westislandweather. com/Lights%20out%201965%20book%20001. jpg>.

Reddiwhip. 1958. Deep-Fried Hoodsie Cups. Web. 23 May 2014. <http://deepfriedhoodsiecups. files.wordpress.com/2011/11/1958-1983.jpg>. Harris, Lawren. Maligne Lake, Jasper Park. 1924. Collection of the National Gallery of Canada., Ontario. Telling Stories: Narratives of Nationhood. Web. 23 May 2014. <http://www. nationhood.ca/_lib/Modules/Images/mod_ inline/mod8_tab2b.jpg>. Public Domain. “Hurricane September 21 1938.” NOAA Central Library Data Imaging Project. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 May 2014. <http:// upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ e4/1938_hurricane_September_21%2C_1938_ weather_map.jpg>. Stonewall Riots. 1968. New York City. Web. 23 May 2014. <http://blu.stb.s-msn.com/i/A3/ A3544B6AE2EA8D6086AE247FDDF43A_ h296_w526_m2_bblack_q99_p99_ cxHOHTXeD.jpg>. Chalfant, Henry. G Man and His Crew DJ-ing at a Park Bronx, New York, 1984. 1984. Smithsonian Museum Blog, New York City. Revolutionary Invention: Hip-Hop and the PC. Web. 23 May 2014. <http://blog.invention.smithsonian. org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/FOR-WEBPark-Jam-1984_Yes-Yes-Yall-p70.jpg>. 1969 Gay Liberation Front. 1969. New York City. BIG THINGS. Web. 1 Apr. 2014. <http:// bigbigbigthings.com/2011/06/gay-is-good/>. Bateman, Chris. Pride History Gay Picnic. 1970. Toronto. BlogTO. Web. 23 May 2014. <http://www.blogto.com/ upload/2012/06/20120626-PrideHist-GayPicnic.jpg>. Tallest Structure CN Tower. N.d. Toronto. Canadaka.net. Web. 11 June 2014. <http://www. canadaka.net/modules/Achievements/images/ tallest-structure-cn-tower.jpg>. Black Monday Box Cover. 1987. New York City. Georgia Tech Journalism & Games Project. Web. 11 June 2014. <http://newsgames.gatech.edu/ blog/2009/03/black-monday-inside-trader-andchartgame.html>. Chicago World Cup. 1994. Chicago. Chicago Scenic Studios. Web. 11 June 2014. <http:// www.chicagoscenic.com/projects/special/07-worldCup-2.asp#../../images/gallery/ special/07-worldCup-01.jpg>. September 11. 2001. New York City. Remembering September 11 - Resources for the 10th Anniversary. Web. 11 June 2014. <http:// worldpittsburgh.wordpress.com/2011/08/30/ remembering-911-resources-for-the-10th-anniversary/>.

259

SOURCES

Caudell, Gage. The Bean - Black and White. 2013. Chicago. The Range Traveler. Web. 11 June 2014. <http://www.rangetraveler.com/thebean-black-white/>. Carreiro, Remi. Nuit Blanche Toronto City Hall 2009. 2009. Nuit Blanche, Toronto. Wikimedia Commons. Web. 11 June 2014. <http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nuit_blanche_ toronto_city_hall_2009.jpg>. Van Passen, Kevin. How Police Infiltrated Groups Planning G20 Protests. 2010. The Globe and Mail, Toronto. The Globe and Mail. Web. 17 June 2014. <http://www. theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/how-police-infiltrated-groups-planning-g20-protests/ article4170473/>. Gunn, Frank. A Woman Checks Her Car in Flood Water on the Lakeshore West during a Storm in Toronto on Monday. 2013. The Associated Press, Toronto. CTV News. Web. 17 June 2014. <http://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/ toronto-battered-by-storm-flooding-thousandsstranded-1.1358719>. The Edinburgh Geographical Institute. “Map 7 Indian Tribes and Linguistic Groups - Canada.” ED Maps. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 June 2014. <http://www.edmaps.com/Indian_Tribes_Canada.jpg>. The New York Wheel Official Website. New York Wheel 2016 Rendering. 2013. New York City. Huffington Post. Web. 17 June 2014. <http:// www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/11/04/newyork-city-in-20-years_0_n_4182025.html>. Gooderham Building. 1890. City of Toronto Archives, Toronto. BlogTO. Web. 17 June 2014. <http://www.blogto.com/city/2014/01/what_ church_street_used_to_look_like_in_toronto/>. facts FACTS Rayburn, Alan. “The Real Story of How Toronto Got Its Name.” Natural Resources Canada. Government of Canada, 15 Dec. 2011. Web. 17 June 2014. <https%3A%2F%2Fwww. nrcan.gc.ca%2Fearth-sciences%2Fgeography%2Fplace-names%2Feducation-resources%2F9226>. “First Peoples, 9000 BCE to 1600 CE - The History of Toronto: An 11,000-Year Journey - Virtual Exhibits | City of Toronto.” First Peoples, 9000 BCE to 1600 CE - The History of Toronto: An 11,000-Year Journey Virtual Exhibits | City of Toronto. City of Toronto, n.d. Web. 17 June 2014. <http:// www1.toronto.ca/wps/portal/contentonly?vgnextoid=dd058d577e312410VgnVCM10000071d60f89RCRD>.

260

“Document: The Purchase of Manhattan Island, 1626.” Dutch New York RSS. New York Public Media, 1 Sept. 2009. Web. 17 June 2014. <http://www.thirteen.org/dutchny/interactives/ manhattan-island/>.

Keating, Ann Durkin. “Metropolitan Growth”. Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society, 2005. Web. 5 Dec. 2013. <http://james-a-watkins.hubpages.com/hub/ Chicago-Illinois#>

“Value of the Guilder / Euro.” International Institute of Social History, n.d. Web. 16 July 2014. <http://www.iisg.nl/hpw/calculate.php>.

“1858 Unwin Plan of the City of Toronto: Sewers.” Historical Maps of Toronto. City of Toronto Archives, n.d. Web. 26 June 2014. <http://oldtorontomaps.blogspot.ca/2013/01/1858-unwinplan-of-city-of-toronto.html>.

Hauser, Raymond E. “Illinois” Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society, 2005. Web. 17 June 2014. <http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/32.html>. Oltman, Adele. “The Hidden History of Slavery in New York.” The Nation. N.p., 24 Oct. 2005. Web. 16 July 2014. <http://www. thenation.com/article/hidden-history-slavery-new-york>. “Timeline: New Orleans.” New Orleans: American Experience. Public Broadcasting Service, 1 Jan. 2006. Web. 17 June 2014. <http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Famex%2Fneworleans%2Ftimeline%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs. org%2Fwgbh%2Famex%2Fneworleans%2Ftimeline%2F>. “Chicago History.” City of Chicago, n.d. Web. 24 June 2014. <http://www.cityofchicago.org/ city/en/about/history.html>. Kraig, Bruce. “Glazing Through Chicago’s Food History.” Chicago Tribune. N.p., 16 July 1997. Web. 26 June 2014. <http:// articles.chicagotribune.com/1997-07-16/ entertainment/9707220045_1_chicago-river-food-city-oysters>. Steinberg, Neil. “From Twinkies to Yellow Pencils, 175 Years of Firsts in Chicago.” Chicago Sun-Times, 5 Apr. 2012. Web. 26 June 2014. <http://www.suntimes.com/news/steinberg/11008357-452/happy-175th-birthday-chicago-city-of-firsts.html#.U6yJdK1dXFs>. “Passenger Rail Service in New York State.” History of Railroads in New York State. New York State Department of Transportation, n.d. Web. 26 June 2014. <https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dot. ny.gov%2Fdivisions%2Foperating%2Fopdm%2Fpassenger-rail%2Fpassenger-rail-service%2Fhistory-railroads>. Baer, Christopher T. A GENERAL CHRONOLOGY OF THE PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD COMPANY ITS PREDECESSORS AND SUCCESSORS AND ITS HISTORICAL CONTEXT. Rep. The Pennsylvania Railroad Technical & Historical Society, Apr. 2005. Web. 26 June 2014. <http://www.prrths. com/Hagley/PRR1826%20Apr%2005.pdf>.

Sniderman Bachrach, Julia. “Urbs in Horto.” History. Chicago Park District, 2001. Web. 26 June 2014. <http://www.chicagoparkdistrict. com/about-us/history/#.U20YS61dWmc>. Cain, Louis P. “Sanitation in Chicago.” Sanitation in Chicago. Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society, n.d. Web. 26 June 2014. <http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/ pages/300017.html>. “For People Who Like Buses.” History. ChicagoBus.org, n.d. Web. 27 June 2014. <http:// www.chicagobus.org/history>. McGowan, Mark. The Waning of the Green: Catholics, the Irish, and Identity in Toronto, 1887-1922. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s UP, 1999. Print. Cook, Adrian. The Armies of the Streets; the New York City Draft Riots of 1863. Lexington: U of Kentucky, 1974. Print. Pursley, Louis H. The Toronto Trolley Car Story, 1921-1961. Toronto, Ont.: Interurbans Special, 1961. Print. “New York in 1866.” Cholera in Nineteenth Century New York. City University of New York, n.d. Web. 07 July 2014. <http://www.virtualny.cuny. edu/cholera/1866/cholera_1866_set.html>. Smith, Andrew F. New York City: A Food Biography. Lanham Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield, 2013. Print. McAdam, Leigh. “50 Fun, Weird and Interesting Facts About Toronto.” Hike Bike Travel Outdoor and Adventure Travel Inspiration. N.p., 23 Oct. 2012. Web. 07 July 2014. <http://www. hikebiketravel.com/21031/30-fun-weird-interesting-facts-toronto/>. “An Act to aid in the construction of a railroad and telegraph line from the Missouri river to the Pacific ocean, and to secure to the government the use of the same for postal, military, and other purposes”. 12 Stat. 489. 1 July 1862. Nash, Robert Alan. “The Chinese Shrimp Fishery in California.” Ph.D. dissertation, University of California at Los Angeles, p. 182. 1973. “Chicago: Population”. 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica. Project Gutenberg. 05 Dec. 2013.

SOURCES

Cain, Louis P. “Sanitation in Chicago: A Strategy for a Lakefront Metropolis.” Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society, 2005. Web. 07 July 2014. <http://www.encyclopedia. chicagohistory.org/pages/32.html>.

Bateman, Chris. “A Brief History of the First Traffic Lights in Toronto.”BlogTO RSS. N.p., 3 Aug. 2013. Web. 08 July 2014. <http://www. blogto.com/city/2013/08/a_brief_history_of_ the_first_traffic_lights_in_toronto/>.

Sotomayor, Anthony. The Impact of Municipal By-Laws on the Toronto Citizen. Rep. York University, 8 Feb. 2012. Web. 7 July 2014. <http:// www.academia.edu/1010942/The_Impact_of_ Municipal_By-Laws_on_the_Toronto_Citizen>.

Schloss, Joseph Glenn. Foundation: B-boys, B-girls, and Hip-hop Culture in New York. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2009. Print.

“A Brief History of Chicago Surface Lines.” For People Who Like Buses. N.p., 2005. Web. 07 July 2014. <http://www.chicagobus.org/ history>. Hemming, Robert J. Ships Gone Missing. Chicago: Contemporary, 1992. Print. Schoeninger, Catherine, Diana Smirnov, and Shannon Brunner. “Chicago Trivia.” University of Michigan. N.p., 18 Apr. 2006. Web. 7 July 2014. <http://www.umich.edu/~eng217/ student_projects/Chicago%20Hotels/fun%20 facts.html>. Schweiterman, Joseph P., and Dana Caspall. “Zoning.” Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society, 2005. Web. 08 July 2014. <http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/ pages/1401.html>. “Facts and Statistics.” The City of Chicago’s Offical Site. City of Chicago, n.d. Web. 8 July 2014. <http://www.cityofchicago.org/city/en/ about/facts.html>. Erbentraut, Joseph. “Chicago’s 175th Birthday: 16 City ‘Firsts’ Worth Celebrating (PHOTOS).” The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com, 04 Mar. 2012. Web. 08 July 2014. <http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/03/04/ chicagos-175th-birthday-1_n_1319329.html>. “New York Urbanized Area: Population & Density from 1800 (Provisional).”Demographia. US Census 1950-2000, n.d. Web. 8 July 2014. <www.demographia.com%2Fdb-nyuza1800. html>. Till, Charles E., and Yoon Il. Chang. Plentiful Energy: The Story of the Integral Fast Reactor, the Complex History of a Simple Reactor Technoloogy, with Emphasis on Its Scientific Basis for Non-specialists. United States: Charles E. Till and Yoon Il Chang, 2011. Print. “Remote Background.” Zenith Electronics. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 July 2014. <http://www.zenith. com/remote-background/>. “Chicago.” History.com. A&E Television Networks, n.d. Web. 08 July 2014. <http://www. history.com/topics/chicago>.

Troper, Harold. “Becoming an Immigrant City: A History of Immigration into Toronto since the Second World War.” The World in a City. By Paul Anisef and C. Michael. Lanphier. Toronto: U of Toronto, 2003. N. pag. Print. Janega, James. “Top 20 Countdown: Innovations in Chicago That Changed the World.” Blue Sky Innovation. Chicago Tribune, 13 Jan. 2014. Web. 08 July 2014. <http:// bluesky.chicagotribune.com/originals/chitop-20-countdown-innovations-in-chicagothat-changed-the-world-bsi%2C0%2C0. storygallery#chi-top-20-countdown-innovation-03-bsi>. Carroll, William K. “Westward Ho? the Shifting Geography of Corporate Power in Canada.” Journal of Canadian Studies 36.4 (2002): n. pag. Web. 8 July 2014. “Black History Month.” Toronto History - Your City. City of Toronto, n.d. Web. 08 July 2014. <http://www1.toronto.ca/wps/portal/contentonly?vgnextoid=906f5e4394103410VgnVCM10000071d60f89RCRD>. “Doors Open Toronto.” Living in Toronto. City of Toronto, n.d. Web. 08 July 2014. <http://www1.toronto.ca/wps/ portal/contentonly?vgnextoid=42eafa2cd4a64410VgnVCM10000071d60f89RCRD&vgnextfmt=default&WT. rd_id=doorsopen>. Orbz, Chris. “Blackout Flashback: 4 Years Later.” BlogTO RSS. N.p., 14 Aug. 2007. Web. 08 July 2014. <http://www.blogto.com/ city/2007/08/blackout_flashback_4_years_ later/>. “World Health Organization Declares SARS Contained Worldwide.”History.com. A&E Television Networks, 5 July 2003. Web. 08 July 2014. <http://www.history.com/thisday-in-history/world-health-organization-declares-sars-contained-worldwide>. “The Greenbelt.” Friends of the Greenbelt Foundation, n.d. Web. 08 July 2014. <http:// www.greenbelt.ca/about_the_greenbelt>.

Sabella, Jen. “Chicago Most Corrupt City In America: Report.” The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com, 15 Feb. 2012. Web. 08 July 2014. <http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/02/15/chicago-most-corrupt-city_n_1278988.html>. “Toronto’s Vital Signs Report 2012.” Thestar. com. Toronto Star, 2 Oct. 2012. Web. 08 July 2014. <http://www.thestar.com/news/gta/ vitalsigns/2012/10/02/torontos_vital_signs_ report_2012.html>. Mills, Carys. “Toronto’s July Flood Listed as Ontario’s Most Costly Natural Disaster | Toronto Star.” Thestar.com. N.p., 14 Aug. 2013. Web. 08 July 2014. <http://www.thestar.com/ business/2013/08/14/july_flood_ontarios_most_ costly_natural_disaster.html>. Rodriguez, Alex. “How Does Chicago Stack Up?” Chicagotribune.com. Chicago Tribune, 26 Jan. 2014. Web. 8 July 2014. <http://articles. chicagotribune.com/2014-01-26/news/ct-global-city-chicago-nw-20140126_1_global-affairs-chicago-council-thyssenkrupp>. US Department of Commerce. ECONOMIC GROWTH WIDESPREAD ACROSS METROPOLITAN AREAS IN 2012 Advance 2012, and Revised 2001–2011 GDP-by-Metropolitan-Area Statistics. Rep. Bureau of Economic Analysis US, 17 Sept. 2013. Web. 9 July 2014. <http:// www.bea.gov/newsreleases/regional/gdp_ metro/2013/pdf/gdp_metro0913.pdf>. BOP Consulting. The World Cities Culture Report 2013. Rep. no. ISBN 978-1-84781-515-6. Mayor of London, 2013. Web. 09 July 2014. <http://www.worldcitiescultureforum.com/>. Boyette, Chris, Katia Hetter, and Leigh Remizowski. “It’s Official: One World Trade Center to Be Tallest U.S. Skyscraper.” CNN. Cable News Network, 12 Nov. 2013. Web. 09 July 2014. <http://www.cnn.com/2013/11/12/travel/ one-world-trade-center-tallest-us-building/>. “Toronto Fact Sheet.” Toronto.com. N.p., 28 Aug. 2008. Web. 09 July 2014. <http://www. toronto.com/articles/toronto-fact-sheet/>. Shore, Tim. “Inside The Ontario Food Terminal.” BlogTO RSS. N.p., 07 Oct. 2007. Web. 09 July 2014. <http://www.blogto.com/ eat_drink/2007/10/inside_the_ontario_food_terminal/>. Fortenbaugh, Robert. The Nine Capitals of the United States. York, PA: Maple, 1948. Print. Tanner, Helen H. “TRIBAL MIXTURES IN CHICAGO AREA INDIAN VILLAGES.” Indians of the Chicago Area. By Terry Straus. 2nd ed. Chicago, IL: NAES College, 1990. N. pag. Print.

261

SOURCES

Careless, J. M.S., and Elaine Young. “Toronto.” The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Canada, 27 June 2014. Web. 12 Aug. 2014.

Nycgo.com. N.p., 20 Feb. 2013. Web. 13 Aug. 2014. <http://www.nycgo.com/slideshows/ superlative-nyc>.

Addams, Jane, and Norah Hamilton. Twenty Years at Hull-House:With Autobiographical Notes. New York: Macmillan, 1910. Print.

Adams, Charles Francis. “The Battle of Long Island.” The American Historical Review 1.4 (1896): 650-70. JSTOR. Web. 12 Aug. 2014. <http://www.jstor. org/stable/10.2307/1833753?ref=no-x-route:ec26583e2f601b130da2a67e759ec7b5>.

“Who Invented Baseball?” History.com. A&E Television Networks, 27 Mar. 2013. Web. 10 Aug. 2014. <http://www.history.com/news/ ask-history/who-invented-baseball>.

“A. Montgomery Ward: The Great Lakefront Protector.” Friends of the Parks RSS. Web. 13 Aug. 2014. <http://fotp.org/publications/a-montgomery-ward-the-great-lakefront-protector>.

“History of Toronto Public Library.” Toronto Public Library. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Aug. 2014. Website Genzen, Jonathan. The Chicago River: A History in Photographs. Englewood, CO: Westcliffe, 2007. Print. The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica. “New York Stock Exchange.” Britannica.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Aug. 2014. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/412514/New-YorkStock-Exchange-NYSE>. Gerwing, Anselm J. “The Chicago Indian Treaty of 1833.” Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society (1908-1984) 57.2 (1964): 11742. JSTOR. Web. 13 Aug. 2014. <http://dig.lib. niu.edu/ISHS/ishs-1964summer/ishs-1964summer-117.pdf>. Adin, Rich. “On Words: Almighty Dollar.” An American Editor. N.p., 19 Mar. 2010. Web. 13 Aug. 2014. <http://americaneditor.wordpress. com/2010/03/19/on-words-almighty-dollar/>. Nigro, Carmen. “So, Why Do We Call It Gotham Anyway?” The New York Public Library. N.p., 25 Jan. 2011. Web. 13 Aug. 2014. <http:// www.nypl.org/blog/2011/01/25/so-why-do-wecall-it-gotham-anyway>. Gerwing, Anselm J. “The Chicago Indian Treaty of 1833.” Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society (1908-1984) 57.2 (1964): 11742. JSTOR. Web. 13 Aug. 2014. <http://dig.lib. niu.edu/ISHS/ishs-1964summer/ishs-1964summer-117.pdf>. Janega, James. “Top 20 Countdown: Innovations in Chicago That Changed the World.” Blue Sky Innovation. Chicago Tribune, 13 Jan. 2014. Web. 13 Aug. 2014. <http:// bluesky.chicagotribune.com/originals/chitop-20-countdown-innovations-in-chicagothat-changed-the-world-bsi%2C0%2C0. storygallery#chi-top-20-countdown-innovation-05-bsi>. NYCGO Staff. “Superlative NYC – the Biggest, Smallest, Oldest, Tallest, Narrowest, and Most Expensive Things in New York City.”

262

About Elevators. Rep. Otis Elevator Company, n.d. Web. 13 Aug. 2014. <http://www.otisworldwide.com/pdf/AboutElevators.pdf>. Dreyfus, Benjamin W. “The City Transformed: Railroads and Their Influence on the Growth of Chicago in the 1850s.” (1995): n. pag. Harvard University, 1995. Web. 13 Aug. 2014. <http://www.hcs.harvard.edu/~dreyfus/history. html>. “Welcome to the Legislative Assembly of Ontario.” Welcome to the Legislative Assembly of Ontario. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Aug. 2014. <http:// www.ontla.on.ca/web/home.do>. Harris, Leslie M. “The New York City Draft Riots of 1863.” In the Shadow of Slavery: African Americans in New York City, 1626-1863. Chicago: U of Chicago, 2003. 279-88. Print. “Early Chicago: Slavery in Illinois.” WTTW Chicago Public Media. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Aug. 2014. <http://www.wttw.com/main. taf?p=76,4,3,4>. Wade, Louise Carrol. “Meat Packing.” Encyclopedia of Chicago. ChicagoHistorical Society, 2005. Web. 13 Aug. 2014. <http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/804.html>. Freidberg, Susanne. Fresh: A Perishable History. Cambridge, MA: Belknap of Harvard UP, 2009. 68. Print. Paral, Rob. “Chicago’s Immigrants Break Old Patterns.” Migrationpolicy.org. Migration Policy Institute, 1 Sept. 2003. Web. 13 Aug. 2014. <http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/chicagos-immigrants-break-old-patterns>. Nicolson, Murray W. “The Other Toronto: Irish Catholics in a Victorian City, 1850-1900.” Polyphony. Summer (1984): 19-23. Tgmag.ca. Multicultural History Society of Ontario. Web. 13 Aug. 2014. <http://www.tgmag.ca/magic/ mt38.html>. Jaffe, Eric. “New York and Chicago’s Century-Old Skyscraper Contest.” Citylab.com. The Atlantic, 1 Aug. 2013. Web. 13 Aug. 2014. <http://www.citylab.com/work/2013/08/ new-york-and-chicagos-century-old-skyscraper-contest/6391/>. Smith, Carl S. Urban Disorder and the Shape of Belief: The Great Chicago Fire, the Haymarket Bomb, and the Model Town of Pullman. Chicago: U of Chicago, 1995. Print.

MAS Garment District Report 2011. Rep. Municipal Arts Society of New York, Oct. 2011. Web. 13 Aug. 2014. <http://www.scribd.com/ doc/69466169/1/I-THE-MAKING-OF-AFASHION-CAPITAL>. “The Fair.” The Devil In The White City by Erik Larson. Random House LLC., n.d. Web. 11 Aug. 2014. <http://www.randomhouse.com/ crown/devilinthewhitecity/fair.html>. Aldridge, Brad. “Walt Disney: Long Biography.” JustDisney.com. Brad Aldridge Productions, Aug. 2002. Web. 11 Aug. 2014. <http:// www.justdisney.com/walt_disney/biography/ long_bio.html>. Secter, Bob. “The Iroquois Theater Fire.” Chicago Tribune. Web. 13 Aug. 2014. <http://www. chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/politics/ chi-chicagodays-iroquoisfire-story-story.html>. McEnery, Thornton. “THIS DAY IN HISTORY: Remembering The Triangle Fire And 12 More New York Disasters.” Business Insider. Business Insider, Inc, 25 Mar. 2011. Web. 13 Aug. 2014. <http://www.businessinsider.com/ triangle-fire-worst-disasters-new-york-city2011-3?op=1>. Harris, Richard. Unplanned Suburbs: Toronto’s American Tragedy, 1900 to 1950. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1996. Google Books. Web. 13 Aug. 2014. <http://books.google.ca/ books?id=EF2uN3v0i9gC&q=toronto#v=snippet&q=fires&f=false>. “Top 10 Most Tragic Disasters in Illinois.” Mysterious Heartland. Web. 13 Aug. 2014. <http://mysteriousheartland.com/top-10/top10-most-tragic-disasters-in-illinois/>. Smith, Carl. “The Plan of Chicago.” Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society, 2005. Web. 13 Aug. 2014. <http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/10537.html>. “The 1911 Triangle Factory Fire.” Cornell University. Jan. 2011. Web. 13 Aug. 2014. <http:// www.ilr.cornell.edu/trianglefire/story/introduction.html>.

SOURCES

Meyer, Graham. “Top 40 Chicago Words— Our Contributions to the English Language.” Chicagomag.com.23 June 2010. Web. 15 Aug. 2014. <http://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/July-2010/ Top-40-Chicago-Words-Our-Contributions-to-the-English-Language/?cparticle=2&siarticle=1#artanc>. Boroughs, Tony. “History of Bronzeville.” Bronzeville Area Residents’ and Commerce Council v2014. Web. 15 Aug. 2014. <http://www.thebarcc.org/history.php>. “A Hundred Years of Immigration to Canada 1900 - 1999.” Canadian Council for Refugees. May 2000. Web. 15 Aug. 2014. <https:// ccrweb.ca/en/hundred-years-immigration-canada-1900-1999>. “Gold Vault.” Federal Reserve Bank of New York. Web. 15 Aug. 2014. <http://www.newyorkfed. org/aboutthefed/goldvault.html>. Picardo, Elvis, CFA. “History Of The Toronto Stock Exchange.” Investopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Aug. 2014. <http://www.investopedia.com/ articles/stocks/08/history-of-toronto-stock-exchange.asp>. “Immigration Timeline.” Thestar.com. Canadian Museum of Immigration, n.d. Web. 15 Aug. 2014. <http://www.thestar.com/news/immigration/immigrationtimeline.html>. Troper, Harold. History of Immigration to Toronto Since the Second World War: From Toronto “the Good” to Toronto “the World in a City” Working paper no. 12. Ontario Institute for Studies in Education University of Toronto, Mar. 2000. Web. 16 Aug. 2014. Bunch, Adam. “The Worst Disaster In The History Of The City.” TorontoDreamsProject.blogspot.ca. 23 Sept. 2010. Web. 16 Aug. 2014.

“The Beginnings of House Music.” Universitaet Wien. Web. 16 Aug. 2014. Kuhrt Brewer, Carole. “Chicago’s Greatest Disasters of the Past and Today’s “D” Word.” Show Me Chicago. ChicagoNow.com, 12 June 2012. Web. 16 Aug. 2014. Browning, C. R., D. Wallace, S. L. Feinberg, and K. A. Cagney. “Neighborhood Social Processes, Physical Conditions, and Disaster-Related Mortality: The Case of the 1995 Chicago Heat Wave.” American Sociological Review 71.4 (2006): 661-78. Print. “Prime Minister Harper Offers Full Apology for the Chinese Head Tax.” Prime Minister of Canada. Government of Canada, 22 June 2006. Web. 16 Aug. 2014. Kennedy, Brendan. “Highrises? We’re Tops on the Continent.” Thestar.com. N.p., 5 Oct. 2011. Web. 17 Aug. 2014. Florida, Richard. “Two Very Different Types of Migrations Are Driving Growth in U.S. Cities.” CityLab. The Atlantic, 21 Apr. 2014. Web. 17 Aug. 2014. POPULATION Demographia. “Canada City Population History: Montreal, Ottawa, Toronto & Vancouver.” Canada City Population History: Montreal, Ottawa, Toronto & Vancouver. The Public Purpose, 2003. Web. 09 July 2014. <http://www. demographia.com/db-cancityhist.htm>. “Data.” Metropolitan and Micropolitan. United States Census Bureau, n.d. Web. 09 July 2014. <http://www.census.gov/population/metro/data/ index.html>.

“Immigrant Voices: 1952 Immigration Act.” Canadianhistory.ca, 2000. Web. 16 Aug. 2014.

Wilson, Steven G., David A. Plane, Paul J. Mackun, et al. Patterns of Metropolitan and Micropolitan Population Change: 2000 to 2010. Rep. no. C2010SR-01. US Census Bureau, Sept. 2012. Web. 9 July 2014. <http://www.census. gov/prod/cen2010/reports/c2010sr-01.pdf>.

Watts, Anthony. “Brad Johnson’s ‘Frankenstorm’ Malfeasance Masquerading as Idiocy.” Watts Up With That. 26 Oct. 2012. Web. 16 Aug. 2014.

“Ontario Population.” World Population Statistics. N.p., 21 May 2013. Web. 09 July 2014. <http://www.worldpopulationstatistics.com/ ontario-population/>.

DiNapoli, Thomas P., and Kenneth B. Bleiwas. An Economic Snapshot of the Hunts Point Food Distribution Center. Rep. Office of the State Comptroller New York, Dec. 2008. Web. 16 Aug. 2014.

Statistics Canada. “Historical and Projected Ontario Population by Census Division, Selected Years - Reference Scenario.” Ontario Ministry of Finance. N.p., n.d. Web. 9 July 2014. <http://www.fin.gov.on.ca/en/economy/demographics/projections/table6.html>.

Bateman, Chris. “A Brief History of Pride in Toronto.” BlogTO RSS. 28 June 2012. Web. 16 Aug. 2014.

A TALE OF 3 CITIES: THE BENCHMARKS “Labour force characteristics, unadjusted, by census metropolitan area” Statistics Canada Web. 22 Aug 2014. <http://www.statcan.gc.ca/ tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/lfss04f-eng. htm>. “Economy at a Glance” Bureau of Labour Statistics. Web. 22 Aug 2014. <http://www.bls.gov/ home.htm>. “Ontario Population Projections Update” Ontario Ministry of Finance. Web. 22 Aug 2014. <https://www.nwoinnovation.ca/upload/documents/projections2009-2036.pdf>. “New York City Population and Projection” Department of City Planning. Web. 22 Aug 2014. <http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/pdf/census/projections_briefing_booklet.pdf>. “City Mayors: World’s Fastest Growing Urban Areas (1).” The Mayor’s Statistics. Web. 20 Apr. 2014. <http://www.citymayors.com/statistics/ urban_growth1.html>. “New York City.” Skyscraper Page. Web. 16 Apr. 2014. <http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?cityID=8>. “Chicago-Joliet-Naperville, IL-IN-WI : Nonfarm Employment and Labor Force Data.” U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Web. 13 Apr. 2014. <http://www.bls.gov/xg_shells/ro3fx9652.htm>. Kotkin, Joel, and Mark Schill. “America’s Next Decade.” Forbes Magazine. Web. 11 Apr. 2014. <http://www.forbes.com/special-report/2013/ america-next-decade.html>. “Canadian Info.” Buffalo Niagara International Airport. Web. 2 May 2014. <http://www.buffaloairport.com/Canadian/Start.aspx>. City of Toronto. “Toronto CMA 2013 Occupation Profiles.” N.p., n.d. Web. 23 May 2014. <https://www1.toronto.ca/City%20Of%20 Toronto/Economic%20Development%20 &%20Culture/Business%20Pages/News,%20 Reports%20&%20Resources/Data%20Centre/ Data%20Centre%20Files/Occupation%20Profiles%202013.xlsx>.

REGIONAL FRAMEWORK VITAL SIGNS Toronto Foundation. Toronto Vital Signs 2013 Report. Rep. 2013. Web. 3 Oct. 2013. <https:// tcf.ca/torontos-vital-signs-report>.

263

SOURCES

AIR INTRODUCTION Snape, Richard, and Don Gunasekera. Problems of the Global Commons: ‘Countdown to Kyoto’: The Consequences of the Mandatory Global Carbon Dioxide Emissions Reductions, Australian APEC Study Centre, Canberra, 19–21 August 1997. Rep. The Australian APEC Study Centre, 1997. Web. 8 Apr. 2014. <http://www.apec.org.au/ docs/snape.pdf>. “B.C. Air Quality.” What Is Air? Web. 09 May 2014. <http://www.bcairquality.ca/101/what-isair.html>. AIR POLLUTION “Canada-United States Air Quality Agreement Progress Report 2012.” Government of Canada, Environment Canada. Web. 09 May 2014. <https://www.ec.gc.ca/Air/default. asp?lang=En&n=8ABC14B4-1&xml=8ABC14B4-ED53-4737-AD51-528F8DBA2B4C&offset=3&toc=show>. “Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Greenhouse Gases Overview.” EPA. Environmental Protection Agency. Web. 07 May 2014. <http://www. epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/gases. html>. URBAN AIR POLLUTION / COMMUTER BEHAVIOR “High Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) Lanes - Summary 2007.” High Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) Lanes - Summary 2007. Web. 09 May 2014. <http://www.mto.gov.on.ca/english/traveller/ hov/summary2007.shtml>. “HOV Lane Information.” Public Information: HOV Lanes. Suffolk County Sheriff ’s Office, 2014. Web. 8 Apr. 2014. <http://www.suffolkcountyny.gov/sheriff/PublicInformation/ EnforcementBureau/HOVLane.aspx>. “High Occupancy Vehicle Lanes in Canada – Overview”. Transport Canada, 26 August 2010. Web. 25 April 2014. Toronto as a Global City: Scorecard on Prosperity – 2014. Rep. Toronto Region Board of Trade, 2014. Web. 7 Apr. 2014. <http://www.bot. com/advocacy/Documents/Scorecard/Scorecard_2014.pdf>. Commuting to Work. Rep. Statistics Canada, 2011. Web. 12 Apr. 2014. <http://www12. statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/as-sa/99-012-x/99012-x2011003_1-eng.pdf>.

264

“Annual Estimates of the Resident Population.” American FactFinder - Results. United States Census, 1 July 2012. Web. 3 Apr. 2014. <http:// factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/ pages/productview.xhtml?pid=PEP_2012_ PEPANNRES>.

“Electricity Generation in Canada and the United States.” Hydro Quebec. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Apr. 2014. <http://www.hydroquebec.com/ about-hydro-quebec/our-energy/hydropower/ pdf/map-generation-canada-usa-june-2013-en. pdf>.

Hilkevitch, John. “Challenge Is Launched to Reduce Single-occupancy Commuting.” Chicago Tribune News [Chicago] 03 Dec. 2012: n. pag. Web. 10 Apr. 2014. <http://articles. chicagotribune.com/2012-12-03/classified/ ct-met-getting-around-1203-20121203_1_ trips-van-pool-commuters-drive>.

U.S. Department of Energy. “Total Electricity Net Generation (Billion Kilowatthours).” International Energy Statistics. U.S. Energy Information Administration, n.d. Web. 16 July 2014.

AUTOMOBILE AND INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENTS VS. AIR QUALITY TIMELINE “The History of Smog.” The History of Smog. N.p., n.d. Web. 2 Apr. 2014. <http://www.energyeducation.tx.gov/environment/section_2/topics/what_is_smog/the_history_of_smog.html>. “Atmosphere Timeline.” Forces of Change: Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Mar. 2014. <http:// forces.si.edu/atmosphere/swf/timeline.html>. Stradling, David. “Air Quality.” Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society, 2005. Web. 10 Apr. 2014. <http://www.encyclopedia. chicagohistory.org/pages/32.html>. “Electric Vehicles Attract Attention”. New York Times. November 12, 1911. “Chapter 7.” Historical Geography of Toronto’s Air Pollution. Pages 6-20. Air Quality. York University. Web. 10 Apr. 2014. f<http://www.yorku. ca/anderson/geog3040%20f11/chapter%20 7%20the%20historical%20geography%20 of%20smoke%20in%20toronto.pdf>. TRANSBOUNDARY AIR POLLUTION AND COAL POWERED GENERATION “Airshed.” Dictionary.com. Dictionary.com. Web. 09 May 2014. <http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/airshed>. “CEC Examines Air Pollution from North America’s 3,000 Fossil-fuel Power Plants.” Commission for Environmental Conservation. N.p., 2011. Web. 1 Apr. 2014. <http://www. cec.org/Page.asp?PageID=122&ContentID=25145>. Ministry of the Environment. “Upwind Downwind 2010: Air Knows No Boundaries.” Web. 9 May 2014. <http://cleanair.hamilton.ca/ subpages/up-down-conference/Morning/Reddish%20and%20Clark-%20%20MOE.pdf>.

TOP POLLUTERS Levin, Ilan. America’s Top Power Plant Toxic Air Polluters. Rep. Environmental Integrity Project, 21 Dec. 2011. Web. 18 Apr. 2014. <http:// www.environmentalintegrity.org/documents/ Report-AmericasTopPowerPlantToxicAirPolluters-UPDATEDec21.pdf>. GROWTH IN ENERGY GENERATION “Annual Electric Utility Data – EIA906/920/923 Data File.” Annual Electric Utility Data – EIA-906/920/923 Data “Ontario.” Canadian Wind Energy Association Ontario Comments. Web. 09 May 2014. <http:// canwea.ca/wind-energy/ontario/>. “Supply Overview.” Independent Electricity System Operator. N.p., n.d. Web. 9 Apr. 2014. <http://ieso-public.sharepoint.com/Pages/Power-Data/Supply.aspx>. U.S. Department of Energy. “Total Electricity Net Generation (Billion Kilowatthours).” International Energy Statistics. U.S. Energy Information Administration, n.d. Web. 16 July 2014. CONCLUSION Yap, David, Dr., and Neville Ried, Dr. Transboundary Pollution in Ontario. Rep. Ontario Ministry of the Environment, June 2005. Web. 28 Apr. 2014. <http://mrgoodbun.weebly.com/ uploads/1/3/7/0/13706010/transboundary_air_ pollution_report.pdf>. “The Air We Breathe.” David Suzuki Foundation. Web. 09 May 2014. <http://www.davidsuzuki.org/issues/health/science/air-quality/ the-air-we-breathe/>.

WATER INTRODUCTION “Great Lakes Facts and Figures.” Great Lakes Facts and Figures. Great Lakes Information Network, n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2014. <http://www. great-lakes.net/lakes/ref/lakefact.html>.

SOURCES

Kulshreshtha, Surendra. “A Global Outlook for Water Resources to the Year 2025.” Water Resources Management 12.3 (1998): 167-84. Springer Link. Kluwer Academic Publishers, June 1998. Web. 3 Apr. 2014. <http://link.springer.com/article/10.1023%2FA%3A1007957229865#>.

URBAN BUILT ENVIRONMENT OVER NATURAL FLOOD PLAINS “Federal Emergency Management Agency Special Flood Hazard Areas.”Property Shark. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Apr. 2014. <http://www.propertyshark.com/mason/ny/New-York-City/Maps/ FEMA-Flood-Zone>.

“Great Lakes Quickfacts.” Environment Canada. Government of Canada, 7 July 2013. Web. 3 Apr. 2014. <http://www. ec.gc.ca/grandslacs-greatlakes/default. asp?lang=En&n=B4E65F6F-1>. Ontario’s Great Lakes Strategy. Rep. Government of Ontario: Ministry of Environment, Dec. 2012. Web. 1 Apr. 2014. <https:// dr6j45jk9xcmk.cloudfront.net/documents/896/5-1-5-great-lakes-strategy-en.pdf>.

“TRCA Flood Plain Mapping Program.” Toronto and Region Conservation Authority. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Apr. 2014. <http://www.trca.on.ca/ dotAsset/18320.pdf>.

CUMULATIVE STRESS MAP FOR THE GREAT LAKES Borre, Lisa. “New Great Lakes Map Highlights Environmental Threats and Opportunities.” National Geographic News Watch. National Geographic, 10 Jan. 2013. Web. 1 Apr. 2014. <http://newswatch.nationalgeographic. com/2013/01/10/new-great-lakes-map-highlights-environmental-threats-and-opportunities/>. Annual Report of the Great Lakes Regional Water Use Database: Representing 2011 Water Use Data. Rep. no. 21. Great Lakes Commission, May 2013. Web. 1 Apr. 2014. <http://www.greatlakesmapping.org/great_lake_stressors>. “Great Lakes Stressor Interactive Map.” Great Lakes Mapping. N.p., n.d. Web. 2 Apr. 2014. <http://www.greatlakesmapping.org/great_lake_ stressors>. THE GREAT LAKES BASIN: A SHARED RESOURCE / WATER STRESS INDICATORS Borre, Lisa. “New Great Lakes Map Highlights Environmental Threats and Opportunities.” National Geographic News Watch. National Geographic, 10 Jan. 2013. Web. 1 Apr. 2014. <http://newswatch.nationalgeographic. com/2013/01/10/new-great-lakes-map-highlights-environmental-threats-and-opportunities/>. Annual Report of the Great Lakes Regional Water Use Database: Representing 2011 Water Use Data. Rep. no. 21. Great Lakes Commission, May 2013. Web. 1 Apr. 2014. <http:// www.greatlakesmapping.org/great_lake_stressors>. “Great Lakes Stressor Interactive Map.” Great Lakes Mapping. N.p., n.d. Web. 2 Apr. 2014. <http://www.greatlakesmapping.org/great_lake_ stressors>.

“Streams Classified by Risk: Cook County (South).” Illinois Flood Maps. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Apr. 2014. <http://www.illinoisfloodmaps.org/ DFIRMpdf/nosfha/ISWSNoSFHAcook_south. pdf>. “Streams Classified by Risk: Cook County (North).” Illinois Flood Maps. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Apr. 2014. <http://www.illinoisfloodmaps.org/ DFIRMpdf/nosfha/ISWSNoSFHAcook_north. pdf>. “FEMA Flood Hazard Resources Map.” FEMA Flood Hazard Resources Map. N.p., n.d. Web. 2 Apr. 2014. <ArcGIS>. WATER USAGE BREAKDOWN FOR THE GREAT LAKES Consumptive Water Use in the Great Lakes Basin. Rep. United States Geological Survey, 2008. Web. 6 Apr. 2014. <http://pubs.usgs.gov/ fs/2008/3032/pdf/fs2008-3032.pdf>. Chapter 851,Water Supply. Toronto Municipal Code. City of Toronto, 18 Dec. 2013. Web. 4 Apr. 2014. <http://www.toronto.ca/legdocs/ municode/1184_851.pdf>. WATER METER IMPLEMENTATION ACROSS ONE DELTA Lipton, Eric. “In Policy Switch, City Eases Stance On Water Meters.” The New York Times. The New York Times, 14 Dec. 2000. Web. 6 Apr. 2014. <http://www.nytimes. com/2000/12/15/nyregion/in-policy-switch-cityeases-stance-on-water-meters.html>. Chapter 851,Water Supply. Toronto Municipal Code. City of Toronto, 18 Dec. 2013. Web. 4 Apr. 2014. <http://www.toronto.ca/legdocs/ municode/1184_851.pdf>. “Water Supply Bylaw.” Living in Toronto. City of Toronto, 2008. Web. 4 Apr. 2014. <http:// www1.toronto.ca/wps/portal/contentonly?vgnextoid=576e49983587f310VgnVCM10000071d60f89RCRD>. “Welcome to Metersave.” Metersave. City of Chicago, 2009. Web. 5 Apr. 2014. <https:// www.metersave.org/>.

Zorn, Eric. “Water-meter Pitch May Not Be Such a Bad Deal after All.”Change of Subject. Chicago Tribune, 15 Oct. 2011. Web. 5 Apr. 2014. <http://blogs.chicagotribune.com/news_ columnists_ezorn/2011/10/water-meter-pitchmay-not-be-such-a-bad-deal-after-all.html>. Water and Wastewater Rate Schedule. Rep. New York City Water Board, 1 July 2013. Web. 5 Apr. 2014. <http://www.nyc.gov/html/nycwaterboard/pdf/rates/fy2014_rates.pdf>. Zorn, Eric. “Water Meter Making a Big Splash.” Change of Subject. Chicago Tribune, 13 Apr. 2013. Web. 6 Apr. 2014. <http:// blogs.chicagotribune.com/news_columnists_ ezorn/2012/04/update-.html>. Arinsburg, Alexis. “Two Decades Later, City’s Water Metering Still Not Universal.” IBO Web Blog. The Independent Budget Office, 5 Oct. 2009. Web. 6 Apr. 2014. <http://ibo.nyc.ny.us/ cgi-park/?p=99>. VIRTUAL WATER “National Coffee Drinking Trends 2013.” National Coffee Association, 2013. Web. 7 Apr. 2014. <http://www.ncausa.org/i4a/pages/index. cfm?pageID=731fee-reigns-as-the-numberone-beverage-of-choice-for-adult-canadians>. “Businesses and Governments Must Tackle Energy and Water Use in Tandem.” Water Footprint and Virtual Water. Waterfootprint.org, 2014. Web. 5 Apr. 2014. <http://www.waterfootprint.org/?page=files/home>. “Coffee Reigns as the Number One Beverage of Choice for Adult Canadians.”Coffee Association of Canada. Newswire, 24 Oct. 2013. Web. 7 Apr. 2014. <http://www.newswire.ca/ en/story/1248057/coffee-reigns-as-the-numberone-beverage-of-choice-for-adult-canadians>. Nicholson, Marcy. “Americans Are Getting Even More Pretentious About How They Drink Coffee.” The Huffington Post. Reuters, 22 Mar. 2014. Web. 7 Apr. 2014. <http://www. huffingtonpost.com/2014/03/22/coffee-drinking-americans_n_5013544.html>. THE COST OF WATER “A History of Ontario’s Water System.” Ontario Sewer and Watermain Construction Association. N.p., 2014. Web. 3 Apr. 2014. <https://www. oswca.org/public/about_us/history_of_ontario_ water/>. Fumano, Dan. “Nestle Bottles Millions of Litres of Canadian Water - and Pays nothing.” O Canada. The Province, 14 Aug. 2013. Web. 2 Apr. 2014. <http://o.canada.com/news/nestle-bottled-water-cost>.

265

SOURCES

Cooke, Mary. “International Effort to Preserve Freshwater.” The Great Lakes Basin. Mount Holyoke College, 2009. Web. 16 May 2014. <https://www.mtholyoke.edu/~cooke23m/classweb/wp/bottled.html>. Luther, Daisy. “Nestle’s Wet Dream: They Mark Up Water 53 Million Percent.” The Organic Pepper. N.p., 5 June 2013. Web. 3 Apr. 2014. <http://www.theorganicprepper.ca/ nestles-wet-dream-they-mark-up-water-53-million-percent-06052013>. Schriever, Norm. “Plastic Water Bottles Causing Flood of Harm to Our Environment.” The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com, 29 July 2013. Web. 15 May 2014. <http:// www.huffingtonpost.com/norm-schriever/ post_5218_b_3613577.html>. Too Many Bottles—It’s a Waste. Rep. New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, n.d. Web. 3 Apr. 2014. <http://www. geographypods.com/uploads/7/6/2/2/7622863/ waterbottles.pdf>. “Bottle Water Is Wasteful.” The Water Project. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Apr. 2014. <http://thewaterproject.org/bottled_water_wasteful>.

FOOD FOODSHEDS “What Is a Foodshed?” Foodprints and Foodsheds Project. Web. 09 May 2014. <http:// foodprintsandfoodsheds.org/what-is-a-foodshed-2/>. “The Place of Food: Mapping out the ‘local’ in Local Food Systems.” The Place of Food: Mapping out the ‘local’ in Local Food Systems. Web. 09 May 2014. <http://phg.sagepub.com/ content/31/1/23>. New York and Chicago - “SSURGO Downloader.” ArcGIS Resource Center. Web. 09 May 2014. <http://resources.arcgis.com/en/communities/soils/02ms0000000n000000.htm>. “Inventaire Des Terres Du Canada.” ArcGIS. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Apr. 2014. <http://sis.agr. gc.ca/cansis/publications/maps/cli/1m/agr/ cli_1m_agr_ontario.jpg>. “Soil Landscapes of Canada.” Soil Landscapes of Canada. Carleton University Library, 2011. Web. 2 May 2014. <http://www.library. carleton.ca/find/gis/geospatial-data/soil-landscapes-canada>.

266

MOST SUBSIDIZED CROP “Ag Facts.” New York Department of Agriculture and Markets. Web. 09 May 2014. <http://www. agriculture.ny.gov/agfacts.html>.

“New York Summary Information.” EWG Farm Subsidy Database. Environmental Working Group, 2012. Web. 1 May 2014. <http://farm. ewg.org/region.php?fips=36000>.

“Summary of Ontario Agriculture.” Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs Web. 09 May 2014. <http://www.omafra.gov. on.ca/english/stats/agriculture_summary.htm>.

Hamel, Marie-Andree, and Erik Dorff. “Corn: Canada’s Third Most Valuable Crop.” Statistics Canada. Government of Canada, 18 Mar. 2014. Web. 28 Apr. 2014. <http://www.statcan. gc.ca/pub/96-325-x/2014001/article/11913-eng. htm#a1>.

HISTORY OF THE FARM SUBSIDY “Illinois Summary Information.” Illinois Summary - EWG Farm Subsidy Database. Web. 09 May 2014. <http://farm.ewg.org/region. php?fips=17000>. “New York Summary Information.” New York Summary - EWG Farm Subsidy Database. Web. 09 May 2014. <http://farm.ewg.org/region. php?fips=36000>. “Agricultural Subsidy Programs.” The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics. Web. 09 May 2014. <http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/AgriculturalSubsidyPrograms.html>. “Agricultural Subsidies.” The Economist. The Economist Newspaper, 22 Sept. 2012. Web. 09 May 2014. <http://www.economist.com/ node/21563323>. “Corn in Ontario.” Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs. Web. 09 May 2014. <http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/crops/ field/corn.html>. Rasmussen, Wayne D., Gladys L. Baker, and James S. Ward. A Short History of Agricultural Adjustment 1933-1975. Rep. no. Agricultural Bulletin 391. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Economic Research Service. United States Department of Agriculture, 25 Mar. 1976. Web. 6 Apr. 2014. <http://naldc.nal.usda.gov/download/ CAT87210025/PDF>. US CORN AND SOY ACREAGE “Agricultural Subsidy Programs.” The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics. Web. 09 May 2014. <http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/AgriculturalSubsidyPrograms.html>. “The Seed Industry Has Grown ‘Out of Hand’ .” Daily Yonder. The Rural Yonder, 22 Dec. 2012. Web. 1 May 2014. <http://www. dailyyonder.com/seed-industry-has-grown-outhand/2009/12/22/2512>. Hubbard, Kristina. Farmers Face the Consequences of a Consolidated Seed Industry. Rep. Farmer to Farmer Campaign On Genetic Engineering, Dec. 2009. Web. 1 May 2014. <http://farmertofarmercampaign.com/Out%20 of%20Hand.FullReport.pdf>.

WHOLESALE PRODUCE DISTRIBUTION CENTRES “About Us.” Ontario Food Terminal Board. Web. 09 May 2014. <http://www.oftb.com/ about-us>. and “Farmers’ Market List.” Home. Web. 09 May 2014. <http://www.greenbeltfresh.ca/farmers-market-list>. “Chicago Farmers Markets.” City of Chicago. Web. 09 May 2014. <http://www.cityofchicago. org/city/en/depts/dca/supp_info/farmers_market.html>. “Company Information.” Chicago Produce Market. Web. 09 May 2014. <http://www.chicagoproducemarket.com/aboutus.html>. “Greenmarket Farmers Markets.” GrowNYC. Web. 09 May 2014. <http://www.grownyc.org/ greenmarket>. “Hunts Point Peninsula Vision Plan.” NYCEDC. Web. 09 May 2014. <http://www. nycedc.com/video/hunts-point-peninsula-vision-plan>. “Hunts Point Peninsula.” NYCEDC. Web. 09 May 2014. <http://www.nycedc.com/project/ hunts-point-peninsula>. “The Past and Future of the Hunts Point Produce Market.” Urban Omnibus The Past and Future of the Hunts Point Produce Market Comments. Web. 09 May 2014. <http:// urbanomnibus.net/2013/09/the-past-and-future-of-the-hunts-point-produce-market/>. “Designing to Survive a Super Storm.” Hunts Point Express. Web. 09 May 2014. <http://brie. hunter.cuny.edu/hpe/2014/01/30/designing-tosurvive-a-super-storm/>. COMMUNITY SUPPORTED AGRICULTURE PROGRAMS “2014 Chicagoland CSA Guide.” Family Farmed (n.d.): n. pag. Family Farmed. 2014. Web. 15 Apr. 2014. <http://www.familyfarmed. org/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/2014-csaguide-singlpg-mar11.pdf>. “Ontario CSA Directory.” Http://csafarms. ca/CSA%20farmers.htm. Web. 9 May 2014. <http%3A%2F%2Fcsafarms.ca%2FCSA%2520farmers.htm>.

SOURCES

“WHAT IS CSA?” Just Food. Web. 09 May 2014. <http://www.justfood.org/csa>. FOOD WASTE Cain, Derrick. “Nearly One-third of U.S. Food Got Dumped in 2010, USDA Says.” AgriPulse. Agri-Pulse Communications, Inc., 25 Feb. 2014. Web. 28 Apr. 2014. <http://agri-pulse. com/Nearly-one-third-of-U.S.-food-gotdumped-in-2010--USDA-says-02242014.asp>. News, CBC. “Most of Canada’s Wasted Food Dumped from Homes.”CBCnews. CBC/ Radio Canada, 25 Nov. 2013. Web. 1 May 2014. <http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ most-of-canada-s-wasted-food-dumped-fromhomes-1.1132998>. Artuso, Antonella. “Food Waste Is a Growing Environmental Challenge in Ontario.” News Ontario. Toronto Sun, 6 Oct. 2012. Web. 1 May 2014. <http://www.torontosun. com/2012/10/06/food-waste-is-a-growing-environmental-challenge-in-ontario>. “Help End Food Waste.” David Suzuki Foundation. N.p., 2014. Web. 1 May 2014. <http:// www.davidsuzuki.org/what-you-can-do/foodand-our-planet/help-end-food-waste/>. HAPPY MEAL VS HEALTHY MEAL “McDonalds.ca. Homepage.” McDonalds.ca. Web. 09 May 2014.http://www.mcdonalds.ca/ ca/en.html “Cost of Living Comparison Between Chicago, IL and New York, NY .” Numbeo.. Web. 09 May 2014. <http://www. numbeo.com/cost-of-living/compare_cities. jsp?country1=United+States&city1=Chicago%2C+IL&country2=United+States&city2=New+York%2C+NY>. “Cost of Living Comparison Between Toronto and New York, NY .” Numbeo. Web. 09 May 2014. <http://www.numbeo.com/ cost-of-living/compare_cities.jsp?country1=Canada&country2=United+States&city1=Toronto&city2=New+York%2C+NY>. Harvard School of Public Health. Eating Healthy vs. Unhealthy Diet Costs about $1.50 More per Day. HSPH News. Harvard School of Public Health, 5 Dec. 2013. Web. 9 Apr. 2014. <http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/ press-releases/healthy-vs-unhealthy-diet-costs1-50-more/>. Kish, Stacy. “Healthy, Low-Calorie Foods Cost More on Average.” National Institute of Food and Agriculture. United States Department of Agriculture, 19 Mar. 2009. Web. 15 May 2014. <http://www.nifa.usda.gov/newsroom/ impact/2008/nri/03191_food_prices.html>.

Carlson, Andrea, and Elizabeth Frazao. Are Healthy Foods Really More Expensive? It Depends on How You Measure the Price. Rep. no. 96. United States Department of Agriculture, May 2012. Web. 12 Apr. 2014. <file:///Users/graphic/ Downloads/eib96_1_.pdf>. Jewel-Osco, 1220 South Ashland Ave., Chicago. “Item Price Check - Apples, Chicken Breast, Milk, Rice.” Telephone interview. 09 July 2014. No Frills, 200 Front St E Toronto, ON. “Item Price Check - Apples, Chicken Breast, Milk, Rice.” Telephone interview. 09 July 2014. “Item Price Check -Key Food at 6620 Avenue U, Brooklyn, NY 11234.” Online WebGrocer. Web. 20 July 2014. HUNGER GAME “1.1 Million People Use GTA Food Banks Annually: Survey.” CityNews. Web. 09 May 2014. <http://www.citynews.ca/2013/09/24/11-million-people-use-gta-food-banks-annuallysurvey/>. “Faces of Hunger.” Greater Chicago Food Depository. Web. 09 May 2014. <http://www. chicagosfoodbank.org/site/PageServer?pagename=hunger_faces>. “Hunger Crisis: Charities Are Strained as Nearly 1 in 5 New Yorkers Depend on Aid for Food.” NY Daily News. Web. 09 May 2014. <http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/15-new-yorkers-rely-charities-food-article1.1723671#ixzz2ynD5SNO6>. NYC Hunger Safety Net 2007 A Food Poverty in Focus. Rep. Food Bank for New York City, 2007. Web. 2 May 2014. <http://www.foodbanknyc.org/files//Hunger_Safety_Net_2007. pdf>. Hunger Count 2013. Rep. Food Banks Canada, 2013. Web. 2 May 2014. <http://www.foodbankscanada.ca/FoodBanks/MediaLibrary/ HungerCount/HungerCount2013.pdf>. “Map the Meal Gap.” Hunger in America. Feeding America. Web. 5 May 2014. <http:// feedingamerica.org/hunger-in-america/hunger-studies/map-the-meal-gap.aspx#>. Tarasuk, Valerie, Andy Mitchell, and Naomi Dachner. Household Food Insecurity in Canada, 2011. Rep. Research to Identify Policy Options to Reduce Food Insecurity (PROOF), 2013. Web. 5 May 2014. <http://nutritionalsciences. lamp.utoronto.ca/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/ foodinsecurity2011_final.pdf>. “Population by Year, by Province and Territory (Number).” Statistics Canada. Government of Canada, 25 Nov. 2013. Web. 6 May 2014. <http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sumsom/l01/cst01/demo02a-eng.htm>.

SHELTER SPECTRUM OF HOUSING SECURITY Canadian Housing Observer 2009. Rep. Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, 2009. Web. 7 May 2014. <http://www.cmhc-schl. gc.ca/en/corp/about/cahoob/upload/chapter2_ affordable_housing_2009.pdf>. “FAQ/Studies - Chicago Coalition for the Homeless.” Chicago Coalition for the Homeless RSS. Web. 09 May 2014. <http://www.chicagohomeless.org/faq-studies/>. HOUSING CHALLENGES National Association of Home Builders. “Housing Opportunity Index by Affordability Rank.” Housing Opportunity Index: 1st Quarter 2014. Web. 12 Aug. 2014. <http://www.nahb.org/fileUpload_details.aspx?contentID=535>. “TEACH: Urban Sprawl in the Great Lakes Region.” Great Lakes Information Network, n.d. Web. 2 Apr. 2014. <http://www.great-lakes.net/ teach/pollution/sprawl/sprawl_3.html>. Tencer, Daniel. “Toronto’s Housing Market Passes An Insane Milestone.” The Huffington Post. N.p., 18 Apr. 2014. Web. 29 Apr. 2014. <http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2014/04/18/ house-prices-toronto_n_5174437.html>. “GTA REALTORS® REPORT LATEST MID-MONTH RESALE HOUSING STATISTICS.” NEWS RELEASE. Toronto Real Estate Board, 17 Apr. 2014. Web. 1 May 2014. <http://www.torontorealestateboard.com/market_news/release_market_updates/news2014/ nr_mid_month_0414.htm>. Wright, Michael. 2011 National Household Survey. Rep. City of Toronto, Sept. 2013. Web. 4 May 2014. <http://www1.toronto.ca/City%20 Of%20Toronto/Social%20Development,%20 Finance%20&%20Administration/Shared%20 Content/Demographics/PDFs/Reports/ nhs-backgrounder-income-shelter.pdf>. Kiersz, Andy. “Here’s How Much Real Estate A Million Dollars Buys You In Every Major US City.” Business Insider. Business Insider, Inc, 11 Mar. 2014. Web. 21 May 2014. <http://www. businessinsider.com/us-city-real-estate-pricechart-2014-3>. Tighe, Mary Anne, and Steven Spinola. 1st Quarter 2012 New York City Residential Sales Report. Rep. Real Estate Board of New York, 2012. Web. 16 July 2014. <http://www.rebny. com/content/dam/rebny/Documents/PDF/ News/Research/NYC%20Residential%20Sales/ NYC_Residential_Sales_Report_1Q12.pdf>.

267

SOURCES

Tighe, Mary Ann, and Steven Spinola. 2nd Quarter 2012 New York City Residential Sales Report. Rep. Real Estate Board of New York, 2012. Web. 16 July 2014. <http://www.rebny. com/content/dam/rebny/Documents/PDF/ News/Research/NYC%20Residential%20Sales/ NYC_Residential_Sales_Report_2Q12.pdf>. Tighe, Mary Ann, and Steven Spinola. 3rd Quarter 2012 New York City Residential Sales Report. Rep. Real Estate Board of New York, 11 Oct. 2012. Web. 16 July 2014. <http://www. rebny.com/content/dam/rebny/Documents/ PDF/News/Research/NYC%20Residential%20Sales/NYC_REBNY_Residential_ Report_3Q12_WEB.pdf>. Spinola, Steven. 4th Quarter 2012 New York City Residential Sales Report. Rep. Real Estate Board of New York, 23 Jan. 2013. Web. 16 July 2014. <http://www.rebny.com/content/dam/rebny/ Documents/PDF/News/Research/NYC%20 Residential%20Sales/NYC_REBNY_Residential_Report_4Q12.pdf>. Sievers, Stephanie. “Illinois Sees Home Sales Increase in December; 2012 Notches 22.9 Percent Sales Gain over 2011.” Illinois Association of REALTORS®. Illinois Association of Realtors, 22 Jan. 2013. Web. 16 July 2014. <http:// www.illinoisrealtor.org/node/3182>. “Historic Statistics TorontoMLS Sales and Average Price.” Toronto Real Estate Board. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 July 2014. <http://www. torontorealestateboard.com/market_news/ market_watch/historic_stats/pdf/TREB_historic_statistics.pdf>. “New York’s Affordable Housing Shortage.” The New York Times. The New York Times, 07 Feb. 2014. Web. 16 July 2014. <http://www. nytimes.com/2014/02/08/opinion/new-yorks-affordable-housing-shortage.html?_r=0>. Rodkin, Dennis. “Vacant-home Crisis Easing in Some Chicago Neighborhoods.” Crain’s Chicago Business. N.p., 8 July 2014. Web. 16 July 2014. <http://www.chicagobusiness.com/ realestate/20140708/CRED0701/140709874/ vacant-home-crisis-easing-in-some-chicago-neighborhoods?utm_source=CRED0701&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=chicagobusiness>. Miller Samuel Inc. May 2014 Manhattan and Brooklyn Elliman Report. Rep. Douglas Elliman Real Estate, May 2014. Web. 17 July 2014. <http://www.elliman.com/pdf/34fa08557e6dc540ca27b89091d5c9051b2c5280>.

268

AVERAGE MONTHLY HOME RENTAL “Easy Stats Interactive Map & Data.” United States Census Bureau, n.d. Web. 1 Apr. 2014. <http://www.census.gov/easystats/>. “2006 CENSUS HIGHLIGHTS: Factsheet 12.” Office of Economic Policy Labour and Demographic Analysis Branch. Ontario Ministry of Finance, 7 Oct. 2009. Web. 6 May 2014. <http://www.fin.gov.on.ca/en/economy/demographics/census/cenhi06-12.html>. Rental Market Report: Ontario Highlights. Rep. Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Fall 2013. Web. 3 May 2014. <http://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/odpub/ esub/64507/64507_2013_B02.pdf>. Ricci, Peter. “Reis: Chicago Rents Up 3.4% From Last Year.” Chicago Agent Magazine. Reis, Inc., 4 Apr. 2014. Web. 5 May 2014. <http:// chicagoagentmagazine.com/reis-chicago-rents3-4-last-year/>. Toronto Real Estate Board MLS® Home Price Index. Rep. Toronto Real Estate Board, Mar. 2014. Web. 3 May 2014. <http://www. torontorealestateboard.com/market_news/ home_price_index/pdf/TREB_MLS_HPI_Public_Tables_0314.pdf>. Wright, Michael. 2011 National Household Survey. Rep. City of Toronto, Sept. 2013. Web. 4 May 2014. <http://www1.toronto.ca/City%20 Of%20Toronto/Social%20Development,%20 Finance%20&%20Administration/Shared%20 Content/Demographics/PDFs/Reports/ nhs-backgrounder-income-shelter.pdf>. Umberger, Mary. “Hot Streak in Chicago Rental Market Continues.” Chicago Tribune. 16 Nov. 2012. Web. 4 May 2014. <http:// articles.chicagotribune.com/2012-11-16/ classified/ct-mre-1118-umberger-apartments-20121116_1_free-rent-average-rent-increases-downtown-rental-market>. Glink, Ilyce. “Top 10 Priciest U.S. Cities to Rent an Apartment.” CBSNews. CBS Interactive, 15 July 2013. Web. 5 May 2014. <http:// www.cbsnews.com/media/top-10-priciest-uscities-to-rent-an-apartment/10/>. Mazur, Christopher, and Ellen Wilson. 2010 Census Briefs. Issue brief no. C2010BR-07. United States Census Bureau, Oct. 2011. Web. 5 May 2014. <http://www.census.gov/prod/ cen2010/briefs/c2010br-07.pdf>. Barro, Josh. “Dear New Yorkers: Here’s Why Your Rent Is So Ridiculously High.” Business Insider. Business Insider, Inc, 09 July 2013. Web. 6 May 2014. <http://www.businessinsider.com/the-8-reasons-why-new-york-rentsare-so-ridiculously-high-2013-7#!IDcwk>.

“Price per Square Foot Stabilizes for Rentals in New York City; Harlem Sees Biggest Price Hike.” PR Newswire, 16 July 2012. Web. 1 May 2014. <http://www.prnewswire.com/ news-releases/price-per-square-foot-stabilizesfor-rentals-in-new-york-city-harlem-sees-biggest-price-hike-162570476.html>. ANIMALS LISTED ON PETFINDER LOOKING FOR A HOME WITHIN 160 KM OF CITY “Pet-search - Petfinder.” Petfinder. Web. 20 Apr. 2014. <http://www.petfinder.com/ pet-search?location=chicago%2C+il&animal=&primary_breed=&distance=100&pet_name=>. EFFECTS OF CONTAMINATION ON GREAT LAKES AQUATIC HABITAT “Great Lakes.” Ministry of Natural Resources. Government of Ontario, 11 June 2012. Web. 1 May 2014. <http://www.mnr.gov.on.ca/en/business/greatlakes/index.html>. “The Great Lakes.” David Suzuki Foundation. N.p., 2007. Web. 1 May 2014. <http://www. davidsuzuki.org/publications/books/the-greatlakes/>. “Connected to Our Economy and Our Way of Life.” Great Lakes. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, 6 June 2012. Web. 5 May 2014. <http://www.mnr.gov.on.ca/en/Business/GreatLakes/2ColumnSubPage/STEL02_173888. html>. “Aquatic Invasive Species.” Biodiversity. Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, 28 Aug. 2013. Web. 16 July 2014. <http://www.mnr.gov. on.ca/en/Business/Biodiversity/2ColumnSubPage/STDPROD_068689.html>. “Conservation of Biological Diversity in the Great Lakes Basin Ecosystem: Issues and Opportunities.” Great Lakes Ecosystems. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 25 Sept. 2013. Web. 14 July 2014. <http://www.epa.gov/ greatlakes/ecopage/glbd/issues/intro.html>. PUBLIC AND SUBSIDIZED HOUSING IN ONE DELTA Polsky, Sara. “Five Facts About New York City Rents and Renters’ Incomes.”Curbed NY. 29 July 2013. Web. 7 May 2014. <http://ny.curbed.com/archives/2013/07/29/ five_facts_about_new_york_city_rents_and_ renters_incomes.php>. “FAQ/Studies - Chicago Coalition for the Homeless.” Chicago Coalition for the Homeless RSS. Web. 09 May 2014. <http://www.chicagohomeless.org/faq-studies/>.

SOURCES

Peel Living 2012 Annual Report. Rep. no. HUM0074 07/13. Peel Region, July 2013. Web. 6 May 2014. <https://www.peelregion.ca/housing/ peel-living/corporate/annual-reports/pdf/2012/ full-report.pdf>. “Canada’s Rental Vacancy Rate Increases.” Corporate Information. Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, 10 June 2013. Web. 7 May 2014. <http://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/en/ corp/nero/nere/2013/2013-06-20-0815.cfm>. “Ontario.” Homeless Hub. Web. 1 May 2014. <http://www.homelesshub.ca/community-profiles/ontario/ontario>. HOMELESSNESS “York Region.” Homeless Hub. Web. 1 May 2014. <http://www.homelesshub.ca/community-profiles/ontario/york-region>. “Peel Region.” Homeless Hub. Web. 1 May 2014. <http://www.homelesshub.ca/community-profiles/ontario/peel-region>. “Hamilton.” Homeless Hub. Web. 1 May 2014. <http://www.homelesshub.ca/community-profiles/ontario/hamilton>. Gaetz, Stephen. The Real Cost of Homelessness: Can We save Money by Doing the Right Thing? ISBN: 978-1-55014-624-0. Canadian Homelessness Research Network Press., 2012. Web. 16 July 2014. <http://www.homelesshub. ca/sites/default/files/costofhomelessness_ paper21092012.pdf>. “Giving the Homeless a Place to Live Costs Less than Providing Shelters and Emergency Services.” Thestar.com. Web. 9 May 2014. <http://www.thestar.com/opinion/ editorialopinion/2012/10/15/giving_the_homeless_a_place_to_live_costs_less_than_providing_ shelters_and_emergency_services.html>. “FAQ/Studies - Chicago Coalition for the Homeless.” Chicago Coalition for the Homeless RSS. Web. 09 May 2014. <http://www.chicagohomeless.org/faq-studies/>. “N.Y.’s Homeless Solution: A One-way Ticket.” The Globe and Mail. Web. 09 May 2014. <http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/ nys-homeless-solution-a-one-way-ticket/article4280890/>. “HUD Secretary Says a Homeless Person Costs Taxpayers $40,000 a Year.”PolitiFact. Web. 09 May 2014. <http://www.politifact.com/truth-ometer/statements/2012/mar/12/shaun-donovan/ hud-secretary-says-homeless-person-costs-taxpayers/>. Gaetz, Stephen, Jesse Donaldson, Tim Richter, and Tanya Gulliver. The State of Homelessness in Canada 2013. Rep. no. 978-1-55014-632-5. Canadian Homelessness Research Network

Press, 2013. Web. 6 May 2014. <http://www. homelesshub.ca/ResourceFiles/SOHC2103. pdf>. Monsebraaten, Laurie. “Affordable Housing Wait Lists Still Climbing in Ontario.” The Hamilton Spectator. 12 Nov. 2013. Web. 6 May 2014. <http://www.thespec.com/news-story/4205208affordable-housing-wait-lists-still-climbing-inontario/>. “Housing in Canada Online.” Definitions of Variables. Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, n.d. Web. 21 May 2014. <http://cmhc. beyond2020.com/HiCODefinitions_EN.html#_ Core_Housing_Need_Status>.

SAFETY GANG RELATED HOMICIDES Homicide in Canada, 2012. Rep. no. ISSN 12096393. Statistics Canada, 19 Dec. 2013. Web. 5 May 2014. <http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/85002-x/2013001/article/11882-eng.pdf>. Chicago Murder Analysis Report 2010. Rep. Chicago Police Department, 6 Jan. 2012. Web. 6 May 2014. <https://portal.chicagopolice. org/portal/page/portal/ClearPath/News/Statistical%20Reports/Murder%20Reports/MA10. pdf>. “Table 6 Number of Gang-related Homicides, by Region, 2000 to 2010.”Homicide in Canada, 2010. Web. 31 May 2013. <http://www.statcan. gc.ca/pub/85-002-x/2011001/article/11561/tbl/ tbl06-eng.htm>. Engley, Arlen, Jr., and James C. Howell. Highlights of the 2010 National Youth Gang Survey. Rep. no. NCJ 237542. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, Apr. 2012. Web. 8 May 2014. <http://www.ojjdp.gov/pubs/237542. pdf>. “Interactive: City of Toronto Homicides and Gang Activity, 2008 to Present.”The Globe and Mail. 13 June 2012. Web. 14 May 2014. <http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/ toronto/interactive-city-of-toronto-homicides-and-gang-activity-2008-to-present/article4240673/?from=4243872>. POLICE/ VIOLENT CRIMES “2012 Annual Statistical Report.” Toronto Police Service. Web. 9 May 2014. <http:// www.torontopolice.on.ca/publications/files/ reports/2012statsreport.pdf>.

“ILLINOIS Full-time Law Enforcement Employees by City, 2012.” Federal Bureau of Investigation. Web. 13 May 2014. <http:// www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/crime-inthe-u.s/2012/crime-in-the-u.s.-2012/ tables/78tabledatadecpdf/table-78-state-cuts/ table_78_full_time_law_enforcement_employees_illinois_by_city_2012.xls>. “NEW YORK Full-time Law Enforcement Employees by City, 2012.”Federal Bureau of Investigation. Web. 13 May 2014. <http:// www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/crime-inthe-u.s/2012/crime-in-the-u.s.-2012/ tables/78tabledatadecpdf/table-78-state-cuts/ table_78_full_time_law_enforcement_employees_new_york_by_city_2012.xls>. “NEW YORK Offenses Known to Law Enforcement by City, 2012”. Federal Bureau of Investigation. Web. 9 May 2014. <http:// www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/crime-inthe-u.s/2012/crime-in-the-u.s.-2012/ tables/78tabledatadecpdf/table-78-state-cuts/ table_78_full_time_law_enforcement_employees_new_york_by_city_2012.xls>. “ILLINOIS Offenses Known to Law Enforcement by City, 2012”. Federal Bureau of Investigation. Web. 13 May 2014. <http://www.fbi. gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/crime-in-the-u.s/2012/ crime-in-the-u.s.-2012/tables/8tabledatadecpdf/ table-8-state-cuts/table_8_offenses_known_to_ law_enforcement_by_illinois_by_city_2012. xls>. CompStat 2013 Year End. Rep. Chicago Police Department, 31 Dec. 2013. Web. 13 May 2014. <https://portal.chicagopolice.org/portal/page/ portal/ClearPath/News/Crime%20Statistics/ Crime%20Statistics%20Year%20End/1_pdfsam_2013%20compstat%20public%20 report%20year%20end%2031-dec-201.pdf>. 2012 Annual Statistical Report. Rep. Toronto Police Service, 2012. Web. 13 May 2014. <http://www.torontopolice.on.ca/publications/ files/reports/2012statsreport.pdf>. SURVEILLANCE CAMERAS “NYC Surveillance Camera Project Information.” New York City: A Surveillance Camera Town. Web. 13 May 2014. <http://www.mediaeater.com/cameras/overview.html>. Francescani, Chris. “NYPD Expands Surveillance Net to Fight Crime as Well as Terrorism.” Reuters. Thomson Reuters, 21 June 2013. Web. 13 May 2014. <http://www.reuters.com/ article/2013/06/21/usa-ny-surveillance-idUSL2N0EV0D220130621>.

269

SOURCES

Vintech. “Top 5 Cities with the Largest Surveillance Camera Networks.”Security Articles and News VinTech Systems. 4 May 2011. Web. 13 May 2014. <http://www.vintechnology.com/ journal/uncategorized/top-5-cities-with-thelargest-surveillance-camera-networks/>. Sabella, Jen. “Cameras Make Chicago Most Closely Watched U.S. City.” The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com, 06 Apr. 2010. Web. 13 May 2014. <http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/04/06/cameras-make-chicago-most_n_527013.html>. Privacy and Video Surveillance in Mass Transit Systems: A Special Investigation Report. Rep. Information and Privacy Commissions, Mar. 2008. Web. 13 May 2014. <http://www.ipc. on.ca/images/Resources/PrivacybyDesign%20 Book-ch6.pdf>. Gillepsie, Kerry. “Green Light for TTC’s 11,000 Cameras.” Thestar.com. Toronto Star, 4 Mar. 2008. Web. 13 May 2014. <http://www. thestar.com/news/gta/2008/03/04/green_light_ for_ttcs_11000_cameras.html>. Alcoba, Natalie. “Growing Number of CCTV Surveillance Cameras outside City Core Dismays Privacy Advocates.” Posted Toronto. National Post News, 6 Apr. 2014. Web. 13 May 2014. <http://news.nationalpost. com/2013/04/06/growing-number-of-cctv-surveillance-cameras-dismays-privacy-advocates/>. Moloney, Paul. “Toronto Community Housing Tenants Leery of Giving Police Easy Access to Security Camera Footage | Toronto Star.”Thestar.com. N.p., 20 May 2014. Web. 16 July 2014. <http://www.thestar.com/news/ city_hall/2014/05/20/toronto_community_ housing_tenants_leery_of_giving_police_easy_ access_to_security_camera_footage.html>. THE NATIONAL UNDERGROUND ECONOMY & BLACK MARKET Terefe, Berouk, Conrad Barber-Dueck, and Marie-Josée Lamontagne.Estimating the Underground Economy in Canada, 1992-2008. Rep. Income and Expenditure Accounts Division Statistics Canada, June 2011. Web. 1 May 2014. <http://www.chba.ca/uploads/Policy%20 Archive/2011/undergound_economy.pdf>. Feige, Edgar L., and Richard Cebula. America’s Unreported Economy: Measuring the Size, Growth and Determinants of Income Tax Evasion in the U.S. Rep. University of Wisconsin-Madison, Sept. 2011. Web. 1 May 2014. <http:// mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/34781/1/MPRA_ paper_34781.pdf>.

270

Grammy, Abbas P. The Underground Economy. Rep. Premier Thoughts: The CSUB Business Blog, 28 Nov. 2011. Web. 1 May 2014. <http:// www.csub.edu/kej/documents/economic_ rsch/2011-11-28.pdf>. “GDP (current US$).” Data. The World Bank. Web. 2 May 2014. <http://data.worldbank.org/ indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD>. The Underground Economy in Canada, 2011. Rep. no. Catalog No. 11-001-X. Statistics Canada, 30 Jan. 2014. Web. 16 July 2014. <http:// www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/140130/ dq140130c-eng.pdf>. REGULATING BODIES/BLACKOUTS “The Many Causes of Power Failures.” Causes of Power Failures & Power Outages. Diesel Service and Supply, 2013. Web. 5 May 2014. <http://www.dieselserviceandsupply.com/ causes_of_power_failures.aspx>. “Blackouts: A History.” American Blackout. National Geographic, 21 Oct. 2013. Web. 3 May 2014. <http://channel.nationalgeographic. com/channel/american-blackout/articles/blackouts-a-history/>. “GridEx.” North American Electrical Reliability Corporation, Nov. 2013. Web. 4 May 2014. <http://www.nerc.com/pa/CI/CIPOutreach/ Pages/GridEX.aspx>. Hall, Delaney. “Hip-Hop and the 1977 New York City Blackout.” Panic Narrative. Columbia University, Oct. 2010. Web. 5 May 2014. <http://archives.jrn.columbia.edu/2010-2011/ panicnarrative.com/2010/11/hip-hop-and-the1977-new-york-city-blackout/index.html>. “Regions and Balancing Authorities.” North American Electric Reliability Corporation. Web. 1 Mar. 2014. <http://www.nerc.com/comm/OC/ RS%20Agendas%20Highlights%20and%20 Minutes%20DL/BA_Bubble_Map_20140305. jpg>. “Northeast Blackout of 1965.” Wikimedia. Web. 6 May 2014. <http://upload.wikimedia. org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Northeast_Blackout_of_1965.svg>. “North American Blackout 2003.” Wikimedia. Web. 6 May 2014. <http://upload.wikimedia. org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Map_of_North_ America%2C_blackout_2003.svg>. The Economic Impacts of the August 2003 Blackout. Rep. Electricity Consumers Resource Council, 9 Feb. 2004. Web. 16 July 2014. <http://www.elcon.org/Documents/EconomicImpactsOfAugust2003Blackout.pdf>.

DISASTERS IN ONE DELTA All dates and death counts for the Natural Disasters timeline infographic was compiled from information on Wikipedia. “Natural Disasters in North America.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Web. 8 May 2014. <http://www.wikipedia.org/>. JOB SECURITY “Wal-Mart Company Statistics.” Statistic Brain RSS. 12 Nov. 2013. Web. 3 May 2014. <http:// www.statisticbrain.com/wal-mart-company-statistics/>. Jamieson, Dave. “Most Walmart Store Workers Didn’t Earn $25,000 Last Year.” The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com, 23 Oct. 2013. Web. 3 May 2014. <http://www.huffingtonpost. com/2013/10/23/walmart-salary_n_4151131. html>. Berfield, Susan. “More Than Half of WalMart’s Hourly Workers Make Less Than $25,000.” Bloomberg Business Week. Bloomberg, 23 Oct. 2013. Web. 3 May 2014. <http://www. businessweek.com/articles/2013-10-23/morethan-half-of-walmarts-hourly-workers-makeless-than-25-000>. Poverty Trends Highlights Canada 2013. Rep. Citizens for Public Justice, 2013. Web. 3 May 2014. <http://www.cpj.ca/sites/default/files/ docs/Poverty-Trends-Highlights-2013.pdf>. “Social Assistance Recipients.” Status of Poverty in Ontario. Poverty Free Ontario, 2014. Web. 2 May 2014. <http://www.povertyfreeontario. ca/poverty-in-ontario/status-of-poverty-in-ontario/>. Low Income Lines, 2011-2012. Rep. no. ISSN 1707-2840. Statistics Canada, 2012. Web. 2 May 2014. <http://www.statcan.gc.ca/ pub/75f0002m/75f0002m2013002-eng.pdf>. Lutz, Ashley. “Wal-Mart Asks Workers to Donate Food to Its Needy Employees.” Business Insider. Financial Post, 19 Nov. 2013. Web. 2 May 2014. <http://business.financialpost. com/2013/11/19/wal-mart-food-drive/>. “What Are the Annual Earnings for a Full-time Minimum Wage Worker?” UC Davis Center for Poverty Research, Fall 2013. Web. 3 May 2014. <http://poverty.ucdavis.edu/faq/what-are-annual-earnings-full-time-minimum-wage-worker>. “What Are the Poverty Thresholds Today? -.” UC Davis Center for Poverty Research, 2012. Web. 2 May 2014. <http://poverty.ucdavis.edu/ faq/what-are-poverty-thresholds-today>.

SOURCES

HEALTH SMOKING LAWS IN CANADA “Smoke-Free Ontario.” Legislation. Ontario Ministry of Health and Long Term Care, 18 Oct. 2013. Web. 10 May 2014. <http://www. mhp.gov.on.ca/en/smoke-free/legislation/>. “Leading Causes of Death, Illinois, 2010.” Health Statistics. Illinois Department of Human Health, 2010. Web. 10 May 2014. <http://www. idph.state.il.us/health/bdmd/leadingdeaths10. htm>. Leading Causes of Death, New York State, 20022011. New York State Department of Health, Mar. 2013. Web. 10 May 2014. <https://www. health.ny.gov/statistics/leadingcauses_death/ nys_by_year.htm>. “A Legal History of Smoking in Canada.” CBC News. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, 19 Nov. 2012. Web. 10 May 2014. <http://www. cbc.ca/news/health/a-legal-history-of-smokingin-canada-1.982213>. “Cigarette and Fine-Cut Sales Charts: Canada 1980-2012.” Wholesale Sales Data. Health Canada, 05 Mar. 2014. Web. 19 May 2014. <http:// www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hc-ps/tobac-tabac/research-recherche/indust/_sales-ventes/canada-eng.php>. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Smoking and Tobacco Use: Highlights Map 2012. Web. 10 May 2014. <http://www.cdc.gov/ tobacco/data_statistics/state_data/state_highlights/2012/map/index.htm>. Physicians for a Smoke-free Canada. Many Reasons to Celebrate the End of Tobacco Sponsorship. Backgrounder on Tobacco Sponsorships. Physicians for a Smoke-free Canada, 3 Sept. 2003. Web. 10 May 2014. <http://www.smoke-free.ca/ eng_home/news_press_sept3-03.htm>. “Anti-smoking Efforts in Canada and Abroad.” CBCnews. CBC/Radio Canada, 29 July 2011. Web. 16 July 2014. <http://www.cbc.ca/news/ health/anti-smoking-efforts-in-canada-andabroad-1.829014>. WORLD PHARMACY Skinner, Brett J. Price Controls, Patents, and Cross-Border Internet Pharmacies. Rep. Fraser Institute, Apr. 2006. Web. 6 May 2014. <www. fraserinstitute.org/WorkArea/DownloadAsset. aspx?id=4043>.

CONTRASTING HEALTHCARE SYSTEMS Tozzi, John. “After Obamacare: Number of Uninsured Hits Five-Year Low.”Bloomberg Business Week. Bloomberg, 07 Apr. 2014. Web. 9 May 2014. <http://www.businessweek.com/ articles/2014-04-07/after-obamacare-numberof-uninsured-hits-5-year-low>. “Canadian Health Care: Health Care and the Economy.” Canadian Health Care. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 July 2014. <http://www.canadian-healthcare.org/page9.html>. “ObamaCare Explained.” ObamaCare Facts: Affordable Care Act, Health Insurance Marketplace. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 July 2014. <http:// obamacarefacts.com/obamacare-explained. php>. MEDICAL COSTS ATTRIBUTED TO OBESITY “ Statistics.” Child Obesity Foundation. Web. 08 May 2014. http://www.childhoodobesityfoundation.ca/statistics “Promoting Physical Activity.” Home Page. BC Medical Journal. Web. 09 May 2014. <http:// www.bcmj.org/council-health-promotion/promoting-physical-activity-0>. Montgomery, Marc. “Toronto Schools to Look at Obesity in Students.” Radio Canada International English. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, 20 Aug. 2013. Web. 5 May 2014. <http:// www.rcinet.ca/en/2013/08/20/toronto-schoolsto-look-at-obesity-in-students/>. No Time to Wait: The Healthy Kids Strategy. Rep. Canadian Ministry of Health and Long Term Care, Feb. 2013. Web. 7 May 2014. <http:// www.health.gov.on.ca/en/common/ministry/ publications/reports/healthy_kids/healthy_kids. pdf>. “Health & Fitness Journal of Canada.” The Economic Costs Associated with Physical Inactivity and Obesity in Ontario. Web. 09 May 2014. <http://www.healthandfitnessjournalofcanada. com/index.php/html/article/view/112>. “Overview.” Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine. Web. 09 May 2014. <http:// chicagohealth77.org/childhood/overview/>. “Child Obesity.” Obesity Prevention Source. Web. 09 May 2014. <http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ obesity-prevention-source/obesity-trends/global-obesity-trends-in-children/#North-America>. “Percent of Children (10-17) Who Are Overweight Or Obese.” Kaiser Family Foundation. org. Web. 09 May 2014. <http://kff.org/other/ state-indicator/overweightobese-children/>.

“Obesity Statistics in the United States.” Obesity Statistics by State Showing Maps and Obesity Rates. National Conference of State Legislature. Web. 08 May 2014. <http:// www.ncsl.org/research/health/obesity-statistics-in-the-united-states.aspx>. Nathaniel, Jerome. “Obesity Food Deserts Have Given Way to Food Swamps.”PolicyMic. 19 Apr. 2012. Web. 7 May 2014. <http://www. policymic.com/articles/7176/obesity-food-deserts-have-given-way-to-food-swamps>. “President’s Council on Fitness, Sports & Nutrition.” Facts & Statistics. United States Government. Web. 8 May 2014. <http://www. fitness.gov/resource-center/facts-and-statistics/>. NUMBER OF MEDICAL PATENTS ISSUED SINCE 2004 “Google Patent Search.” Google. Web. 11 May 2014. <https://www.google.com/?tbm=pts>. ANNUAL COST OF PRIVATE ROOM IN LONG-TERM CARE Boyle, Theresa. “Long-term Health Care: A Look inside the Often-baffling System | Toronto Star.” Thestar.com. The Toronto Star, 21 June 2013. Web. 12 May 2014. <http:// www.thestar.com/news/insight/2013/06/21/ longterm_health_care_a_look_inside_the_oftenbaffling_system.html>. “Genworth 2014 Annual Cost of Care Survey: At Home Care Costs Increase in New York.” Press Release. PR Newswire, 14 Apr. 2014. Web. 12 May 2014. <http://www.digitaljournal.com/ pr/1848428#ixzz2yySAiIoh>. Genworth Financial. “Cost of Long Term Care Across the Nation.” Compare Long Term Care Costs Across the United States. Web. 12 May 2014. <https://www.genworth.com/corporate/ about-genworth/industry-expertise/cost-of-care. html>. Fernandez, Natasha, and Byron G. Spencer. The Private Cost of Long-Term Care in Canada: Where You Live Matters. Rep. no. 277. Social And Economic Dimensions Of An Aging Population, Oct. 2010. Web. 11 May 2014. <http:// socserv.mcmaster.ca/sedap/p/sedap277.pdf>. “Seniors.” Ontario.ca. Ontario Government, 2 Oct. 2013. Web. 12 May 2014. <http://www. ontario.ca/home-and-community/seniors>. Salvo, Joseph J., Arun Peter Lobo, and Adam L. Willett. New York City Population Projections by Age/Sex & Borough. Issue brief. The City of New York, Dec. 2006. Web. 12 May 2014. <http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/pdf/census/projections_briefing_booklet.pdf>.

271

SOURCES

“Look Ahead Search.” GO TO 2040 Comprehensive Plan. Chicago Metropolitan Agency for Planning, 2014. Web. 12 May 2014. <http:// www.cmap.illinois.gov/about/2040/>.

“Endangered.” List of Endangered, Threatened and Special Concern Fish & Wildlife Species of New York State. New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, 8 Aug. 2007. Web. 11 May 2014. <http://www.dec.ny.gov/ animals/7494.html>.

PROTECTION OF NATURAL AREAS “Protected Areas Database of the United States (PAD-US).” ArcGIS. Web. 6 May 2014. <https://www.arcgis.com/home/webmap/ viewer.html?webmap=b5c69f367d274354bdb85cc28480f250>.

Young, Stephen M. New York Rare Plant Status Lists June 2010. Rep. New York State Department of Conservation, June 2010. Web. 11 May 2014. <http://www.dec.ny.gov/docs/fish_ marine_pdf/2010rareplantstatus.pdf>.

Criteria for New National Parks. Rep. US Department of the Interior: National Park Services, 2014. Web. 9 May 2014. <http://planning.nps.gov/document/Criteria%20for%20 New%20Parklands.pdf>.

“What Is the Difference Between Endangered and Threatened?” Western Great Lakes. US Fish and Wildlife Service, Mar. 2003. Web. 11 May 2014. <http://www.fws.gov/midwest/wolf/esastatus/e-vs-t.htm>.

Greenbelt Plan 2005. Rep. Ontario Ministry of Municipal Affairs and Housing, 2005. Web. 7 May 2014. <http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mah.gov. on.ca%2FAsset1277.aspx>. Natural History of New York. Rep. New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, n.d. Web. 16 July 2014. <http://www.dec. ny.gov/docs/wildlife_pdf/nathist.pdf>. HABITAT OF MASSASSAUGA RATTLER Beltz, Ellin. Rattlesnake Symposium. Rep. Metro Toronto Zoo. Web. 9 May 2014. <http://www. brocku.ca/massasauga/Beltz.pdf>. “Eastern Massasauga Fact Sheet.” Department of Environmental Conservation. New York State. Web. 9 May 2014. <http://www.dec.ny.gov/animals/7154.html>. “Eastern Massasauga (Sistrurus Catenatus).” Endangered Species. US Fish and Wildlife Service, 30 June 2014. Web. 16 July 2014. <http:// www.fws.gov/midwest/endangered/reptiles/ eama/index.html>. NUMBER OF ENDANGERED SPECIES IN ONE DELTA Checklist of Endangered and Threatened Animals and Plants of Illinois. Rep. Illinois Endangered Species Protection Board, 11 Feb. 2011. Web. 13 May 2014. <http://www.dnr.illinois.gov/ ESPB/Documents/ETChecklist2011.pdf>. “Ontario: A Leader at Protecting Species at Risk.” Ontario’s Species at Risk. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, 20 June 2013. Web. 10 May 2014. <http://www.mnr.gov.on.ca/en/ Business/Species/?CSB_ic-name=specialInitiatives&CSB_ic-info=speciesAtRisk_Eng>.

272

INTRAREGIONAL CONNECTIONS The main passenger airports for each city region were used to calculate how many flights occurred between the 3 cities on a typical day. This included John F. Kennedy International Airport, Laguardia Airport, Newark Liberty International Airport, Chicago O’Hare International Airport, Chicago Midway Airport, Toronto Pearson International Airport, Toronto City Center Airport, and Buffalo Niagara International Airport. All flight calculations were estimated by Flightstats.com, where a general Monday flight schedule was chosen as a benchmark. “Flights.” Flying in and out of Toronto Pearson. Web. 09 May 2014. <http://www.torontopearson.com/Flights.aspx>. “Flight Status Information.” Flightstats.com. Web. 28 Apr. 2014. <http://www.flightstats. com/go/FlightStatus/flightStatusByFlight.do>.

CONNECTION GLACIAL CONNECTIONS “About Our Great Lakes: Background.”NOAA Great Lakes Environmental Research Lab (GLERL). Web. 09 May 2014. <http://www. glerl.noaa.gov/pr/ourlakes/background.html>. O’Reilly, Joseph. “Fresh Water Rising: Charting Great Lakes Shipping.”Inbound Logistics. N.p., July 2008. Web. 17 July 2014. <http://www. inboundlogistics.com/cms/article/fresh-waterrising-charting-great-lakes-shipping/>. GLOBAL FLIGHT CONNECTIONS “Airport and Flight Guide.” Airport Guides. Web. 19 May 2014. <http://www.ifly.com/>. “Toronto Pearson Homepage.” Greater Toronto Airports Authority. Web. 7 May 2014. <http:// www.torontopearson.com/>. “Non-stop Flights.” URL Metrics. Web. 8 May 2014. <http://urlm.co/www.nsflight.com>. “Official Website.” O’Hare and Midway International Airports. Chicago Department of Aviation. Web. 7 May 2014. <http://www.flychicago. com/pages/landingpage.aspx>.

LOVE ONLINE Magid, Larry. “A Third of Recently Married Couples Met Online and They’re More Satisfied and Less Likely To Split-Up.” Forbes. Forbes Magazine, 03 June 2013. Web. 09 May 2014. <http://www.forbes.com/sites/ larrymagid/2013/06/03/a-third-of-recentlymarried-couples-met-online-and-theyre-moresatisfied-and-less-likely-to-split-up/>. “Meeting Online Leads to Happier, More Enduring Marriages.” UChicago News. Web. 09 May 2014. <http://news.uchicago.edu/ article/2013/06/03/meeting-online-leads-happier-more-enduring-marriages>. “Canada a Hotbed of Online Dating.” The Globe and Mail. Web. 09 May 2014. <http:// www.theglobeandmail.com/technology/canada-a-hotbed-of-online-dating/article4312016/>. Sullivan, Danny. “Tinder: Now Doing 750 Million Swipes & 10 Million Matches Per Day.” Marketing Land. N.p., 27 Feb. 2014. Web. 17 July 2014. <http://marketingland.com/founders-whisper-tinder-75424>. Roberts, Daniel. “Hookup App Tinder Wants to Change Its image.” Fortune, 6 June 2013. Web. 17 July 2014. <http://fortune.com/2013/06/06/ hookup-app-tinder-wants-to-change-its-image/>. “Greater Chicago’s Top Cheating Neighborhoods.” Ashley Madison. Web. 1 May 2014. <http://statisticsoninfidelity.com/wp-content/ uploads/2012/06/AM_chicago_small.jpeg>. “Cheating Neighbourhoods of Toronto” Statistics On Infidelity. Web. 09 May 2014. <http:// statisticsoninfidelity.com/cheating-neighbourhoods-of-toronto-ashley-madison/>.

SOURCES

“Ashley Madison’s NYC Cheating Map Features De Blasio Cameo.” New York Observer. Web. 09 May 2014. <http://observer. com/2014/02/ashleymadisons-nyc-cheating-map-features-de-blasio-cameo/>.

“Gay Liberation in New York City.” Omeka RSS. OutHistory.org, n.d. Web. 17 July 2014. <http://www.outhistory.org/exhibits/show/gayliberation-in-new-york-cit/christopher-street/ pg-1>.

“Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity in Canada.” Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity in Canada. Web. 09 May 2014. <http:// www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/as-sa/99010-x/99-010-x2011001-eng.cfm>.

“The Ashley Madison Agency.” Ashley Madison. Web. 09 May 2014. <http://www.ashleymadison.com/>. (P.R rep )

“September 18, 2013 Pride Toronto’s Economic Impact Continues to Grow.” WorldPride 2014 Toronto. Web. 09 May 2014. <http:// www.worldpridetoronto.com/news/pride-toronto%25E2%2580%2599s-economic-impact-continues-to-grow>.

2011 Yearbook of Immigration Statistics. Rep. Homeland Security Office of Immigration Statistics, Sept. 2012. Web. 1 May 2014. <http:// www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/ immigration-statistics/yearbook/2011/ois_ yb_2011.pdf>.

TOURISM EXPENDITURE & PROFIT “Chicago Doubling Tourism Budget - Chicago Business Journal.” Chicago Business Journal. Web. 09 May 2014. <http://www.bizjournals. com/chicago/news/2013/03/19/chicago-doubling-tourism-budget.html?page=all>. Tourism Toronto Business Plan & Annual Budget 2013. Rep. Toronto Convention and Visitors Association, 2013. Web. 10 May 2014. <http:// www.seetorontonow.com/member/pdf/tourism-toronto-business-plan-and-annual-budget-2013.pdf>. “Chicago Doubling Tourism Budget.” Chicago Business Journal. Web. 09 May 2014. <http:// www.bizjournals.com/chicago/news/2013/03/19/ chicago-doubling-tourism-budget.html?page=all>. Building on Success: Tourism Toronto Annual Report 2012. Tourism Toronto, 2012. Web. 10 May 2014. <http://204.225.248.141/pdf/tourism-toronto-annual-report-2012.pdf>. Annual Report 2013. Choose Chicago, 2013. Web. 9 May 2014. <http://www.choosechicago. com/includes/content/docs/media/ChooseChicago_AnnualReport_2013.pdf>.

Williams, Michael H. Hosting WorldPride 2014. Issue brief. City of Toronto, 25 Oct. 2013. Web. 2 May 2014. <http://www.toronto.ca/legdocs/ mmis/2013/ed/bgrd/backgroundfile-63562. pdf>. Pride Toronto 2013 Annual Report. Rep. Pride Toronto, 24 Oct. 2013. Web. 2 May 2014. <http://www.worldpridetoronto.com/uploads/ PDFs/PrideTO%202013%20Annual%20 Report.pdf>.

HEALTHY LEARNING ENVIRONMENTS “Hours of Daylight.” United States Central Intelligence Agency, 2014. Web. 14 May 2014. <https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/theworld-factbook/>.

Wall, Brandon. “From The Archives: Remembering Chicago’s First Pride March (1970).” Voices. Chicago Sun-Times, 27 June 2014. Web. 17 July 2014. <http://voices.suntimes.com/ news/from-the-archives-remembering-chicagosfirst-pride-march-1970/>.

Cooper, Kenneth J. “Study Says Natural Light Boosts Learning.” The Boston Globe, 26 Nov. 1999. Web. 17 July 2014. <http://architecture. mit.edu/house_n/web/resources/articles/education/Boston%20Globe%20Online%20-%20 Nation%20%20World%20-%20Study%20 says%20natural%20light%20boosts%20learning.htm>.

GAY PRIDE ATTENDANCE “September 18, 2013 Pride Toronto’s Economic Impact Continues to Grow.” WorldPride 2014 Toronto. Web. 09 May 2014. <http:// www.worldpridetoronto.com/news/pride-toronto%25E2%2580%2599s-economic-impact-continues-to-grow>.

2013 Annual Summary. NYC & Company, 31 Dec. 2013. Web. 9 May 2014. <http://www. nycgo.com/assets/files/pdf/2013annualsummary. pdf>.

Williams, Michael H. Hosting WorldPride 2014. Issue brief. City of Toronto, 25 Oct. 2013. Web. 2 May 2014. <http://www.toronto.ca/legdocs/ mmis/2013/ed/bgrd/backgroundfile-63562. pdf>.

LEGALIZATION OF SAME-SEX MARRIAGE Oh, Inae. “New York Gay Marriage Generated $259 Million In Economic Impact For NYC, According To Report.” The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com, 24 July 2012. Web. 09 May 2014. <http://www.huffingtonpost. com/2012/07/24/new-york-same-sex-marriagemillion-economic-impact_n_1699089.html>.

Pride Toronto 2013 Annual Report. Rep. Pride Toronto, 24 Oct. 2013. Web. 2 May 2014. <http://www.worldpridetoronto.com/uploads/ PDFs/PrideTO%202013%20Annual%20 Report.pdf>.

“2 Million Turn Out For Annual New York Gay Pride Parade.” CBS New York. 30 June 2013. Web. 19 May 2014. <http://newyork.cbslocal. com/2013/06/30/millions-expected-to-takepart-in-annual-gay-pride-parade/>.

KNOWLEDGE

NEW IMMIGRANTS: WHERE DO THEY SETTLE? “Section 2: Managing Permanent Immigration and Temporary Migration.”Government Du Canada, Citoyenneté Et Immigration Canada, Communications. Web. 09 May 2014. <http:// www.cic.gc.ca/english/resources/publications/ annual-report-2013/section2.asp>.

MOBILE DATA “Mobile Data Traffic Growth Doubled over One Year.” News Center. Ericsson, 12 Oct. 2011. Web. 19 May 2014. <http://www.ericsson.com/ news/111012_mobile_data_traffic_244188808_ c>. “VNI Mobile Forecast Highlights, 2013 – 2018.” Cisco, 2013. Web. 18 May 2014. <http:// www.cisco.com/assets/sol/sp/vni/forecast_highlights_mobile/index.html#~Country>. “Consumer Perception Survey on the Mobile Sector 2013.” Welcome. Malta Communications Authority, 2013. Web. 18 May 2014. <http:// www.mca.org.mt/surveys/consumer-perception-survey-mobile-sector-2013>. The World in 2011- ICT Facts and Figures. International Telecommunication Union, 2011. Web. 17 July 2014. <http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ ict/facts/2011/material/ICTFactsFigures2011. pdf>. “Mobile Use Patterns in North America.” Digital Portal. European Travel Commission, n.d. Web. 19 July 2014.

273

SOURCES

TEACHER TO STUDENT RATIO Toronto as a Global City: Scorecard on Prosperity – 2014. Rep. Toronto Region Board of Trade, 2014. Web. 7 Apr. 2014. <http://www.bot. com/advocacy/Documents/Scorecard/Scorecard_2014.pdf>.

Canadian University Survey Consortium of 2012 Survey of Graduating Undergraduate Students. Rep. Simon Fraser University, June 2012. Web. 17 July 2014. <http://www.sfu.ca/content/dam/ sfu/irp/surveys/cusc/cusc2012reportSFU.pdf>.

“National Register of Historic Places Listings in Chicago.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 07 Sept. 2014. Web. 17 July 2014. <http:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_ Historic_Places_listings_in_Chicago>.

Amurao, Carla. “Fact Sheet: Is the Dropout Problem Real?” Tavis Smiley Reports. Public Broadcasting Service, 21 Feb. 2013. Web. 19 July 2014.

“Illinois State - Search.” College Navigator. U.S. Department of Education Institute of Education Sciences, n.d. Web. 17 July 2014. <http://nces.ed.gov/collegenavigator/?s=IL&l=92+93+94>.

“Canadian Register Search Results.” HistoricPlaces.ca. Parks Canada Agency Canadian Register of Historic Places, n.d. Web. 17 July 2014. <http://www.historicplaces.ca/en/results-resultats.aspx?m=2&Keyword=toronto>.

THE COST OF HIGHER EDUCATION Student Debt. Issue brief no. Issue 20. Ontario Undergraduate Student Alliance, n.d. Web. 11 Aug. 2014.

“New York State - Search.” College Navigator. U.S. Department of Education Institute of Education Sciences, n.d. Web. 17 July 2014. <http://nces.ed.gov/collegenavigator/?s=NY&l=92+93+94>.

“Table 307: Average Undergraduate Tuition and Fees and Room and Board Rates Paid by Students in Institutions of Higher Education, by Control of Institution and by State: 199394 and 1994-95.” National Center for Education Statistics. Web. 16 May 2014. <http://nces. ed.gov/programs/digest/d95/dtab307.asp>. “A Timeline of College Tuition” Best Colleges Online. 8 Aug. 2011. Web. 16 May 2014. <http://www.bestcollegesonline.com/ blog/2011/08/08/a-timeline-of-college-tuition/>. “Is Tuition Affordable in Your Province?” Newsroom Updates. Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives, 11 Sept. 2013. Web. 17 May 2014. <https://www.policyalternatives.ca/newsroom/ updates/tuition-affordable-your-province>. Student Debt - Educated Solutions. Issue brief no. 20. Ontario Undergraduate Student Alliance. Web. 11 Aug. 2014. “University Tuition Fees.” The Daily. Statistics Canada, 21 Aug. 2002. Web. 17 May 2014. <http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/020821/dq020821b-eng.htm>. UNIVERSITY NETWORKS “2013 Preliminary Full-time and Part-time Enrolment at AUCC Member Institutions (rounded to the Nearest 10).” Enrolment by University. Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada. Web. 18 May 2014. <http:// www.aucc.ca/canadian-universities/facts-andstats/enrolment-by-university/>. 2013 SUNY Fast Facts. Rep. State University of New York, July 2013. Web. 17 May 2014. <http://www.suny.edu/media/suny/content-assets/documents/FastFacts_07-2013.pdf>. “Largest Colleges in Illinois.” CollegeStats.org, Apr. 2014. Web. 13 May 2014. <http://collegestats.org/colleges/illinois/largest/>.

274

Education Indicators in Canada - List of Postsecondary Institutions. Rep. Centre for Education Statistics - Statistics Canada, 2013. Web. 17 July 2014. <http://publications.gc.ca/Collection/Statcan/81-582-X/institution.pdf>. CULTURAL EDUCATION “List of Museums and Cultural Institutions in New York City.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 05 Nov. 2014. Web. 21 May 2014. <http:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_museums_and_ cultural_institutions_in_New_York_City>. “List of Museums in Toronto.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 18 Mar. 2014. Web. 21 May 2014. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ List_of_museums_in_Toronto>. “List of Museums and Cultural Institutions in Chicago.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 05 July 2014. Web. 21 May 2014. <http:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_museums_and_ cultural_institutions_in_Chicago>. “Chicago Theatre Map.” TheatreinChicago. com, n.d. Web. 17 July 2014. <http://www.theatreinchicago.com/maps/mapTheatres.php>. “Chicago Gallery Listings.” Chicago Gallery Guide: Chicago Art Galleries Listed Alphabetically. Chicago City & Neighborhood Guide, 2010. Web. 17 July 2014. <http://www.chicagoneighborhoods.cc/chicago-galleries.html>. “Search “live Music Venues” in Chicago, IL.” Chicago, IL Live Music Venues on Citysearch. CitySearch, n.d. Web. 17 July 2014. <http://www.citysearch.com/ search?what=live+music+venues&where=Chicago%2C+IL&page=13>. “National Register of Historic Places Listings in New York.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 23 May 2014. Web. 17 July 2014. <http:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_ Historic_Places_listings_in_New_York>.

LIBRARIES: THE GREAT EQUALIZER So Much More: The Economic Impact of the Toronto Public Library on the City of Toronto. Rep. no. ISBN 978-0-9811974-6-3. The Martin Prosperity Institute, Dec. 2013. Web. 15 May 2014. <http://martinprosperity.org/media/ TPL%20Economic%20Impact_Dec2013_LR_ FINAL.pdf>. 2012 Annual Performance Measures and Strategic Plan Update. Issue brief. Toronto Public Library, 29 Apr. 2013. Web. 16 May 2014. <http://www.torontopubliclibrary.ca/content/ about-the-library/pdfs/board/meetings/2013/ apr29/15.pdf>. General Fact Sheet 2011. Rep. New York Public Library, Mar. 2011. Web. 20 May 2014. <http:// www.nypl.org/sites/default/files/Facts__Figures_v2_0.pdf>. “Libraries - 2011 Circulation by Location.” Data Portal. City of Chicago, Oct. 2011. Web. 16 May 2014. <https://data.cityofchicago.org/ Education/Libraries-2011-Circulation-by-Location/tfmt-mmy2>. “About the Library.” Toronto Public Library. Web. 17 July 2014. <http://www.torontopubliclibrary.ca/about-the-library/>. FREE UNIVERSITY “A Comprehensive List of MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses) Providers.” TechnoDuet. 27 Sept. 2013. Web. 18 May 2014. <http:// www.technoduet.com/a-comprehensive-list-ofmooc-massive-open-online-courses-providers/>. Marcus, Jon. “All Hail MOOCs! Just Don’t Ask If They Actually Work.” Time.com. Time Magazine, 12 Sept. 2013. Web. 17 July 2014. <http:// nation.time.com/2013/09/12/all-hail-moocsjust-dont-ask-if-they-actually-work/>.

SOURCES

PURSUIT GLOBAL NETWORK CONNECTIVITY “Atlas of Hinterworlds.” GaWC. Globalization and World Cities (GaWC) Research Network. Web. 3 May 2014. <http://www.lboro.ac.uk/ gawc/visual/hwatlas.html>. INCUBATORS & ACCELERATORS “Incubators, Co-working Spaces.” Chicago Creative Space. Web. 6 May 2014. <http://chicagocreativespace.com/resources/incubators/>. “Incubators and Early Stage Investors.” Driving Success in North America’s Global Business Center. World Business Chicago, 2010. Web. 8 May 2014. <http://www.worldbusinesschicago.com/ info-tech-ecosystem/incubators-investors>. “Startup Guide: The Ultimate Reference on Incubators, Accelerators, Workspaces and Related Resources in NYC.” Report Small Business Incubators. Crain’s New York Business, 11 Mar. 2013. Web. 9 May 2014. <http://www. crainsnewyork.com/assets/pdf/CN87320313. PDF>. Smith, Geoffrey. Measuring the Performance of Toronto’s Business Incubators. Rep. Ryerson University Ted Rogers School of Management, 19 Aug. 2013. Web. 8 May 2014. <http://www. ryerson.ca/content/dam/mba/files/MeasuringthePerformanceofTorontoBusinessIncubators. pdf>. KICKSTARTER CAMPAIGNS “Kickstarter” Homepage. Kickstarter Inc. Web. 26 Apr. 2014. <https://www.kickstarter.com/>. SKILLED IMMIGRANTS AND MENTORSHIP PROGRAMS “Research.” Canadian Work Experience. Office of the Fairness Commissioner of Ontario, Apr. 2013. Web. 15 Apr. 2014. <http://www.fairnesscommissioner.ca/index_en.php?page=about/ current_projects/canadian_work_experience#tbl-work-experience>. The Results Are In: Mentoring Improves Employment Outcomes for Skilled Immigrants. Rep. Allies - A Maytree Idea, 2013. Web. 9 Apr. 2014. <http://alliescanada.ca/wp-content/ uploads/2010/05/ALLIES_Mentoring_ report_2013_final.pdf>. “Government of Canada Helping Internationally Trained Professionals Get Jobs.” Archived Content. Government of Canada: Employment and Social Development Canada, 29 Sept. 2011. Web. 10 Apr. 2014. <http://news.gc.ca/ web/article-en.do?nid=625379>.

Kelly, Kerry. “Reducing Canada’s “brain Waste” Requires Innovative Approaches to Employment.” MaRS Discovery District, 3 July 2012. Web. 7 Apr. 2014. <http://www. marsdd.com/news-and-insights/reducing-canadas-brain-waste-requires-innovative-approaches-to-employment/>. “The End of PhD-educated Cab Drivers?” Macleans.ca. Maclean’s Magazine, Nov. 2009. Web. 9 May 2014. <http://www.macleans.ca/ general/the-end-of-phd-educated-cab-drivers/>. Reitz, Jeffrey G. “Taxi Driver Syndrome.” Literary Review of Canada, Mar. 2011. Web. 9 May 2014. <http://reviewcanada.ca/magazine/2011/03/taxi-driver-syndrome/>. TAXI DRIVERS “NYC Statistics.” Nycgo. Web. 09 May 2014. <http://www.nycgo.com/articles/nyc-statistics-page>. The Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones & Company. Web. 09 May 2014. <http://online.wsj.com/ news/articles/SB1000142405270230365300457 9214314123978606>. “Taxi Medallions in Chicago Will Cost At Least $ 360,000.” The Institute for Justice. Web. 09 May 2014. <http://ij.org/taxi-medallions-in-chicago-will-cost-at-least-360-000>. “Not All Cab Licences Equal, Driver Says.” Thestar.com. Web. 09 May 2014. <http://www. thestar.com/news/city_hall/2010/01/25/not_all_ cab_licences_equal_driver_says.html>. MARRIED TO EDUCATION Marriage Data. Rep. United State Census, 2011. Web. 6 Apr. 2014. <https://www.census.gov/ hhes/socdemo/marriage/data/acs/ElliottetalPAA2012figs.pdf>. “Family Life - Marriage.” Indicators of Well-being in Canada. Employment and Social Development Canada, 2010. Web. 4 Apr. 2014. <http:// www4.hrsdc.gc.ca/.3ndic.1t.4r%40-eng.jsp?iid=78#M_2>. Barro, Robert J., and Jong-Wa Lee. International Comparisons of Educational Attainment. Working paper no. 4349. National Bureau of Economic Research, Apr. 1993. Web. 5 Apr. 2014. <http:// www.nber.org/papers/w4349.pdf?new_window=1>.

FARMING “Summary of Ontario Agriculture.” Summary of Ontario Agriculture. Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs. Web. 09 May 2014. <http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/ stats/agriculture_summary.htm>. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2012. Rep. U.S. Census Bureau, 2012. Web. 6 May 2014. <http://www.census.gov/compendia/ statab/2012/tables/12s0825.pdf>. Caldwell, Wayne, and Kate Proctor. Farming in Ontario’s Greenbelt: Possibility Grows Here. Rep. no. ISSN 1912-418X. Friends of the Greenbelt Foundation, June 2013. Web. 6 May 2014. <http://d3n8a8pro7vhmx.cloudfront. net/greenbelt/pages/878/attachments/original/1393954962/FINAL-Farm_Viability_Occasional_Paper_04-03-2014.pdf?1393954962>. ECONOMIC POWERHOUSE “Latest Statistics.” Monthly Reports. World Federation of Exchanges, 2014. Web. 7 May 2014. <http://www.world-exchanges.org/statistics/ monthly-reports>.

ONE DELTA COLLAGES Ferrari, Rodrigo. Kanye West 01. 2011. Chile. Flickr. Web. 2 May 2014. <https://www.flickr. com/photos/rodrigoferrari/5691656568>. Musicisentropy. Drake. 2010. Flickr. Web. 2 May 2014. <https://www.flickr.com/photos/ bandfan/4972825052>. Jay-z. 2010. Flickr. By Whittlz. Web. 2 May 2014. <https://www.flickr.com/photos/whittlz/4704645972>. Bij De Vaate, Erik. Jay Z Diamonds @ Rock Werchter. Flickr. Web. 10 May 2014. <https://www.flickr.com/photos/mediadeo/2650476472>. MaRS Discovery District. MaRS Commons Workspace. 2010. MaRS Commons, Toronto. Flickr.com. Web. 19 Aug. 2014. <https://www. flickr.com/photos/marsdd/6962265098>. Hale, Kevin. Y Combinator Summer 2009 Session. 2009. Flickr Commons. Flickr.com. Web. 19 Aug. 2014. <https://www.flickr.com/photos/ unfoldedorigami/3662951309>.

“Education.” OECD Better Life Index. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Web. 3 Apr. 2014. <http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/topics/ education/>.

275

SOURCES

COVER DESIGN

ICONS

Williams, W. “Cities of New York and Brooklyn.” Southern District of New York: Clerks Office of the District Court, 1847. N. pag. Mygonzostrip.files.wordpress.com. Web. 19 Aug. 2014.

Statue Of Liberty designed by Kelly Hamilton from the thenounproject.com

Taylor, Will L. “The City of New York.” Library of Congress Geography and Map Division. New York CIty: Galt & Hoy, 1879. N. pag. Web. 19 Aug. 2014. <http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/h?ammem/gmd:@field(NUMBER+@ band(g3804n+pm005990))>.

Train designed by Vito Vetrov fromthenounproject.com

“Map of Long Island Showing the Long Island Railroad and Its Leased Lines.” American Memory. New York City: G.W. & C.B. Colton, 1882. Library of Congress Geography and Map Division Washington. Web. 19 Aug. 2014. <http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/h?ammem/gmd:@field(NUMBER+@ band(g3802l+rr004470))>. “Chicago Plan Commission - Rapid Transit Facilities.” Prelinger Library’s Chicago Ephemera Collection. Web. 19 Aug. 2014. <https://www. flickr.com/photos/walkingsf/7601638434/in/ photolist-7rzhw-5TQ4S-3vi2b-bBD2VGczJogC-czJpfj-bBD36J-4JmJP7-551nho8LC8wY-3udxs-9HRq-4FuJK-6L8qy-t3nx6bT8agv-6L8qw-bR4Pkg-bR4NKB-5cAqDxfsArBr-8AfhiJ-9tmXv7-83sRyW-Dh5CKdBrYpB-au8uip-edyLMM-5vCdJV-7AdTbM7N9iuX-hd2fCw-6L91k-2jGF6w-78VVcF6Fpjug-68ykwx-68ykwD-7N9ivk-dqCMC74prqP6-4pru9K-6L8qx-b4BvE2-airoEN-airoF1-airoEJ-airoF5-czJpGj-2BkCAQ>. Chicago and North Western Railway Company. “Map of the Chicago & Northwestern Railway System.” A Summer Holiday. A Brief Description of Some of the Most Popular Summer Resorts in Wisconsin, Michigan and Minnesota, and the Routes by Which They Can Be Reached. Chicago: Rand, McNally &, Printers, 1884. 33. Archive.org. Web. 19 Aug. 2014. <https:// archive.org/details/summerholidaybri00chic>. Karl, Baedeker. “Toronto.” University of Texas Libraries: Perry-Castañeda Library Map Collection: Historical Maps of the Americas. N.p.: Dominion of Canada with Newfoundland and an Excursion to Alaska, 1894. Commons. Wikimedia.org. Web. 19 Aug. 2014. <https:// commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Toronto_ map_1894.jpg>.

Cloud Gate designed by Claire Jones from the thenounproject.com

Road designed by Philipp Lehmann from thenounproject.com Walking designed by irene hoffman from thenounproject.com Faucet designed by Kenneth Von Alt from thenounproject.com Flood designed by Luis Prado from thenounproject.com Wheat designed by Christopher Classens from thenounproject.com Corn designed by Christopher Anderson from thenounproject.com Apple designed by Edward Boatman from thenounproject.com Barrel designed by chiccabubble from thenounproject.com First Responder designed by Luis Prado from the thenounproject.com Bribe designed by Luis Prado from the thenounproject.com Surveillance Camera designed by Wilson Joseph from the thenounproject.com Pharmacy Bowl designed by Joseph Augustine from the thenounproject.com Leaf designed by Murali Krishna from the thenounproject.com Light Bulb designed by Kirill Kolchenko from the thenounproject.com Book designed by Diego Naive from the thenounproject.com Corn designed by Christopher Anderson from the thenounproject.com Place Setting designed by Scott Lewis from the thenounproject.com Shrink designed by Berkay Sargın from the thenounproject.com

276

Money designed by Lemon Liu from the thenounproject.com Dropout designed by Musavvir Ahmed from the thenounproject.com Computer designed by Edward Boatman from the thenounproject.com Sun designed by Adam Whitcroft from the thenounproject.com Handshake designed by DEADTYPE from the thenounproject.com Umbrella designed by Alex Kwa from the thenounproject.com Soybeans designed by gira Park from the thenounproject.com

THANK YOU

2013-14 IwB STUDENTS

Francesca Anderson Andressa Beccaro Dallas Cotterell Andrea Herrera Betancourt Rob Iacocca Melanie Kapogines Theresa Kienitz Michlyne McCloskey Maziar Mohit Helaena Parkes Devin Sager Kate Watanabe

IwB STAFF

Luigi Ferrara Dean, Centre for Arts and Design Director, Institute without Boundaries

Ginny Chen Lucia Piccinni Gary Hanrahan Jane Weber Kate Kudelka Carrie Gaetz Matthew Kelling

Christopher Pandolfi, IwB Academic Coordinator

Ralph Orr, Arup Jackie Coburn, Arup Richard Macintosh, Sustainability Discipline Leader, Mott McDonald Kirsten Warren, Arup

PARTNERS

Greater Toronto Airports Authority (GTAA) Toronto Foundation Toronto and Region Conservation Authority (TRCA) City of Toronto Metrolinx Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC) Arup Cannon Design

Elise Hodson Chair, School of Design Trent Scherer Chair, Performing Arts Academic Operations Manager, Design

Alisdair McGregor, Arup

Mike Williams, General Manager of Economic Development & Culture, City of Toronto David Fitzpatrick, Planning Division, City of Toronto Randy McLean, Economic Development and Planning Division, City of Toronto Daniel Haufschild, Metrolinx Lisa Salsberg, Metrolinx Jennifer Keesmaat, Chief Planner & Executive Director, City of Toronto

ACADEMIC PARTNERS

Illinois Institute of Technology Parsons DESIS Lab Politecnico di Milano Ontario College of Art and Design Copenhagen School of Design and Technology Ecole de Communication Visuelle Dublin Institute of Technology

CORE FACULTY

Peter G. Ellis, Principal, Cannon Design Adalberto Del Bo, Politecnico, Milan Hilary Holden, Arup Robyn Connelly, GTAA Lorrie McKee, GTAA Toby Lennox, Vice-President, Corporate Affairs & Communications at Greater Toronto Airports Authority

Monica Contreras Paul De Freitas Susan Speigel

GUEST LECTURERS/KEY ADVISORS

GUEST FACULTY

Michael Markieta, Arup

Rahul K. Bhardwaj, LL.B., President & CEO, Toronto Foundation

Anthony Caruso, Advisor, Strategic Policy and Systems Planning, Metrolinx

Quentin Chiotti, QPC Environmental Science and Policy Consulting

Arlene Etchen, CMHC

Kevin Stolarick, Martin Prosperity Institute, University of Toronto

Mark Salerno, CMHC

Nick Crampton, Usability Matters

Jamie Shipley, CMHC

Gary Hsueh, Arup

Wayne Ward, Technical Director, BRE Canada

Martin Felsen, IIT

Patricia Landolt, Sociology, University of Toronto Scarborough

Lachlan Miles, Arup

Andrea Di Marco Evelyne Au-Navioz Juan Camacho Kristina Ljubanovic Lauren Wickware Lori Endes Mark Guslits Miles Keller Susan Spencer Lewin Suzanne Stein Warren Price Xavier MassĂŠ Wendy Gold Roberto Chiotti

Richard Joy, Vice President, Policy & Government Relations, Toronto Region Board of Trade

Brian Denney, Chief Executive Officer, Toronto and Region Conservation Authority

IwB STUDIO STAFF Robert Giusti Graeme Kondruss Apostolo Zeno Magdalena Sabat Paul Zanettos Sisley Leung

Caroline Woodward, Director, Planning and Development, Toronto and Region Conservation Authority

Rosalyn J. Morrison, Vice-President, Community Initiatives, Toronto Foundation

PRINTER

Stan Morantz Andora Graphics Inc. www.andoragraphics.com

Debra Lam, Arup

277

THANK YOU

NEW YORK CHARRETTE ADVISORS Lara Penin, Parsons DESIS Lab Eduardo Staszowski, Parsons DESIS Lab Martin Felsen, IIT Carlos Martinez, NYC City Parks Foundation Monica White, iZone/NYC Department of Education Elliot P. Montgomery, Consultant Service Design Dave Seliger, Civic Innovation, Service Design, Disaster Response Melissa Garcia, NYC City Parks Foundation Marshall Sitten, Citi Group Daniela Selloni, Parsons/Politecnico di Milano Quilian Riano, DSGN AGNC Patrick Delahoy, Cannon Design Luigi Ferrara, Institute without Boundaries Elise Hodson, Institute without Boundaries Robert Giusti, Institute without Boundaries Graeme Kondruss, Institute without Boundaries Apostolo Zeno, Institute without Boundaries Magdalena Sabat, Institute without Boundaries Andrea Di Marco, Institute without Boundaries CHARRETTE SUPPORTERS The Municipal Arts Society of New York Cannon Design Arup ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY PARTICIPANTS Phillip Karczewski Aeisha Smith Eric Schmiesing Tejashri Varpe Muzi Li Neha Patel Corey Nissenberg Louis Peragallo Minju Park Hyesun Jeong Kyle Cohen Dolly Sehr PARSONS NEW SCHOOL PARTICIPANTS Mike Varona Meagan Durlak Joseph Wheeler Reid Henkel Song Sichun Lillian Shi Tong Jie Wang Christopher Edwards Gulraiz Khan

278

Elizabeth Blasi Coleen Doyle Taylor Khun Melike Kavran Doremy Diatta Dongin (Esther) Shin Rachelle Tai Shahrezad Morssal IwB PARTICIPANTS Francesca Anderson Andressa Beccaro Dallas Cotterell Andrea Herrera Betancourt Rob Iacocca Andrea Kapogines Theresa Kienitz Michlyne McCloskey Maziar Mohit Helaena Parkes Devin Sager Kate Watanabe

TORONTO CHARRETTE ADVISORS Alan Duggan, Arup Alexander Pilis, University of Toronto Alistair Vaz, Cannon Design Angèlica Ramos, IwB Alumni Ardavan Mozafari, Susan Speigel Architects Asma Khanani Caporaletti, OCADU Ayla Newhouse, Dating by Design Barry Sheehan, DIT Carolyn Woodland, TRCA Connor Malloy, Supernormal Charlotte Hale, Durham college Christopher Pandolfi, Department of Unusual Certainties Dana Seguin, IwB Alumni Daniel Karpinski, Omniplan Architecture David Fitzpatrick, City of Toronto Dorian Moore, Archive DS Architecture+Urbanists Eunice Lam, +tongtong Fernando Lopez, Design 2100 Gavin Baxter, s.h.e.d. Gordon Peteran, OCADU Graham Seaman, Town of Markham Irene Chong, Steelcase Janet Jones, OCADU Jayashri Deshmukh, Cannon Design Jesse Jackson, OCADU Jode Roberts, David Suzuki Foundation John Ryerson, Town of Markham Juan Camacho, Morphosis Judith Doyle, OCADU Judy Josefowicz, 918 Bathurst

Kamilla Nikolaev, A.K.A. New Media Kar Yan Cheung, Bruce Mau Design Kristina Ljubanovic, AGO Lauren Wickware, Lauren Wickware Design Linnea Vizard, Designer Marcin Kedzior, Affirm Studio Mark Guslits, Mark Guslits Architects Mark Nickita, Archive DS Architecture+Urbanists Martin Felsen, IIT Martyn Anstice, OCADU Matthew Browning, Arup Matthew Kelling, IwB Alumni Maurice Barnwell, Institute without Boundaries Michele Gucciardi, Cannon Design Moira Wilson, City of Vaughan Monica Contreras, IwB & OCADU Olena Kobet-Singkh, Ryerson University Parastou Saberi, York University Paul DeFreitas, Strategic Solutions Consultant Payåm Shalchian, Bruce Mau Design Perin Ruttonsha, IwB Alumni Peter Russell, Urbacon Raffaella Colombo, Politecnico di Milano Raymundo Pavan, IwB Alumni Richelle Sibolboro, IwB Alumni Roberto Chiotti, Larkin Architect Robyn Connelly, GTAA Robyn Polan, Normative Safdar Abidi, Cannon Design Sandra Poczobut, CO:WORK Satsuko VanAntwerp, Social Innovation Generation Sergiu Oprise, Cannon Design Simon Treadwell, Treadwell + Company Design Inc. Simon Rabyniuk, Department of Unusual Certainties Stephen Chait, Town of Markham Susan Speigel, Susan Speigel Architects Susan Campbell, Durham College Susy Glass, Ralph Thornton Centre Suzanne Stein Professor, OCADU & IwB Teresa Miller, Eclipsall Energy Inc Tim Draimin, Social Innovation Generation Todd Falkowsky, Interior Design Show Tom Barker, OCADU Trent Scherer, George Brown College Warren Price, Urban Strategies Wayne Olsen, ADC A Development Consultancy Xavier Massé, Relay Experience Robert Giusti, Institute without Boundaries Graeme Kondruss, Institute without Boundaries Apostolo Zeno, Institute without Boundaries Lori Endes, Institute without Boundaries

THANK YOU

CHARRETTE SUPPORTERS Arup Metrolinx City of Toronto Toronto and Region Conservation Authority (TRCA) Toronto Foundation Greater Toronto Airports Authority (GTAA) Cannon Design Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC) IwB PARTICIPANTS Francesca Anderson Andressa Beccaro Dallas Cotterell Andrea Herrera Betancourt Rob Iacocca Melanie Kapogines Theresa Kienitz Michlyne McCloskey Maziar Mohit Helaena Parkes Devin Sager Kate Watanabe GEORGE BROWN COLLEGE PARTICIPANTS Tyler Madill Joshua Brinksman Svetlana lagodina Jason Mendiola Maxim Merchasin Richard Naraine Rongguan Cao Angel A. Anaya Fuentes David Warrick Todd McMackon Parham Didevar Rohit Kawade Hanbit Kim Jordan Lane Vidya Ramesar Ryan M. Bulger Bran Anthony A. Angco Reshonda Mason Neda Moslehi Stephen Lussier Ron Harrison Ronnell Opay Sudeep Ganta Kyle Romanuik Christopher D .Armstrong Khai H. Au Sarah May Hector Sanchez Alejandro Cortés Xin Sheng, Arch Tech Arnold Alaadhami Maral Nekourouh Lulia Kostiuk Seung Min Cha Joseph A. Ayrheart Joshua Mlinaric Yanet Montoya Hernandez Zena Morain

Shafiq Williams Tommaso Giangrande Brett Stokman Omer Syed Shemon Tyson Jason Armstrong Alexander A. Bajana Edgard Cuallo Yoon Kang Phili Fernandes Jonathan Garcia Bianca Savage Nolan Wannop Ibrahim Chokre Tweety Lu Jeff Hill Kirk Hunter Corbin Patten Kasia Zielinski Christian Chin Kevin Nesher J. Casin Danying Queenie Gao Melissa Pasqua Sheetal Meshram Brianna D’Alessio Lester Corbonell Ryan Konopasky Zhiyi Zhang Reagan Chi Diana Cardozo Lauren Black Samar Naik Chris Macpherson Biqi Long Aaron Edoo Jeffrey Ellis Lam To Ashley Urbina Jackie Chung Joshua Evans Evan Ezesky-Vanderkley Francesco Trimboli Andrew J. Rivera Lulu Qian Anselmo C Lourenço Zijing Liu Samantha Bullis Rashi Sahota Ben Coles Aaron Peterson Kelly Holtes Nicole Garcia Hercules Gatilao Aygul Gazizova Piotr R. Biernat Sedige L. Ahmadi Anuradha Mande Heather Glumac Suhela Kapoor Jessica D’Andrea Trevor D’Orazio Zachary Stroud Jamila U. Amor Scott Kobewka Sarah Minor (McNeil)

Tim Adams Andrew Hooper Bao Kyle Nhan Yu An Steven M. Amorim Joseph Ruscica Shabnam Banihashemi Jamey Wieser Mehmet Demir Adrian Duggan Mirjana Apci Pratheeba Thayanithy William Allibaba Hilary Kitz Miranda Brodzky Carlo Rinaldi Austin Rockett Samira Attar-Guzman Christopher Xavier Alisha Simon Catalina Patino Amanda McCuster Bonhomme Ramos Simrandeep Sahota Brad Sebesta Tomas Sierra Carlos A. Barrios Sean A Bonar Ghodos Khassar Antonia Kostiuk POLITECNICO DI MILANO PARTICIPANTS Nicola Livio Shiting Zhang Maddalena Pornaro Alessio Coco Cecilia Ernesta Bottoni Alice Ghizzoni Simone Comi Erica Fassi Maria Elena Codazzi Giulia Spagnolo Arieli Gonzatti Frizon Ottavio Pedretti Giulia Benedetta Costa Nicolo De Paoli Mattia Rizzo Ariane Marguery Sebastiano Panzeri Sara Giulia Troncone Jose Gerardo Pena Gonzalez Martina Manna

279

THANK YOU

ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY PARTICIPANTS Kyle Cohen Muzi Li Faisal Syed Basalat Ali Franziska Parry Corey Nissenberg OCAD U PARTICIPANTS Tim Bettridge Nathaniel Valoivia Laura Stavro-Beauchamp Emily Soo Maggie Chan Terrie Chan David Lawson Henry Chi Hieu Brittany Denise Dhamalie Miranda Corcoran Chung-Yi Leung Ryan Rizzo Goran Matic Raja Mukerjea ECOLE DE COMMUNICATION VISUELLE PARTICIPANTS (ECV) Priscille Binachon Maha el Afaouir Edouard de Pelleport Jin Jankai Justine Wallet Claire Boulet Adrien Guessaimi Thomas Neveu Mathilde Gayet Juliette Meunier Julie Vandewoestyne COPENHAGEN SCHOOL OF DESIGN AND TECHNOLOGY PARTICIPANTS (KEA) Sandra Mjรถll Sigurdardottir Tamar Younis Noelia Christina Alves Fonseca Jan Friis Anthonsen Kirstine Marie Hansen Peter Hearty

280

CHICAGO CHARRETTE ADVISORS Adalberto Paolo Maria Del Bo, Politecnico di Milano Agata Siemionow, IIT Angelo Lorenzi, Politecnico di Milano Apostolo Zeno, Institute without Boundaries Chris Lambert, CannonDesign Christophe Cornubert, IIT Christopher Pandolfi, Department of Unusual Certainties & IwB Daniele Beacco, Politecnico di Milano Evelyne Au-Navioz, Institute without Boundaries Graeme Kondruss, Institute without Boundaries Jill Kurth, CannonDesign Jordan Kanter, IIT Lori Endes, Institute without Boundaries Luigi Ferrara, Institute without Boundaries Marco Grassi, Politecnico di Milano Mark Guslits, Guslits & Associates Martina Elena Landsberger, Politecnico di Milano Martin Felson, IIT Michael Berkshire, City of Chicago Planning Department Michele Giovanni Caja, Politecnico di Milano Peter Ellis, CannonDesign Raffaella Colombo, Politecnico di Milano Rand Eckman, Cannon Design Robert Giusti, Institute without Boundaries Tim Swanson, CannonDesign Troy Hoggard, CannonDesign CHARRETTE SUPPORTERS Cannon Design Chicago Architecture Foundation Chicago Metropolitan Agency for Planning City of Chicago South East Chicago Commission IwB PARTICIPANTS Francesca Anderson Andressa Beccaro Dallas Cotterell Andrea Herrera Betancourt Rob Iacocca Melanie Kapogines Theresa Kienitz Michlyne McCloskey Maziar Mohit Helaena Parkes Devin Sager Kate Watanabe

ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY PARTICIPANTS Aeisha Smith Minju Park Phillip Karczewski Eric Schmiesing Varpe Tejashri Neha Patel Faisal Syed Basalat Ali Muzi Li Louis Peragallo Hyesun Jeong Franziska Parry Dolly Sehr Kyle Cohen Jennifer Doty POLITECNICO DI MILANO PARTICIPANTS Daniele Rivolta Jacopo Bellomo Patrick Ghezzi Giulia Sada Biagio Mattia Moro Alice Spinelli Zamir Hahorva Stefano Sottocornola Paola Volontieri Anna Gialluca Mikael Santrolli Alejandra Eslava Federica Ruggi Giacomo Agnolin Adan Molina Hernandez Alessandra Di Stefano Grimaldi Jorge Galan Gomez Violetka Nikolova Slavova Jacopo Leoni Stefania Piccinni Luigi Montalbano Giada Lozza Michela Palmisano Gabriele Modena Carlo De Marchi Cristina Carolina Benussi