THE POLITICS & GOVERNANCE IN MATH
integrate. GEMATMW A72
C A L I B ,
F E R N A N D E Z ,
O A B E L ,
P A S C U A L
message from the authors Dear reader, It is an absolute pleasure to welcome you to Integrate as we present to you our final course output. This coffee table magazine brings about discoveries, as we have explored fresh erudition that we can apply in our lives now and in the future. While the core of Integrate is to partake learning, our group will be tackling various topics under the field Mathematics in the world of Politics and Governance. We will be centering each individual motif around the themes: election, government allocation, financial literacy of citizens, and math in pandemic. We hope you are an open-minded reader and will welcome the learning to come; and are so thankful you are here reading now. Our mission is to bring thoughtful and engaging commentary on politics and governance, while also displaying its integration with the course. Photopages and trivias are served for your enjoyment throughout your journey in this magazine. As students, we would like to be as transparent as possible. For this reason, we gladly welcome any comments and critiques you may have as a reader. You may send your comments/contact us at gematpolgov@gmail.com. We are elated to be furthering the mission of Integrate and to hear your stories. Animo!
Integrate is a student-led project made for, and by, students in this class (Math in the Modern World A72). We are inspired by the connection of things, more specifically, of the multitude of topics that are contained within limitation. Mathematics? Integrate is for you! Politics and governance?Integrate! Interested to know more? Integrate! Whatever it may be, we hope you find your creative (or serious) niche with us.
The origin and intention behind our name, Integrate is simple: the word means coordinate or blend. We are grounded in sharing the views, perspectives, and connections of Math in the world of Politics and Government. As a group, we do not advocate for any specific political ideology, but we have set standards regarding the posting of harmful and denigrating pieces as it relates to minority groups. We see our platform as a space of student voices, and thus, view that it is our responsibility to highlight the diversity of learning and to use our abilities as a space of learning. Our intention is to host a platform for students to grasp more erudition that they can share to others. That is why we exist. The freedom of learning is a right and we must partake that.
integrate.
Page Number
Page Theme
5-8
TOPIC 1: History of Math in Poiitics
table of contents
By: Nadine Oabel
9 - 13
14 - 15 16 - 17 18 - 21
TOPIC 2: Budget Allocation in the Philippines By: Ayesha Calib
Photopage TOPIC 3: Balance Sheets on Checks & Balances. By: Eubel Pascual
TOPIC 4: Math in Pandemic By: Izel Fernandez
22 - 23
Trivia Page
24 - 28
Generalization, Reflection, Author’s page
29 - 31
References
B Y :
N A D I N E
5
O A B E L
The word democracy comes from the Greek word demos which means people and kratos which
means to rule. The idea behind it is that the citizens
of
participation
a
state
in
should
societal
active
take
matters
including
electing government leaders and representatives to govern over them. In addition, having an opinion and a voice is one of its key elements. The roots of the idea of democracy and politics trace back to the Ancient Greeks. They coined
Democracy /d əˈ mäkr ə sē/ noun
that it is possible to exchange and replace power relations in the government without a barbaric revolution. The Athenian Democracy is the world’s very first known democracy established during the 5th
the history of math in politics.
century BCE. Comparing it to modern times definition and execution of a republic, during this era,
if
citizens
fail
to
fulfill
their
duty
as
stakeholders, they would be fined and sometimes marked with red paint. On the other hand, only the freemen were counted as citizens. They were the only ones who are allowed to vote in this era withstanding slaves, women, and children.
H I S T O R Y
O F
P O L I T I C S
&
D E M O C R A C Y
H I S T O R Y
O F
P O L I T I C S
&
D E M O C R A C Y
The government system in this era was comprised
6
of three separate institutions; the ekklesia, the boule, and the dikasteria. The ekklesia is defined as the sovereign legislative power that writes and amends laws as well as imposes foreign policies. They make decisions about war and foreign policy, make and alter rules and regulations, and ratify or revoke political leaders’ conduct. This government institution makes use of a simple majority vote to make decisions concerning everything under the political arena. On the other hand, the boule is composed of representatives from the 10 Athenian tribes with the duty of deciding what affairs would come before the ekklesia. Their function was to take charge of supervising government officials, deal with diplomats, and was in charge of matters with naval ships and army horses. The position on the buole was selected not by a democratic election. It is coined that a random lottery as compared to elections was more egalitarian; pure chance/probability could not be leveraged by bribe or popularity. This prevents the formation of a permanent governing power of bureaucrats who might take advantage
the history of math in politics.
of power for self-gain. The last government power is the
dikasteria . They are the jury in courts where citizens of
Athens argue about different cases. In this era, there was no police giving the people the responsibility to bring cases to the court, content for the prosecution and the defense, and
give verdicts and judgments by majority rule .
7 H I S T O R Y
O F
P O L I T I C S
&
D E M O C R A C Y
Elsewhere and in Ancient Greece, psēphisma (from psēphos, ‘voting-stone’) became the standard word for a decree of the ekklesia and the boule, while cheirotonia which means to raise hands, was utilized for elections. However, voting in Athens was normally by show of hands even though it is not accurately counted. It was utilized in the assembly and council both for elections and laws, but by ballot in the law courts. Although ballots were only maximized when a count was orchestrated to ensure that a quorum was attained, by the end of the fifth century BCE, lawmakers realized that usage of ballots for voting promotes secret voting. The Voting Theory is the mathematical explanation of the democratic process that happens in the political arena. This is where citizens resolve the varying and conflicting views of the population regarding an issue/occurrence into a single choice for all. Every single vote represents the preference of the voter over an election.
the history of math in politics.
In Ancient Greece, the Plurality Method was utilized the most for actors in the arena chooses one candidate or decision on the ballot and the winner is the one with the most vote.
M A T H
I N
G O V E R N A N C E
&
E L E C T I O N S
M A T H
I N
G O V E R N A N C E
&
E L E C T I O N S
Other majority voting methods include Vote-for-Two where each voter must select two different contenders and the contender with the most votes win; Preference Ranking where each voter ranks in order the running candidates they prefer; Plurality with Runoff in which no candidate received a consensus of first-place votes, voters will choose between the two tied first-placers; the Borda Method where each candidate gets a point for every first-place votes garnered and so on resulting to the candidate with the smallest point to win; Condorcet Winners where the winner of neck to neck engagement with every other candidate is called the winner vice versa with the loser; the Copeland’s winner where certain actors have points based on their standing (win, lose, or tie) in result to the winner with the most points wins; And lastly, Approval Voting , where voters state their approval or disapproval of every running candidate and the winner is determined by the candidate with the most approval count.
8
the history of math in politics.
The different voting methods and criterion describes the phenomenon of elections. All is fair and well if only we do not let personal gain get in the way and maximize the different methods for the benefit of democracy .
B Y :
A Y E S H A
C A L I B
Government Budgeting is known as the critical exertion of allocating funds to achieve economic and social objectives of the country. This is necessary because it can assure the growth of a country if it is handled correctly and placed in the right departments wherein money is more needed as compared to other departments. This is important because it allows the government to support the best plans to develop the country where the money is prioritized and plans of actions in different areas and fields can be achieved within the policy of the government.
There are 4 steps in the Budgeting Process: Budget Preparation Submission of budget proposals Budget hearings Budget Authorization Enact and Approve appropriation ordinance Budget review Check and review appropriation ordinance Issue the review action
Budget Execution Release the allocations based on the approved appropriation ordinance Obligate and disburse funds Adjust the cash program Implement correct measures Accountability Monitor receipts, physical outputs, and accomplishments Evaluate the performance of departments and offices.
budget allocation in the philippines.
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The General Appropriations Act (GAA) is the authorization from the legislation that includes the specific budgets and amounts for salaries, wages, maintenance, project implementations, bureaus, departments, and offices of the government for the specific year. The start of Budget Implementation happens when the funds are given to the agencies so that they could advance the project implementations. In relation to this, there is an Agency Budget Matrix (ABM) which is prepared through consultation with the agencies during the start of the year. This is a blueprint that provides the basis of giving the timing, composition, and extent of the budget release. Enactment of New Laws: Each year, there is a newly implemented law that is believed to help in our growth as an economy. These will have to be given priority than the previous projects that have already been implemented or have less importance as compared to the aforementioned new law. Adjustments in Macroeconomics: This will depend on the impact of the projects that are implemented if they were a success or not. This will impact the Gross National Product (GNP), Inflation rate, Interest rate, currency exchange rate, oil prices, and level of imports and exports. Changes in resource availability: This is due to additional resources, additional grants, donations from sponsors, etc. Unfortunately, we cannot fully determine if funds and taxes have been allocated in the best potential. We may see how effective the budgeting is through surveys, evaluations, and feedback from the specific departments, but we cannot assure that the allocation has a 100% success rate. According to Charlotte, Sicat, Mariano, Angel, Castillo, Adaro, and Maddawin (n.d.), All departments are expected to prepare and submit their proposed budget proposal for the year. After that, budget hearings will be done to determine how the funds will be allocated.
budget allocation in the philippines.
10
EDUCATION
budget allocation in the philippines. While we can all agree that Education is a right and not a privilege, this is hard to attain when the government seems to lack efforts in prioritizing the Educational sector in our country. The Department of Education explained that there was a decrease in the budget for the construction of new classrooms for students. This is a huge dilemma because students are cramped inside classrooms and teachers have to face 50+ students in one class. In the 2019 budget, there was enough for only 28,710 classrooms. For 2020, DepEd has yet to finalize the plans of the GAA, but it is said that the budget for DepEd this year would be around P520.28 billion. The numbers are expected to be improving as compared to the 2018 and 2019 statistics. According to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Filipino students are underperforming due to the reason wherein there are a lot of students inside a classroom and they aren’t all being focused on to ensure if they are truly learning in their school lessons. They added that the students may show improvement in their performances if there are smaller classrooms with fewer amount of students to give priority to the slow-learning students. According to Reysio-Cruz (2020), In the 2020 budget, the department included the special programs and vouchers such as the Private School Vouchers for the Senior High School students. They also included the “Last Mile Schools” program for the schools that need better facilities and are behind as compared to other educational institutions. Other than the classrooms and projects, The pay for public school teachers was promised to increase over the next 4 years by increasing as much as double the salary that they are receiving right now. This is good because the voices of the Teachers were heard when they expressed their dissatisfaction with the low salary that they were receiving. The government needs to give focus to the teachers because they experience small pay, unstable jobs, lesson material thrifting, technological and media delays, textbooks delay, need for better classrooms that are appropriate for the subject matter (e.g. more computers for computer class), larger classes, and health issues (Llego, 2019).
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12
budget allocation in the philippines. The Philippine government allocated a total of $3.2 billion (or P164.7 billion) as of early 2020. The budget allocated was divided into the different health sectors: $1.3 billion (P67.4 billion) to Philippine Health Insurance Corporation, $1.1 billion (P59.6 billion) to the hospital services, and $670 million (P34.2 billion) to the public health services. The budget also allocated $150 million (P7.5 billion) for the National Immunization Program, $810 million (P41.1 billion) for the Health Facilities Operations Program, and $370 million (P19.1 billion) for the purchase of drugs, medicines, and vaccines for distribution to various government health facilities (Philippines Ramps up Healthcare Budget for 2020, 2020).
HEALTH
As of 2019, the government spent a total of P910 billion on infrastructures.and plans to double the amount as soon as 2022 to give way to the “golden age of infrastructure”. The goal in 2020 with P1.22 trillion is going to be focused on roads, bridges, airports, and railways. As said by Diokno, “higher government spending and upgrading of infrastructure will enhance the Philippine economy’s competitiveness,” about President Duterte’s” Build, Build, Build” Program. The said project has a total of 75 projects which includes 31 roads and bridges, 12 railway and urban transport projects, 11 water supply and irrigation projects, 6 air transport projects, 4 water transport projects, 4 flood management projects, 4 power projects as well as 3 other public infrastructure projects (Philippine Daily Inquirer, 2019).
INFRASTRUCTURE
In 2020, the Philippines’ economic team decided that it was better to lessen the funds for infrastructures this year in order to help aid the country’s response for COVID-19. Infrastructure spending for 2020 was reduced from P800.6 billion to P725.1 billion during the May 12 meeting. Finance Secretary Carlos G. Dominguez stated that “The infrastructure program remains to be the best driver of economic growth because it has the best multiplier effects in terms of employment and shared prosperity. It will primarily fuel our bounce back plan and will help our economy recover quickly, ” (The Star Online, 2020).
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It is important to ensure that the budget of our country will be allocated to different sectors. I hope that even though we give importance to the highlighted factors, we should also remember to include our lower-class income countrymen who are having a difficult time adjusting to this pandemic due to unemployment, prices for the food, rent for shelter, payment for bills, and such. They should be included in the tax allocation. Our goal, as a country, is to be able to grow like the other nations. With this in mind, let us not forget our fellow countrymen when we take a step up. I hope that our officials choose to allocate the taxes in the right sectors and not on unimportant projects that do no good to us but cost a lot of money.
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Budget Allocation Math in Pandemic
Voting Process
15
Math in the Modern World use of math in conducting contact tracing
financial literacy of citizens
CRITICAL THINKING
SYSTEMATIC SOLUTIONS
THE INFORMATION AGE
B Y :
E U B E L
P A S C U A L
COVID-19 is another struggle for humankind in shifting from the industrial age into the information age. About 6.6 million jobs are irrelevant by the year 2028 which makes people re-evaluate their careers, particularly those people that are part of the high touch point jobs because they face their clients. In connection with this, 77% of Filipinos do not have bank accounts. This reflects the nation’s need for financial literacy not just for the benefit of the citizens but also enable the checks and balances of citizens to government institutions. The smooth transition from the traditional age into the information age must be held greatly by the government for it affects people from different walks of life.
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balance sheets on checks & balances.
Criticism is one way of showing nationalism. One good example is wondering why accounting is not part of the basic curriculum. Financial literacy should be taken with high regard due to its crucial role in becoming responsible adults in the working-age bracket, which is the average age of our country. The shortcomings of the Filipino education system go way back in the American occupation because Filipinos are Miseducated. Renato Constantino expounded on this thought with his essay The Mis-education of Filipinos, which posits that the commercialization of education has led to education being a privilege than a right. Due to this reason, quality education is not received by all, which widens the gap between the haves and the have-nots. In simple terms, systemic problems require systemic solutions.
Schools prepare people in the real world as it produces highly skilled graduates in different disciplines, as well as submission to authority, but these attributes do not prepare most students in a rapidly changing world. It was not inculcated in students to question societal norms, that’s why critical thinking is vital in this era of accountability. Critical Thinking is seen as deviance to the incumbent authorities but it can produce economic progress through entrepreneurship, as Critical Thinking is part of the curriculum of business schools.
FINANCIAL LITERACY
Why am I advocating for financial literacy and critical thinking? One good analogy is checks and balances. The legislative branch can make laws, but the judicial branch can make laws unconstitutional. In the same manner, the executive branch can veto laws, just as how the legislative branch can override that veto with majority votes. Furthermore, the interpretation of laws is done by the judicial branch, but it is the executive branch that nominates justices and judges who interpret laws. In other words, we, the people, can check on the government if they are doing what they ought to do and if they are doing it properly with their budget allocations.Numbers can be manipulated, but with the right education in verification, numbers can tell a story. With financial literacy, citizens would look for a break down of where our P9.5 Trillion debt went. Mastering balance sheets can make the government accountable for the citizen’s assertion in critical thinking, which creates a domino effect, strengthening government institutions, developing economic prosperity, and most of all, promoting quality of life among the citizens. Thus, making financial literacy and critical thinking subjects available at an early age by reforming curriculum which provides debate and dialogue in all subjects as well as financial literacy gives the nation an edge to progress.In a comparative lens, the Philippines has achieved endeavors but the journey in separation and strength in its institutions has a long way to go.
BEGINNING WITH WHY
17
A study conducted at the University of Malaysia Sabah found out that financial literacy starts in the family. In other words, family and peers have a significant positive influence in reinforcing financially sound behavior among children, which will be part of the workforce in the future. Financial literacy should not just be included in awareness projects, but also be part of the curriculum in primary and secondary levels. Another study coming from the Journal of Business Studies Quarterly revealed the same results, making parental roles, socialization agents, and financial literacy play significant roles in money management. Researchers suggested that this should be prioritized by the government due to its positive effect on economic prosperity.
balance sheets on checks & balances.
B Y :
I Z E L
F E R N A N D E Z
math in pandemic The emergence and re-emergence of viruses sparked renewed concerns from global epidemiology researchers, public health administrators, and governments. Budget realignment, scientific researching, and integrating mathematical models were occurred and started in response to the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID19). Although, the invention of the treatment requires extensive research and numerous trials; prevention, control measures, and contact tracing occupy a prominent place in this trying time. The isolation of symptomatic cases and tracing of contacts has been used as an early COVID-19 containment measure in many countries. To maintain control of infection while also reducing disruption to populations, there is a need to understand what combination of measures—including novel digital tracing approaches and less intensive physical distancing—might be required to reduce transmission. Researchers have found out that mathematical communication models represented how contact tracing and follow-up may control Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), and COVID-19. Transmissions were developed for evaluating different infection control interventions, estimating the likely number of infections as well as facilitating understanding of their likely epidemiology.
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math in pandemic COMMUNICATION IS ESSENTIAL
Good communication is vital during these times. Organizations that invest time and energy into delivering clear communication will rapidly build trust with their employees and customers. The fundamentals of good communication start with time-tested principles; transparent, truthful, and timely. It is difficult to know what is too much or too little. Making short and frequent updates is appreciated by the people, especially this pandemic. Mathematical modeling helps agencies and health sectors respond to the COVID19 pandemic by informing decisions about pandemic planning, resource allocation, and implementation of social distancing measures, and other interventions. Moreover, by applying mathematical communication and coding, forecasting teams predict the number of deaths, hospitalizations, and cases using different types of data, such as COVID-19 data, demographic data, and mobility data. Through mathematics, methods and estimates of the impacts of interventions, such as social distancing and use of face masks and shields, are formulated. I believe that it is important to bring these forecasts together to help understand how they compare with each other and how much uncertainty there is about what may happen in the near future.
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math in pandemic HOW INTERACTIVE MODELS WORK
A computer simulation is a set of equations and decision trees based on large quantities of data and various assumptions. The mathematics underpinning these interactive models is deceptively simple: Imagine there are four buckets. Bucket A contains all those deemed susceptible to the virus. Bucket B contains people who are not sick but might become sick. Bucket C contains all those who became ill and contagious. Lastly, bucket D contains people who have recovered, been isolated, or have natural immunity. Mathematical modeling also requires information on the number of infections, hospital admission numbers, deaths, and recoveries. Next, comes a series of assumptions. First, what is the probability of an infected person meeting a susceptible person? Second, what is the probability of transmission from the infected person to the susceptible person? Added to that are inputs of the population's socio-demographic characteristics, such as age, gender, health status, employment, number of contacts, and so on. Considered together with their weightings, this information can help form the basic ingredients of the computer simulations to provide "a sense of where you are, where you are going and how you are doing in the fight against the disease" (Fry, 2020). The results in such simulations are presented to government and public health officials and used as an evidence base for social, economic, financial, and health decisions designed to mitigate the impact of the virus. Fry (2020) calls this "bending the curve," suggesting that "math helps us to predict the future."
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math in pandemic NEED TO REALIZE
From the above statements, we can clearly say that, yes, math is about numbers, but these numbers do really matter for everyone. These numbers help us mold the things we do and things we follow. These numbers are the teachers that our healthcare workers, researchers, and government officials follow. These numbers and equations do give us headaches but in reality, they heal us and help us go through tough times.
22 trivia page Politics
A social process and activity which cannot be done in isolation, ubiquitous (present everywhere) in relation to society, and study the exercise of authority September 12, 2020 - Uploaded by gematmw group 3
hellodefinitions.com
Governance A process by which both the state and civil society participate in the maintenance of social and political order click to get to know more about this topic...
Images for trivia page
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anonymous @mathematicsquote
Mathematics has beauty and romance. It's not a boring place to be, the matematical world. It's an extraordinary place; it's worth spending time there. Anonymous writer
Election
@electiondefinition
Happens in the arena of politics where citizens can participate in the power distribution by voting and electing leaders. 1:01 PM • 9/2/20 • Twitter for iPhone
Methods of voting Plurality method, Majority rule method, Condorcet method, Instant runoff method, Borda count method, Copeland's method, Approval method.
Math in pandemic @mathinpandemic
Mathematical modelling requires information on the number of infections, hospital admission numbers, deaths and recoveries.
Seven methods of voting
2:21 AM • 8/29/20 • Twitter for Android
Steps of Budgetting Process (1) Budget preparation, (2) authorization, (3) Budget execution, (4) Accountability Read more about this on pages 10-13
Budget
24
generalization
In a world filled with complexity, it is refreshing to
Nonetheless, we should deal with the problem
go back to the basics every once in a while.
at hand, which is the virus. The numbers of
Democracy, based on its etymology, means that
positive cases are not just mere numbers, those
the people rule, and doing everything for the
are lives that could have been saved if only
common good is its main function. Each voting
there were a system of contact tracing, utilizing
method has its pros and cons, and it becomes
mathematical models such as the probability of
unfair if personal interests are prioritized by those
infection and transmission to susceptible people,
in power. Re-evaluating the country’s priorities,
and including the socio-demographics in the
such as education and health care should be
equation. Indeed, we cannot manage what we
manifested in this challenging time, and budget
cannot monitor.
allocation for the marginalized sector should be taken into account. Going back to the basics
In the twenty-first century, it is a must to hold
requires a swift transition to the new normal.
the authorities accountable for their actions. Integrity is important in Governance, and
People overlook COVID-19 as something that
Integrate aims to inform students regarding
would bring the new normal, but despite the
different
pandemic, we are also transitioning into the
Politics, because we at Integrate believe that
information age which makes millions of jobs
the youth can be part of the solution in our
irrelevant in a decade. There is a growing need
societal problems. Feel free to send us your
for
queries and critiques. Your voice matters, be
financial
literacy
and
critical
thinking,
especially with the Anti-Terror Law being a weapon to silence dissent and criticism, those that can aid in making economic progress a success.
perspectives
on
heard, and Integrate with us!
Mathematics
in
Upon researching and learning about these topics that were
REFLECTION
discussed, it was honestly tiring because of reading too much
INSIGHTS
25
information. We wanted to make sure that there wasn’t too much information to the point that it might become overwhelming for the reader. Our main topic is “The Pursuit of Mathematics in the World of Governance and Politics” as it is an important topic that should be discussed. More people should be knowledgeable about these topics due to the fact that we are all affected by governance, especially
here in the Philippines which is a democractic and republic country.
It is necessary to learn about the history of math in politics (elections) because it paved the way for equality, consensus, and compromise in the contemporary world. With democracy, plurality
and transparency were exercised in creating a just and honest system not just in the government, but also in the society.
It is important to learn about how the government allocates the taxes/budget to the different aspects in our country because as taxpayers, we should be aware about where our money goes. If we benefit from what we pay for and if our hard-earned money is being put to good use for the growth of our country. This is a need because we should realize that we are not paying taxes just to become lawabiding citizens, but because we all have a goal which is to help in the development of the Philippines. It is significant to learn about how financial literacy of citizens can help strengthen the government institutions because it is vital especially during this time as reported by the news that we see wherein a lot of people are losing their jobs amidst the pandemic. This can also enable citizens in criticizing the government's budget allocation and make sure that the authorities are held accountable for their actions. It is essential to learn about the role of mathematical communication and coding in government’s response to the pandemic, especially contract tracing, because other than the reason that it is timely and relevant, it is important to delve ourselves in the application of math in response to the pandemic because it helps in enhancing our skills. Furthermore, it gives us more appreciation to the applications of math in the modern world. Math is not just about numbers, it is more than that.
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Our group chose the topics that were quite challenging, but also interesting because it tickled our brain cells in the way that we acquired more knowledge that can be used not only in this project, but also in our everyday lives. As times are changing, we have to become more sociallyaware of the current events that are happening in our society and we should be able to handle them as we are the next generation of adults who will work for the Philippines. As early as now, we must be studying about important topics and issues so that we can fix the errors and inadequacies of the previous generations. In line with this, by becoming more well-informed, we are stepping towards our goal to become Lasallian achievers for God and country.
27
27A WMTAMEG B
28 AYESHA MISHAELLE CALIB ARTICLE WRITER
PUORG
IZEL PRAISE FERNANDEZ ARTICLE WRITER & LAYOUT
ALYZA NADINE OABEL ARTICLE WRITER & LAYOUT
EUBEL MARIA PASCUAL ARTICLE WRITER
The
Authors
INTEGRATE MAGAZINE
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references
Abdul Jamal, Amer Azlan & Ramlan, Wijaya Kamal & Mohidin, Rosle & Karim, Mohd & Osman, Zaiton. (2015). The Effects of Social Influence and Financial Literacy on Savings Behavior: A Study on Students of Higher Learning Institutions in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah. International Journal of Business and Social Science. 6(11). 110-119. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/297877861_The_Effects_of_Social_Influence_and_Financial _Literacy_on_Savings_Behavior_A_Study_on_Students_of_Higher_Learning_Institutions_in_Kota_Ki nabalu_Sabah Bakker, A. and Wagner, D. (2020). Pandemic: lessons for today and tomorrow? Springer Link. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10649-020-09946-3 Ben’s Guide to the U.S. Government. (n.d.). Checks and Balances. https://bensguide.gpo.gov/j-checkbalance Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Cases, Data, and Surveillance: Forecasting. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/covid-data/mathematical-modeling.html Charlotte, J., Sicat, M., Mariano, M. A., Angel, F., Castillo, C., Adaro, R., & Maddawin, R. (n.d.). Assessment of the Philippine Local Government Planning and Budgeting Framework. https://pidswebs.pids.gov.ph/CDN/PUBLICATIONS/pidsdps1918.pdf
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references
Danaraj, J., Othman, N. S., Rahman, M. S., & Sundarasen, S. D. D., (2016). Impact of Financial Literacy, Financial Socialization Agents, and Parental Norms on Money Management. Journal of Business Studies Quarterly, 8(1), 140-156. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sheela_Sundarasen3/publication/315816479_Impact_of_Financial_Lit eracy_Financial_Socialization_Agents_and_Parental_Norms_on_Money_Management/links/58e7faff45851 5e30dcaf34a/Impact-of-Financial-Literacy-Financial-Socialization-Agents-and-Parental-Norms-on-MoneyManagement.pdf Graham, G. (2020). Why is communication so important during this pandemic? North East Growth Hub. https://www.northeastgrowthhub.co.uk/insights/why-communication-so-important-during-pandemic History. (2018, August 23). Ancient Greek Democracy. Retrieved from https://www.history.com/topics/ancient-greece/ancient-greece-democracy How has COVID-19 shaped our job market landscape?. (2020, June 19). Philippine Daily Inquirer. https://business.inquirer.net/300341/how-has-covid-19-shaped-our-job-market-landscape Khidhir, S. (2018, November 22). Critical thinking needed to upgrade skills. The ASEAN Post. https://theaseanpost.com/article/critical-thinking-needed-upgrade-skills  Lao, R. (2018, July 18). Building Critical thinking in ASEAN classrooms. The Asia Foundation. https://asiafoundation.org/2018/07/18/building-critical-thinking-in-asean-classrooms/ Llego, M. (2019, March 10). How Budget Cuts Affect Teachers. Retrieved September 12, 2020, from https://www.teacherph.com/how-budget-cuts-affect-teachers/Newman, N. (2020). The pandemic has to deal with math. eni.com. https://www.eni.com/en-IT/scientific-research/pandemic-deal-math.html
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references
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