ENERGY + RESOURCES: EFFICIENCY IN DESIGN 2015-16 ASSIGNMENT
Name: Jack Baron Student No: 3333359 Date: 2015 / 2016 University: Course: Tutor:
London South Bank University PgDip Architecture (PT) Brian Murphy
Project: Location:
Proposed Aircraft Hangar York Air Museum
CONTENTS
JACK BARON ENERGY + RESOURCES: EFFICIENCY IN DESIGN LONDON SOUTH BANK 2015 -2016
0.0_CONTENTS: 1.0 INTRODUCTION
Page 1
2.0 CLIENT BRIEF
Page 2
3.0
SITE CONTEXT + ANALYSIS
Page 4
4.0
ELEMENTAL PERFORMANCE
Page 9
5.0 JARGON BUSTER 6.0 SERVICES 7.0 CONSTRUCTION
Page 11
8.0 MATERIALS
Page 15
9.0 PROPOSAL
Page 22
10.0 ENERGY 11.0 WASTE
Page 27
12.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Page 35
Page 12 Page 14
Page 30
0.0
INTRODUCTION
JACK BARON ENERGY + RESOURCES: EFFICIENCY IN DESIGN LONDON SOUTH BANK 2015 -2016
1.0_CURRICULUM VITAE: Name: Jack Baron Age: 26 years old Location: Essex Experience: Associate Director of an architecture practice (with offices in Essex, Birmingham and Kensington.) Qualifications: Code for Sustainable Homes (2014) Aspiration: To create beautiful and sustainable places to live, work and play. Inspiration: Early modernist architecture and innovative passive sustainable construction. Hobbies: Love to sketch, draw and design. Favourite Architect: Peter Zumthor. Favourite Book: ‘Towards a New Architecture’ Le Corbusier.
1
1.0
CLIENT BRIEF
2.0
JACK BARON ENERGY + RESOURCES: EFFICIENCY IN DESIGN LONDON SOUTH BANK 2015 -2016
2.0_’AIRSPEED’ DESIGN COMPETITION: 2.0.1_Overview Project:
Proposed Aircraft Hangar
Site:
The Yorkshire Air Museum
Client:
The Yorkshire Air Museum Timber Research & Development Association (TRADA)
Length: 38.65 m (126 ft 9 in) Wingspan: 35.00 m (114 ft 10 in) Height: 9.14 m (31 ft)
2.0.2_Brief - Innovative structural + architectural concept using Timber - Landmark Structure - Operation and display aircraft hangar - Accommodation for 3x aircrafts; BaE Nimrod, HP Victor + another similar (All approximate wingspan of 35m and 10m tall. )
2.1. World Map - United Kingdom.
2.3. Hawker Siddeley Nimrod MR2 XV250
2.0.3_Building Requirements - Timber structure / Timber based products - Other materials can be incorporated to increase timber’s possibilities 2.0.4_Aircraft Hangar (main structure)
0m
2m
4m
6m
8m
12m
18m
- 40m clear-span and mid-point apex of 12m height - Protection against rain / winds / snow - Provide warm / dry internal accommodation - Minimum mechanical heating / cooling Length: 35.5 m (114 ft 11 in) Wingspan: 33.53 m (110 ft 0 in) Height: 8.57 m (28 ft)
2.0.5_Internal Accommodation - Visitor link to existing T2 hangar - Provide ancillary accommodation; WC facilities, café and shop
2.2. United Kingdom - York.
2.4. Handley-Page Victor K2
2
CLIENT BRIEF
2.0
JACK BARON ENERGY + RESOURCES: EFFICIENCY IN DESIGN LONDON SOUTH BANK 2015 -2016
2.1_ARCHITECT’S ASPIRATIONS: 2.1.1_Energy Aspirations - Passive solar design (via large insulated glazing) - Passive cooling in summer seasons - High insulated building fabric (to internal accommodation) - Reduction in use of mechanical heating / cooling - Any artificial lighting to be sourced by renewable energy sources 2.1.2_Architectural Inspirations: - Early timber aircraft - Timber fuselage construction - Fabric and wires to brace and tension
2.5. Early timber aircraft construction
- Early aircraft sheds - transportable - Lightweight, modular timber frame - Envelope waterproof canvas skin - Cost-effective - Efficient use of material - Structure to be de-constructable to reassemble on other sites
2.1.3_Material Aspirations - Innovative and sustainable use of Timber is key - Timber structure to be locally sourced in the UK - Minimal carbon footprint and embodied energy - Other materials can be incorporated only if increases timber’s possibilities - Other materials only if for sustainable motives, such as transportation
2.7. Military aircraft hangar precedent
3
2.6. Efficient structure construction
SITE ANALYSIS
3.0
JACK BARON ENERGY + RESOURCES: EFFICIENCY IN DESIGN LONDON SOUTH BANK 2015 -2016
3.0_EXISTING SITE + IMMEDIATE CONTEXT:
3.5
3.1. Allocated Proposal Site
3.1
3.2
3.4
3.3
0m
30m
45m
75m
90m
120m
3.2. ‘Nature of Flight’ Butterfly + Moth Sanctuary
3.6. Existing Aerial Photograph
3.3. Airfield / Landing Strip former RAF Elvington
3.4. ‘T2’ Hangar (Main Aircraft Hangar)
4
3.5. Museum Archive, Library + Research Centre
SITE ANALYSIS
3.0
JACK BARON ENERGY + RESOURCES: EFFICIENCY IN DESIGN LONDON SOUTH BANK 2015 -2016
3.1_EXISTING SITE USE ANALYSIS: Key: Museum Ownership
Proposal Site
1
1
Existing Hard-Standing
Landscaping
2
Existing Site Access
1
Existing Tree
1
Storey Height
1
2 1
3.7. Existing Constraints + Opportunities Plan
5
0m
30m
45m
75m
90m
120m
SITE ANALYSIS 3.2_ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STUDY: 3.2.1_Location:
3.0
JACK BARON ENERGY + RESOURCES: EFFICIENCY IN DESIGN LONDON SOUTH BANK 2015 -2016
3.8. Wind Rose Diagram (Average wind direction / velocity frequency in York)
- 6 miles South-East of York, England. - Adjacent to the 3,000m runway of the former RAF Elvington. 350o 3.2.2_Summary of External Conditions:
10o
340o
30o 40o
0.08
320o
- Existing tarmac surface
20o
0.09
330o
- Flat Site (suitable for plane runway)
0.07
- Open site (with strong Eastern winds)
50o
310o
- Established protected tree belt (North, West and South of site)
0.06
300o
- Planning Approval for 4,600m2 of hangar and ancillary use.
60o
0.05
- Access via is from the link road serving the adjacent industrial estate - The core of the Museum consists of 1940’s single storey camouflaged buildings centred on an original control tower, which is Listed (Grade 2).
360o
0.04
70o
290o 0.03
- Roadways and aircraft taxiways within the museum form part of the existing infrastructure
280o
3.2.3_T2 Aircraft Hanger:
270o
80o
0.02
90o
- West of existing large black-clad T2 hangar (35m x 70m) - Provides protection against winds.
260o
100o
0.02
- Provides overshadowing in summer seasons (high sun).
0.03
250o
110o
0.04
0.05
240o
120o
0.06
230o
130o
0.07
220o 210o
Source: www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/uk/york
150o
0.09
200o
6
140o
0.08
190o
180o
170o
160o Wind Direction Frequency Velocity Direction Frequency
0m
200m
400m
600m
900m
SITE ANALYSIS
3.0
JACK BARON ENERGY + RESOURCES: EFFICIENCY IN DESIGN LONDON SOUTH BANK 2015 -2016
JUNE 17.00pm SEPTEMBER 17.00pm
MARCH 17.00pm
JUNE 12.00pm
7
SEPTEMBER 12.00pm
3.9. Existing Sun-path / Shadow Diagram
SEPTEMBER 9.00am
JUNE 9.00am
MARCH 9.00am
MARCH 12.00pm
3.2_ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STUDY (CONTINUED):
3.3_ENVIRONMENTAL STATISTICS:
3.3.1_Overview
25
- The United Kingdom straddles the geographic mid-latitudes between 49-60 N from the equator.
20
- Major factor that influences the often unsettled weather the country experiences.
Temperature (oC)
- The large temperature variation creates atmospheric instability
Min Temp Max Temp
15
- UK is positioned on the western seaboard of Eurasia (the world’s largest land mass) - These boundary conditions allow convergence between moist maritime air and dry continental air.
3.0
10 5 0 Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
June
July
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
3.10. Average temperature (min / max) in York. 50
250 Sunshine Sunhours
3.3.2_Local Environment (York): 19oC in July
- Average lowest temperature:
3oC in January
- Average peak sunshine: - Average lowest sunshine:
- Average peak rainfall: - Average lowest rainfall:
37% in June 5% in December
Sunshine (%)
40
- Average peak temperate:
30
150
20
100
10
50
0
0 Jan
90mm in November 48mm in March
200
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
June
July
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
July
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
3.11. Average percentage of sunshine / duration throughout the year in York. 100 80 60
Rainfall (mm)
40 20 0 Jan
Source: www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/uk/york
Feb
3.12. Average precipitation (rainfall/ snowfall) in York.
8
Mar
Apr
May
June
Sunshine Duration (Hours)
SITE ANALYSIS
JACK BARON ENERGY + RESOURCES: EFFICIENCY IN DESIGN LONDON SOUTH BANK 2015 -2016
ELEMENTAL PERFORMANCE
4.0
JACK BARON ENERGY + RESOURCES: EFFICIENCY IN DESIGN LONDON SOUTH BANK 2015 -2016
4.0_PRINCIPLES OF ELEMENTAL DESIGN: 4.1_Room/s
4.2_Internal Conditions:
4.3_External Conditions:
4.4_Element:
4.5_Function:
4.6_Construction Material:
Aircraft Exhibition Space
Dry
Wind
Foundations
Structural loading (building+planes) Reinforced concrete raft Thermal insulation (ground freeze)
Unheated space
Rain
Floor
Structural loading (building+planes) Reinforced concrete raft Thermal insulation (ground freeze)
Temperature 20oC in summer Temperature 10oC in winter Temperature 15oC (average) (Same as foundation)
(Same as foundation)
Roof
Protection from wind + rain Allow solar gain Resistant to spread of fire
PTFE (Teflon) Glass Cloth
External Walls
N/A
N/A
Windows + External Doors
N/A
N/A
Stairs
N/A
N/A
Internal Partitions
N/A
N/A
Internal Doors
N/A
N/A
Maintenance Hatches
N/A
N/A
9
ELEMENTAL PERFORMANCE
4.0
JACK BARON ENERGY + RESOURCES: EFFICIENCY IN DESIGN LONDON SOUTH BANK 2015 -2016
4.0_PRINCIPLES OF ELEMENTAL DESIGN (CONTINUED): 4.1_Room/s
4.2_Internal Conditions:
4.3_External Conditions:
4.4_Element:
4.5_Function:
Museum Exhibition Space
Dry
Wind
Foundations
Structural loading (building+planes) Reinforced concrete raft Thermal insulation (ground freeze)
Cafe
Water-tight
Rain
W.C.
Warm space
Temperature 20oC in summer
Temperature 20oC
Temperature 10oC in winter
Floor
Structural deck Thermal insulation Protection from wind + rain Resistant to spread of fire
Floor membrane on USB board Vapour control layer Insulation Timber Stud Container steel frame
Roof
Insulated thermal envelope Protection from wind + rain Area for renewable (PV solar panels) Drainage Resistant to spread of fire
USB board Vapour control layer Insulation Timber Stud Container steel frame
External Walls
Structural loading + stability Protection from wind + rain Thermal insulation
USB board Vapour control layer Insulation Timber Stud Container steel frame
Windows + External Doors
Allow sunlight Thermal insulation Low-emissivity Protection from wind + rain
Aluminium frame Double-glazed Silicone sealed
Stairs
Allow access through floor levels Resistant to spread of fire
Steel frame
Internal Partitions
Separate rooms / areas Resistant to spread of fire Acoustic insulation
Container steel frame Timber stud Insulation Vapour control layer
Internal Doors
Separate rooms Resistant to spread of fire
Reinforced concrete slab
Maintenance Hatches
Allow access for maintenance
Timber frame Insulated panel
Temperature 15oC (average)
10
4.6_Construction Material:
JARGON BUSTER 5.0_’CIRCULAR ECONOMY’: 5.0.1_Overview:
5.0
JACK BARON ENERGY + RESOURCES: EFFICIENCY IN DESIGN LONDON SOUTH BANK 2015 -2016
PRINCIPLE 1.
Renewables
Finite Materials
Today’s linear ‘take, make, dispose’ economic model relies on; - Large quantities of cheap
Regenerate Renewables Flow Management
- Easily accessible materials and energy, - Model that is reaching its physical limits.
Virtualise
Restore Stock Management
PRINCIPLE 2.
The circular economy provides multiple value creation mechanisms that are decoupled from the consumption of finite resources. In a true circular economy, consumption happens only in effective bio-cycles; elsewhere use replaces consumption. Resources are regenerated in the bio-cycle or recovered and restored in the technical cycle. In the bio-cycle, life processes regenerate disordered materials, despite or without human intervention. In the technical cycle, with sufficient energy available, human intervention recovers materials and recreates order, on any timescale considered. Maintaining or increasing capital has different characteristics in the two cycles.
Farming / Collection
Recycle
Parts Manufacturer Biochemical feedstock
A circular economy seeks to rebuild capital, whether this is; - Financial
Substitute Materials
Refurbish / re-manufacture
Product Manufacturer Regeneration
- Manufactured
Reuse / redistribute
Service Provider
- Human Maintain / prolong
- Social - Natural Consumer
User
5.0.2_Principles: The circular economy rests on three principles, each addressing several of the resource and system challenges that industrial economies faces;
- Principle 1: Preserve and enhance natural capital Collection - Principle 2: Optimise resource yields
Biogas
Collection
Extraction of biochemical feedstock
- Principle 3: Foster system effectiveness
PRINCIPLE 3. Minimise systematic leakage and negative externalities 5.1. Diagram to illustrate flow of ‘value circle’
Source: ‘Ellen MacArthur Foundation.’
11
SERVICES 6.0_AIRCRAFT HANGAR SERVICES: 6.0.1_Design Aims / Strategy:
6.0.5. Rainwater Collection
- ‘Fabric-first’ approach - Minimal requirement for energy intensive mechanical + electrical devices. - Two main different spaces given intended use requirements - Aircraft Hangar:
Unheated + outdoor environment.
- Exhibition / Cafe / WC:
Enclosed, air-tight, insulation environment.
6.0.2. Passive Solar Gain
6.0.2_Sun (Light) - PTFE fabric allows gentle glow of natural daylight to pass through. 6.0.3_Sun (Heat) - Majority of Museum is outside, with only some parts enclosed. - Aircraft hangar is a large space, seems unnecessary for all of it to be heated. - Requirement from brief to provide shelter to aircrafts (not enclosed). 6.0.4_Wind (Ventilation) - No requirement for carbon + energy intensive mechanical devices. - Open at each end, wind provides natural air movement.
6.0
JACK BARON ENERGY + RESOURCES: EFFICIENCY IN DESIGN LONDON SOUTH BANK 2015 -2016
6.0.4. Wind (Ventilation)
- Surrounding tree-belt provides natural wind screen. 6.0.5_Rain (Water) - No requirement for mains water supply. - Rainwater to harvested from PTFE fabric shelter.
6.1. Aircraft Hangar sustainable design strategy (gridshell structure)
12
SERVICES
6.0
JACK BARON ENERGY + RESOURCES: EFFICIENCY IN DESIGN LONDON SOUTH BANK 2015 -2016
6.1_EXHIBITION / CAFE / W.C SERVICES: 6.1.1_Sun (Light)
6.1.6_Waste / Sewage (Compost)
- Full-height glazing to encourage the collection of natural sunlight.
- No requirement for mains sewer.
- Minimal requirement for artificial lighting during museum opening times (10am to 5pm.)
- Waste from toilets is collected in storage tanks (gridshell weight) - Food waste from cafe to also be collected.
- Artificial lighting only required in winter seasons (sunlight diagram)
6.1.2. Passive Solar
- Waste to be empted annually or after building use. - Projectors will only use energy efficient L.E.Ds - Used as natural fertiliser on surrounding tree-belt - Movement sensors to turn off projectors / lighting when unused. - Photovoltaic solar panels to harness solar energy and utilise flat roof areas. 6.1.2_Sun (Heat) - Highly insulated, air-tight, thermal bridge-free construction - Full-height glazing to the encourage collection of solar thermal energy. - West-facing, insulated glazing therefore reduced possibility of overheating. - Visitors provide an additional heat source (100W). 6.1.3_Wind (Ventilation) - Large opening doors provide passive ventilation in summer seasons. - Openings at ground + high floor levels allow air movement throughout. - No requirement for carbon + energy intensive mechanical devices. 6.1.4_Rain (Water) - Rainwater pumped directly into toilet cisterns.
6.1.4. Permeable Surface
- Rainwater pumped directly to storage for maintenance purposes.
6.1.1. Renewable Energy
- Rainwater to be filtered and UV disinfected for kitchen / hand basin use. - Rainwater collection on ground laid to fall towards landscaping. - Surface water naturally soaked by permeable landscaping / tree-belt. 6.1.5_Services
6.1.6. Natural fertiliser
- All services to be hidden within container construction. - Panels can be easily removed for access / maintenance purposes.
6.2. Aircraft Hangar sustainable design strategy(ground floor)
13
CONSTRUCTION
JACK BARON ENERGY + RESOURCES: EFFICIENCY IN DESIGN LONDON SOUTH BANK 2015 -2016
7.0
7.0_TIMBER GRIDSHELL: 7.0.1_Timber Gridshell: - Manipulation of pre-laid out grid of laths - Adjustable connections at grid intersections after form is established - Envelope waterproof canvas skin (simple protection) - Structure easily de-constructable, transported and reassembled 7.0.2_Efficency - Most efficient form of structure to span large distance - Most efficient use of material - Serves both as roof and external walls - Only one required connection detail throughout structure
7.1. Grid layout with identical timber laths (1:500 scale model)
7.4. Downland Gridshell Project - construction precedent (flat grid)
7.2. Connection detail allows movement to allow form (1:500 scale model)
7.5. Downland Gridshell Project - construction precedent (shell form)
7.3. PTFE skin over timber laths (1:500 scale model)
7.6. Downland Gridshell Project - construction precedent (finished)
- Both architecture + structure are optimised at same time - Resist both external loading and spatial requirements - Strong and stable structure - Square grid with two-point anchor system - Most efficient geometry (all timber lengths are same size) - Lightweight, easy for man to assemble - Cost effective
14
MATERIALS
8.0
JACK BARON ENERGY + RESOURCES: EFFICIENCY IN DESIGN LONDON SOUTH BANK 2015 -2016
8.0_EUROPEAN LARCH (LARIX DECIDUA): 8.0.1_Overview - Sourced locally in the UK (minimum carbon footprint + embodied energy) - Common in construction and boat building - Moderately resistant to decay/rot - Endure constant weather changes without warping, shrinking or distorting - Therefore great for outdoor / external uses. - Reddish colour that stains well - Widths or sections up to 250mm and 6m long. - Naturally grows long and straight 8.1. Mannheim Pavilion (Frei Otto) - material precedent
8.0.2_Physical characteristics: - Density (at 12 % moisture content)
583 kg⁄m3
- Total longitudinal shrinkage
0.3 %
- Total radial shrinkage
3.3 %
- Total tangential shrinkage
7.8 %
- Equilibrium moisture content - (20° C⁄ 37 % rel. humidity)
8.4 %
- (20° C⁄ 83 % rel. humidity)
17.1 %
8.0.3_Mechanical characteristics - Modulus of elasticity under bending
13800 N⁄mm2
- Modulus of rupture under bending
99 N⁄mm2
- Tension strength
107 N⁄mm2
- Compression strength
55 N⁄mm2
- Brinell hardness
19 N⁄mm2
- Janka Hardness
2,5 kN
Source: TRADA: Technical Species Guide (www.trada.co.uk/techinfo)
8.2. Gridshell structure form
8.3. Larch material texture
8.4. Gridshell structure (grid to gridshell form)
15
MATERIALS
8.0
JACK BARON ENERGY + RESOURCES: EFFICIENCY IN DESIGN LONDON SOUTH BANK 2015 -2016
8.1_PTFE (TEFLON) GLASS CLOTH: 8.1.1_Overview:
8.1.5_Maintenance / Cleaning:
- Highest quality architectural membrane for tensile structures
- Extremely low in maintenance (typically every 2-5 years) with jet-washer
- The material was developed by DuPont in the 1960s, but used early 1970s
- Natural cleaning action of rain on the Teflon outer layer
- Original 25 year design lifespan of the material has already been exceeded
- Fabric is sufficiently strong to support a man weight on its surface
- Present day expectations are for 30-50 year lifespans
- Requires incorporation of man-safe systems to access the roof surface
- Can simply be rolled up during deconstruction / assembly
- PTFE roofs do not need to be cleaned internally
8.1.2_Strength:
8.1.6_Weight:
- Each fabric is available in various strength ranges - 1% weight of glass (easier to assemble) - Selection is primarily an engineering-based decision - Single skin PTFE roofs typically weigh 1.5kg per m2 - Light grade fabrics have tensile strength of 75-100kN per metre
8.5. Material Precedent - ‘Pompidou-Metz’ (architect Shigeru Ban)
- Thermal sandwich roofs typically weigh 3.5kg per m2
- Thick grade fabrics have tensile strength of 150kN per metre 8.1.7_Membrane Panel size:
8.1.3_Light Transmission:
- Virtually any size and shape up to 1600m2 in a single panel - Light grade fabrics allow 14-16% - The membrane is made up from seam welded sections - Heavy grade fabrics have light transmission rates of 9-12 % - Laser-cut into precise patterns - The typical characteristics of single skin tensile fabric roofs; 75% reflection, 10% absorption, 15% transmission
- Usually seamed at widths of 1.5m to 2.5m, with virtually no limit in length
- Twin-layered membranes have 50% less then single skin structure
- Spans exceeding 60m are achievable, although rare - Fabric panels are pre-assembled in controlled factory conditions
8.1.4_Thermal performance - Packed for deployment - Similar insulation properties to the performance of conventional glazing
8.6. Material Precedent - early aircraft construction
- U-value of approx 4.0-5.0 for a single-layer membrane - U-value of approx 2-2.5 for a twin-layered membrane
Source: www.bearingworks.com/content_files
8.7. Connection detail
16
MATERIALS
8.0
JACK BARON ENERGY + RESOURCES: EFFICIENCY IN DESIGN LONDON SOUTH BANK 2015 -2016
8.2_CONNECTION DETAIL: 8.2.1_Clamp Connection Detail - Innovative ‘Clamp’ connection detail - Similar to ‘Downland Gridshell’ precedent
50mm 1.
- Connection allows tension forces of gridshell to flow through - 3x steel plates (6mm top and bottom, with 4mm plate in centre)
50mm
50mm
- Pre-drilled holes in each corner - Bolt fixed through each hole to secure connection
50mm
- Rounded steel plates, reduced material required 2.
- Previous precedents (like Frei Otto’s gridshell) pierced holes in timber - Clamping is more efficient as strengthens structure rather then weakens - Incorporated into the design to increases timber’s possibilities - Easy to de-construct, transport and reassemble
3.
8.2.2_Key: 1.
Galvanised Steel Bolt
2.
15mm Galvanised Steel Plate
3.
Galvanised Steel Screw
4.
Glue-Laminated Treated Larch Lath
2. 4.
8.8. ‘Downland Gridshell Project’ connection precedent
2.
50mm
50mm
50mm 1. 50mm
8.9. Connection detail (1:0.5 scale)
0m
17
0.5cm
1cm
1.5cm
2cm
3cm
4.5cm
MATERIALS
8.0
JACK BARON ENERGY + RESOURCES: EFFICIENCY IN DESIGN LONDON SOUTH BANK 2015 -2016
8.3_TRANSPORTATION: 8.3.1_Kit Assembly / Inter-modal Freight Transportation
8.3.2_Air Transportation (by Cargo Plane)
- Container integrated into design has sustainable motive - transportation
- Least most sustainable method of transport
- The transportation of freight in an inter-modal container
- Carbon + energy intensive required to fly
- Multiple modes of transportation (plane, rail, ship, and truck)
- However can be quickest given new destination
- Efficient and quick form of transportation
- Originally derived from military bombers (historic link to museum)
- Without any handling of the freight itself when changing modes.
- Interior of fuselage is designed to fit standard shipping containers
- Reduces cargo handling, therefore less damage and improves security
- Stacked two high and two wide - Broad-hinged door to port fuselage - Strengthened cabin floors to support load
8.3.3_Lorry Transportation (by Road)
8.3.4_Railway Transportation (by Rail)
8.3.5_Shipping Transportation (by Sea)
- Trucking is frequently used to connect the “linehaul” ocean and rail segments of a global intermodal freight movement.
- Quick and efficent form of transport
- Seen as most sustainable method of transportation
- ‘Double-stack’ arrangement loading (more efficent)
- Some vessels can hold thousands of containers
- ‘Drayage’ is the specialised trucking that runs between ocean ports, rail terminals, and inland shipping docks, is often called drayage
- Onboard ships they are typically stacked up to seven units high These cars resemble flatcars but the newer ones have a container-sized depression, or well, in the middle (between the bogies or “trucks”) of the car. This depression allows for sufficient clearance to allow two containers to The newer container cars also are specifically built as a small articulated “unit”, most commonly in components of three or five, whereby two components are connected by a single bogie as opposed to two bogies, one on each car.
18
- However, given inland site location, other methods are also required - Capacity is measured in TEU or FEU - “Twenty-foot equivalent unit” and “forty-foot equivalent unit” - The largest container ships are capable of carrying 15,000 TEU
MATERIALS 8.4_SHIPPING CONTAINER RESOURCE:
300M
8.0
JACK BARON ENERGY + RESOURCES: EFFICIENCY IN DESIGN LONDON SOUTH BANK 2015 -2016
40%
DESIGNED FOR TRANSPORT Containers are easily transported via ship, truck, rail or plane.
faster construction for a container house then a traditional house.
Shipping containers sitting empty at ports around the world.
1950’s
Date shipping containers first developed in the U.S military.
STRENGTH 3.629KG 28,000MJ 153,000LB of steel to create a single container.
of energy to melt down.
maximum vertical load can be forced upon the steel container.
10-15
YEARS Typical life of a shipping container in the shipping industry.
18M
Shipping containers currently used for transport industry around
LOW COST
in comparison to traditional building construction.
Source: www.archdaily.com)
19
675
(on average) shipping containers are lost at sea each year.
x2
If all the containers in the world were laid end to end they would circle the world more then twice.
MATERIALS
JACK BARON ENERGY + RESOURCES: EFFICIENCY IN DESIGN LONDON SOUTH BANK 2015 -2016
8.0
8.5_ISO CONTAINER RESEARCH: 8.5.1_20’ ISO Shipping Container Dimensions External: Length 6,058 mm 20 ft Width 2,438 mm 8 ft Height 2,591 mm 8 ft Internal: Length 5,898 mm Width 2,352 mm Height 2,393 mm Door Opening: 2,340 mm Cubic Capacity: 33.2 CU Maximum Gross Weight: 30,480 Kg Tare Weight: 2,200 Kg Maximum Load: 28,280 Kg 8.10. 20” shipping container
8.13. Shipping container construction precedent - ‘Orbino’
Maximum Gross Weight: 30,480 Kg Tare Weight: 3,820 Kg Maximum Load: 26,660 Kg
8.11. Stacking formation
8.14. Shipping container construction precedent - ‘Puma City’
Source: ‘Container Atlas - A practical guide to container architecture’
8.12. Isometric drawing of 20” shipping container
8.5.2_40’ ISO Shipping Container Dimensions External: Length 12,192 mm (40ft) Width 2,438 mm (8 ft) Height 2,591 mm (8ft) Internal: Length 12,032 mm Width 2,352 mm Height 2,393 mm Door Opening: Cubic Capacity:
2,340 mm 67.7 CU
20
MATERIALS
JACK BARON ENERGY + RESOURCES: EFFICIENCY IN DESIGN LONDON SOUTH BANK 2015 -2016
8.5_ECO-CONCRETE (FLY-ASH) FOUNDATIONS: 8.5.1_Overview: - Highly effective and appropriate material given use - Minimum excavation needed - Minimal timber form-work required for slab base - Insitu construction therefore no waste - Eco-concrete made with recycle aggregate instead of Portland cement - Significantly reducing CO2 into the atmosphere - Minimises massive landfill disposal (up to 80% less volume) - Requires two-thirds less water then conventional concrete - One material supports both aircraft and building loads
8.15. Fly-Ash concrete material texture
- No surfacing required, therefore saving of other materials 8.5.2_Strength: - Durable - High flexural strength to support both aircraft and building loads - Flexural strength correlated to 8x square root of compressive strength - Minimum aggregate sub-base (100mm) 8.5_Life-Span - Resist effects of outside climate (rain, wind + snow) - Resistant to fungi
8.16. Timber shuttering for concrete slab foundation
- Resistance to degradation by fuel / oil spillage - No requirement for toxic chemical sealing or resurfacing
Source: www.treehugger.com/gigacrete-an-alternative-to-concrete
8.17. Finished concrete slab foundation
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8.0
PROPOSAL
9.0
JACK BARON ENERGY + RESOURCES: EFFICIENCY IN DESIGN LONDON SOUTH BANK 2015 -2016
9.0_PROPOSED SITE-SECTIONS: 9.0.1_Rainwater Collection - PTTF roof membrane - Shelter from adverse weather such as rain and wind - Rainwater is collection either side of gridshell - Used for toilet waste drainage + cleaning purposes - Filtered and distilled for kitchen use
9.0.2_Insulation - All internal spaces can be closed and sealed - Walls, floor and ceilings are to be highly insulated - Retain a consent optimum temperature
9.0.1
9.0.2
Proposed Site-Section A-A 9.0.3_Natural Light - Neutral backdrop to the aircraft exhibits - Soft glow of natural light into the space - Reducing requirement for electrical artificial lighting
9.0.4_Passive Solar Gain - Full-height glazing to container units to maximise solar gain - Insulated glazing with high U-value - Reducing requirement of artificial heating and lighting
9.0.5_Renewable Energy Source - Unoccupied roof have been utilised to - Carbon-free renewable energy via photovoltaic cell solar panels - Out-of-sight from visitor view upon ground level
9.0.4
9.0.5
9.0.3
Proposed Site-Section B-B
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PROPOSAL
9.0
JACK BARON ENERGY + RESOURCES: EFFICIENCY IN DESIGN LONDON SOUTH BANK 2015 -2016
9.1_PROPOSED ELEVATIONS:
23
0m
2m
4m
6m
8m
12m
18m
PROPOSAL
9.0
JACK BARON ENERGY + RESOURCES: EFFICIENCY IN DESIGN LONDON SOUTH BANK 2015 -2016
9.2_PROPOSED SITE + ROOF PLAN:
0m
24
4m
8m
12m
16m
24m
36m
PROPOSAL
9.0
JACK BARON ENERGY + RESOURCES: EFFICIENCY IN DESIGN LONDON SOUTH BANK 2015 -2016
9.3_GROUND FLOOR PLAN (EXHIBITION LEVEL): Accommodation Schedule: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
Link to T2 Hangar (closable) Exhibition Units Sand Filled Containers (Gridshell weight) Stairwell (to first floor) Male / Disabled W.C Female / Disabled W.C Access Lift Disabled W.C
1. 3.
2.
2.
5.
4.
6.
5.
7.
3.
2.
5. 6.
3.
3. 8.
4.
7.
25
0m
2m
4m
6m
8m
12m
18m
PROPOSAL
9.0
JACK BARON ENERGY + RESOURCES: EFFICIENCY IN DESIGN LONDON SOUTH BANK 2015 -2016
9.4_FIRST FLOOR PLAN (CAFE / GALLERIES): Accommodation Schedule: 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21.
Visitor Shop Shop Kiosk Stairwell Access Lift Cafe Seating Cafe Kitchen Exhibition Gallery Sand Filled Container (Weight) Exhibition Gallery External Observation Deck Male / Dis. W.C Female / Dis. W.C Disabled W.C
9. 10.
15.
17. 16.
17.
21.
11.
13. 12.
15.
19. 20. 16.
14.
11.
12.
16.
17.
26
16.
17.
0m
2m
4m
6m
8m
12m
18m
ENERGY
JACK BARON ENERGY + RESOURCES: EFFICIENCY IN DESIGN LONDON SOUTH BANK 2015 -2016
10.0_EMBODIED ENERGY (ELEMENTS):
10.0.1_Wall / Floor / Roof Construction U-Value: - R-value = thickness of material + Lambda (thermal conductivity)
- Steel (4mm):
1.20 (R-value)
- Plywood (25mm):
0.62 (R-value)
- PIR Insulation (125):
0.22 (R-value)
- Total:
2.04 (R-value)
- U-value =
1 / 1.8 (total R-value)
0.49 W/m2K
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10.0
ENERGY
JACK BARON ENERGY + RESOURCES: EFFICIENCY IN DESIGN LONDON SOUTH BANK 2015 -2016
10.1_EMBODIED ENERGY (CONTAINER BUILDING):
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10.0
ENERGY
JACK BARON ENERGY + RESOURCES: EFFICIENCY IN DESIGN LONDON SOUTH BANK 2015 -2016
10.1_EMBODIED ENERGY (CONTAINER BUILDING):
29
10.0
WASTE
11.0.2_‘Reduce, Recycle, Reuse’:
Construction waste accounts for 24% of all waste in the UK.
- Waste Prevention
3x more waste than all UK households combined.
- Most sustainable form of waste management
- Total materials delivered to site in the UK: 400million tonnes / year 100million tonnes / year 30million tonnes
(30%)
- Packaging: 24 million tonnes
(24%)
- Materials off-cuts:
- Soil + Rock: - Temporary Materials: - Over ordered (never needed) materials:
23.7million tonnes
(24%)
10million tonnes
(10%)
10million tonnes
(10%)
Most Favourable
11.0_OVERVIEW: 11.0.1_Waste Statistics:
- Total materials wasted in UK:
11.0
JACK BARON ENERGY + RESOURCES: EFFICIENCY IN DESIGN LONDON SOUTH BANK 2015 -2016
Prevent
- Minimises generation of waste products - Least environmental and economical life cycle costs - Re-Use - Continued use of materials which they were initially intended - Often involves minimal processing
Re-Use
- Checking, cleaning, repairing and refurbishing products / materials - Recycle - Collection of use, reused or unused products / materials - Turning them back into raw materials - Ready to be used for another product / use
Recycle
- Recover - Split into Minerals or Energy - Energy to power machinery from end waste product - Disposal - Last resort in sorting waste disposal into landfill
Recover
- Only be considered once all options explored and dismissed. 1/4 all materials are wasted during construction in the UK.
Disposal
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Least Favourable
Source: http://www.ukgbc.org/key-statistics/carbon-emissions
WASTE
11.0
JACK BARON ENERGY + RESOURCES: EFFICIENCY IN DESIGN LONDON SOUTH BANK 2015 -2016
11.1_TIMBER GRIDSHELL: 11.1.1_Geometry In Design:
11.1.3_Building Life-Cycle (Deconstruction and Reuse):
- Geodesics are defined to be the shortest path between two points in space
- All laths same size for easy assembly + reassembly
- Tool for efficient of materials + ease of fabrication
- Storage of timber laths in containers (secure, clean, dry environment)
- Timber gridshell distributes loads as solid structure but with less material
- Minimal possibility of materials being lost or stolen or damaged
- Uses same size timber laths throughout the whole of structure
- Each lath is designed to fit snug within container (maximum length)
2,4
38m
m
m
2m
9 2,1
1
- Standard geometry = standard sizes 11.1.4_Assembly: - Makes assembly easier and quicker (less labour intensive) - Easy to assemble, deconstruction, transport and reassemble - Reduces off-cut waste - Construction and deconstruction - Less embodied energy (less cutting) - No adhesives
2,4
- Makes assembly easier and quicker (less labour intensive) - Simple, rust-resistant metal fixing (long lifetime)
50m
- No need to cut timber (which weakens timber and so needs to be thicker) - Weakens timber and therefore needs to be thicker
1
m
0m
0 2,0
- Computer Aided Design / Manufacturer
m
m
- Easy to store spares as all same size (easy maintenance) 11.1.2_Efficiency
00m
50mm
11.1.5_Amount: - Accurate cutting = no chance of mistakes - All laths are:
12,000mm x 50mm x 50mm
- Most efficient use of material (via specialist software)
- Maximum laths:
2400mm (max width) / 0.05m (per lath)
- Minimal size of timber thickness to provide adequate strength
48,000 laths in one container
- Minimal off-cuts = less waste
- Improved construction quality - Total laths:
60m (long) / 12m (per lath) = 5 laths (long)
5 lengths x 400 =
- Inherent ability to de-construct, relocate and reconstruct
2000 laths
36m (width) / 12m (per lath) = 3 lengths (width)
3 lengths x 1000 =
3000 laths
2000 + 3000 =
5000 laths
5000 x 2 (double skin)
10,000 laths
11.1. 1:500 scale gridshell model
11.2. Isometric drawing showing timber laths transport requirements.
31
WASTE
11.0
JACK BARON ENERGY + RESOURCES: EFFICIENCY IN DESIGN LONDON SOUTH BANK 2015 -2016
11.2_CONTAINER CONSTRUCTION: 11.2.2_Off-Site Container Construction:
11.2.1_Birch Plywood (Metsa):
1. ‘Reduce, Recycle, Reuse
- Modular design allows flexibility + adaptability in design
- ‘Reduce, Recycle, Reuse’ is inherit in modular construction
- Multiple use: wall skin, flooring,
- Waste is reduced in controlled, clean, dry environment
- Highly durable + robust (appropriate for application)
- Left over materials are reused or recycled
- Plywood will act as finished skin
- End waste product to be used as fuel to power machinery
- No ‘wet trades’ = no plaster finish - Made to standard size (no cutting required = no waste)
2. Efficiency - Site reuse (same part used for many functions) - Computer Aided Manufacturer is more accurate - Fire / moisture resistant treatment - Improved construction quality - Preserved during manufacturing process (less labour intensive) - Quality check programs in place - 1 layer only required (no overlap of skins = no waste) - Software to ensure most efficient use of material - Lightweight (easy to handle) - Inherent ability to de-construct, relocate and reconstruct 2. Predictability:
11.3. Isometric drawing showing off-site container construction Size: - Container height (internal):
2030mm
- Container length (internal):
12,000mm
- Required panel sizes (per container):
4x (2030mm x 12,000mm)
- Shortened Construction Schedule - Dry environment therefore no weather delays - Safer working environment - Removal of construction hazards (fall from height / equipment) 2. Minimal On-site Disruption - Minimal on-site vehicular traffic = fewer construction pollutants - Less heavy machinery therefore less energy required - Better protection on surrounding green space - Reduction in disturbance to Museum as a business - Pre-mapped materials delivery = reduces embodied energy. 6. Better Safety and Security - Storage of materials in secure, clean, dry environment - Minimal possibility of materials being lost or stolen or damaged 11.4. Internal plywood face arrangement
32
WASTE
JACK BARON ENERGY + RESOURCES: EFFICIENCY IN DESIGN LONDON SOUTH BANK 2015 -2016
11.2.3_Composite Windows + External Doors (Velfac): - Composite Aluminium / Timber frame windows - Designed to fit pre-made opening in containers - No lintel / structural support above opening required - Less materials required = less waste materials - Less labour intensive - Minimal embodied energy - Better insulated connection detail to frame = no thermal bridges - Full height to maximise natural light - Passive solar heat / light Size:
2030mm x 2030mm (structural dimensions)
Total:
26x external windows (full-height)
2030mm
6x external patio doors
203
0mm
11.5. 1’Velfac’ external patio sliding door.
11.6. Isometric drawing showing window / external door requirements
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11.0
BIBLIOGRAPHY 12.0_INFORMATION SOURCES: 12.0.1_Guidance Documents: ‘Container Atlas - A practical guide to container architecture’ Salwik, Bergmann, Buchmeier, Tinney Gestalten 2010
JACK BARON ENERGY + RESOURCES: EFFICIENCY IN DESIGN LONDON SOUTH BANK 2015 -2016
12.0.2_Websites: www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/uk/ www.cabe.org.uk www.architecture.com
‘Time to bin industry’s lavish habits’ Mike Baker Construction News, Issue 7060 March 2008
www.ribajournal.com www.bioregional.com/bedzed/ www.velfac.co.uk/windows-doors/composite
‘Construction and Sustainable Development’ Plain English, Constructing Excellence, Section 6 Jan 2008
www.metsawood.com/global/Products/kerto/Pre-fab-industry www.ukgbc.org/resources/additional/key-statistics-construction-waste
‘Constructing Architecture 2013: Materials, Process, Structures’ Andrea Deplazes, Gerd H. Soffker ‘The Environmental Design Pocketbook’ Sofie Pelsmakers March 2012
‘Metric Handbook: Planning and Design Data’ Pamela Buxton Architectural Press 2015 Approved Building Regulation Documents: -
Approved Approved Approved Approved
Document Document Document Document
L1A (2006 edition) L1B (2006 edition) L2A (2013 edition) L2B (2013 edition)
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12.0