Hughes Integrated Design Report by Jack Hughes

/ /WORKSPACE PLACE/

for work but this can be almost

work spaces and practices

anything.

in an urban environment, the methods by which businesses

AN INTRODUCTION

In his preliminary lecture our

and communities can interact

tutor, Stephen McCusker,

to form co-operative and

stated his interest in the hidden

meshed goals and the ways in

workspaces of a city, the vents

which policy and government

and workings of the metropolis

intervention can aid or hinder in

that are “behind the scenes”.

the workings of a city.

This year has been a series of

This was peppered with quotes

moving frames, a measured

from Chuck Palahniuk’s “Fight

With this in mind, we were set

progression from abstraction

Club”: “we cook your meals,

the initial scope of Salford as

to detail and a structured

we haul your trash, we connect

a whole with its many distinct

exploration of the sum of our

your calls, we drive your

zones presented different and

skills.

ambulances, we guard you while

varied issues and the city’s lack

you sleep. Do not fuck with us.”

of co-ordination between these elements.

More than ever before each student was given the freedom

This gave rise to an initial

to explore any and every area

interest in the ways in which

that approached them and

the different elements of

the breadth of responses was

the urban environment are

corresponding broadened. The

woven together. This focus on

atelier that I was a part of was

the integration of elements

especially varied because of its

can be seen throughout

own vague nature. The terms

the different phases of the

work, space and place outline

project. The Atelier’s focus

a focus on the areas provided

was on the arrangement of

PART A

INVESTIGATION

the impact of immediate

around that city’s stock

The Shift: The Future of Work is

Gratton names five main drivers

transfers of resources to the

exchange) become antiquated

Already Here

as the primary cause of these

very placement of new and

and unneccessary when files

Lynda Gratton

shifts. Each of these is then

blooming cities. Previously

and data can be placed online.

London, Collins 2011

sub-divided into separate

what defined the ideal site for

These cubicles would not be

a settlement was proximity to

company owned but rather

Gratton is a organization

solved will result in a positive

PRELIMINARY READINGS

energy and raw materials, now

would be rented and occupied

behavioural psychologist and

future for work practices. This

with many industries relying on

as needed.

thus provides an insight both

solution cannot be found alone

E-Topia: “Urban Life, Jim - But

working practices in cities. No

telecommunications rather than

into how business practices my

and relies on the co-operation

Not As We Know It”

longer do financial markets

tangible resources this could

evolve in the foreseeable future

of a global market-place, this

William J. Mitchell

need downtown districts,

spell the end of the “traditional”

but also the social implications

will result in what Gratton refers

M.I.T. Press, 1999

rapid delivery of information

settlement, with its adjacent

“[Offices] created relatively

of this shift and how people

to as a “Crafted future” where

and currency ensures that

water supply, grazing lands and

efficient internal information

will begin to interact with each

these issues are addressed and

In previous essays such as “City

collaboration is possible across

geographical fortitude.

flows and so minimised the

other once traditional paradigms

collaboration and wise choices

of Bits” (1997) Mitchell talks

the globe. Mitchell gives the

costs of transactions and of the

in work begin to alter.

prevail.

about the general movement

example of an editing suite

Most interesting to me was the

information that workers needed

of cities toward decentralised

in Soho, London, being able

idea of “hot cubicles” which

in order to play their roles

sprawls in which public

to work on the rushes from a

are, Mitchell theorises, the

efficiently”

buildings and assemblages

Hollywood studio and have

natural conclusion to this idea of

of similar businesses will no

them finished by the next day of

decentralization. Private clusters

pp.33-56

longer be essential to the

shooting.

of workspaces around a central

The Firm, The Market and The

resource (be it an office around

Law

urban fabric. In E-Topia, he

directives that, if accepted and

TECHNOLOGY

SOCIETY

Technological capabilities increase

Families become rearranged // rise

exponentially // 5 billion become

in flexivity // the roles of powerful

connected // social participation

women // the balanced man //

increases // the world’s knowledge

growing distrust in institutions //

becomes digitised // ever-present

decline in happiness // passive

avatars + virtual worlds

leisure industries

GLOBALIZATION

DEMOGRAPHY + ENERGY

24/7 and global world // China and

The ascendance of “gen-y” //

India’s decades of growth // frugal

increasing longevity // global

innovation // global education

migration increases // environmental

powerhouses // the World becomes

catastrophes displace people //

urban // continued bubbles and

energy prices increase // a culture of

crashes

sustainability begins to emerge

5 DRIVERS × Need for low-energy economy

discusses more specifically

As well as tranforming existing

a server or a collection of stock

Ronald H. Coase

the impact of globalization on

cities, Mitchell also discusses

market trading institutions

Chicago University Press, 1990

× Rapid advance in technology

“The future is here - just evenly

× Increasing globalization

distributed”

× Profound changes in longevity and demography × Important societal change

William Gibson

AUGMENTED SPACE Software radically alters the original purpose of the space. For instance, the intention of a coffee shop is changed and expanded by its wifi signal, it has been transformed to a

PRELIMINARY READINGS CODE/SPACE: Software and

world, giving some signs of

Everyday Life

consciousness.

Rob Kitchin and Martin Dodge M.I.T. Press, 2011

Moore’s Law dictates that computer chip performance

Kitchin and Dodge discuss the

doubles every two years

impact of code on the ways

affecting processing speed,

we use space. They discuss

memory capacity and sensors.

the problem that going “off-

George Gilder’s “Law of

grid” no longer means you are

Telecosm” states that “the

necessarily off the system. With

world’s supply of bandwidth

so much “capta” ( selected and

will double every 4 months” -

harvested units of data from

Hence, our computing ability

the sum of all potential data)

and network capability are

being collected, software can

growing faster than demand. A

react autonomously to the

surplus of coding power.

transcontinental meeting space.

CODED SPACE Software is used to augment the original purpose of a space, code is used but not depended upon. For instance, the university library is made more efficient with the use of computers and less reliance on staff

CODE / SPACE Software is mutually constituted by the space that contains it. For instance, a betting shop without its

CODE / SPACE Manifesto

Code producers have the capacity to dictate what capta is important and as code/spaces become the norm will defaults in code become defaults in society?

Should the diverse subjectivities, abilities and world views code creators be allowed to continue without proper understanding and enforcement of ethics in code writing?

The seductiveness of software is accepted but not understood. Why are people so susceptible to adopting and submitting to software?

automated nation-wide system of odds would become a room with a few T.Vs and some very small pencils

Do the “real benefits” of being on-grid outweigh the negatives?

From “Sentient City” I began

PRELIMINARY READINGS

More generally, in the case

SUMMARY

of the urban landscape, this

to discuss the idea of space

“People can inhabit anything and

becoming a social product.

they can be miserable in anything

Shepard enforces the idea

and ecstatic in anything, more and

Each text discussed the possible

dilute the need for any kind

that with the use of even

more I think that architecture has

futures offered by technology.

of population centre. Business

the simplest MP3 player, any

nothing to do with it”

With each driver there are

quarters are needless, libraries

positives to exploit, to ease

cannot offer everything that

Rem Koolhaas

“everyware” could be seen to

PRELIMINARY READINGS

environment can be customised to reflect the user’s moods,

people’s lives and to offer real

google can and any street

Sentient City: Ubiquitous

how a person inhabits that

and with the integration of

benefits both economically,

facade or landscape becomes

Computing, Architecture and

space. Nothing is prescribed,

GPS many have begun to see

socially and environmentally.

irrelevant when every user

the Future of Urban Space

everything is ordained by the

the urban environment from a

However, as Shepard states,

is viewing the world around

Mark Shepard

user.

top-down perspective, paying

“every extension of our abilities

them with whatever filter they

leads to a corresponding

prefer with the aid of hand-held

amputation of another”, with

devices.

little or no attention to the built

M.I.T. Press, 2011

CODE/SPACE Software and spatiality become mutually constituted

This negates many of the fears

environment as it was meant

In this selection of essays, the

about the ethics of code as

to be perceived. The urban

the adoption of new remote-

influence of ambient processing

environment becomes defunct.

landscape is irrelevant to us.

working abilities comes a lack

Going into the site visit I had

of concrete social structure.

ideas that I wanted to explore:

Those who advocate a fluid hot-

ideas of impermanence, of

desking initiative tend to forget

customizable environments and

that the heating, software and

the need to monitor or exploit

subsidised food are key to an

the use of code to dictate

office worker being able to fulfil

space. Also the idea of bringing

their job requirements.

architecture back to the

is discussed from a different angle than CODE/SPACE.

“The experience of the street is

“These devices and the ways in

Shepard discusses how hand-

now more influenced by ambient,

which we use them have become as

held appliances could imply

immaterial and kinetic forces than

important - if not more important

a completely transient urban

by the detailed formal articulation of

- than architecture in shaping our

landscape, it will become

space and material”

experience of urban space”

less about space and how it is coded, but rather about

ARCHIGRAM, POP CITY

MARK SHEPARD

FORM/SPACE Architecture and spatiality become mutually constituted

forefront of how space is used.

BBC MEDIA CITY

Media City itself is a

operate independently of each

continuation of the BBC’s

other with little communication

attempts to be more

or co-operation. This could

transparent in its spending.

be seen as a small scale

Paid for by the Licence Fee, the

representation of how Salford

BBC’s main aim is to spend the

operates as a whole: Many

public’s money in a responsible

different districts and elements

and even-handed way. This has

that are independent and inward facing.

PLAY VIDEO

00:03:03

MediaCityUK is a mixed use

that applied from the Greater

meant a change in the way their

development site housing

Manchester area, roughly 154

offices and head-quarters are

Northern branches of both the

were accepted and even less

designed.

BBC and ITV. Finished in 2010 it

from Salford. The BBC has since

represents the face of the new,

started many outreach projects

They have moved away from the

a free flowing, flatter office

less London-centric BBC and

to local residents and to Salford

tall blockwork of Broadcasting

structure with little or no private

houses Sport, BBC Learning,

University but the popular

House and Television Centre and

space, even for high-ranking

BBC3, Future Media and

consensus is that the site is not

have gradually adopted glass

employees.

Technology, the Breakfast Show

“of Salford”, residents only a

fronting and open plan offices

as well as Radio 5 Live.

mile away regard it as “not their

so that the public can literally

area”.

observe how their money is

As part of my investigation

conception in 2004 through the

being spent.

into the impact of BBC Media

eventual completion in 2008.

Promising a wealth of jobs for

The BBC adopts a “hot desking” initiative to ensure

RECORDED INTERVIEW

SPORT programming. from BBC Television Centre from its

local (or Northern) residents this

Alongside this is the continued

was flagged as being a great

use of personnel from the South,

The move is to combat what

I interviewed a BBC employee

(The full interview contains

opportunity for the residents

and the cost of transporting

is known as “silo’d working” in

responsible for directing

some opinions that would rather

of Salford. Of the 15 thousand

these people back and forth.

which users in separate cells

outside broadcasts and BBC

be kept confidential)

City and its context in Salford

SITE VISIT - BOAT TOUR AND RESIDENTIAL

Key to Salford is its tense

The two banks represent the

relationship with Manchester

many differences between the

and the sense of independence

cities, both sets of buildings

it seeks from its neighbour, As

face away from the city,

part of our site analysis we went

Manchesterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s side does not even

on a boat tour down the River

have walkways and much of the

Irwell from the Lowry Hotel to

North bank is in development.

the Manchester Cathedral.

The death and life of great

The Role of Quarters in Large

of Manchester’s own Northern

to best oppose an influx of

American cities

City Centres: A Mancunian CS

Quarter, it was found that the

unwanted arrivals and a healthy

Jane Jacobs

Bennison, Warnaby and

area had grown up organically

line of communication is kept up

Meadway

but was kept on track with

between council and residents.

pruning and community

Over the years this has led

Vintage Books 1992 FOCAL POINT

BOUNDARIES

A damning indictment of

A quarter is a thematic unit of

measures. After an economic

to clearly defined boundaries

READINGS

traditional town-planning values

space, it encourages a place

crash in the district in the 1970s

(where the residents’

this woke me up to the failings

product which supports the

left property prices at incredibly

jurisdictione ends), a collection

The Concise Townscape

of the urban environment.

character and industry of a

low levels there was an influx

of similarly minded personnel

place. Though traditionally

of independent retailers of

and a clear public perception

occurring organically through a

music and clothing, galleries

of the area’s character (note

set of criteria and co-operation,

and restaurants who had been

the end of the phrase “so-

many new urban planning

unable, previously, to own space

called trendy Northern

orchestrated too succeed are

projects are in favour of forced

in the city centre. New residents

Quarter” and adoption of just

diminishing the fastest despite

creation of these sectors,

to the area were in the same

“trendy Northern Quarter).

every effort. And because all

thought to give areas a more

economic situation, many of

Though this neighbourhood

were territories, boundaries,

attempts at town planning

desirable and approachable

them artists/creatives unable to

is single-minded, it is also a

borders and interstitial spaces.

are based on the established

feel. In cities such as Liverpool,

afford rent elsewhere.

representation of what we are

An aid to the categorization

conventions nothing will ever

Portsmouth and Sheffield,

of urban landscapes, this book

evolve, reducing cities to

quarters were included in wider

Now the local council and its

different industries, supported

aided in my exploration of

“monotonous, unnourishing

redevelopment schemes. With

occupants keep up a firm barrier

by co-operative users and

mixed success.

against chain-stores and other,

governed by a system that is set

non-independant businesses.

on over-arching goals.

Vertical symbol of congregation

Gordon Cullen Across every city, Jacobs

Butterworth Heinemann 1995

states, the “wrong areas” are in At the beginning of the project we were given a list of four elements of the city that we were to examine and label, these

Salford with its extensive list of elements, listed below with examples from Salford.

Enclaves

PRECINCTS

Room out of the main directional

Definable areas with distinct

stream

elements

EnCLOSURE

CHANGE OF LEVEL

The end product of traffic

Below: Intimacy + Inferiority Above: Command + Superiority

decline, areas that have been

gruel”

FUNCTION + ECONOMY

CHARACTER + IDENTITY

In this published case study

trying to achieve. A mash of

Co-operation is encouraged

“We aim to create a system of pieces that not only touch but physically interlock with each other to form an overall pattern or grouping, as in a jigsaw puzzle. In this system, patterns of interlock remain syntagmatic because it is the character of local junctions that determine the viability of each move, yet these moves contribute to the coherence of a significant whole that is bigger than any part”

READINGS

PAULO VIGANO

Recombinant Urbanism David Shane Wiley-Academy 2005

Shane discusses the emerging drivers in modern urban design. Similarly to Jacobs, Shane seeks

MEDIA + OFFICES

ACADEMIC

INDUSTRIAL

RESIDENTIAL

a new perspective on the built environment and defines three

DOMINOES

CHESS

JIGSAW

states of urban landscape:

From this came our basic

patchwork city, a bricollage

methods and to bring the hot-

mission statement, to create a

of elements, cooperating

desking initiatives of the BBC to

city of touching, combining and

together to create a fluid

a city-wide scheme, to break up

dominoes, chess and jigsaw.

“Edge to edge touching,

“Pieces move about a set grid

“Touching + combining of parts

Non-touching arrangements

a system of rules govern

without toughing or combining”

within rules that govern the

interlocking elements. Salford

working environment. Bringing

the inward facing “silo’d” habits

of elements implies separation,

the possibility of various

overall pattern”

was a city divided into zones

together elements from each

of the residential areas and

with little or no communication

of our readings we decided to

to bring about a fundamental

of enclaves and invisible

between each district, our

embrace Jacob’s conclusion

change in how the city was

communication systems.

agenda was to create a

as to the fallacy of traditional

orchestrated.

segregation, bypassing

arrangements”

COMMERCIAL

1 INDUSTRIES // +30% COUNCIL TAX 2 INDUSTRIES // +28% COUNCIL TAX

3 INDUSTRIES // +24% COUNCIL TAX

FINANCIAL MOTIVATION 4 INDUSTRIES // +16% COUNCIL TAX

Our agenda allows for individual

the 200m zone to something

co-operation but it also gives

the size of a city block or even

room for further development

smaller. The tighter we make

down the line. Our basic set of

the range, the more mixed and

building types can be expanded

integrated each business will

to incorporate green space,

become with its neighbours. In

governmental building and

the final stages of the agenda

cultural spaces. As our sets

we’re seeking to make each city

expand, so you can see the

block a zone unto itself, with its

Utilising cues from the Northern

2 or 1 type of industry you will

Quarter we have devised a

receive exponentially increased

capacity for further council/

users seeking to diversify and

system of structured rewards

charges until you collaborate

business tax creating further

bring in new, different business

for user’s co-operation with

with your fellow business

opportunities for co-operative

wherever possible.

legislation.

owners to bring in additional

users. This could also see the birth of

and diversified business. We took our basic set of 5 INDUSTRIES // +0% COUNCIL TAX

200m is adequate for an

additions to existing buildings,

initial draft and will go some

these appendages adding

“industry neutral space” to

the more you benefit.

However, our plan is to go

encourage whatever element

further and to tightly knit

to move in that would be most

these elements together into

beneficial to the neighbourhood

a rich tapestry of industry and

as a whole.

If you are within 200 metres of 5 industries, you will receive no additional charge on your council tax. However, if your business is only in range of 4, 3,

INDUSTRY NEUTRAL

with different business types. CULTURAL

your immediate surroundings, GOVERNMENT

and Commercial.

GREEN SPACE

diversity to a block by adding

COMMERCIAL

way to integrate fellow users

RESIDENTIAL

aim toward the betterment of

ACADEMIC

Industrial, Residential, Academic

INDUSTRIAL

The more you collaborate and

MEDIA

industries as Media + Offices,

residential environments. In this way we envision a tightening of

When asked to devise an

down the perceived boundaries

easily recognisable and iconic

so why not simply bring Salford

intervention to express our

between the areas by

which helped with crowd

to the BBC?

agenda thoughts ranged from

integrating one into the other.

participation. There were initial hiccups when

signage to organised events.

INTERVENTION

The core idea was to create

We considered taking an office

We began with the intention

we arrived as MediaCity is

a miniature expression of the

space into the university, a

of simply framing home-life

owned and rented out to the

core principles of our idea, a

lecture hall into the residential

in a foreign environment but

BBC by Peel Media who run

patchwork city of mish-mashed

(left) and finally decided on

then began to appreciate the

the security for the area. We

elements.

taking a residential scene into

opportunity to bring BBC

were asked to get a permit for

the monitored and patrolled

employees into the mix and

shooting and some fudging of

The basic premise of our

area of MediaCity. This decision

further blur that boundary

authority later we were given

intervention was to bring a part

offered up a lot of different

between the areas of Salford.

free-reign by all the patrolling

of one quadrant of Salford (be

scenarios for homely scenes,

As previously discussed in the

guards. It felt very strange to set

it the university, the residential,

with different rooms of the

interview, members of the BBC

up a blow-up mattress outside

the industrial or the mediacity)

house and the activities

workforce rarely integrate with

of this centre of industry and

into another. We aimed to break

associated with them being

the city of Salford or its people

the reactions were priceless.

Existing MediaCity buildings will be adapted to include other industries. Spelling the end of the site as an isolated entity, induction of other working practices will

A HYPOTHETICAL CASE STUDY: MEDIACITY

achieve the BBC’s initial goal of integrating into Salford

A public statement of

A DEFINITION OF A

A PROPOSITION OF A

A MEANS OF PRODUCING IT

intent

PROBLEM

SOLUTION

Using prompts from existing

We are seeking to create a new

Salford, in its current form,

We aim to create a complex,

evidence in city quarters, we have

method for urban planning. Every

is separated into five distinct

patchwork urban landscape

created a set of financial incentives

iteration of modern planning bares

zones. Each of these elements is

encouraging co-operation between

to encourage mutual co-operation

the inadequacies of its predecessors,

independent of the rest, inward

every type of urban element.

between the previously independent

we propose a fundamental change.

facing and heavily silo’d.

parties.

New projects will aim to create

Residential estates will be

a low-lying collage of outward

turned inside out and their

facing enclaves, adhering to

boundaries rescinded. Through

the mixed-use principles of

addition and modification,

our project. Designated “open-

emphasis will be taken away

space” is adapted to create

from residents and toward

complex intertwining spaces.

a fluid and local set of work spaces and living spaces.

PROJECT 3.1.1

Group Agenda

Personal Agenda

looking at Salford on a macro scale, using fiscal rulings to create a

Looking at Chapel Street, there is no existing form to mix or

mixing of zones and functions. This Rubiks cube could represent

manipulate. It is full of empty, unused space and abandoned

a city but it might equally be a building, creating an open source,

buildings. So my personal agenda and program will revolve around

collaborative experience within a building. Modelled on an open

the production of space, creating a unit of space and harnessing

plan office it promotes openness and collaboration in a clearly

the power of the community to create varying patterns of work and

zoned and segregated city.

living spaces

BASE UNIT

SPRAWL Data Space

the possibilities offered by

CLOG Journal 3

unbridled expansion. The city would become centre-less,

Architecture is often about “the

with each basic unit becoming

greatest good for the greatest

the heart of its perceived

number” but human beings

neighbourhood. Local transport

are not interchangeable units.

would become irrelevant with

Modernism and its visions of

much of your local needs,

the future depict huge cities

employment opportunities

populated by dots, every person

and entertainment to be

fitted into a slot, every house

found within one “set” of you.

the same, a bit, a one or a zero.

Ultimately Salford would become a sprawl of interlocking

Using this mind-set and the

spaces, orchestrated by a

the taxation system discussed

central set of rules, adhered to

previously I began to consider

for personal and societal gains.

KEY IDEAS × Reducing waste through

MIXED USE Thinking theoretically about the

and formulates a thermal bath-

possibility of an interlocking

house heated by server farms.

sprawl allowed me to formulate

Utilizing the abundant waste

ideas about what these different

heat energy produced by data

units would require and how

processing could provide any

they could aid each other to

number of solutions for urban

create a co-operative, close-knit

life, from heating civic buildings

set of workspaces.

to sidewalks. Other such waste reducing hardware fixes such

Both the requirements and the

as lighting an area only with

wastes of these different spaces

the lights of occupied buildings

became important and finding

(the windows of the cubes are

uses for bi-products such as

so large as to light the street

heat and light. In Data Space,

below) and placing industries

_______ discusses the co-

that utilize material waste near

existance of servers and cities

to those that produce it.

RESIDENTIAL × HOUSING

hybridization of work environments

RETAIL × SHOPPING CENTRE

× Constructing an ecosystem of zero

COMMERCIAL × BUSINESS PARKS, OFFICE CAMPUSES

waste time, energy and material

CIVIC × PARKS, PUBLIC SQUARES, PLAZAS

× Utilising unused space through

HEALTH × HOSPITALS, HEALTH RETREATS

“bolt on” neutral workspaces

EDUCATION × SCHOOLS, UNIVERSITIES, STAFF TRAINING INDUSTRIAL × RESEARCH, PRODUCTION FACILITIES TRANSPORT × AIR, SEA, RAIL TERMINALS LEISURE × SPORT FIELDS, SWIMMING POOLS, STADIA TECHNOLOGY × SERVER FARM? METRIC HANDBOOK

This is a map of the empty space on and around Chapel Street. Be it established green space or the sites of previous buildings, these sites are in various states of disarray and

CHAPEL STREET

offer new developers a space to create a new lease of life for

years at a time.

Salford city centre.

to decade Chapel Street has

Empty space and boarded up

My previous agenda revolved

been in phases of decline and

buildings in their turn cause

around substituting certain

regeneration, every decision

many developers that rely on

elements of one area into

and new building treated with

easy turn over and high walk-in

another quadrant of Salford,

suspicion as the community

traffic to return a profit to be

in this case the same principle

strives to maintain the spirit

deterred and means longer time

can be applied but there is no

of a city that thrives on its

when the lots remain vacant.

existing stock to replace. You

independence.

There is some evidence of

could use our intervention but

building work but there is failing

not to usurp existing function

At the same time, this level

existing building stock that

but simple to create new

of scrutiny has meant that

needs to be torn down as well.

function and space to work.

Salfordâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s central area is in constant flux. From decade

currently the building stock is being replaced at a glacial pace

This offers a different set of

with many lots sitting vacant for

problems from MediaCity.

SEEKING A NEW SET OF RULES

Urban Planning and

In 1962, Charles van Duuran,

Architecture are to all extents

Senior Editor at Encyclopedia

“We no longer care how things work,

and purposes built around the

Britannica, said “the ideal

but only what kind of quick, easy

classic corporate model: Using

encyclopedia should be radical,

impression they give”

“special people” in designated

it should stop being safe.” In

places to design and push out a

the 11 years since Wikipedia’s

product through target market

launch, it has grown from a

research to a group of passive

modest selection of work by a

consumers. As discussed in Jane

small team of people to a 23

Jacobs’ “The Death and Life of

million strong encyclopedia,

Great American Cities” rebuilt

created and constantly edited

cities and new developments

by some 35 million users in 275

rely on previous urban planning

languages. This is achieved by

knowledge and so they

providing an extremely open

reduce cities to monotonous,

framework, allowing any user

repeatable patterns.

to contribute and relying on a

JANE JACOBS

RESEARCH SPECIAL PEOPLE

SPECIAL PLACES

+ DEVELOPMENT

ACTIVE CONSUMERS

SIMPLE EXPANDABLE

NO GEOGRAPHICAL

FRAMEWORK

DEPENDENCY

OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE

strong community to maintain editorial control.

PRODUCT

PUBLICITY

PASSIVE

ACCESSIBLE SET

EDITABLE

HORIZONTAL

PIPELINE

CAMPAIGN

CONSUMERS

OF TOOLS

END PRODUCT

MANAGEMENT

12 34 5

ROBUST

FIRST MOVES GENERATORS

MODULAR

Our previous agenda brought a framework for a restructuring

A standardized unit of space should

of Salford, this program intends

be strong enough to withstand

be able to fit together with other

to give Salfordians the tools.

climactic conditions while providing

units of space. To minimize wasted

The current state of Chapel

a comfortable environment for its

space the units should be able to

Street calls for a radical rethink

occupants. It should be able to

combine in an infinite number of

in urban planning strategy,

stand alone.

configurations.

the quick and easy utilisation

LOW COST

of empty and wasted space.

Marcin Jakubowski, founder of

homes and schools? All from a

HIGHLY EFFICIENT +

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Open Source Ecologyâ&#x20AC;? (a wiki

standardized unit of space.

OPTIMISED

This could come in the form of

to crowd-source an instruction

A standardized unit of space should

neutral units or the adaption

set to build standardized, easily

be able to conform to any use and

be affordable to local residents.

of current building stock to

repeatable and affordable

perform to the expected standards

Open source software relies a

accommodate a number of

farming vehicles) states that

for that task. It should be low waste

community where the tools for

functions. A modern day trailer

there are five defining factors

and take advantage of all available

participation are readily available to

park, orchestrated by users

that offer the best chance

resources.

all.

stacking their workspaces.

of a system or set of tools

MADE FROM LOCAL +

being adopted en mass by the

RECYCLABLE MATERIALS

AGENDA STATEMENT

general public or members of

A standardized unit of space should

Open up the architecture of the

a community. Salford is a city

be supportive of local industry and

city to the people through add-

with wasted space, there is a

be reusable once it has fulfilled its

ons and patches to create an

community looking to build so

task. Truly minimising waste relies of

open-source, constantly evolving

why not give them the tools to

a high turn-around time.

environment

fill those spaces with businesses,

cleared site This site was of particular interest because of the surrounding road network. The site fronts onto three roads with access to each module being of great impor-

FIRST MOVES GENERATORS

tance. The site was compact with taller buildings around and so the possibility of a more vertical arrangement, a monolithic structure of elements was possible reuse / extend site Two existing buildings at either end of the block were the only prerequisites for this site with additional 1960s structures being wiped clean. My plan for Salford would involve the regeneration of countless derelict buildings so this would form a perfect basis for future construction plans.

Taking the idea of a modular sprawl I took on a site and split it into a 3x4 grid, which I then explored 300+ iterations of in 3D to find an appropriate form, each approached a different issue in the site and gave a different emphasis to a a particular part of Salford.

PART B

DEVELOPMENT

In the horizontal section cut (right) you can see that each unit can be considered a sepa-

TECTONIC INTENTIONS

TECTONIC PRECEDENTS

rate, insulated and stand-alone element in the building. Every

Throughout the course of the term I had changed the problem

element in the building and the

I was addressing from space re-arrangement to space creation.

ways in which it connects are

Salford in its current state was divided and insular and our research

infinitely repeatable.

into co-operative working environments meant that I was looking to create a new set of rules by which people of differing industries

a.. Vertical mechanical services

could easily create spaces to work in the same vicinity. These spac-

duct

es needed to be easily constructed, able to be used by anyone and

b. Steel frame cavity wall

set within a common framework.

c. Connecting wall between Architektur Werkstadt and Bruno Moserâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s modular office building in

office modules

Radaulti provided a useful comparison and guide for my own inten-

d. Other interior walls

tions. The brief was to create a building that would be erected in a

e. Technical niche

modular fashion and therefore be extendable and applicable to oth-

(glazed interior parti-

er locations. Although these spaces were interlinked, the separate

tion walls)

units were semi-separate from their neighbour, with external walls separating spaces. The building is editable and extendable.

Interior Modification I then began to look at how these units could be modified. I was using a wooden frame (for ease of construction, mobilisation and cost) and so conceived of interchangeable wall, floor and ceiling panels. The structural elements of the building can than form a frame for hanging panels with plug sockets, ethernet ports, lights

MATERIAL STUDY

and desks.

I went about the material study

The modular lighting unit became my focus for the 1:1 model, this

in a very different way from

unit would be fitted into the ceiling and wired through the wall with

everybody else in the atelier. I

ease, possibly on a daily rotation to accommodate for the move-

intended my building to be self

ment of shadows through the space.

contained and constructed of standardized elements so the brief of material experimentation was not applicable to my area of research. Material experimentation implies bespoke elements of intricate â&#x20AC;&#x153;one-offnessâ&#x20AC;?, created under specialist conditions. I instead explored what a standardized element in my design would look like and how it would be have at 1:1.

MATERIAL CONTEXT The aim of my agenda is to create spaces in both abandoned or vacant lots. With this site, unlike the other proposed sites there was the opportunity to interact with existing architecture, to recapture abandoned and decrepid buildings for another purpose. With this in mind I wanted to create a juxtaposition with the existing architecture, to acknowledge its textures and shapes and to create a form that complemented and yet clearly moved into new areas.

MATERIAL SELECTION

FACADE began to play around with the idea of camouflage in facade, forming a juxtaposition with the unforgiving and forboding nature of this stark metal frame that I was creating.

The system of camouflage I was particularly interested in was â&#x20AC;&#x153;dazzleâ&#x20AC;? which is the method by which an animal will confuse a predator by moving a conspicuous pattern, creating a visible but hard to hit target. This was used most noticeably with war ships in WWII, and so I set about creating a folded metal facade, which could be printed with different patterns on each facade to form a different view from each angle.

I then began to investigate a moving, fluid skin as a direct counterpart to the unmoving frame of the new-build. Much like every element of this building, each triangle then was hung on this moving frame could be switched out and replaced.

Existing Building Maintaining all original features such as window fittings, existing facade etc. but stripped on

MATERIAL CONVERGENCE N

the inside to create a warehouse space for the storage and dis-

Facade

tribution of modifying compo-

A set of jointed metal arranged

nents.

in such a way as to fluctuate

Steel Frame A rigid formation of beams and trusses to form 4 x 4 x 10m

smoothly and create the illusion of impermanence and camouflage through dazzle techniques

compartments into which can

Unit Exterior

easy by assembled units for

Corrugated metal offers an

habitation or work. Bracing uti-

easily repeatable and cheap to

lised at the rear of the space

manufacture exterior facade for

Unit Interior The wooden frame is left visible and notches made to allow removable and interchangeable wall, floor and ceiling panels. Additionally, desks, seating and shelving can be hung from this frame to the users requirements

each unit. The vertical profile of the wall sheeting offers natural ventilation to extract moisture. Profiling on the roof is aimed at combatting sitting water

I started with a bracing system based around alternating diagonals. This meant that the entire cuboid was enclosed by bracing, ensuring the highest degree of security against failure. I then moved to a bracing system located toward the rear of the box which would mean you could connect one box to another, either upward or horizontally.

STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE

Maintenance of existing building and adding of new concrete block-

New raft foundations covering a wide area of the site onto which

A steel framework will support the cells but also give structural

Cells are custom ordered by users and pre-fabricated off-site to

work walls and new foundations

the framework will be placed

support to the existing buildings and the busy communal areas

then arrive on the back of a lorry and fork-lifted into place. The

they hold

business of customizing the cell once arrived in down to the user and modifying patches can be bought from the communal areas in the existing buildings

DETAIL DEVELOPMENT

Wall Wrap-around (plan cut)

Frame / Floor join (section cut)

In a unit that goes horizontally,

How the floor connects with the

this piece will encase the frame

framework around it. Here is the

bracing that comes 4m into the

meeting point at the midpoint

room. This forms two distinct

of the cell. (later in development

spaces but keeps the unit a fully

the profiled steel sheet does not

insulated shell.

extend past the frame) Floor / Wall Join (section cut)

The floor of a unit joined to a wall component. You can see the wooden frame system with its mountable panels and the interchangeable floor planning with its different floor surface Floor / Front Join (section cut)

Cell Wall Composition (axo)

The front of a unit and the join-

Using the timber beams as a

ing of it to a front window of a

second structure to the profiled

unit. These will either be walls

steel sheet while also providing

with doors or large openable

a frame to attach wall panelling

windows.

to. I took cues from technology lectures in previous years.

finishings.

PROCESSING / CONSTRUCTION / TRANSPORTATION

All materials are processed in local industries in Salford. The intention of this project is to utilise local resources and to give co-operative opportunities to Salfordians and so all construction is done off-site by in the industrial sectors of Salford, bringing the construction process closer to the project and jobs

SUSTAINABILITY CONSIDERATIONS

closer to the local industry meaning less embodied energy spent in transport.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

The schemeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s flexibility and modular nature allows elements to be interchanged and switched to correspond with the seasons and other environmental factors. For example, in the summer, upper floor cells may be occupied to allow for more natural lighting from skylights. In this way, the environmental impact of a single cell is lessened due to itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s temporal nature.

MATERIAL

EMBODIED

EMBODIED CARBON

steel timber OSB MDF glass concrete block 8 / 10 /

ENERGY (MJ/kg) 31.5 7.4 10.0 11.0 15.0 0.6 / 0.67 / 0.71

(kgCO2/Kg) 2.51 0.45 0.55 0.59 0.85 0.061 / 0.074 / 0.08 /

12 / 13MPa insulation

/ 0.81 45.0

0.098 1.86

MATERIAL

LIFESPAN / RECYCLING It is the aim to use only local industries that source their materials in the vicinity of Salford. Materials The intention of these cells is that they may be rented and used

such as steel and insulation have a high level of embodied carbon and the processes used to create

for short stretches of time and then re-used by different industries.

them have a large embodied energy. Comparatively, the timber, OSB, MDF and glass used in the inte-

They are temporary in nature but are designed so that all their

rior of the cells have lesser values for embodied energy and carbon but present more options for lo-

composite parts can be reused so different cell types, all the ele-

cal industry sourcing. The concrete blocks used in the existing building have a minimal environmental

ments reusable and standardized.

impact and aggregates used in concrete are easily recycled from existing buildings and obtained from nearby sources.

APPROVED DOCUMENT A The requirements for loading is to ensure that the structure is sufficient to transfer dead, imposed and wind loads safely to the ground and without causing deformation to the ground that may impair the stability of another building. Width is not to be less that 0.5xHeight. Blockwork walls should be at least as thick as 1/16 of the storey height, cavity walls should have leaves at least 90mm thick and cavities at least 50mm wide, wall ties every 450mm vertically and 900mm horizonatally. The low lying and widely spread set of buildings and framework mean that fears of structural collapse are lessened.

the maximum area

for a space with

Thickness (mm) t1+t2<200 200<t1+t2<250

Parapet Height (mm) 600 860

load bearing walls at all four sides is 70m2 and the area for three sides is

70m2

36m2

all fire doors should open in the direction of exit, and be wide enough to permit

APPROVED DOCUMENT B It is a requirement that the building provide appropriate provisions

the gap between insulation and

for the early warning of fire and appropriate means of escape in

the steel profile sheet means

the case of fire. The cells in the building can be treated as flats that

that the structure is more effi-

are no more that 4.5m from the ground because of their defined

cient in preventing the spread of

boundaries and openings onto a communal concourse. The pre-

fire, and as each cell is fully iso-

sumption with flats is that (a) the fire will be in the flat, (b) meas-

lated from the next, the spread

urements in the structure provides a high degree of compartmen-

of fire throughout the cells is

talisation. The concrete construction of the communal areas of the

significantly lessened.

building provides more fire protection to compensate for the larger

external staircases would, how-

volume and increased traffic through it. It also contains the siteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s

ever, necessitate the use of fire

sprinkler systems and a fire proof staircase. The problem comes in

resisting construction as part of

the location of the fire stairs in relation to the cells, with fire stairs

the adjacent cellâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s construction

being provided in only one of the permanent buildings this still

or the use of fire-resisting glaz-

leaves a distance of approximately 30m from the furthest cell. This

ing for those cells (integrity not

is just within regulations and the inclusion of a second fire stairway

insulation)

in the second permanent building would have been wise.

alternatively, the placement of an external staircase at the end of this walkway would provide a suitable route in the case of a fire

Buildability

The initial cost of the steel framework for the scheme will be the main cost consideration and will require proper maintenance as an

APPROVED DOCUMENT E

APPROVED DOCUMENT M + THE DISABILITY DISCRIMINATION ACT 1995

COST CONSIDERATIONS

looking to rent and build their own structures.

It is a requirement that areas of a building with adjoining walls

M1 - Reasonable provision of access to and use of the building and

Buiding Form

Material Selection

should be properly provided with resistance against the passage

its facilities Its low lying form and large windows allows the building to use the

The materials chosen are uniform and relatively inexpensive. These

of noise through the building. As each cell of my proposal can be

exposed structural element. The cost of construction will be spread over time for the rest of the scheme and will be funded by users

treated as a separate entity, with external double-layered walls and

My buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s ground floor cells and communal buildings are acces-

most natural lighting and heating possible. The cells are small and

are not specialised pieces of construction equipment but rather

floors, we have to look at the arrangement of the internal, movable

sible to wheelchair users, like any editable part of the cell, ramps

self contained meaning that each has a large amount of insulation

standardized elements that can be assembled in a number of days.

walls that occupants can edit themselves. These are only meant to

can be provided for access. I agree however that the scheme is

per unit squared, lowering running costs for the user.

The project is intended to be used by the average Salfordian with

be partitions between rooms but are also meant to provide ad-

meant to provide a working environment to those who are able

equate sound insulation of toilets toward the rear.

to build it theselves, it requires the participation of users that can

resources to purchase a temporary place of business.

Assembly + Pre-fabrication

Lifespan

help desk and 15 of the 25 cells, this does not give access to a third

Each element of the scheme is supposed to editable by any user,

Every nonpermanent element of the scheme is designed to be used

of my building to disabled users. If II could redo an aspect of the

meaning that the cost of construction if lessened massively. Each

and re-used, to be disassembled and recycled. The temporary na-

project it would be to give more access because this is a manifesto

cell is pre-fabricated off-site by local industry and then delivered

ture of the cells means that maintenance will become a regular oc-

based around the idea of communal participation, of engaging all

as a complete structure to site, reducing on site construction costs.

currence as when a cell is dismantled it is carefully catalogued back

people to work cooperatively and the exclusion of one group is not

Then the onus of the work is passed on to the user, further lowering

into the system and maintained to be used again.

right for this project.

construction costs.

engage physically with the construction process and while the lower floors are accessible, giving access to the mod-shop and the

Electricity is delivered from two energy sources located in the rear of the two existing buildings. Water pumps are also located here and both are run

ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS

through the steel framework to each cell where cabling is attached to the cellâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s rear. Cabling is also run underground to the detached cells.

The cells are designed to utilise the most natural light and ventilation as possible. If particular ventilation is required, for example in a WC to the rear of a cell or a temporary kitchen is being created Summer at 09:00

Summer at 12:00

Summer at 15:00

then additional mechanical ventilation can be fitted in the cellâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s structure. The cells are insulated individually and each is sealed against moisture that will ensure that each cell acts as a complete and close-off shell.

Winter at 09:00

Winter at 12:00

Winter at 15:00

Bioclimatic Strategies

In terms of treating the building like an organism it works like a system of co-operative elements working alongside eachother. Each independant and self-sufficient but through their adjacency

ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

the cells become more efficient, all sourcing their electricity from a

Overall Environmental Strategy

User Comfort

The scheme relies on the efficient double skin of each of the cells to

With every cell being self-sufficient, the userâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s comfort is defined by

minimise energy consumption and the communal hubs to provide

their needs and the modding elements they choose. The space is

power and water to a small area. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s low-lying volume and large

designed to be interchangeable and highly customizable, with extra

southfacing frontages allow a large passive lighting and heating in-

sound or thermal insulation available if required by the user.

nearby source and their materials from local industries.

take. By tightly packing these enclosed and fully sealed boxes, the scheme offers a viable method for rapid city expansion. Energy Emissions

Lifespan and Potential for Recycling

The strategy of the building is to by completely recyclable and constantly edited. The life span of each cell is short but the elements that make up the cell will be re-used and maintained across many years. This also means that less efficient elements can be swapped out and exchanged for better, more environmentally friendly ones when the technology becomes avaiable.

REVIEW OF DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

This section has formed the

This image became the heart of

backbone of how I have ap-

the scheme as it perfectly shows

proached this scheme, from the

the layering of activity and the

simple mapping out of spatial

feeling of complex customi-

relationships between the cells

zation that is going on in this

and the structural framework

space. This could be a glimpse

them encloses them to the

of a years worth of activity, or it

complex interactions and ghosts

could be the work of a day. Eve-

of previous occupants that fill

ry part of this project was about

them. Simple principles such as

creating an environment that

light and air passage are then

catered to every activity, where

swapped for an idea of occu-

every industry could cohabit

pancy and materiality which

and exchange ideas. The idea

then develops into a complex

behind the â&#x20AC;&#x153;hotdeskingâ&#x20AC;? initia-

map of possible uses of the

tive of the BBC in MediaCity was

space which became the basis

to create an environment where

of my presentation.

just being around people with different skill sets could spark ideas, the temporal nature of the space giving rise to new, more fluid sharing of solutions.

PART C

RESOLUTION

IMPACT STATEMENT

PROPOSED FRAMEWORKS N

EXISTING BUILDINGS N

pAST FOOTPRINT

LOCATION PLAN 1:1250

Chosen

vACANT

CURRENT FOOT-

Site

LAND

SITE PLAN 1:500

RESIDENTIAL

ROOF PLAN 1:200

SITE SECTION 1:200

VACANT

CHAPEL STREET

SALFORD CATHEDRAL

Key

1. West Mod Store

2. East Mod Store

Occupied Cells:

C2 [2 person office]

C16 [recently vacated]

C3 [2 person living quarters]

C18 [4 person co-operative]

C6 [cinema screening]

C22 [study group meeting

C9 [recording studio]

room]

C11 [GPâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s office]

2 1

C13 [solitary meditation]

Vacant Cells:

C4 C3 C2 C1

C15 / C17 / C19 / C20 / C21 /

Vacant Cells:

2 C19 C18 C17 C16 C15

C23

C1 / C4 / C5 / C7 / C8 /

C10

C11

C21

C12

C10 / C12 / C14

C20

C13 C14 C8 C22

C9 C23

GROUND FLOOR PLAN 1:100

FIRST FLOOR PLAN 1:100

TECHNICAL SECTION 1:50

SECTION 1:50

C22

ELEVATION EAST 1:100

ELEVATION WEST 1:100

C22

C18

ELEVATION NORTH 1:100

C16

C13

C11

ELEVATION SOUTH 1:100

C18

07 08

11 23

Existing Building

Cells

1. Mass concrete strip foundations

19. Corrugated profile sheet metal

2. Galvanised steel lintel

20. Insulation with vapour barrier

3. DPM lapped with DPC

21. Purlin

4. Blockwork cavity wall

22. OSB Board

5. DPM

23. 160x180mm wood beam

6. DPC

24. 280x200mm wood beam

7. Steel coping

25. 200x200mm wood beam

8. Cement roof slab

26. 100x200mm timber stud (for placement of

9. Vapour control layer

27. 500x500x30mm OSB wall panels

10. Screed

28. Void for running of cables

11. Covering

29. Laminated floor covering

12. Plasterboard

30. Impact sound insulation

13. Insulation

31. 12mm pane, 12mm cavity, 6mm pane

32. Hinged window casing (dually hinged to open both vertically 04

Grid Framework

14. 200x200mm hollow square steel section 02

15. Insulated running for water and electricity supply 16. Steel Grating

1:20 DETAIL

17. Mass concrete raft foundation 18. Railing

from a central hinge and horizontally from window frame)

grow and develop and how to

I feel that the year as a whole

I think that the decision to

create a uniform system under

has been a fairly smooth

embrace this toned down

which everyone can work

transition of focus, more time

and function-centric style of

cooperatively.

with every stage of investigation

architecture has led to a much

and development has led

more technically rich product

Salford’s problems were

to a more theoretically and

that none-the-less creates an

based in its insular nature and

technically rounded end-

exciting proposition of a utopian

its slow development, with

product. The main issues I’ve

future of fast moving cities but

At the start of the year we

this project I have aimed to

had have been involved in the

framed within a discussion of a

were told to explore areas

create a framework through

scope of the building that I

single, detailed plan.

that interested us, that would

which Salford can quickly

was attempting to deliver. The

hold up under significant

develop diverse communities

phrase “all things to all men”

scrutiny throughout the year-

of workspaces. Whether it be

can be applied to a building that

long project. My chosen area

through the positioning of the

is supposedly to be used by

has offered a good path of

cells in response to the existing

anyone, for any purpose, for any

progression throughout the

site or the way in which panels

span of time. This led to a lack

course of investigation, the

fit into walls, everything has

of focus and a certain blandness

idea of modularity and open-

been aimed toward creating a

in the end-product that I

source architecture has been

quick, mobile and customizable

decided to embrace toward

perfect because of its fractal

system in which the user can

the end but was particularly

nature. The problems have been

inhabit and then abandon a

troubling as others in the atelier

the same from a macro to a

workspace, leaving it a blank

were attempting outlandish

micro scale, of how to speed

slate for the next user.

structures with singular goals.

A CONCLUSION

up the process by which cities

Academy Metric handbook: planning and design data. Oxford: Architectural Press, 1999 Mueller-Brockmann, J. 1981. Grid Systems in Graphic Design. Stuttgart: Verlag Gerd Hatje

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