CORRELATION STUDIES ON PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PARAMETER AND PHYTOPLANKTON IN FRESH WATER BODIES OF MANDYA

Journal for Research | Volume 02 | Issue 06 | August 2016 ISSN: 2395-7549

Correlation Studies on Physico-Chemical Parameter and Phytoplankton in Fresh Water Bodies of Mandya District J.Mahadev College of Agriculture, V.C. Farm, Mandya, UAS, Bengaluru

M.Raju College of Agriculture, V.C. Farm, Mandya, UAS, Bengaluru

M.V.Muniswamappa College of Agriculture, V.C. Farm, Mandya, UAS, Bengaluru

Priyanka College of Agriculture, V.C. Farm, Mandya, UAS, Bengaluru

Nagarathna Government First Grade college for Women, University of Mysore

Abstract The periodicity of phytoplankton with reference to Physico-chemical and Biological parameters was undertaken from June 2014 to May 2015 in Guthal lake of Mandya. 18 Physicochemical parameter and four groups of planktonic population have been correlated. Chlorophyceae and Cyanophyaceae are controlled by total acidity and Cyanophyceae. Bacillariophyceae are dependent on Magnesium. Total dissolved solids, BOD and Phosphate has maximum role in controlling their growth.

Euglenophyceae and Cyanophyceae are regulated by a wide variety of physico-chemical factors of total hardness, total solids, phosphate and BOD. The diversity of phytoplankton is important in understanding the distribution of planktonic algae in fresh water lake.

Keywords: Phytoplankton’s, Physico-Chemical Parameters, Correlation Matrix, Freshwater Lake _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ I.

INTRODUCTION

Surface water pollution has become one of the major problems across the world. Water pollution affects on plants and organism in the water. This study is an interdisciplinary research designed to investigate all possible anthropogenic impact on the water quality. A large number publications have appeared an freshwater regarding its suitability for domestic as well as industrial purposes (Hosmani & Bharati 1980: 1987) depending upon the chemicals the pollutants that enter such water tend to increase (or) decrease the saturation effect. Barring the report of Hosmani & Vasanthkumar (1996). A large number of physic-chemical and Biological parameters such as temperature, pH, Nitrite, phosphate, turbidity, DO, BOD, COD, Bacillarophycea and Chlorophyceae growth will have a great influence over the quality of water (Naganandini & Hosmani 1998, Verma & Mohanty 1995). The present survey was undertaken with the objective of elucidating lake water and establishing interrelationship between various physico-chemical parameters its influence on phytoplanktons.

II. MATERIALS AND METHODS Guthal lake situated in the southern part of Mandya district, Karnataka State, lies between 76 o 50’ E longitude and 12o 30’ north latitude. It receives an average annual rainfall about 180 mm the catchment area about 60 acre, it has maximum depth of 7.0 mts when full with a minimum depth of 6 mts. Selected lake is the source of water for many of the application such as drinking, washing, irrigation , entertainment etc. The continued anthropogenic activity of the lake has not only caused the environment pollution of lake but also contribute rapid degradation of lake. The method for collection, preservation, identification and enumeration of phytoplankton and various methods adopted for adnalysis of physico-chemical parameters are described in detail Fritsch (1975), Golterman et,al. (1978), Hosmani & Bharathi (1980), Trivedy & Goel (1986), APHA (1995) and Hosmani & Vasanthkumar (1996). The sample collections were made from June 2014 to May 2015. All the data were subjected to pearsons correlation matrix Tiwari and Ali (1987).

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The annual periodicity Guthal Lake depicted in the figure-1, shows that Chlorophyceae constituted highest of 46.45% of the total phytoplankton population Bacillariophyceae followed by 30.76% Cyanophyceae 16.38% and Euglenophyceae lowest of 6.41%. The seasonal variation of 20 physico-chemical and four groups of phytoplankton were represented in table (1&2) and figure (2&3). The correlation matrix are presented in table -3. 26 species of phytoplankton have been recorded of which 12 species belong to Chlorophyceae four to Cyanophyceae, eight to Bacillariophyceae and two Euglenophyceae.

All rights reserved by www.journalforresearch.org

39

Correlation Studies on Physico-Chemical Parameter and Phytoplankton in Fresh Water Bodies of Mandya District (J4R/ Volume 02 / Issue 06 / 008)

Fig. 1: The annual Periodicity of Phytoplanktons of Guthal lake

The maximum population density of Chlorophyceae was observed highest number during summer (17760 org/lt) Scendesmus Quardicauda, Chlorella vulgaris, Euastrum luetxemuellen, similarly reduced during winter and monsoon seasons (11340 and 6300 org/lt) Scenedesmus dimorphos, Scenedesmus armatus are poorly represented, Closterium lumula, Euastrumluetxemulen, onchonema compaclum were observed throughout the year of study. The maximum Bacillariophyceae are represented in higher during winter season Nitzschia obtuse, Coconies placentula appears in three seasons. The minimum density of Acanthes inflata was obtained in summer (840 org/lt). Singh (1960) & Munnavar (1970) on critical examination observed that water having high average concentration of free Co2 have abundant Euglenophyceae. The present study Euglenophyceae were poorly represented probably due to low carbon dioxide in lake. Zafar (1967) attributed the occurrence of Euglenophyceae to be inversely related to Cyanophyceae. Cyanophyceae were also not presented in good number in the lake study, Oscillotoria, Arthospira prevailed throughout the year. A large number of physico-chemical and biological parameters like, temperature, pH, Nitrate, Phosphate, Turbidity, DO, BOD, COD and Bacillariophyceae growth will have a greater influence over the quality of water, similar observation were made by Naganandini & Hosmani (1998), Verma and Mohanty (1995). Over all investigation maximum development of phytoplankton was observed during winter (62120 org/lt) and minimum during monsoon (13020 org/lt). Kumar & Dutta (1991), Anjana, et, al.(1998) estimated that the intensity of phytoplankton has greater during summer, post monsoon and winter.

Significant correlation was established between physico-chemical parameters and phytoplankton. Chlorophyceae are controlled by total acidity. Bacillariophyceae are dependent on TDS, Phosphate and BOD. Similarly temperature, pH, DO, Magnesium, Nitrate and Nitrite have a significant role in controlling the population of Bacillariophyceae in this lake.

Cyanophyceae had the lowest limits and it regulated by the total acidity and Chloride. Euglenophyceae except Euglena acus and lepocinclis ovum are controlled by wide variety of physico-chemical factors including total hardness, total dissolved solid, Phosphate and BOD. The amount of Phosphate and total dissolved solid were the most significant parameters in accelerating the growth of Bacillariophyceae. Total hardness, total dissolved solid and Phosphate are three significant parameters controlling growth of total plankton in this lake.

IV. CONCLUSION Guthal lake of Mandya is less organically polluted, only Nitzschiapalea as an indicator with low sensitivity values. Among the four groups of organism Euglenophyceae and Cyanophyceae were more affected by the physico-chemical parameters. Acidity, TDS, BOD, Phosphate, total hardness, Co2, Nitrate and total solids are controlling the growth of phytoplanktons. The study reveals that there is human disturbance in the lake in the form of entry of untreated sewage and needs to be treated before letting it into the lake. Phytoplanktons and Physico-chemical parameters important tool in detection of pollution.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Authors are thankful to the Dr.S.P. Hosmani, Professor & Head of the department of Bio-Technology, Mahajan’s College, Mysore, authors also thankful to university of Agriculture Sciences, Bangalore, College of Agriculture, V.C.Farm, Mandya and University of Mysore who have helped in providing facilities for conducting research work.

Table1: Seasonal variation of Physico-chemical and Biological parameter in Guthal lake of Mandya District (All the parameters measured in mg/l except air temperature and water temperature) Seasons Sl. No Parameter Summer Monsoon Winter 1 Air Temperature 32.00 25.00 23.00 2 Water Temperature 32.00 26.00 21.00 3 pH 08.40 8.2 8.10

All rights reserved by www.journalforresearch.org

40

Correlation Studies on Physico-Chemical Parameter and Phytoplankton in Fresh Water Bodies of Mandya District (J4R/ Volume 02 / Issue 06 / 008)

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Sl. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

13 14 15 16

17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

25 26

Free Carbon Dioxide 33.00 11.00 Dissolved Oxygen 03.65 5.27 Phenolphthalein Alkalinity 00.00 0.00 Total Alkalinity 350.0 225 Total Acidity 01.50 1.40 Total Hardness 196.0 236 Calcium 53.70 51.2 Magnesium 40.87 39.98 Chlorides 24.14 78.1 Total Dissolved Solids 230.0 220.0 Phosphates 0.115 0.136 Nitrate 0.025 0.064 Nitrite 0.160 0.18 COD 5.20 4.90 BOD 2.84 2.35 Table - 2 Phytoplankton Population (Mg/lt) in Guthal lake Seasons Name of Group & Species Summer Monsoon Chlorophyaceae Scenedesmus quardicauda 1260 840 Scenedesmus dimorphus 840 420 Scenedesmus armatus 420 Pediastrum duplex 840 Coelastrum cambricum 420 Chlorells vulgaris 2560 Ankistrodesmus falcatus 840 Closterun lumula 840 2100 Euastrum luetxemuellen 1680 1680 Onchonema compaclum 420 420 Cosmarium maculatum 840 840 Starurastrum tetracerum 840 Total 17760 6300 Cyanophyaceae Anabaena Oscillarioides 2520 Spirulina Nordstedtii 840 Oscillatoria Subbrevis 2520 840 Arthospira Lenneri 420 Total 6300 840 Bacillariophyaceae Nitzschia Obtuse 2100 420 Navicula Rhomboids 1680 1260 Synedra Ulna Epithemia Lerex Cymbella Leptocerus 2100 840 Pinnularia Smpteri 2160 1260 Coconies Placentula 4200 2100 Acanthes Inflata 840 Total 12180 5880 Euglenophyaceae Euglena Acus 1080 Lepocinclis Ovum 840 Total 2920 Total Phytoplankton 39160 13020

11.00 4.87 0.00 275.0 2.50 160.0 38.84 31.92 51.12 202.0 0.112 0.130 0.18 3.20 2.44

Winter 840 420 420 1680 840 2100 420 840 1260 840 1260 420 11340 2100 420 1260 3780 28980 1680 1260 840 12600 46620 420 420 62120

Note: “-” indicates Absence Table – 3 Correlation Coefficient (Phytoplanktons and Physico-Chemical parameters in Guthal lake.

Phytoplankton Groups Physico-Chemical Characteristics Chloro-phyceae Cyano-phyceae Bacillario-phyceae Eugleno-phyceae Air Temperature 0.371 0.710 0.559 0.912* Water Temperature 0.292 0.649 -0.649 -0.626 pH 0.256 0.620 0.654 0.856 Free CO2 0.559 0.843 -0.370 0.978*

Total Phytoplankton -0.334 -0.441 -0.444 -0.127

All rights reserved by www.journalforresearch.org

41

Correlation Studies on Physico-Chemical Parameter and Phytoplankton in Fresh Water Bodies of Mandya District (J4R/ Volume 02 / Issue 06 / 008)

Dissolved Oxygen Total Alkalinity Total Acidity Total Hardness Calcium Magnesium Chlorides Total Dissolved Solids Phosphates Nitrate Nitrite COD BOD

-0.741 0.628 -0.991* -0.846 0.069 0.278 -0.899 -0.785 -0.563 0.078 -0.559 -0.046 -0.829

-0.947 0.886 -0.962* -0.563 0.461 -0.128 -0.999* -0.473 -0.187 -0.326 -0.843 356.0 -0.538

0.137 -0.289 -0.450 -0.917 -0.785 0.950 -0.144 -0.954* -1.000** 0.868 370.00 -0.851 -0.929

0.999* 0.992* 0.804 -0.238 0.743 -0.468 -0.961 -0.134 0.169 -0.637 -0.978 0.661 -0.208

-0.115 -0.041 -0.659 -0.988* -0.6.6 0.842 -0.386 -0.999* -0.968* 0.176 0.127 -0.693 -0.992

** Significant at p< 0.01, *Significant at p< 0.5

Fig. 2: Seasonal variation of Physicochemical and Biological parameter

Fig. 3: The annual total Phytoplankton Population (Org/L) in Guthal Lake, Mandya.

All rights reserved by www.journalforresearch.org

42

Correlation Studies on Physico-Chemical Parameter and Phytoplankton in Fresh Water Bodies of Mandya District (J4R/ Volume 02 / Issue 06 / 008)

REFERENCE [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16]

Anjana S., Gujarathi., & Kanhere, R.R. (1998): Seasonal dynamics of phytoplankton population in relation to abiotic factors after fresh water pond at Barwini (M.P.) Poll.Res.17 (2) : 133-136 APHA, AWWA, WPCF (1995) Standard method for the analysis of water and waste water and sewage 19th ed. APHA INC Washington DC Fritsch (1975) The structure and reproduction of the algae. The syndics of Cambridge University press euston road, London.

Golterman, H.C., Clymo, R.S.,& Ohstad MAM (1978) Methods for physical and chemical analysis of fresh water 1 BP Hand book No 8 Black well scientific publication.

Hosmani, S.P., & Bharathi, S.G (1980) Limnological studies in ponds and lakes of Dharward, comparative phytoplankton ecology in four water bodies of Dharwar. Phykos 19(1): 27-48 Hosmani, S.P.,& Bharathi, S.G (1987) Species diversity indices as a measure of water pollution Act a Botanica India 15(3) 20: 322 Hosmani, S.P.,& Vasanthkumar,L (1996) Calcium carbonate saturation index and its influence on phytoplankton. Poll.Res.15 (3) : 285-288 Kumar.S., & Dutta, S.P.S.(1991) Studies on phytoplankton population Dynamics in Kunjawar pond Jammu, Hydrobiologia-7 : 55-59 Munnawar, M (1970) Limnological studies on freshwater ponds of Hyderabad India 11. Hydrobiologia 35: 127-165 Naganandini,M.N., & Hosmani, S.P (1998) Ecology of certain inland water of Mysore District. Occurrence of Cyanophycean Bloom at Hosakere lake.

Poll. Res 17 (2) : 123-125.

Phylipose, M.T. (1967) Chlorococales ICAR, New Delhi.

Singh, V.P.(1960) Phytoplankton ecology of the inland water of Uttarpradesh, Proc.Sym.Algol ICAR, New Delhi.

Tiwari & Ali. M (1989) Ground water of Nuzvid town regression and cluster analysis of water quality parameters. Env. Poll 9: 13-18 Trivedy and Goel (1986) Chemical and biological methods for water pollution studies. Environmental publication. karad P 94-96.

Verma, J.P., & Mohanty, R.C. (1995) Phytoplankton and its correlation with certain physico-chemical parameters of Danmukundpur road. Poll.Res 14 (2) : 233-242 Zafar, A.R (1967) Limnological studies on freshwater ponds of Hyderabad India IV. The Bio censose periodicity and species compostion of unicellular and colonial phytoplankton in polluted and unpolluted environments. Hydrobiologia 45 (1) : 1-32

All rights reserved by www.journalforresearch.org

43